ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN POWER PLANTS
Frans van AartEnergy Efficiency in IPPC installations
October 21, Vienna
CONTENT
1. Introduction2. Demand Side Management3. Energy Efficiency in Power Generation4. LCP and other directives5. Conclusions
1 Introduction
high efficiency is good for economy and the environment high efficiency is in line with core business electricity
industry
Annual average electrical efficiency
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
1980 1990 2000 2001 2002
jaar
elec
tric
effic
ienc
y (%
)
1 INTRODUCTION
high efficiency is good for economy and the environment high efficiency is in line with core business electricity industry
– reducing emissions (protection environment)– conservation fuels (preservation of resources)– reducing dependence on fuel import outside EC
too high efficiencies are expensive and thus uneconomic:– market advantage to less efficient (=cheaper) plants– thus not beneficiary for the environment
Energy Efficiency of power plant
scope of definition (gross, net) combustion technology (installation, fuel) type of cooling ambient conditions vs. ISO conditions temperature cooling water / air
Efficiency loss vs. cooling temperature
-2.5%
-2.0%
-1.5%
-1.0%
-0.5%
0.0%
0 2.5 5 7.5 10
Temperature rise cooling water [K]
Effic
ienc
y lo
ss [%
]
Super critical boiler
Gas turbine topping
Combined cycle
Energy Efficiency of power plant
scope of definition (gross, net) combustion technology (installation, fuel) type of cooling ambient conditions vs. ISO conditions temperature cooling water / air operating load annual average vs. guaranteed performance
no fixed figures that can be compared right away
2 DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT
reducing energy demand good principle not the task of power industry, but of spatial planners,
architects etcetera not in scope BREF Energy Efficiency but in scope Directive
“Energy end-use efficiency and energy services” “framework conditions and not an over-detailed set of rules that
could interfere with the development of the electricity market”
3 EFFICIENCY IN POWER GENERATION Efficiency figure depends on
– type of generation
Efficiency in Electricity Generation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Hydro
power
plant
Tidal p
ower
plant
Large
gas f
ired C
CGT power
plant
Melted
carbo
nates
fuel
cell (
MCFC)
Pulveri
sed c
oal b
oilers
with
ultra
-critic
al ste
am pa
ramete
rs
Solid o
xide f
uel c
ell (S
OFC)
Coal fi
red IG
CC
Atmos
pheri
c Circ
ulatin
g Flui
dised
Bed
Com
busti
on (C
FBC)
Pressu
rised
Fluidis
ed B
ed C
ombu
stion
(PFBC)
Large
gas t
urbine
(MW
rang
e)
Steam tu
rbine
coal-
fired p
ower
plant
Steam tu
rbine
fuel-
oil po
wer pla
nt
Wind
turbi
ne
Nuclea
r pow
er pla
nt
Biomas
s and
biog
as
Was
te-to-
electr
icity
power
plant
Diesel
engin
e as d
ecen
tralis
ed C
HP unit (
electr
ical s
hare)
Small an
d micr
o turb
ines (
up to
100 k
W)
Photov
oltaic
cells
Geothe
rmal
power
plant
Solar p
ower
tower
Effic
ienc
y (%
)
3 EFFICIENCY IN POWER GENERATION Efficiency figure depends on
– type of generation– condition of power plant (operation, maintenance)– ambient conditions– design of power plant
ultra super critical steam boilers
Improved boiler materials → improved steam parameters
3 EFFICIENCY IN POWER GENERATION Efficiency figure depends on
– type of generation– condition of power plant (operation, maintenance)– ambient conditions– design of power plant
ultra super critical steam boilers gas turbine based power plant
– higher firing temperature– supercritical steam parameters HRSG
BAT and BAT levels (coal / lignite)
Fuel Technique Electrical efficiency (net) (%)New plants Existing plants
Coal PC (DBB and
WBB)
43 – 47 The achievable improvement of thermal efficiency
depends on the specific plant, but as an indication,
a level of 30 – 40 % or
an incremental improvement of more than 3 % points
can be seen as associated with the use of BAT
FBC >41Lignite PC (DBB) 39 – 45
FBC >40
BAT and BAT levels (biomass / peat)
Fuel Technique Electrical efficiency (net)(%)
Biomass Grate-firing Around 20
Spreader-stoker >23
FBC (CFBC) >28 – 30
Peat FBC (BFBC and CFBC)
>28 – 30
BAT and BAT levels (gaseous fuels)
Plant type Electrical efficiency (%)New plants Existing plants
Gas turbineGas turbine 36 – 40 25 – 40
Gas-fired boilerGas-fired boiler 40 – 42 35 – 40
CCGTCombined cycle with or
without supplementary firing (HRSG) for
electricity generation only
54 – 58 40 – 54
4 LCP AND OTHER DIRECTIVES
Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration– powerful instrument to improve fuel utilisation
Fuel utilisation instead of efficiency
thermal efficiency and electrical efficiency are apples and oranges
cogeneration efficiency → fuel utilisation
BAT and BAT levels (Cogeneration)
Plant type Fuel utilisation(%)New and existing plants
Coal
75 – 85
Depending on the specific plant application and the heat and electricity demand
LigniteBiomass
PeatGas-fired boiler
Combined cycle with or without supplementary
firing
LCP and other directives
Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration– powerful instrument to improve fuel utilisation– fuel utilisation dependent on long term heat
demand (district heating or process heat)– in case heat delivery feasible:
cogeneration can be considered as BAT
LCP and other directives
Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration Directive 2003/87/EC
Greenhouse gas emission allowance trading
Emission Trading Directive
Market mechanism will result in – lower emissions – higher efficiency
No definition of BAT or BAT levels for energy efficiency of LCP in BREF Energy Efficiency (Article 26)
Article 26 Emission Trading Directive
“…the permit shall not include an emission limit value for direct emissions of that gas unless,...”
“…Member States may choose not to impose requirements relating to energy efficiency in respect of combustion units or other units emitting carbon dioxide on the site.”
OPTIONS FOR EXTRA REGULATIONS
Goal should be: public demonstration that optimal efficiency is applied
Practical options: Drafting Energy Plans to optimize economically feasible
options Benchmarking against "World Class Plants"
6 CONCLUSIONS The efficiency of Power Plants has been improved and will be improved continuously To be demonstrated by:
– Energy plans– Benchmarking
No BAT or BAT levels for LCP in BREF Energy Efficiency (not in line with a liberalized market)
Framework conditions and not an over-detailed set of rules
real assistance licensing authorities for permitting an installation