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Energy Efficiency: a tool for promoting energy stability in Nigeria
Akinmade Iseoluwa 2016
ENERGY EFFICIENCY: A tool
for promoting energy stability
in Nigeria
June 27, 2!"
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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I remain profoundly grateful to the One Above, the Alpha and Omega, the only provider of
knowledge, for the wisdom and understanding coupled with favour and Grace with which he
endowed me at birth.
I acknowledge with gratitude to my supervisor Prof. (rs.! O.. Agbogidi for her "uick
response I#m very grateful Prof.
I cannot but thank the $%ecutive &irector of '$&' r. $tiosa )yigue for his cordiality andmy Program &irector r. Godfrey Ogbemudia for his whole* hearted*support. Please accept my
vehement vote of thanks.
$"ually worthy of my acknowledgement is my parents r. and rs. Akinmade for sending me
to school and my siblings, aster +eun, Aduragbemi and Olorunedalo. God bless you more,
Amen.
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Energy Efficiency: a tool for promoting energy stability in Nigeria
DEDICATION
I dedicate this work to 'ommunity esearch and &evelopment 'entre and to those who lost their
life and property in environmental disaster that aroused from energy sector.
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Aou! !"e Edi!o#Akinmade Iseoluwa is a +tudent of &epartment of -otany ($nvironmental +cience echnology!, &elta
+tate )niversity, Abraka, /igeria. 0e holds the title of 'omrade $meritus in 1234 till present as the
&irector of 5inance, +tudent )nion Government (+.).G! of the dignified institution. 0e also served as the
&irector of +ocial of /ational Association of $nvironmental +cience +tudents /.A.$.+.+ as well as the
+ecretary General of +tudent $nvironmental Assembly of /igeria (+$A/! and currently the 'oordinator
of the esteem organi6ation. In 1237, 'omr. Akinmade Iseoluwa was opportune to lecture in /ational
8outh +ervice 'orps#s camp in $do +tate as photovoltaic trainer (batch A, strm. I 9 II!. 0e has put in
over four years in teaching and researching in the service of his school and different organi6ations whose
wealth of knowledge is widely acclaimed. he list of his research work is over twenty (12! and the list is
still on. 'omr. Akinmade Iseoluwa research interest has been always focused on the fate of the
environment, energy and public health and his known for his e%cellence and unweaving commitment to
his duty. he grace of God and his multiple skills has resulted in his unstoppable breakthrough and
unending progress which has also cataly6es his marketability in the global market. 0e is mentored by &r.
&.: Olukoya, -ishop &avid Oyedipo and r. Godfrey Ogbemudia. 5inally, he is among the outstanding
volunteer of 'ommunity esearch and &evelopment 'entre ('$&'! and can be contacted via the cell
phone number and email address written below.
+2348105735550, +2348138582577, [email protected]
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Energy Efficiency: a tool for promoting energy stability in Nigeria
TA$LE O% CONTENTS
I;$ PAG$
A':/O
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A$ST&ACT
$nergy efficiency is the ability to move most matter with least energy. $nergy is imperative in
our daily life. Out with energy there is virtually nothing we can do. In energy development, there
are three fundamentals, they are energy generation, distribution and utili6ation. In many
developing countries and /igeria in particular, we have tuned focus so much on energygeneration, distribution with little or no efforts given to the ways energy is utili6ed. $nergy
efficiency has two approaches which areB echnological and -ehavioral approach. In /igeria,
e%perts have asserted that /igeria can save up to half (72C! of the energy currently consumed in
the country if energy is efficiently utili6ed both in 0ouseholds and institutions through standard
and label, landscaping and retrofitting of homes and institutions, thereby leading to energy
stability. he important of energy efficiency to /ational development cannot be over emphasi6es.
It reduces electricity bills, reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, cataly6e energy conservation
and promote energy stability. In such, Policy should be made to make it mandatory for private
companies such as hotels, industries to train their staffs on energy management, ban of
importation of secondhand inefficient appliances and halt the manufacturing and use of
incandescent bulbs in /igeria.
Ke' wo#ds( Energy. Energy Efficiency. Nigeria. National Development.
1.0 INTR!"#TIN
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Energy Efficiency: a tool for promoting energy stability in Nigeria
$nergy efficiency is the ability to move most matter with least energy. C! enewable energy sources is still at nascent stage, only
hydropower accounted for 3C.
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environmental impacts associated with the generation of energy will also be reduced if we use
energy efficiently ('ommunity esearch and &evelopment 'entre, 122@!.
he good news thereof is, energy efficiency can be achieve in a variety of ways such as lighting,
transportation, industrial, housing, heating and cooling e.t.c. (eiss,122?!. 5or instance, to light
a room with an incandescent light bulb of >2 < for one hour re"uires >2 2 wattsper hour!. A compact fluorescent light bulb of 33 < would provide the same or better light and
use only 33
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Energy Efficiency: a tool for promoting energy stability in Nigeria
2.0 $N$R%& $''I#I$N#&
$nergy efficiency is the improvement in practices and of products that reduces the energy
necessary to provide services for home and industries. One of the goals of energy efficiency is to
e%ploit ways to reduce the amount of energy used to produce a service or a unit of economic
output and indirectly reduce emissions ()nited /ation &evelopment Program, 1227!.
$nergy efficiency does not mean that we should not use energy, but we should use energy in a
manner that will minimi6e the amount of energy needed to provide services (;ebot, 122@!. his
is possible if we improve in practices and products that we use. If we use energy efficient
appliances, it will help to reduce the energy necessary to provide services like lighting, cooling,
heating, manufacturing, cooking, transport, entertainment etc. 0ence, energy efficiency products
essentially help to do more work with less energy (0owarth et al., 1222!. 5or instance, to light a
room with an incandescent light bulb of >2 < for one hour re"uires >2 2 watts per
hour!. A compact fluorescent light bulb would provide the same or better light at 33 < and only
use 33
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here are many ways to increase the energy efficiency of homes and organi6ations to reduce
energy bills and indirectly combat climate change while ensuring energy stability and
environmental sustainability. In /igeria, e%perts have asserted that /igeria can save up to half
(72C! of the energy currently consumed in the country if energy is efficiently utili6ed both in
0ouseholds and institutions ('$&', 122?!. In energy efficiency, there are two approaches
3.1 Tecnological a--oac
his involves the use of energy efficient appliances or technologies to reduce the energy needed
to provide services in the homes or industries.
i /iging
2*?2C energy and it will
produce more light and it will produce less heat and discomfort. In /igeria, we have
incandescent bulbs that come in various capacities. he common ones found in the market are
>22< and replace them with energy*saving bulbs of 12
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Energy Efficiency: a tool for promoting energy stability in Nigeria
he use of energy for heating and cooling account for about ==C of a typical utility bill. 0eating
and cooling uses more energy and drains more money than any other system in the home. his
has a negative effect on the environment. 5or e%ample, in the )nited +tates, the heating and
cooling systems emit more than half billion tons of carbon dio%ide into the atmosphere each
year, thus adding to global warming and generating about 1=C of the nation#s sulfur dio%ide and
31C of nitrogen o%ide. hese gases are the chief ingredients of acid rain (5oundation for
'ommunity Association, 122D!. -y combining proper e"uipment maintenance with appropriate
insulation, weathering and thermostat setting, energy bills and pollution can be cut by 72C
(;oughran et.al 122=!. he energy recovered from this practice shall enhance energy
conservation which in turn shall promote energy stability in /igeria.
iii *ousing
;andscaping is a natural and beautiful way to keep your home comfortable and reduce your
energy consumption by up to 17C. Apart from adding aesthetic value and environmental "uality
to your home, trees, shrub or vine can help deliver effective shade and act as windbreak. A well
designed home can reect overhead heat to reduce the energy spent for cooling (+cott, 1234!.
;ow "uality windows can cause your air conditioner to work two or three times harder. In warm
climates, itis advisable to use windows with special coating that will help to reduce heat gain.
eplacing single paned windows with double*paned windows can help to reduce heat gain and
reduce the energy spent on cooling (;oughran et.al., 122=!.
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Plate 1 +ource +cott &imetrosky,green graphic
i Tans-oaion
oad transportation is the dominant mode of transportation in /igeria. any of the vehicles
imported are used vehicles. Potential energy savings are achieved by using road worthy vehicles.
In many cases, fuel efficiency is low because vehicles are old and poorly maintained. Other
causes of low efficiency of fuel are traffic congestion and bad driving habits (an &ender et al.,
122D!. $nergy saving of up to 42C can be achieved by shifting from energy intensive transport
to a less energy*intensive transport and by adopting traffic management schemes. In /igeria, the
demand for gasoline and diesel could be cut by 42C by emphasi6ing public transportation over
private transportation which will in turn reduce the emission of greenhouse gases ($nvironmental
Protection Agency, 1234!.
$PA department of energy found out that out of 322C of gasoline in a vehicle, the vehicle only
use 37C to move the vehicle or other functions such as Air conditioning, the rest ?7C are lost to
idle and mechanical inefficiencies. Also, some engines are very inefficient at converting the
fuel#s chemical energy into mechanical energy thereby losing the energy to engine friction,
smoke and heat. herefore, re*design for commercial vehicles by improving fuel economy could
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Energy Efficiency: a tool for promoting energy stability in Nigeria
reduce the need for energy source without compromising its function. It could also save both
consumers and producers money in fuel savings and serve as a tool for energy stability (an
&ender et al., 122D!.
Plate 4 +ource esla energy efficient car
Indusial(Another way to increase energy efficiency is to reduce, recycle and re*use
the waste heat that is produced from manufacturing process as it is globally accepted that waste
doesn#t e%ist. 5or instance, the waste heat and chemical energy can be turn into electricity or
other usable forms of energy which could offset petroleum demand and provide cheaper, cleaner
electricity to industries (;oughran et.al 122=!.. Also, the e%cess heat can be used to melt somemetals instead of going for cooling. In short, the energy reali6ed from this practice shall boost the
energy conserved which could enhance energy stability in /igeria.
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Plate = +ource $lectropaedia
3.2 eaioal a--oac
his articulates on the best custom of energy utili6ation to end*users thereby reducing energy
consumption. 'oed estimates that even if energy efficient residential lighting technology is in
place, there is still appro%imately eleven percent (33C! waste due to occupant behavior. he
occupant behavior is a key issue that needed to be addressed to leverage all energy that is
available.
i !ominan "se o Incandescen /ig uls
he use of incandescent bulbs for lighting is energy intensive. Only about 7C of total energy
used by an incandescent bulb is converted to light energy, the remaining @7C is converted to heat
energy (;ebot, 122@!. he energy rating of the incandescent bulbs found in the /igerian market
range from =2< to 122
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Energy Efficiency: a tool for promoting energy stability in Nigeria
revealed that in many places where people e%perience low voltage, people purchase the 3224.
$nvironmental Protection Agency, (1234!. $nergy Information Administration for lighting.Energy Efficiency,14 K73.
5ischer, '. (122?!. 5eedback on 0ousehold $lectricity 'onsumption A ool for +aving $nergyL
Energy Efficiency 1 D@K32=.
Gillingham, :. /ewell, . and Palmer, :. (122=!.Retrospective Examination of Demand-ideEnergy Efficiency Policies. esources for the 5uture, &iscussion Paper 2=*3@.
0arrington, .;. and &amnics, . (122=!. $nergy ;abeling and +tandards Programs throughout
the
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Energy Efficiency: a tool for promoting energy stability in Nigeria
;ur6, M., 'larke, ;.,