EminentPeopleInterestedinPsiAlistofmorethantwohundredwell-knownintellectuals-scientists,thinkers,writers,andartistsofvariouskinds-whotookthepossibilityofpsychicalphenomenaseriously.

Introduction

Atatimewhenmainstreamsciencedoubtstherealityofpsi,itcanbesurprisingtolearnthatsomehigh-profilescientistsneverthelessconsiderittobereal–oratleastdeservingofscientificstudy.Infact,manyscientistshavethoughtthis-ashave thinkers and artists of all kinds - especially in the decades since the 1880s, when research societies were firstestablishedtoinvestigatepsiphenomena.[1]Ifwebelievepsitobereal,perhapspersuadedbythescientificliteratureorbyourownexperiences,thislistofmorethantwohundredintellectualsremindsusthatwekeepgoodcompany.

Objections can bemade to some of the inclusions. Sir ArthurConanDoyle, the creator of SherlockHolmes,was asdogmatic in defending séance phenomena as sceptics often are in criticizing it.[2] The descriptions of personal psiexperiencedbytheSwedishplaywrightAugustStrindbergwouldbeofmoreinteresttoaclinicalpsychologistthantoaparapsychologicalresearcher.Someheldobnoxiousviews:thepioneeringFrenchbiologistAlexisCarrelfavouredNazieugenics,forinstance.Buttakenasawhole,thelistoverwhelminglyshowsthatwomenandmenofgeniusinmanyareasof life–science,thearts,politics, invention–haveshowna livelyandattimesprofessional interest inpsi,andwereirritatedbythosewhotriedtostifleit.

Ithaslongbeenfashionabletoarguethatpsiissimplyruledoutbyscientificnorms-theconstraintsimposedbyphysicsforinstance,orbyaknowledgeofhowthenervoussystemworks.ButthebeliefinthepossibilityofpsithatwasheldbyNobelprizewinnerssuchasphysicistsEinsteinandPlanck,andbrainscientistsEcclesandRamónyCajal,suggestsweshouldtreatsuchclaimswithcaution.Norshouldwebedistractedbyclaimsthatonlyapsychologistisqualifiedtodetectthemyriadways-whethersensoryorcognitive-inwhichinformationcanbeconveyed,consideringthepresencehereoffoundationalfiguresinpsychophysics,[3]experimentalpsychology,[4]behaviorism,[5]anddynamicpsychology,andthefactthatsomescientistsinthesefieldscontinuetosupportthestudyofpsi.[6]

Intermsofqualificationsforinclusion,thepeopleinthislistachievedahighdegreeofeminenceinafieldindependentofparapsychology(althoughsomeachievedeminenceinthelatteralso);livedlivedduringthepastcenturyandahalf,theperiodwhenpsibecameasubjectofscientificresearch:and,withtheexceptionoftwolivingNobelprizewinners,arealldeceased.

Excludedareeminentindividualswhodisplayednoknowledgeorinterestinpsiphenomenawhilepursuingspiritualoroccultconcerns.Writersandartistsarelistediftheyendorsedpsiphenomena,butnotiftheymerelyreferredtoitintheirworks,orifeventsintheirlivescouldbeinterpretedaspsi,asinthecaseoftheSpanishpoetFedericoGarcíaLorcawhoseemedtopreciselyanticipatethedateofhisexecutionfiveyearsbeforetheeventinoneofhisplays,[7]butsincenothingisknownabouthisviewsaboutpsi,he too isexcluded.Doubtsmustalso remainabout thegreat stagemagiciananddebunkerHarryHoudini,wholeftacodeasameanstoascertainwhetherhecouldcontacthiswifeafterhisdeath,[8]butwasvocallyhostiletotheideaofmediumstalkingwiththedead.

Ingeneral, themenandwomenlistedherebelieved inpsiphenomenafor thesamereasonsasdomostotherpeople:personalexperience(theirownoroflovedones)orfromreadingtheresearchliterature.InthefirstcategorycomesMarkTwain,whodreamedindetailaboutthefuturedeathofhisbrother,[9]andthevisionsexperiencedbyTedHughes’smother.[10]InthesecondcategorycomeCesareLombrosoandfoundingmembersoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearchsuchasEleanorSidgwickandRichardHodgson,whotookalotofconvincingbyotherresearchersbeforetheywouldendorsethevalidityofaphenomenon.[11]

Thepeoplenamedheremanifestedtheirinterestinpsiindifferent,butnotnecessarilyexclusive,ways.Oneofthesecanbetermedashift in central interest, inwhichthe individual leavesbehindamainstreamscientificactivity inordertofocusprimarilyonpsi research.TheFrenchscientistCharlesRichet isagoodexampleof this: in later lifehe largelyabandoned the studies of physiology that earned him a Nobel prize in order to concentrate on parapsychology andhypnosis, eventually becoming president of both the Society for Psychical Research and the InstitutMétapsychiqueInternational.

Bycontrast,aparallelcentralinterestisexemplifiedbythosewhomaintainedtheiractivityinamainstreamscientific

endeavorwhilealsopursuingpsi-research.GoodexamplesaretheSidgwicks.HenrySidgwick,oneofthegreatmodernethicalphilosophers,[12]wasthefirstpresidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalresearchbutwentoncontributingprofuselyonsubjects relatingtoethics,politicsandsciencewhileholdingaProfessorshipat theUniversityofCambridge.HiswifeEleanor (néeBalfour),a laterSPRpresident,wasamathematicianandeducatorwhoservedasPrincipalofNewnhamCollege,onlythesecondcollegeatCambridgetoacceptwomen,whilealsoapplyingherkeenmindtopsychicalresearch.

Forsomeofthefiguresinthelist,psiinterestsweresecondarytotheirotheractivities.TheseincludeNobelprizewinnersMarieandPierreCurie,whoattendedséanceswithEusapiaPalladinoandwroteabout the importanceof studyingpsiphenomena.[13]OthersareSantiagoRamónyCajal[14]andJohnCEccles.[15]

Some figures aimed to integrate psi with larger concerns. This applies to William James, a central figure in bothpsychology and philosophy, who not only participated in psi-research andwrote important papers –most famouslyregardingthemediumLeonoraPiper,whomheconsideredhis“whitecrow”–butsoughttointegratepsiwithinalargerframework. In physics, David Bohm[16] discussed how psi phenomena might be accommodated within his theory ofwholeness and implicate order, while Evans Harris Walker developed a quantum mechanics theory of psi.[17] ThephilosopherHenriBergsonconsideredpsiwithinhislargerdiscussionoftime,consciousness,andevolution.[18]

Psiphenomenahavealsoservedasinspirationforbothtechnologicalandartisticachievements.Amongscientiststhere’stheextraordinarycaseofHansBerger,inspiredbyanexperienceinwhichhissister,seventymilesaway,intuitivelyfelthisbrushwithdeathduring amilitary exercise and immediatelyhad their father sendhima telegram.WhenBerger laterinventedtheelectroencephalogram(EEG),itwaspartlytodiscoverifthemachinemightdetectpsi.[19]

Psiphenomenahavebeenusedasatopicforfiction-inthenovelsofPhilipKDick,theplaysofJBPriestley,orthefilmsofAndreiTarkovsky,amongmanyothers.Buttheyhavealsoservedasthereal-lifeinspirationsfortheworksthemselves.AndréBretondescribed anumberof ostensiblepsi phenomena inNadja,L’AmourFou and other books, as part of asurrealist exploration of alterations of consciousness and psi phenomena.[20] The poet JamesMerrill partly channeledthroughaOuijaboardhisPulitzerandNationalBookAwardswinnerTheChangingLightatSandover,provingthatnotonlymetaphysicalpapcomesfromautomaticwriting.[21]Butcanpsieliminatetheneedforaphysicalexpressionoftheartworkaltogether?ThisiswhatFrantišekKupkaandWassilyKandinskythoughtearlierinthe20thcentury,asdoesnowtheperformanceartistMarinaAbramović.[22]

Anothercategoryisofauthorswhoworkedaspsiresearcher-participants.ThisappliestotheAmericannovelistUptonSinclair,whosebookMentalRadio[23]describesalongseriesoftelepathyexperimentshecarriedouthimself,withhiswifeMaryCraigKimboroughactingastheperceivingsubject.AnotherinfluentialbookwasJWDunne’sAnExperimentwithTime[24]inwhichtheauthordiscussedindetailanumberofhisostensiblyprecognitivedreams.

Somehadaveiled interest inpsi.One is thepainterHilmaafKlint,who in addition tohermain activity of paintingportraits andplants conducted a decades-longprogramof other painterly activities, basedon either direct automaticwritingandpainting,oronanelaborationofmessagesthatshebelievedshereceivedfromhigherspiritualsources.

Intherealmofpoliticsatleasttwoprimeministers,Britain’sArthurBalfourandCanada’sWilliamLyonMackenzieKing,privatelyconsultedwithmediumswithoutthisimpactingontheirprofessionalwork.[25]

In the category of explicit acceptance can be cited a casual mention by the Russian dissident writer AleksandrSolzhenitsyninhisbookTheGulagArchipelagoofpsiabilitiespossessedbyoneofhisformercellmates:‘Thereisnodoubtthathehadthegiftofprecognition,’Solzhenitsynwrote.‘Morethanoncehewentaroundinthecellinthemorningandpointed:Todaytheyaregoingtocomeforyouandyou.Isawitinmydream.Andtheycameandgotthem.’[26]Thepioneering computer scientist Alan Turing[27] referred to the ‘overwhelming’ statistical evidence for telepathy in alandmarkpaperonartificialintelligence.AdifferentsortofexampleisOttoStern,whowassofearfulofthedamagingpsychokineticeffectsthatfellowphysicistWolfgangPauliseemedtoleaveinhiswakethathebarredPaulifromenteringhislaboratory.

Finallytherearethosewhocanbecharacterizedastrueskeptics,beingopentothepossibilityofpsiphenomenawithouthaving arrived at a definite conclusion.[28] In this category we find Albert Einstein, who in a sympathetic preface toSinclair’sMentalRadioconfessedthathisoriginaldisbeliefhadsoftenedashebecamemorefamiliarwithpsi.Similarly,MaxPlanckexpressedsupportofresearchbyfellowphysicistOliverLodge’sinvestigationsofpsiphenomena,consideringthemplausible.

Note: this listmay under-represent peoplewho fulfill the criteria, and tends to favour authors from theAmerican and

Europeancontinents,forwhominformationwasmoreeasilyaccessible.Mostentriescontainasinglereference,althoughsomemademanycontributions.SomeofthisinformationappearedpreviouslyinanissueofMindfield,thebulletinoftheParapsychologicalAssociation.

EtzelCardeña

NobelPrizewinners

HenriBergson(1859-1941),philosopher,1927NobelPrizeinLiterature,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearchandtheoreticianofconsciousnessandpsi.[29]

BjørnstjerneBjørnson(1832-1910),1903NobelPrizeinLiterature,wroteanarticleaboutapersonsaidtobepsychic.[30]

PearlSBuck(1892-1973),1938NobelPrizeinLiterature,visitedJBRhine’sparapsychologymeetings.[31]

NicholasMurray Butler (1862-1947), 1931NobelPrize inPeace, President ofColumbiaUniversity, philosopher anddiplomat,wroteaboutpsi[32]andhelpedorganizetheAmericanSocietyforPsychicalResearch.

AlexisCarrel(1873-1944),1912NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine,discussedanomaloushealinginabook.[33]

ArthurHollyCompton(1892-1962),1927NobelPrizeinPhysics,wassupportiveofpsiinhiscorrespondencewithJBRhine.[34]

Marie Curie (1867-1934), 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics, 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, participated in séances withEusapiaPalladinoandwroteoftheimportanceofresearchinparapsychology.[35]

PierreCurie(1859-1906),1903NobelPrizeinPhysics,participatedinséanceswithEusapiaPalladinoandwroteoftheimportanceofresearchinparapsychology.[36]

JohnEccles (1903-1997),1963NobelPrize inPhysiologyorMedicine,editedabookdiscussingpsiandparticipated inrelatedconferences.[37]

AlbertEinstein(1879-1955),1921NobelPrizeinPhysics,wrotetheprefacetoatelepathybook[38]andcommented,‘Wehavenorighttoruleoutapriorithepossibilityoftelepathy.Forthatthefoundationsofoursciencearetoouncertainandincomplete.’[39]

T.S.Eliot(1888-1965),1948NobelPrizeinLiterature,amajorfigureinpoetryandessay,'regardedhighly'thetheoryofprecognitionbyDunneandreprintedhisAnExperimentwithTimewhilehewasdirectorofFaberandFaber.HedescribedasimilarviewoftimeinhispoemBurntNorton.’[40]

BrianJosephson(1940-),1973NobelPrizeinPhysics,haswrittenaboutpsiandbeenastaunchadvocateofpsiresearchfordecades.[41]

MauriceMaeterlinck(1862-1949),1911NobelPrizeinLiterature,wroteonostensiblepsiphenomena.[42]

ThomasMann(1875-1955),1929NobelPrizeinLiterature,attendedandreportedonséances.[43]

KaryBanksMullis(1944-),1993NobelPrizeinChemistry,hasparticipatedinpsiresearchandspokeninsupportofit.[44]

WolfgangPauli(1900-1958),1945NobelPrizeinPhysics,discussedwithCarlJungthenotionofsynchronicityandwasbelieved,byhimselfandbycolleagues,tohaveaninterferingpsychokineticeffectonmachines.[45](SeeOttoStern,below)

JeanPerrin(1870-1942),1926NobelPrizeinPhysics,wasamemberoftheInstitutGénéralPsychologique’s(IGP)GroupofStudyofPsychicPhenomena.[46]

MaxPlanck(1858-1947),1918NobelPrizeinPhysicsandauthorofquantumtheory,expressedhisinterestinpsychicalresearchinhiscorrespondence.[47]

Sully Prudhomme (1839- 1907), 1901 Nobel Prize in Literature, participated in the Société de PsychologiePhysiologique'scommitteeforthestudyoftelepathy.[48]

Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1852-1934), 1906 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, researched hypnosis and psi

phenomenaandwroteabookaboutthem(destroyedduringtheSpanishCivilWar).[49]

CharlesRichet(1850-1935),1913NobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine,foundedtheAnnalesdesSciencesPsychiques,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch(1905),andoftheInstitutMétapsychiqueInternational(1923).

GeorgeBernardShaw(1856-1950),1925NobelPrizeinLiterature,bestknownforhisveryinfluentialplays,includingPygmalionandArmsandtheMan.HeattendedwithpsiresearcherFrankPodmoremeetingsofthe(British)SocietyforPsychicalResearchandmentionedincidentsofostensiblepsi.[50]

AlbertSchweitzer(1875-1965),1925NobelPrizeinPeace,reportedtheparanormalphenomenaheobservedinAfricaandremarkedthathewouldliketocarryoutpsiresearch.[51]

GlennSeaborg(1912-1999),1951NobelPrizeinChemistryfortheinvestigationoftraunsuraniumelements,co-wrotewithMargaretMeadapraisingstatementaboutabookonparapsychology.[52]

AleksandrSolzhenitsyn(1908-2008),1970Nobelprizewinnerinliterature,mentionsprecognitionasafactinhiswork.[53]

Otto Stern (1888-1969), 1943Nobel Prize in Physics, is said to have bannedPauli fromhis lab, for fear that Pauli’sinvoluntaryPKeffectwouldinterferewiththemachinerythere.[54]

EugeneWigner(1902-1995),1963NobelPrizeinPhysics,encouragedresearchonphysicsandpsi.[55]

JohnWilliamStrutt,LordRayleigh(1842-1919),1904NobelPrizeinPhysics,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[56]

JJThompson (1856-1940),1906NobelPrize inPhysics,memberofthegoverningcounciloftheSocietyforPsychicalResearchfor34years.[57]

WBYeats(1865-1939),1929NobelPrizeinLiterature,memberoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch,wroteextensivelyaboutpsiandesoterism.[58]

OtherEminentFigures:Physics,Chemistry,Engineering,Invention

Jacques-Arsèned’Arsonval(1851-1940),physician,physicist,andinventor,ledtheIGPandcarriedoutresearchwithaspiritmedium.[59]

JohnLogieBaird(1888-1946),engineerandinventoroftelevision,attendedspiritistséancesandwaspersuadedbythem.[60]

SirWilliamBarrett(1845-1925):ChairofphysicsattheRoyalCollegeofScienceinDublin,FellowoftheRoyalSociety,andfounderandpresidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[61]

OlivierCostadeBeauregard(1911-2007),quantumphysicist,publishedonparapsychology,firstunderthepseudonymE.Xodarap,andconsideredpsiphenomenaasto‘beexpectedasveryrational’.[62]

AlexanderGrahamBell(1847-1922),inventorofthetelephone,thoughtthatthedevicemightallowcommunicationwiththedead.[63]

JohnStewartBell(1928-1990),physicist,developeroftheBelltheorem,employeeoftheEuropeanCouncilforNuclearResearch(CERN),originatoroftheBelltheorem,wroteaboutkeepinganopenmindregardingpsi.[64]

DavidBohm(1917-1992),quantumtheoretician,soughttointegratehistheorywithpsi.[65]

ÉdouardBranly(1844-1940),physicist,inventorofacomponentofwirelesstelegraphy,memberoftheFrenchAcademyofSciences,wasamemberoftheIGP'sGroupofStudyofPsychicPhenomena.[66]

Alexander Butlerov (1828-1886), chemist, pioneer of the theory of chemical structure and discoverer of variouselements,researchedostensiblepsychicmanifestationsandwrotearticlesaboutthem.[67]

ChesterCarlson(1906-1968),physicistandinventorofelectrophotography,donatedmoneytoandwasinterestedinpsiresearch.[68]

SirArthurC.Clarke(1917-2008),fictionandsciencewriterandinventor,discussedpsiinhisnovelsandnon-fiction,becomingincreasingly,butnotcompletelyskeptic,abouttheparanormal.[69]

GérardCordonnier(1907-1977),mathematician,engineer,winneroftheArts,SciencesandLetterSilverMedal,wroteonpsi.[70]

SirWilliam Crookes (1832-1919), chemist, physicist, and inventor, carried research on DD Home and spiritualism,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[71]

JWDunne(1910-1949),aeronauticalengineer,wroteAnExperimentwithTime,abookaboutprecognition.[72]

ThomasAlvaEdison(1847-1931),inventorofelectriclightandsoundrecording,amongotherthings,wasconvincedbysomepsidemonstrationsandproposedthatinstrumentscouldbedevelopedtocommunicatewiththedeceased.[73]

HaroldEugeneEdgerton (1903-1990),professorofelectricalengineeringatMIT,participated in researchonremoteviewing.[74]

GeraldFeinberg(1933-1992),physicist,workedatColumbiaandPrincetonUniversities,consideredprecognitiontobeatthebaseofmost,orperhapsall,psiphenomena.[75]

CamilleFlammarion(1842-1925),astronomerandwriter,founderandfirstpresidentoftheSociétéAstronomiquedeFrance,wroteonpsiandmediumship.[76]

RichardBuckminsterFuller(1895-1983),systemstheorist,inventor,talkedabouttherealityoftelepathy.[77]

GeorgeGamow(1904-1968),physicist,wroteontheostensiblemacro-PKeffectcalledthePauliEffect.[78]

Arnaud deGramont (1861-1923),physicist,memberof theFrenchAcadémiedesSciences, foundingmemberof theInstitutMétapsychiqueInternational.[79]

HeinrichHertz(1857-1894),physicist,showedtheexistenceofelectromagneticwaves,wasamemberoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[80]

Robert Jahn (1930-2017),deanofengineeringatPrincetonUniversity,pioneerofdeepspacepropulsion,foundedthePrincetonEngineeringAnomaliesResearchLabtostudymind-machineinteractionsandotherpsiphenomena.[81]

ErnstJordan(1902-1980),quantumphysicist,wroteonquantummechanismsandpsi.[82]

SirOliverLodge(1851-1940),physicistandmathematician,developerofwirelesstelegraphy,principalofBirminghamUniversity,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch,wroteonmediumshipandsurvival.[83]

HenryMargenau (1901-1997), Higgins Professor of Physics at Yale and staff at Princeton andMIT, philosopher ofscience,wrotefavorablyaboutparapsychology.[84]

James Smith ‘Mac’ McDonnell (1899-1980), engineer and chair of the McDonnell-Douglas corporation, supportedresearchinparapsychology.[85]

EdgarDeanMitchell(1930-2016),aeronauticalengineer,6thpersontowalkonthemoon.HefoundedtheInstituteofNoeticSciences,inwhichresearchonpsiisconducted,andpublishedapsistudyhimself.[86]

EdwardPickering(1846-1919)astronomerandphysicist,directoroftheHarvardCollegeObservatory,wroteonpsi.[87]

Sir Alfred Pippard (1920-2008), Cavendish Professor of Physics, Cambridge, gave an address to a jointSPR/ParapsychologicalAssociationonhismother’stelepathicexperiences.[88]

ArchieE.Roy(1924-2012),ProfessorofAstronomy,UniversityofGlasgow,SPRpresident,wroteonpsychicalresearch.[89]

GiovanniSchiaparelli(1835-1910),astronomer,historianofscienceandsenator,researchedEusapiaPalladino.[90]

RichardShoup(1943-2015),computerscientists,innovatorindigitalanimationandwinnerofanEmmyandanAcademyAward,proposedatimesymmetrictheoryofpsi.[91]

BalfourStewart(1828-1887),physicist,memberoftheRoyalSociety,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[92]

FJMStratton(1881-1961),ProfessorofAstrophysicsandDirectorofSolarPhysicsObservatoryatCambridge,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[93]

JulienThoulet(1843-1936).ProfessorofMineralogyattheUniversityofNancy,oceanographer[94],describedapsieventinalettertoCharlesRichet.[95]

EvanHarrisWalker(1935-2006),physicistandinventor,developedaquantumexplanationofpsi.[96]

ArthurMYoung(1905-1995),polymath,helicopterinventor,soughttointegrateparapsychologywithotherbranchesofscience.[97]

Mathematicians

BurtonHCamp (1880-1980), presidentof the InstituteofMathematical Sciences,wrote that the statistical analysesconductedbyRhineandhisteamwere‘essentiallyvalid’.[98]

AugustusdeMorgan(1806-1871),mathematicianandlogician,advancedthestudyofinduction.HiswifeSophia,underapseudonym,wroteabookreportingtheirinvestigationsonpsychicphenomena,withapseudonymousprefacebyDeMorgan, inwhich thesephenomenawerenot consideredper se precludedby science and a truly agnostic view aboutpsychicphenomenawasproposed.[99]

Sir Ronald A Fisher (1890-1962), statistician and geneticist, corresponded with JB Rhine and published articles onstatisticalanalysesinparapsychology.[100]

ThomasGreville(1910-1988),statistician,ProfessorattheUniversityofWisonsin-Madison,editoroftheJournaloftheSocietyforIndustrialandAppliedMathematics,developedstatisticaltechniquesforpsiexperiments.[101]

IrvingGood (1916-2009),statisticianandcryptologist,colleagueofAlanTuring,suggestedaphysiologicalmethodtostudynonconsciouspsi.[102]

Hans Hahn (1879-1934), mathematician and philosopher, was Vice-president of the Austrian Society for PsychicalResearchandcollaboratedinresearchonpsi.[103]

JohnLittlewood (1885-1977),BallProfessorofMathematics,Cambridge, fellowoftheRoyalSociety,conductedcardguessingexperimentsandwroteontheirstatistics.[104]

Eleanor Sidgwick (1845-1936),mathematician,principalofNewnhamCollege,presidentof theSociety forPsychicalResearch.[105]

Alan Turing (1912-1954), mathematician, pioneer of computer science and artificial intelligence, wrote of the‘overwhelming’statisticalevidencefortelepathy.[106]

PsychologistsandSocialScientists,Neuroscientists,Biologists,Physicians

RobertoAssagioli(1888-1974),psychiatrist,pioneerofhumanisticandtranspersonalpsychology,wroteabookonpsi.[107]

DavidBakan(1921-2004),professorofpsychologyattheUniversitiesofChicagoandYork,discussedBiblicalprophecyandcontemporarypsiresearchinhiscourses[108]

VladimirBekhterev(1856-1927),neurologistandreflexpsychologist,studiedpsiinhumansandanimals.[109]

HansBerger(1873-1941),neurologist,createdtheelectroencephalogram,inspiredbyatelepathiceventwithhissister.[110]

FilippoBottazzi(1867-1941),physiologist,biochemist,wroteabookonmediumisticphenomena.[111]

Henry Pickering Bowditch (1840-1911), physician, dean of the Harvard Medical School, founding member of theSocietyforPsychicalResearch,wroteonpsi.[112]

WilliamBrown (1881-1952),directorof the InstituteofExperimentalPsychologyatOxfordUniversity, supportedpsiresearch.[113]

Luther Burbank (1849-1926), botanist, creator or developer of many species, founder of agricultural science. Hedescribedhisownandhisfamily'stelepathicabilitiesinhisautobiography.[114]

DorothyTiffanyBurlingham(1891-1979),pioneerofchildpsychoanalysisandco-founderoftheHampsteadClinicinLondon(currentlytheAnnaFreudCentre).Wroteapaperpositingpsiprocessesamongmothersandchildren.[115]

RémyChauvin(1913-2009),biologist,honoraryprofessoratLaSorbonne,researchedandwroteonanimalpsi.[116]

IrvinLChild(1915-2000),chairofpsychologyatYaleUniversity,wroteasupportivemeta-analysisoftheMaimonidesdreamresearchprogram.[117]

FrederikWillemvanEeden(1860-1932),psychiatrist,writer,andprogressivethinker,participatedinséancesandwroteaboutluciddreaming.[118]

HJEysenck(1916-1997),psychologist,researcherinpersonality,intelligence,andpsychotherapy,supportedthevalidityofsomepsiphenomenaandcriticizedscientisticdogmatism.[119]

Gustav Fechner (1801-1887),physicist,oneof the foundersofexperimentalpsychology,participated in séancesandwroteaboutthepossibilityofsurvivalafterdeath.[120]

SándorFerenczi(1873-1933),centraltheoristinpsychoanalysis,wroteonpsiphenomenaindevelopmentandtherapyandcommunicatedwithFreudaboutit.[121]

Théodore Flournoy (1854–1920), psychologist, professor at the University of Geneva, wrote important books ondissociationwithoutdiscardingthepossibilityofpsiprocesses.[122]

SigmundFreud(1856-1939),founderofpsychoanalysis,wroteanumberofpapersonpsiinpsychotherapy.[123]

Hans Driesch (1867-1941), biologist and philosopher, wrote a book on psi, president of the Society for PsychicalResearch.[124]

Sir Ronald A Fisher (1890-1962), statistician and geneticist, corresponded with JB Rhine and published articles onstatisticalanalysesinparapsychology.[125]

WilliamHewitt Gillespie (1905-2001),Presidentof the InternationalPsychoanalyticalAssociation,FreudMemorialProfessorofPsychoanalysisatUniversityCollege,London,wrotesupportivelyofpsiphenomena.[126]

KarlGruber(1881-1927),zoologist,professoratMunichPolytechnic,conductedpsiresearchonanimals.[127]

GuðmundurHannesson(1866-1946),physician,founderoftheIcelandicScientificSocietyandrectoroftheUniversityofIceland,investigatedthemediumIndriðiIndriðason.[128]

SirAlisterHardy (1896-1985),LinacreProfessorofZoologyatOxford, founderoftheReligiousExperienceResearchUnitatOxford,PresidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch,wroteonpsiandreligion.[129]

RaúlHernández-Peón(1924-1968),neurophysiologistofsleep,soughttointegratepsiandneurophysiology[130]

JamesHillman(1926-2011),psychologist,Jungianauthor,wroteonpsianddepthpsychology.[131]

Sir JulianHuxley(1887-1975),evolutionarybiologistandfirstdirectorofUNESCO,mentionedpsisupportivelyinhiswriting.[132]

AnielaJaffé(1903-1991),psychologist,Jungianauthor,wroteonpsiandsynchronicity.[133]

WilliamJames(1842-1910),psychologistandphilosopher,presidentofboththeBritishandtheAmericanSocietiesforPsychicalResearch.[134]

PierreJanet(1859-1947),pioneerinthestudyofdissociation,hadsuccessonexperimentsonhypnosisandpsi(butlaterbecamecautiousaboutpsi).[135]

CGJung(1875-1961),founderofanalyticalpsychology,wroteonsynchronicityandostensiblepsiphenomena.[136]

Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (1926-2004), psychiatrist, proponent of the hospice care movement, wrote on near-death

experiencesandthepossibilityofsurvival.[137]

ANLeontiev(1903-1979),headofthepsychologydepartmentatMoscowUniversity,investigatedremoteviewing.[138]

Jacques Jean Lhermitte (1877-1959), neurologist andneuropsychiatrist, clinical director at the Salpêtrièrehospital,memberoftheInstitutMétapsychiqueInternational.[139]

CesareLombroso(1835-1909),criminologistandphysician,wroteabookonspiritualismandpsi.[140]

AlexanderLuria(1902-1977),neuropsychologist,wroteaboutparapsychology.[141]

ElizabethLloydMayer (1947-2005),psychoanalyst,professorattheUniversityofCalifornia,investigatedpsiindepthafterapsychictracedavaluedstolenpossession.[142]

WilliamMcDougall(1871-1938),psychologyprofessoratHarvardandlateratDuke,presidentofboththeAmericanandtheBritishSocietiesforPsychicalResearch.[143]

MargaretMead (1901-1978),culturalanthropologist,helpedtheParapsychologicalAssociationbecomeamemberoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceandwroteasupportiveintroductiontoaremoteviewingbook.[144]

PaulMeehl(1920-2003),psychologistandphilosopherofscience,wroteonthelikelycompatibilityofscienceandESP.[145]

ThomasWalterMitchell (1869-1944),physician, formanyyearseditorof theBritish Journal ofMedicalPsychology,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[146]

JohnMuir(1838-1914),geologistandnaturalist,recountedinaletterhavinganaccuratepremonitionofencounteringanunexpectedfriendinavalley.[147]

GardnerMurphy (1895-1979), presidentof theAmericanPsychologicalAssociationandof theSociety forPsychicalResearch,[148]wroteextensivelyonhumanpotentialsandonpsi.[149]

TraugottKonstantinOesterreich(1880-1949),psychologistandphilosopher,professorinTübingen,wroteonspiritpossessionandpsi.[150]

Sir Alan S Parkes (1900-1990), researcher at University College, London, on reproductive biology, organized andparticipatedinasymposiumonpsi.[151]

Candace Pert (1946-2013), neuropharmacologist, chief of the Section on Brain Biochemistry of the ClinicalNeuroscienceBranch,NationalInstituteofMentalHealth,wasinterestedinpsychokineticeffectsonlivingsystemsandsubtleenergies.[152]

Théodule-ArmandRibot (1839-1916), psychologist, professor at theCollège of France and La Sorbonne, publishedpapersonpsychicalresearchinhisjournalRevuePhilosophique.[153]

SantedeSanctis(1862-1935),doctor,psychologist,andpsychiatrist,investigatedostensiblepsiphenomena.[154]

Hans Schäfer (1906-2000), professor and director of the department of physiology at the University of Heidelberg,epidemiologist,wroteaboutpsi.[155]

Rocco Santoliquido (1854-1930), physician and Director General of Public Health, investigated amedium, and wasfounderandpresidentoftheInstitutMétapsychiqueInternational.[156]

PitirimSorokin(1889-1968),founderanddirectorofthedepartmentofsociologyatHarvard,wroteanintroductiontoabookonpsi.[157]

MabelStClairStobart(1862-1954),founderoftheWomen'sSickandWoundedConvoyCorps(1912)andtheWomen'sNationalServiceLeague(1914),wroteaboutspiritualism.[158]

WilhelmStekel(1868-1940),oneofthefirstassociatesofFreudandprolificwriter,authoredabookabouttelepathyindreams.[159]

John R Swanton (1873-1958), president of the American Anthropological Association and editor of AmericanAnthropologist,endorsedparapsychology.[160]

Leonid I Vasiliev (1891-1966), professor of physiology at Leningrad University, researched extensively psi andsuggestionatadistance.[161]

Alfred Russel Wallace (1826-1923), co-creator of the theory of evolution, investigated and was a supporter ofspiritualism.[162]

WilliamGreyWalter(1910-1977),neurophysiologistandrobotinventor,wroteontheuseoftheEEGtoinvestigatepsi.[163]

Humanities,Philosophers

BhikhanLAtreya (1897-1967),professorofphilosophyatBanarasHinduUniversity,expertonHinduism,carriedoutresearchandwroteonparapsychology.[164]

SamuelBergman(1883-1975),philosopherofphysics,deanoftheHebrewUniversity,wroteabookontelepathy.[165]

ÉmileBoirac(1851-1917),philosopher,presidentoftheGrenobleandDijonuniversities,researchedEusapiaPalladino,wroteabookonpsychicalresearch.[166]

KennethEBoulding(1910-1993),economist,systemsscientist,philosopher,presidentoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofSciences,declaredtotheWashingtonStar in1979:‘Theevidenceofparapsychologycan’t justbedismissedoutofhand’.[167]

CDBroad(1887-1971),KnightsbridgeProfessorofMoralPhilosophyatCambridge,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[168]

KennethBurke(1897-1993),literarytheorist,discussedpsiphenomenainthecontextofcreativity.[169]

RudolfCarnap(1891-1970),philosopherandmemberoftheViennaCircle,wroteontheimportanceofresearchingpsi.[170]

PierreTeilharddeChardin(1881-1955),philosopherandpalentologist,wroteontheevolutionofpsiabilities.[171]

CTKChari (1909-1993), head of the department of philosophy atMadras Christian College, wrote on philosophy ofphysicsandpsi.[172]

Ernesto deMartino (1908-1965), historian of religion and anthropologist,wrote on the link between ethnology andparapsychology.[173]

Jacques Derrida (1930-2004), philosopher, founder of deconstructionism, wrote an essay discussing the nature oftelepathyanditsrelationtopsychoanalysis.[174]

MaxDessoir(1867-1947),philosopher,psychologist,professorattheUniversityofBerlin,coined‘parapsychology’andotherpsiterms.[175]

ER Dodds (1893-1979), classical scholar, Regius Professor of Greek (Oxford), president of the Society for PsychicalResearch.[176]

CJDucasse(1881-1969),professorofphilosophyatWashingtonandBrownUniversities,wroteonparapsychologyandwasamemberoftheAmericanSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[177]

MirceaEliade(1907-1986),ProfessorattheUniversityofChicago,historianofreligionandfictionwriter,assertedthatrealparanormalphenomenawereatthebaseofsomereligiousbeliefs.[178]

Antony Flew (1923-2010),philosopherof religion,whilenot convincedaboutpsiphenomena,opined that therewas‘muchinterestingandsuggestiveevidence’.[179]

IsaacKFunk(1839-1912),lexicographer,editor,founderofFunk&Wagnallis,wroteonpsiphenomena.[180]

MauriceGarçon(1889-1967),lawyer,writer,conjurer,memberoftheAcadémieFrançaise,researchedpsiphenomena.

[181]

JamesHHyslop,(1854-1920),philosopher,psychologist,professoratColumbiaUniversity,wroteextensiveonpsi.[182]

LPJacks(1860-1955),professorofphilosophyandprincipalatManchesterCollege,Oxford,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[183]

AndrewLang(1844-1912),writerandanthropologist,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[184]

Gabriel Marcel (1889-1973), philosopher, member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques, honorarypresidentofInstitutMétapsychiqueInternational.[185]

GilbertMurray (1866-1957), classicist, professor atOxford andHarvarduniversities, vice president of the LeagueofNationsSocietyafterWorldWarI,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[186]

Frederic Myers (1843-1901), classical scholar and poet, president and one of the main authors of the Society forPsychicalResearch.[187]

HaraldurNíelsson (1868-1928), theologianand spiritualist, first rector of theUniversityof Iceland, investigated themediumIndriðiIndriðason.[188]

HH Price (1899-1984), philosopher, Wykeham Professor of Logic at Oxford, president of the Society for PsychicalResearch.[189]

Adolf Reinach (1883-1917), pioneerphenomenologist and language and law theoretician, documented anddiscussedinstancesofsoldiers'foreboding(precognition)inWWIoftheirimpendingdeath.[190]

JosiahRoyce(1855-1916),philosopher,professorattheUniversityofCaliforniaandHarvard,memberoftheAmericanSocietyforPsychicalResearch,wroteonpsi.[191]

Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913), linguist and semiotician, attended séances of Hélène Smith (Catherine-EliseMüller)andanalyzedhercreatedlanguages.[192]

FCS Schiller (1864-1937), professor of philosophy at the Universities of Oxford, Cornell, and Southern California,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch,supportedtheepistemologicalfoundationofparapsychology.[193]

HenrySidgwick (1838-1900),KnightsbridgeProfessorofMoralPhilosophyatCambridge,Presidentof theSociety forPsychicalResearch.[194]

KeesvanPeursen(1920-1996),philosopherandtheologian,professorofphilosophyatGroningenandLeidenU,wroteonpsi.[195]

AWVerrall(1851-1912),classicsscholarandfirstKingEdwardVIIChairofEnglish,wasinterestedinpsialongwithmanyothersinhisimmediatefamily.[196]

JohannesMariaVerweyen(1883-1945),philosopher,anti-Naziresistancefighter,poet,wroteonparapsychologyandoccultism.[197]

Gerda Walther (1897-1977), philosopher, pioneer phenomenologist with important contributions as well toparapsychologyandthestudyofschizophrenia.[198]

AloysWenzl(1887-1967),philosopher,deanandpresidentatLudwig-Maximilians-UniversitätMünchen,wasanofficialobserverata1954conferenceonpsi.[199]

Writers,Artists

Jellyd'Arányi(1893-1966),violinist,participatedinséancesandchanelledvariousmessages.SisterofAdilaFachiri.[200]

LFrankBaum(1856-1919),writer,creatoroftheOzseries,attendedspiritistséancesandwroteaboutthem.[201]

Ingmar Bergman (1918-2007), film and theatre director and author, recounted autobiographical ostensible psiphenomena(2005).

AlgernonBlackwood(1869-1951),writer,declaredthathisinterestinpsychicmatterswas'inquestionsofextendedorexpanded consciousness' and saw 'the rapprochement betweenModern Physics and so-called psychical andmysticalphenomena'.[202]

Jorge Luis Borges (1899-1986), writer, published an appreciative foreword to a Spanish version of JW Dunne’sAnExperimentwithTime.[203]

VictorBrauner(1903-1966),surrealistpainter,consideredhimselfalsoavisionary.[204]

AndréBreton(1896-1966),founderofsurrealismandknowledgeableofthepsiliterature,researchedexperientiallyandwroteextensivelyonpsiandautomatisms,oftenincollaborationwithothersurrealists.[205]

JohnW. Campbell, Jr. (1910-1971),writerof science-fiction (SF)andeditorofAstoundingScienceFictionduring theGolden Age of Science Fiction. He discussed psi phenomena in his magazine and encouraged its inclusion into SFliterature[206]

GilbertKeith(GK)Chesterton(1874-1936),writer,bestknownperhapsforhisFatherBrownseries,advocatedanopeninvestigationandconsiderationofpsiphenomena.[207]

SamuelClemens(MarkTwain)(1835-1910),writer,memberoftheAmericanSocietyforPsychicalResearch,describedvariousautobiographicalpsievents.[208]

MichaelCrichton(1942-2008),writer,physician,andfilmmaker,wroteabouthispersonalexperienceswithpsi.[209]

RobertDesnos (1900-1945), surrealistpoet andautomatist, claimed tohavebeen in telepathic contactwith anotherartist,MarcelDuchampandtoseeintootherpeople'sfuture.[210]

PhilipKDick(1928-1982),writer,describedvariousostensiblepsiphenomenainhisautobiographicalworks,includingxenoglossyandanaccuratediagnosisofhisson’shernia.[211]

CharlesDickens(1812-1870),writer,memberofTheGhostClub,organizationdevotedtopsychicalresearch.[212]

CharlesDodgson(LewisCarroll)(1832-1898),authorofAliceinWonderland,mathematician,memberoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[213]

SirArthurConanDoyle (1859-1930),creatorofSherlockHomes,unflinchingdefenderofostensiblepsiphenomenaandspiritualism.[214]

TheodorDreiser(1871-1945),writerandjournalist,correspondedwithpsiresearcherHerewardCarrington.[215]

GeorgeEliot(MaryAnnEvans)(1819-1880),writer,correspondedwithpsychicalresearchersandpremisedherTheLiftedVeilonpsi.ShewrotetoGeorgeCombein1852,'Butindicationsofclairvoyancewitnessedbyacompetentobserverareofthrillinginterestandgivemearestlessdesiretogetmoreextensiveandsatisfactoryevidence.'[216]

AdilaFachiri(1886-1962),violinist,participatedinséancesandchanelledvariousmessages.SisterofJellyd'Arányi.[217]

Anne Francis (1930-2011), actress,winner of aGoldenGlobe andnominated for anEmmy, describedher interest inpsychicphenomenainherautobiography.[218]

MaximGorky(1868-1936),writer,wasconvincedoftheexistenceoftelepathy.[219]

GrahamGreene(1904-1991),novelistshortlistedfortheNobelPrize,wasconvincedthatDunne'sviewofprecognitionwascorrectandexplainedsomeofhisvision.[220]

AlecGuiness(1914-2000),actor,wrotethatheprecognizedthefatalaccidentofJamesDean.[221]

ThomasHardy(1840-1928),writer,claimedtohavehadatelepathicandotherpsiexperiences.[222]

Victor Hugo (1802-1885), writer, creator of Les Misérables, experimented with automatic writing and drawing,participatedinséances.[223]

TedHughes(1930-1998),BritishPoetLaureate,describedpsiphenomenainhislife.[224]

AldousHuxley(1894-1963),writer,proponentofaMindatLarge,advisortotheParapsychologyFoundation.[225]

JamesJoyce(1882-1941),writer,hissisterclaimedthatsheandhehadseentheghostoftheirmother.HereadandwasinfluencedbyMyers'sHumanPersonality,anditsSurvivalofBodilyDeath.[226]

WassilyKandinsky(1866-1944),painterandarttheoretician,wroteaboutdirecttransmissionofart.[227]

HilmaafKlint(1862-1944),painter,pioneerofabstractionism,workedasamediumwithautomaticwriting,drawing,andpainting.[228]

ArthurKoestler(1905-1983),author,providedfundsforwhatbecametheKoestlerUnitforthestudyofparapsychologyattheUniversityofEdinburgh,wroteonpsi.[229]

StanleyKubrick(1928-1999),filmdirector,screenwriter,producer,etc.,discussedpsipositivelyasaninspirationforhisfilmTheShining.[230]

EinarHjörleifssonKvaran (1859-1938),writer, editor, and spiritualist,participated in the investigationsof IcelandicmediumsincludingIndriðiIndriðasonandHafsteinBjörnsson.[231]

FrantišekKupka(1871-1957),oneofthefoundersofabstractionistart,proposedadirectmind-to-mindtransmissionoftheartist’sinnerworld.[232]

JamesMerrill(1926-1995),poet,winnerofthePulitzeramongotherprices,someofhisworksderivesfromsessionswithaouijaboardduringmorethantwodecades.[233]

RobertMusil(1880-1942),writer,authorofoneoftheforemostnovelsofthe20thcentury,TheManwithoutQualities,mentionedthepossibilityofpsiphenomenaduringséances.[234]

VladimirNabokov(1899-1977),writer,authorofLolitaandotherproseclassics,keptadiarytotestwhetherhisdreamscouldanticipatefutureevents,inspiredbyDunn'sAnExperimentwithTime.[235]

JBPriestley(1894-1984),writer,supportedthenotionofprecognitioninhisessaysandplays.[236]

Marguerite Radclyffe-Hall (1880-1943), writer, pioneer of lesbian literature with The Well of Loneliness. She co-authoredanimportantstudyofthemediumMrs.Leonard.[237]

RainerMariaRilke(1875-1926),oneoftheforemostpoetinGermanlanguage,attendedséancesandexperimentedwithautomaticwriting.[238]

GeorgeRochberg(1918-2005),composer,discussedpsiphenomenainthecontextofhiscreativework.[239]

GeneRodenberry(1921-1991),writerandStarTrekcreator,wasconvincedoftherealityofpsiphenomena.[240]

Jules Romains (Louis Farigoule) (1885-1972), writer,member of La Académie Française, wrote a book on sightlessvision.[241]

JohnRuskin(1819-1900),influentialartcritic,memberoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[242]

GeorgeWilliam(AE)Russell(1867–1935),writer,painter,activist,claimedhewasclairvoyant.[243]

SigfriedSassoon(1886-1967),WWIpoet,memberofTheGhostClub.[244]

VictorienSardou (1831-1908),writer,best-knownforthelibrettotoTosca,experimentedwithautomaticwritinganddrawing.[245]

AlvinSchwartz(1916-2011),fictionwriterandessayist,discussedostensiblepsiphenomenainhislife.[246]

UptonSinclair, Jr.(1878-1968),Pulitzerprizewinner,wroteadetailedaccountofpsiexperimentswithhiswifeinhisbookMentalRadio.[247]

DameEdithLouisaSitwell(1887-1964),poetandcritic,helpeddirectsomeresearchwithmediums.[248]

Olaf Stapledon (1886-1950), writer and philosopher, was interested in and recommended the scientific study of psi

phenomena.[249]

Rudolf Steiner (1861–1925), philosopher, theoretical founder of the Waldorf education, wrote about personal psiexperiences.[250]

Robert Louis Stevenson (1850-1894), author of Treasure Island, member of the Society for Psychical Research,correspondedwithFWHMyers.[251]

Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928-2007), one of the most influential classical electronic and avant-garde music, in aninterviewhementioned"telepathyandtelekinesis”asfacts.[252]

August Strindberg (1849-1912),writer,painterandplaywright,discussedpersonalexperiences thathe interpretedasparapsychologicalinhiswritings.[253]

AndreiTarkovsky(1932-1986),filmandtheatredirectorandwriter,discussedostensiblepsiphenomenaassourcesforhisfilms.[254]

Alfred,LordTennyson (1809-1892),PoetLaureateofGreatBritainand Ireland,memberof theSociety forPsychicalResearch.[255]

JacquesTourneur(1904-1977),directorofvariousacclaimedhorrorfilms,includingCatPeople.Hewasconsideredtobeapsychichimself.[256]

KurtVonnegut,Jr.(1922-2007),authorofSlaughterhouseFive,artist,describedostensiblepsiphenomenathatoccurredinhislife.[257]

Florizel von Reuter (1890-1985), violinist and composer, professor at the Vienna Musical Academy, wrote on hisexperienceasamedium.[258]

Politicians,Explorers,Others

AlexanderAksakov(1832-1893),RussianStateCouncilor,writer,researched,contributedtoandeditedpublicationsonpsi.[259]

ArthurBalfour(1848-1930),philosopher,Britishprimeminister,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[260]

GeraldBalfour(1853-1945),scholar,ChiefSecretaryforIreland,presidentoftheSocietyforPsychicalResearch.[261]

DonaldCampbellCBE(1921-1967),speedrecordbreakerinlandandwater,memberoftheGhostClub.[262]

AirChiefMarshalHughDowding(1882-1970),commanderoftheRAFduringtheBattleofBritain,authorofvariousbooksonsurvivalandmemberoftheGhostClub.[263]

WinifredCoombeTennant(1874-1956),suffragette,politician,representativeattheLeagueofNations,practisedasamedium.[264]

Alexandra David-Néel (1868-1969), explorer, writer, expert on Tibet, declared that psychic phenomena should bestudied‘justlikeanyotherscience’.[265]

Willliam Gladstone (1809-1898), served as British prime minister four different terms, member of the Society forPsychicalResearch,commentedthatpsiresearch‘isthemostimportantworkintheworld’.[266]

ClaibornedeBordaPell(1918-2009),six-termUSSenator,headoftheSenateForeignRelationCommittee,supportedpsiresearch.[267]

WilliamLyonMackenzieKing(1874-1950),longestservingprimeministerofCanada,spiritualist.[268]

LorenMcIntyre(1917-2003),photojournalist,discovererofthesourceofthesourceoftheAmazonRiver.HedescribedcommunicatingtelepathicallywiththechiefshamanofaMajorunatribe.[269]

Dame Edith Lyttelton (1865-1948), British delegate to the League of Nations, author, president of the Society forPsychicalResearch,wroteonpsi.[270]

Francisco I Madero (1873-1913), provided the intellectual basis to the Mexican revolution and became its firstdemocraticallyelectedpresident,practisedautomaticwritingandmediumship.[271]

ErikKulePalmstierna(1877-1959),Swedishpoliticiananddiplomat,wrotebooksbasedonchanelledmaterial.[272]

SirHenryMortonStanley(1841-1904),explorerandjournalist,wroteaboutpsiphenomenainhisautobiography.[273]

CortvanderLinden(1846-1935),progressivePrimeMinisterofTheNetherlands,wasamemberofthe(British)SocietyforPsychicalResearch.[274]

Henry A.Wallace (1888-1965), progressive Vice President of the United States, besides occupying other importantposts.HewasasponsoroftheRoundTableFoundation,whichsponsoredresearchonparapsychology.[275]

EtzelCardeña

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7.ˆCardeña,E.,Iribas,A.,&Reijman,S.(2012).Artandpsi.JournalofParapsychology,76,3-25.

8.ˆEbon,M.(1971).TheyKnewtheUnknown.NewYork,NY:Signet.

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14.ˆSala,J.,Cardeña,E.,Holgado,M.C.,Añez,C.,Pérez,P.,Periñán,R.,&Capafons,A.(2008).ThecontributionsofRamónyCajalandotherSpanishauthorstohypnosis.InternationalJournalofClinicalandExperimentalHypnosis,56,361-372.

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