11
Dimensions
of Word Knowledge
Phonological Knowledge
Syntactic Knowledge
Morphological Knowledge
Semantic Knowledge
Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 103-109.
2
Derivational and Inflectional Morphology
nation nations
national
nationally
international
internationally
nationalize nationalizes
nationalizing
nationalized
nationalization
3
Sense Relations
Synonymy
Antonym
Gradable
Complementary
Relational
Incompatibility
Hyponymy
Implication
Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 106-108.
4
Word Association Test FindingsWord: chair
Taxonomic Relations
table coordinate (cohyponym)
furniture superordinate
rocker subordinate (hyponym)
Attributive Relations
comfortable, wooden, hard, white
5
Word Association Test Findings Word: chair
Part-Whole Relations
seat, cushion, legs
Functional Relations
sitting, rest, rocking
Part of this is from G.H. Kent and A.J. Rosanoff. 1910. The American Journal of Insanity 67: 317-390, American Psychiatric Association. Cited in Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 107-108.
6
Psycholinguistic Experimental Measures
Response time (RT)
Accuracy (or error rate)
7
Psycholinguistic Experimental Tasks
Naming
Lexical Decision
Phoneme Monitoring
Semantic Verification
Word Association
Priming
8
Hierarchical Model of Mental Lexicon
9
Hierarchical Network ModelCollins & Quillian
Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 110.
10
Semantic Verification Task(Similarity and Typicality Effects)
TRUE
A robin is a bird. faster more typical
An ostrich is a bird. slower less typical
FALSE
A whale is a fish. slower more similar
A horse is a fish. faster less similar
Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 113.
11
Collins & Loftus (1975) Model of Spreading Activation
Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 115.
12
Ashcraft Model of Spreading Activation
Ashcraft, Mark H. 1994. Human Memory and Cognition, second edition. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers, p. 273.
13
Variables that Influence Lexical Access
(and must be accounted for)
1. Word frequency
2. Phonological Variables
3. Syntactic Category
4. Morphological Complexity
5. Semantic Priming
6. Lexical Ambiguity
Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 119-126
14
Lexical Decision and Word Frequency
Hirsh-Pasek et al. (1993)
List 1 List 2 gambastya chalt mulvow busy revery awry governor effort voitle signet bless garvola chard trave tuglety match wefe crock gare sard cratily cryptic relief pleasant decoy ewe ruftily coin puldow himpola history maisle raflot pindle oriole develop voluble gardot boovle norve
Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, p. 120.
15
Forster's Active Search Model
Garnham, Alan. 1985. Psycholinguistics. p. 52
16
Spreading Activation
Ashcraft, Mark H. 1994. Human Memory and Cognition, second edition. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers, p. 260.
17
Cohort Model
Aitchison, Jean. 1994. Words in the Mind: An Introduction to the Mental Lexicon, second edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, p. 218.
18
Processing in the Cohort Model
EXAMPLE: Angela misplaced her ba … Initial Cohort: bag, bat, bath, bass, bagpipe, …
1) Word Initial Cohort: "on the basis of an acoustic-phonetic analysis of the input, a set of lexical candidates is activated"
ASSUMPTION: strictly bottom-up
2) Selection Process: "one member of the cohort is selected for further analysis"
additional phonetic input word frequency ongoing discourse context
3) Integration into Connected Discourse: "the selected lexical item is integrated into the ongoing semantic and syntactic context“
Carroll, David W. 1999. Psychology of Language, third edition. Pacific Grove: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, pp. 118-126.