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Never leave
a quotationnaked!
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You wouldnt wear clothes
that only cover up the front-
side or the back-side of yourbody, so dont leave your
quotation half naked either.
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Clothe the Front
There are two ways to
begin a sentence that
includes a quotation.
1. Use a signal phrase.
2. Integrate the authors words intoyour own writing.
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Signal Phrases
A signal phrase indicates that
you are about to uselanguage that is not your
own.
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Signal Phrases
Example:
Puritan author AnneBradstreet observes,
(see the handout I gave you for signalphrase verbs to use instead of using
said)
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Example 1
Revise:
Benjamin Franklin, one Cavalier
author, portrayed his worldviewthrough his works, I thought I
knew what was right and wrong
(Franklin 114).
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WARNING
Just adding a quotation to
the end of a relatedsentence does not mean
that you have used asignal phrase.
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Example 1
Fixed:
Benjamin Franklin, one Cavalier
author, portrays his worldviewthrough his works, claiming, I
thought I knew what was right and
wrong (114).
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Example 2
Revise:
She also shows a reliance on God,
and to [her] God [her] heart did cry tostrengthen [her] in [her] distress (15).
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Example 2
Fixed:
She also shows a reliance on God,
stating, and to my God my heart didcry to strengthen me in my distress
(Bradstreet 15).
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Example 3
Revise:
He writes of the journey he
undertakes in which he tries toachieve perfection. It was about this
time [he] conceived the bold and
arduous project of arriving at moralperfection (114).
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Example 3
Fixed:
About his journey to achieve
perfection, Franklin writes, It wasabout this time I conceived the bold
and arduous project of arriving at
moral perfection (114).
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Signal phrases must introduce
your quote. You are notwriting a mystery storydont
make the reader guess where
your quote came from. Make
sure you list
Who your author is Their credentials
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Integrate the Authors Words
If you choose to incorporate the
authors words into your
sentence, the result must be
grammatically correct and
refer directly to the topic ofyour sentence.
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Example 5
Revise:
She also conveys what is really important
and valuable to her, that God is her focusand provider, Its purchased and paid for
too by Him who hath enough to do (17).
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Example 5
Fixed:
She also conveys that her house is not her
own, rather, Its purchased and paid fortoo by Him who hath enough to do (17).
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Example 6
Revise (its too wordy):
Such a case had arisen in William
Bradfords Of Plymouth Plantation, Beingthus arrived in a good harbor, and brought
safe to land, they fell upon their knees and
blessed the God in heaven (53).
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Example 6
Fixed:
After arriving in the New World, the
Puritans fell upon their knees and blessedthe God in heaven (Bradford 53).
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Clothe the Back
You must explain
the significance
of every quote inyour paper.
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Example 7
Revise:
In his Autobiography, Franklin writes,
It was about this time I conceived thebold and arduous project of arriving at
moral perfection (14).
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Example 7
Fixed:
In his Autobiography, Franklin writes,
It was about this time I conceived thebold and arduous project of arriving at
moral perfection (14). Franklin
believed that he did not need theLord, or anyones help to achieve
perfection.
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Revise:
In William Bradfords narrative, Of
Plymouth Plantation, he says that [the
Puritans] fell upon their knees and blessedthe God of Heaven who had brought them
over the vast and furious ocean (53).
Example 8
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Example 8
Fixed:
In William Bradfords narrative, Of
Plymouth Plantation, he states that [the
Puritans] fell upon their knees and blessedthe God of Heaven who had brought them
over the vast and furious ocean (53).
This illustrates Bradfords belief that thePuritans were very close in their
relationship with God because they were
constantly interacting with Him.
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Do Not Refer to the Quotation
Other than naked quotations,
the most common mistake
in freshmen composition
research essays is referring
directly to the quotation.
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Do Not Refer to the Quotation
Also, Bradstreet believed that God
could help her cope with her pain
when her house burned down. Thisbelief is demonstrated in the following
quote: And to my God my heart did
cry/ to strengthen me in mydistress (8-9).
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Do Not Refer to the Quotation
He stated his belief that God was
active in the peoples lives by stating
if God should withdraw his hand,they would avail no more to keep you
from falling than the thin air to hold up
a person that is suspended (72).This quote shows that God is in
control.