Copyright Prentice Hall 2004 Abnormal Psychology Fourth Edition Oltmanns and Emery.

Copyright Prentice Hall 2004

Abnormal Abnormal PsychologyPsychology

Fourth EditionFourth Edition

Oltmanns and EmeryOltmanns and Emery


PowerPoint Presentation

Prepared By

Fred W. WhitfordMontana State University


Chapter 2Chapter 2Causes of Abnormal Behavior: A Causes of Abnormal Behavior: A

Systems ApproachSystems Approach

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• ParadigmParadigm

• Systems TheorySystems Theory– Multifactorial CausesMultifactorial Causes

– Biopsychosocial ApproachBiopsychosocial Approach

**OverviewOverview


• Case Study:Case Study:– Meghan’s Many HardshipsMeghan’s Many Hardships

**OverviewOverview


• WitchcraftWitchcraft

• General Paresis and the Biological General Paresis and the Biological ParadigmParadigm– Biological ParadigmBiological Paradigm

• Kraft EbbingKraft Ebbing

**Brief Historical Perspective: Brief Historical Perspective: Twentieth-Century ParadigmsTwentieth-Century Paradigms


• Freud and the Psychodynamic Freud and the Psychodynamic ParadigmParadigm– The Psychodynamic ParadigmThe Psychodynamic Paradigm

• Psychoanalytic TheoryPsychoanalytic Theory– IdId

» Pleasure PrinciplePleasure Principle– EgoEgo

» Reality PrincipleReality Principle



• Psychoanalytic TheoryPsychoanalytic Theory– Super EgoSuper Ego

» Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms



**Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms


• Psychology, Learning, and the Psychology, Learning, and the Cognitive Behavioral ParadigmCognitive Behavioral Paradigm– Cognitive Behavior ParadigmCognitive Behavior Paradigm

• Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning– Unconditioned StimulusUnconditioned Stimulus– Unconditioned ResponseUnconditioned Response– Conditioned StimulusConditioned Stimulus– Conditioned ResponseConditioned Response

• ExtinctionExtinction



• Psychology, Learning, and the Psychology, Learning, and the Cognitive Behavioral ParadigmCognitive Behavioral Paradigm– Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning

• Positive ReinforcementPositive Reinforcement

• Negative ReinforcementNegative Reinforcement

• PunishmentPunishment

• ExtinctionExtinction



• Free Will and the Humanistic Free Will and the Humanistic ParadigmParadigm– Humanistic ParadigmHumanistic Paradigm

• Free WillFree Will

• DeterminismDeterminism



• The Problem with ParadigmsThe Problem with Paradigms



**Comparison of ParadigmsComparison of Paradigms


• HolismHolism– HolismHolism

– ReductionismReductionism• MolecularMolecular

• MolarMolar

– Levels of AnalysisLevels of Analysis

**Systems TheorySystems Theory


• CausalityCausality– The Diathesis-Stress Model and The Diathesis-Stress Model and

Multiple Risk FactorsMultiple Risk Factors• DiathesisDiathesis

• StressStress

• Risk FactorsRisk Factors



• CausalityCausality– Equifinality and MultifinalityEquifinality and Multifinality

– Reciprocal CausalityReciprocal Causality• HomeostasisHomeostasis



• Research Methods: Research Methods: – The Correlational StudyThe Correlational Study

• Correlation CoefficientCorrelation Coefficient

• Reverse CausalityReverse Causality

• Third VariableThird Variable



• Developmental PsychopathologyDevelopmental Psychopathology– Premorbid HistoryPremorbid History

– PrognosisPrognosis



• AnatomyAnatomy

• NeuroanatomyNeuroanatomy

• NeurophysiologyNeurophysiology

• NeuroscienceNeuroscience

**Biological FactorsBiological Factors


• The Neuron and NeurotransmittersThe Neuron and Neurotransmitters– NeuronNeuron

• SomaSoma

• DendritesDendrites

• AxonAxon

• Axon TerminalAxon Terminal



**The NeuronThe Neuron


• The Neuron and NeurotransmittersThe Neuron and Neurotransmitters– SynapseSynapse

• NeurotransmitterNeurotransmitter

• ReceptorsReceptors

• ReuptakeReuptake



• Neurotransmitters and the Etiology Neurotransmitters and the Etiology of Psychopathologyof Psychopathology– DopamineDopamine



• Further Thoughts:Further Thoughts:– Mind-Body DualismMind-Body Dualism



• Major Brain StructuresMajor Brain Structures– HindbrainHindbrain

• MedullaMedulla

• PonsPons

• CerebellumCerebellum



• Major Brain StructuresMajor Brain Structures– MidbrainMidbrain

• Reticular Activating SystemReticular Activating System

– ForebrainForebrain• Limbic SystemLimbic System

– ThalamusThalamus– HypothalamusHypothalamus



• Cerebral HemispheresCerebral Hemispheres– Left Cerebral HemisphereLeft Cerebral Hemisphere

– Right Cerebral HemisphereRight Cerebral Hemisphere

– Corpus CallosumCorpus Callosum

– VentriclesVentricles



• Cerebral HemispheresCerebral Hemispheres– Cerebral CortexCerebral Cortex

• Frontal LobeFrontal Lobe

• Parietal LobeParietal Lobe

• Temporal LobeTemporal Lobe

• Occipital LobeOccipital Lobe



• Cerebral HemispheresCerebral Hemispheres– Major Brain Structures and the Major Brain Structures and the

Etiology of PsychopathologyEtiology of Psychopathology

– StrokeStroke

– Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease



• PsychophysiologyPsychophysiology– Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

• HormonesHormones– HyperthyroidismHyperthyroidism– Graves’ DiseaseGraves’ Disease



• PsychophysiologyPsychophysiology– Nervous SystemNervous System

• Central SystemCentral System

• Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System– Somatic Nervous SystemSomatic Nervous System– Autonomic Nervous SystemAutonomic Nervous System

» Sympathetic Nervous SystemSympathetic Nervous System» Parasympathetic Nervous SystemParasympathetic Nervous System



• PsychophysiologyPsychophysiology– Psychophysiology and the Etiology of Psychophysiology and the Etiology of

PsychopathologyPsychopathology



• Behavior GeneticsBehavior Genetics– GenesGenes

– ChromosomesChromosomes

– Behavior GeneticsBehavior Genetics



• Behavior GeneticsBehavior Genetics– Some Basic Principles of GeneticsSome Basic Principles of Genetics

• GenotypeGenotype

• PhenotypePhenotype

• Autosomal geneAutosomal gene

• PolygenicPolygenic



**Gene InheritanceGene Inheritance


• Behavior GeneticsBehavior Genetics– Family Incidence StudiesFamily Incidence Studies

– Twin StudiesTwin Studies• Monozygotic (MZ) TwinsMonozygotic (MZ) Twins

• Dizygotic (DZ) TwinsDizygotic (DZ) Twins

• Concordance RatesConcordance Rates

• Shared EnvironmentShared Environment

• Nonshared EnvironmentNonshared Environment



**Twin StudiesTwin Studies


• Behavior GeneticsBehavior Genetics– Adoption StudiesAdoption Studies

– Misinterpreting Behavior Genetics Misinterpreting Behavior Genetics FindingsFindings

– Genetics and the Etiology of Genetics and the Etiology of PsychopathologyPsychopathology• Individual DifferencesIndividual Differences

• Species-Typical CharacteristicsSpecies-Typical Characteristics



• Basic Human Motivations and Basic Human Motivations and TemperamentTemperament– Evolutionary PsychologyEvolutionary Psychology

– Attachment TheoryAttachment Theory

– DominanceDominance

– TemperamentTemperament

**Psychological FactorsPsychological Factors


• Emotions and Emotional Emotions and Emotional SystemsSystems– EmotionsEmotions

• Learning and CognitionLearning and Cognition– ModelingModeling

– Cognition and Social CognitionCognition and Social Cognition• AttributionsAttributions



• The Sense of SelfThe Sense of Self– IdentityIdentity

– Self-controlSelf-control

– Self-efficacySelf-efficacy



• Stages of DevelopmentStages of Development– Developmental StageDevelopmental Stage

• FreudFreud

• EriksonErikson



**Freud’s and Erikson’s TheoriesFreud’s and Erikson’s Theories


• Relationships and PsychopathologyRelationships and Psychopathology– Marital Status and PsychopathologyMarital Status and Psychopathology

– Social RelationshipsSocial Relationships• Self SupportSelf Support

**Social FactorsSocial Factors


• Research Close-Up:Research Close-Up:– Marriage and Mental HealthMarriage and Mental Health



• Gender and Gender RolesGender and Gender Roles– Gender RolesGender Roles

• Prejudice and PovertyPrejudice and Poverty

• Societal ValuesSocietal Values



• Getting HelpGetting Help


Copyright Prentice Hall 2004 Abnormal Psychology Fourth Edition Oltmanns and Emery.

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Copyright Prentice Hall 2004 Abnormal Psychology Fourth Edition Oltmanns and Emery.