• Controls many body functions
– exerts control by releasing hormones into the bloodstream that are then delivered to cells
– Hormones aid in cell communication and helps regulate cell function
– Hormones affect other endocrine glands or body systems
• Works with the nervous system
– Hormones can promote or inhibit nerve
impulses
Circulating hormones pass from the cells that make them into interstitial fluid
Local Hormones act on neighboring cells or the same cell that made it
• Water soluble hormones– Amine hormones
– Peptide hormones
– Protein hormones
• Lipid soluble hormones– Steroid hormones
– Sex hormones
– Prostaglandins
Estrogen & Testosterone
Estrogen & Testosterone
Regulate salt
Regulate saltRegulate blood pressureRegulate blood pressure
MetabolismMetabolismRegulate digestion
Regulate digestion
Regulate blood sugar Regulate blood sugar
• Exocrine glands – secrete their hormones to target tissues via ducts.
• Endocrine glands - secrete their hormones into interstitial fluid
Two types of glands
Metabolism
Energy balance
Immune system
Growth & developmentReproduction
Digestion
Thymus gland
The hypothalamus is the “master” of the pituitary gland
Secretes hormones that directly regulate many body functions and controls functions of other glands
Major connection between endocrine & nervous system
The Pituitary Gland is divided into two areas– structurally and
functionally different
– each area has separate types of hormone production.
The Thyroid Stimulating Hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to release its hormones
Growth hormone (hGH)Growth of skeletal muscles and long bones of body, builds protein, stimulates cells to grow and divide,
breaks down fats
Folicle stimulating hormone & Luteinizing hormonestimulate maturation & release of eggs from ovary, Stimulates
sperm production
Oxytocin (OT) (the natural form of pitocin)stimulates uterine contractions during labor,causes “let down” of milk from the breast.
Prolactin (PRL)Initiates milk production from mammary glands
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release its hormones that
increases blood sugar
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Causes the kidneys to reabsorb water from the forming urine and adding it back to the
blood
Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyronine (T3)When stimulated (by TSH or by cold), these are released
the metabolic rate, important for normal tissue growth and development esp reproductive and nervous systems
Lies in the anterior neck just below the larynx
Calcitonin Decreases blood calcium levels by
causing calcium to be deposited in the bones
•Small, pea-shaped glands, located in the neck near the thyroid
•Usually 4 - number can vary
•Produce parathyroid hormone - level of calcium in blood
Duodenum
•Located in the folds of the duodenum
•Both endocrine and exocrine functions
•Secretes several key digestive enzymes
Islets of Langerhans - include 3 cell types:•alpha ( ) release glucagon, essential for controlling blood glucose levels.•beta () release insulin (antagonistic to glucagon). •delta () produce somatostatin, which inhibits both glucagon and insulin
Adrenal Medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenal Cortex secretes 3 classes of steroidal hormones – gluticocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and Androgens
The Ovaries are located in the abdominal cavity adjacent to the uterus.
Under the control of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary they manufacture
estrogenprotesterone
The Testes are located in the scrotum
Under the control of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary they manufacture
sperm testosterone
Growth hormone imbalance
Thyroxin imbalance
Increased blood pressure
Hypothalmus Pituitary releases ADH
Kidneys hold on to water
Pituitary is signaled
Blood pressure
decreases
Kidney
Adrenal gland
JuxtaGlomerular Apparatus
Stimulus Receptor
Receptor Effector
Effector Response OR act as a Stimulus Receptor