Consumer orientated Sustainable Water Service Delivery, A Reality or Fata Morgana?Conference Paper
Authors: Brecht Mommen & Pravin More
Table of contentTable of contentBackgroundOdisha Case
StudyRecommendation
s
BackgroundBackgroundDrinking water supply schemes have suffered from
poor upkeep. Responsibility for operation and maintenance
(O&M) of water supply schemes lies with the PRIs but in many states this responsibility is poorly defined and not supported by transfer of adequate funds and trained manpower to the PRIs.
PRIs and Village Water and Sanitation Committees (VWSCs) are not willing to take over completed schemes in which they were not involved at the planning and implementation stages.
Inadequate water resource investigation, improper design, poor construction, substandard materials and workmanship and lack of preventive maintenance also lead to rapid deterioration of water supply schemes.
Faster, Sustainable and more Inclusive Growth, Draft Approach to the Twelfth Five Year Plan, Planning Commission, Government of India, August 2011.
Odisha Odisha Case Case ContextContext
Distribution in Distribution in AccessAccess
LEGEND75 - 8080 - 8585 - 9090 - 9595 - 100
Odisha: Drinking Water
80 km
40 mi
N
Baleshwar
Khordha
Puri
Jagatsinghpur
Kendrapara
Ganjam
Rayagada
Gajapati
Bhadrak
Koraput
Malkangiri
Kalahandi
Balangir
Nuapada
Nabarangpur
Kandhamal
Boudh
Nayagarh
Dhenkanal
Cuttack
Keonjhar
Mayurbhanj
Angul
BoudhSambalpur
Bargarh
Sundargarh
Jharsuguda
Sonepur
Source: NFHS 2006
Source: Census 2011
Water QualityWater QualityKoraput water quality lab findings 2010: Out of 1598 samples, only 9% of the samples were found to be chemically & microbiologically safe
Currently, O&M cost are based on estimates from the 1980s,
O&M costs long term predictions can assist planning and monitoring
Costs elements are;◦ Operating costs, overhead and
monitoring ◦ Annual and periodic
replacements◦ Human resource◦ Depreciation (?)
Influenced by; life span, technology type, serving population, ground water level etc.
Costs and Financing;Costs and Financing;Existing SourcesExisting Sources
InstitutionsInstitutions
AccountabilityAccountability
ElectionsLobbyAdvocacy
Order/ circular, instruction
Source: WDR 2004
Human Resource CapacityHuman Resource CapacityThe lack of capacities of the PRI members is one of the root causes of their limited capacity to maintain their water sources
Faster, Sustainable and more Inclusive Growth, Draft Approach to the Twelfth Five Year Plan, Planning Commission, Government of India, August 2011.
Human Human Resource Resource Capacity; Capacity; • High number of
vacancies within RWS&S structures
• JE II for O&M under PRI • Ratio of sources per
SEMs is increasing- more work with less
• Lack of job descriptions and competency framework within RWS&S
• Capacity building institutes of SIRD, IGTC and KRC provide trainings for PRI and RDD departments- however capacity building seems to be entail ad-hoc trainings and lack a systematic approach
RWS&S posts: vacancies and posts filled; Source: RWS&S figures May 2012
Ratio # sources per SEM:Source: RDD annual reports
Water Quality part II:Water Quality part II:Sanitary SurveySanitary SurveyA tool to assess the risks related to Water Quality
Sanitary survey results in Sanitary survey results in KoraputKoraputKoraput field findings of 1593 samples during 2010:•High prevalence of risks, more than half the sources have more has 5 risks•Not a clear relation between the number of risks present and contamination
Risks Self AssessmentRisks Self Assessment
• Self assessment can be done by community/ PRI
• Action plans can be guided & monitored by self-assessment
Government led supply lines: ◦Spares procured from private sector at
block level, using fixed tariffs set CE RWS&S
A tri-party MoU between PRI-RWS&S and SEMs ◦small parts given to SEM, ◦big parts kept at the block
Regular O&M trough SEMs ◦SEMs receive a flat rate for regular O&M
and ◦variable fee for unregularly O&M
Spare part supply chains & Spare part supply chains & Private Sector Private Sector
Supply lines: public vs Supply lines: public vs privateprivate
Source: Narkevic 2005
Odisha
Supply linesSupply linesRethink the supply lines to reach the optimum inTransparency: what being procured at which price and did it reach the place?Availability/ accessibility: access to spares should not cause delays in repairsCost Effectiveness
Innovative contractsInnovative contracts
Source: A. Oyo, Spare Part Supplies for Hand pumps in Africa RWSN/ WSP 2006
RecommendationsRecommendations Adopt a Life Cycle Service approach;
◦ Develop Costs and Financing overviews ◦ Determine the service levels◦ Decisions based on life cycle costs by one department
Review the positioning of institutions to achieve sustainable service delivery
Strengthen a holistic Human Resources approach by a comprehensive competency frameworks and capacity building plans
Strengthen accountability by decentralization and the short route of accountability.
Improve water quality by; ◦ Adopt the sanitary survey checklist to develop and
monitoring water safety plans at community and GP level,◦ Align water quality monitoring with the water service
providers Explore improved Spare part Supply lines &
Innovative Service Models