Computer Organization:Introduction
Spring 2006Jen-Chang Liu
(http://staffweb.ncnu.edu.tw/jcliu/course/cod2006.html)
Teaching materials
Textbook "Computer Organization and Design: The H
ardware/Software Interface", David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy , 3rd Edition, 2005, Morgan Kaufmann
Web pages Most of the slides are adapted from U.C.
Berkeley course for machine structures http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61c/
Grading Policy
Grading policy Midterm Exam: 20% Final Exam: 25% Homework, Quiz, Project 45% TA Bonus 15%
Scores will be posted on course homepage email request for correction of grades
Class Schedule
10:10~12:00 Tuesday Regular class
13:10~14:00 Monday Quiz: 上週課程,作業的內容 Laboratory in computer room
Monday morning TA assignment
Course Problems
Can’t attend midterm, final exam. Tell us early and we will schedule
alternate time before exam 期末考未到以零分計算
No delay for homework Problem with homework score must
email me or TA within one week
Course Problems
What is cheating? Studying together in groups is
encouraged Work must be your own Common examples of cheating: running
out of time on a assignment and then pick up output, take homework from box and copy, person asks to borrow solution “just to take a look”, copying an exam question, ...
Better off to skip assignment (how much can one assignment mean?)
Penalties for cheating
Cheat for Homework or Quiz: 0 for any cheating More than 2 cheats, you will fail in this
course Cheat in Exam:
0 for the course
What is “Computer Organization”?
I/O systemProcessor
Compiler
Operating
System(Windows, etc)
Application (programs)
Digital Design
Circuit Design
Instruction Set Architecture
Datapath & Control
transistors
MemoryHardware
Software Assembler
Highlevel
Lowlevel
Levels of Representation
High Level Language Program (e.g., C)
Assembly Language Program (e.g.,MIPS)
Machine Language Program (MIPS)
Control Signal Specification
Compiler
Assembler
Machine Interpretation
temp = v[k]; /* swap v[k] and v[k+1] */
v[k] = v[k+1];
v[k+1] = temp;
lw $t0, 0($2)lw $t1, 4($2)sw $t1, 0($2)sw $t0, 4($2)
0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 10001010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111
wire w0;
XOR (w0, a, b);
AND (s, w0, a);
Anatomy: 5 components of any Computer
Personal Computer
Processor (active)
Computer
Control(“brain”)
Datapath(“brawn”)
Memory(passive)
(where programs, data live whenrunning)
Devices
Input
Output
Keyboard, Mouse
Display, Printer
Disk (where programs, data live whennot running)
Five components of computer
Input, output, memory, datapath, control
Textbook Outline
Chap. 2: Machine Instructions, 100 pages! We will use a simulator to learn the machine
language Chap. 3: Arithmetic for computers Chap. 4: Performance Chap. 5: Datapath and control Chap. 6: Processors Chap. 7: Memory Chap. 8: I/O
Aim of this course
“Show the relationship between hardware and software and focus on the concepts that are the basis for current computers”
計組是研究所考試必考科目 Advanced classes
Operating system Advance computer architecture ( 杜老師 )
So what's in it for me?
Computer Organization Study from a programmer's view
What the programmer writes
How it is converted to something the computer understands
How the computer interprets the program
What makes programs go slow/fast
Chapter 1: Computer abstractions and technology
Hierarchical view of hardware and software
Hardware
Technology Trends: Memory Capacity (1 Chip DRAM)
size
Year
Bit
s
1000
10000
100000
1000000
10000000
100000000
1000000000
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
year size(Megabit)
1980 0.0625
1983 0.25
1986 1
1989 4
1992 16
1996 64
2000 256
2004 1G
Now 1.4X/yr, or doubling every 2 years
4000X since 1980
Technology Trends: Microprocessor Capacity
2 X transistors/ChipEvery 1.5 years
“Moore’s Law”
2 X transistors/ChipEvery 2 years
Technology Trends: Processor Performance
Computer Technology => Dramatic Change
Processor 2X in speed every 1.5 years;
100X performance in last decade Memory
DRAM capacity: 2x / 2 years; 64X size in last decade
Disk capacity: > 2X in size every 1.0 years 120X size in last decade
Computer Technology => Dramatic Change
State-of-the-art PC when you graduate: Processor clock speed: 5000
MegaHertz (5.0 GigaHertz) Memory capacity: 4000
MegaByte (4.0 GigaBytes) Disk capacity: 2000 GigaBytes
(2.0 TeraBytes) New units! Mega => Giga, Giga => Tera
Summary
Continued rapid improvement in computing2X every 2.0 years in memory size;
every 1.5 years in processor speed; every 1.0 year in disk capacity;
Moore’s Law enables processor(2X transistors/chip ~2 yrs)
5 classic components of all computers Control Datapath Memory Input Output
Processor
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