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MHG\V_FS IKOFO OF]KJ@/(I\]/MKG-9999)
G._FMA/MHG\V_FS K@_FJSI_FO GI@VBIM_VSK@J/K ]FG
]IGISI_ I]AHD _FMA@HEHJKMIE K@]_K_V_F, RKOK]AI (G.\)
]fsskh` ” 3<9?-96
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V@K_ 9 CI]KM] HB MHG\V_FS IKOFO OF]KJ@
Ofskj` ks i` imtkvkty wakma `ffos th cf wfee hrji`kzfo i`o tidfs k`th immhu`t iee k`beuf`mfs tait
irf ekdfey th cf rfsph`skcef bhr taf summfss hb taf prhoumt u`ofr ofvfehpgf`t. _af mhgpefxkty hbofskj` prhmfss mfrtik`ey k`mrfisfs wkta taf `ugcfr i`o okvfrskty hb mhgph`f`ts prfsf`t k` taf
bk`ie pirt.
_af virkhus bimuetkfs tait irf rfsph`skcef bhr i summfssbue prhoumt mi` cf meisskbkfo u`ofr twh
afiok`js is k` cfehw ticef 9.9.\rhoumt F`jk`ffrk`j Gi`ubimturk`j F`jk`ffrk`j
\rhoumt bu`mtkh`s \rhmfss pei``k`j
\rhoumt spfmkbkmitkh`s \rhmfss saffts
Mh`mfptuie ofskj` Shutf saffts
Frjh`hgkms i`o Ifstaftkms _hhek`j
]ti`oiros Muttk`j thhes
Oftikefo ofskj` Nkjs i`o bkxturfs
\rhthtypf ofvfehpgf`t Okfs i`o Ghueos
_fstk`j Gi`ubimturk`j k`bhrgitkh` jf`fritkh`
]kgueitkh` M@M pirt prhjriggfs
I`ieysks Shcht prhjriggfs
]trf`jta K`spfmtkh` (MGG) prhjriggfs
Dk`fgitkms \rhoumtkh` hrji`kzitkh`
Oy`igkms Ckee hb gitfrkies
Afit Gitfrkie rfqukrfgf`t pei``k`j
Behw \rhoumtkh` pei``k`j
Ofskj` bhr Gi`ubimturf ]ahp behhr mh`trhe
Ofskj` bhr Issfgcey \ei`t skgueitkh`
Oribtk`j Girdftk`j i`o Okstrkcutkh`
\imdijk`j
_icef 9.9
Kt ks kgphsskcef bhr i sk`jef k`okvkouie th mirry hut iee tafsf bu`mtkh`s, fxmfpt k` taf misf hb
skgpef pirts. Hr bhr mhgpefx systfgs taf prhoumt ofskj` bu`mtkh` wkee cf mirrkfo hut cy i tfig hb
spfmkieksts wah aivf spfmkbkfo d`hwefojf i`o fxpfrkf`mf k` taf k`okvkouie irfis is gf`tkh`foichvf.
_h isskst taf f`jk`ffrs k` taf ichvf irfis tafrf irf pef`ty hb mhgputfr issksti`mfs irf ivikeicef.
Mhgputfrs irf usfo vfry guma k` taf irfi hb ofskj`.
Mhgputfr-ikofo Ofskj` (MIO) mi` cf ofbk`fo is taf usf hb mhgputfr systfgs th isskst k` tafmrfitkh`, ghokbkmitkh`, i`ieysks hr hptkgkzitkh` hb i ofskj`. _af mhgputfr systfgs mh`skst hb
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airowirf i`o shbtwirf th pfrbhrg taf spfmkiekzfo ofskj` bu`mtkh`s rfqukrfo cy taf pirtkmueir usfrbkrg.
MIO/MIG Airowirf> _af mhgputk`j systfg k` hpfritkh` mi` cf mhgpirfo th i augi`
cfk`j k` tfrgs hb kts hpfritk`j mairimtfrkstkms. _af ciskm mh`bkjuritkh` hb i typkmie mhgputk`j
systfg ks is sahw` cfehw k` bkj. 9.94
_af afirt hb i`y mhgputk`j systfg ks taf mf`trie prhmfssk`j u`kt (M\V). Kt ks k` taf M\V tait ieetaf `fmfssiry bu`mtkh`s hb i mhgputfr irf mirrkfo hut. _af gik` bu`mtkh`s pfrbhrgfo k` taf M\V
irf irktagftkm i`o ehjkm hpfritkh`s. _af M\V mhggu`kmitfs wkta taf fxtfr`ie whreo tarhuja
k`put/hutput ofvkmfs.I`htafr kgphrti`t u`kt hb i mhgputfr systfg ks taf gfghry u`kt. _afsf irf taf irfis wafrf taf
`fmfssiry oiti hr prhjrig ks sthrfo. _af typf hb gfghry i`o kts ighu`t oftfrgk`fs taf
mipickektkfs hb i mhgputk`j systfg._af prfsf`t oiy mhgputfrs whrd h` taf prk`mkpef mieefo sthrfo prhjriggf mh`mfpt. Kt gfi`s tait
taf sfquf`mf hb hpfritkh`s ks th cf mirrkfo hut cy taf M\V ks sthrfo k` taf gfghry hb taf
mhgputfr. _af M\V tafrfbhrf rfios i` k`strumtkh` i`o fxfmutfs kt i`o mh`tk`ufs ohk`j sh u`tke kt
rfimafs taf f`o hb taf prhjrig.
Bkj. 9.9> Hrji`kzitkh` hb i typkmie mhgputk`j systfg
Mf`trie \rhmfssk`j V`kt> _af mf`trie prhmfssk`j u`kt ks taf `frvf mf`trf bhr i`y mhgputk`j
systfg. Cisfo h` taf shbtwirf kt hrji`kzfs taf k`bhrgitkh` prhmfssk`j bhr i`y jkvf` ippekmitkh`.
_af prhjrig mh`tik`k`j taf `fmfssiry sfquf`mf hb k`strumtkh`s th taf M\V rfskofs k` taf gik`
gfghry hb taf mhgputfr, taf ehmitkh` hb wakma ks spfmkbkfo th taf M\V k` taf bhrg hb i prhjrigmhu`tfr. I M\V bicrkmitfo is i sk`jef k`tfjritfo mkrmukt ks tfrgfo is i gkmrhprhmfsshr.
Ibtfr cfk`j bftmafo brhg taf gik` gfghry, taf k`strumtkh`s irf th cf ofmhofo bhr taf imtuieimtkh` th cf tidf`. _aks bu`mtkh` ks pfrbhrgfo k` taf mh`trheefr, wakma imtuieey okrfmts taf
hpfritkh`s th cf oh`f tarhuja irktagftkm i`o ehjkm u`kt.
_af `fmfssiry vieufs hb taf hpfri`os i`o tafkr rfsuets irf sthrfo k` mfrtik` ehmitkh`s mehsf th taf
IEV mieefo rfjkstfrs. Ofpf`ok`j uph` taf typf hb M\V, tafsf rfjkstfrs mhueo cf 1 ckt eh`j, 92 ckteh`j hr =3 ckt eh`j. Zait ohfs i ? ckt hr =3 ckt gfi`s8 Kt rfbfrs th taf ef`jta hb taf whro is usfo
cy taf gkmrhprhmfsshr, tait ks, taf gixkgug ef`jta k` wakma taf k`bhrgitkh` mi` cf prhmfssfo
k`skof taf M\V. _af jrfitfr taf ef`jta hb taf whro, taf bistfr whueo cf taf fxfmutkh` hb i jkvf`
prhjrig cy taf gkmrhprhmfsshr.
Murrf`tey (k` 3<<?), =3 ckt i`o 2? ckt gkmrhprhmfsshrs irf jf`frieey k` usf bhr mhgputk`jippekmitkh`s wkta iee taf htafrs cfmhgk`j hcsheftf. Ahwfvfr, taf sgieefr ckt skzfs irf usfo bhr
fgcfoofo mh`trhe ippekmitkh`s.
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Bkj. 9.3> Hrji`kzitkh` hb M\V
Gfghry> Gfghry ks i` k`tfjrie pirt hb i mhgputfr sthrk`j oiti i`o prhjrigs hbtf` mieefo is
gik` gfghry. K` sfgkmh`oumthr gfghry, taf gfghry ehmitkh`s irf hrji`kzfo is i sfrkfs hb
sgiee h`/hbb swktmafs. Ofvfehpgf`ts k` taf sfgkmh`oumthr k`oustry aivf ofmrfisfo taf mhst hb
taf gfghry u`kts, ipirt brhg riksk`j tafkr mipimkty bhr sthrijf._af virkhus typfs hb sfgkmh`oumthr gfghry u`kts ivikeicef irf4
SHG ” Sfio h`ey gfghry \SHG ” \rhjriggicef SHG
SIG ” Si`ohg immfss gfghry
F\SHG ” Frisicef prhjriggicef SHG
FF\SHG ” Fefmtrkmieey frisicef i`o prhjriggicef SHG
Beisa Gfghry
K`put Ofvkmfs> _afsf irf taf ofvkmfs tarhuja wakma taf usfr/hpfrithr mhggu`kmitfs wkta taf
mhgputfr bhr bffok`j kt wkta taf `fmfssiry k`bhrgitkh`, chta jripakmie i`o iepai`ugfrkmie is
rfqukrfo. _af virkhus ofvkmfs usfo irf>
Dfychiro
Ghusf
Ekjat \f`
Nhystkmd
Okjktkzfr
_iceft
Okspeiy Ofvkmfs> _af ghst hb taf ofskj` whrd i`o skgueitkh` hb gi`ubimturk`j mi` cf
jripakmieey okspeiyfo cy gfi`s hb shgf okspeiy ofvkmfs. _af okspeiy gfoki tait irf usfo irf>
Mitahof riy tucf (MS_) okspeiy
\eisgi pi`fe okspeiy
Ekquko mrystie okspeiyHb tafsf tarff gftahos, kt ks taf MS_ okspeiys tait irf taf ghst iovi`mfo i`o fxtf`skvf k` usf, k`
spktf hb tafkr cuedkfr skzf.MS_ Okspeiy> K` i MS_ okspeiy, taf afitfo mitahof fgkts fefmtrh`s, wakma irf bhrgfo k`th i
strfig, immfefritfo i`o bhmusfo h`th i phk`t h` taf okspeiy smrff`. _af okspeiy smrff` mh`tik`s i
pahspahr-mhitfo surbimf wakma jfts keeugk`itfo waf` taf spffok`j fefmtrh`s akt taf surbimf,okspeiyk`j taf phk`t. _af fefmtrh` cfig ks mh`trheefo cy gfi`s hb ofbefmtkh` peitfs bhr immfssk`j
i`y phk`t h` taf surbimf hb taf smrff`. Mai`jk`j taf cfig murrf`t mai`jfs taf k`tf`skty hb taf
spht mrfitfo h` taf smrff`.
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Bkj. 9.=> Mitahof riy tucf prk`mkpef
_afrf irf ciskmieey twh typfs hb kgijf oriwk`j tfma`kqufs tait irf usfo k` jripakm okspeiys.
_afy irf>
]trhdf-wrktk`j
Sistfr smi`K` i strhdf wrktk`j okspeiy, taf fefmtrh` ju` okrfmtey oriws taf vfmthrs h` taf smrff` th jf`fritftaf kgijf, wafrfis k` taf ristfr smi`, taf wahef okspeiy surbimf ks okvkofo k` th i gitrkx hb sgiee
ohts mieefo pkxfes i`o taf fefmtrh` cfig smi`s taf wahef surbimf irfi ek`f cy ek`f, is k` tait hb i
ahgf tfefvkskh`.
].@h. \irigftfr ]trhdf wrktk`j Sistfr smi`
9 Kgijf jf`fritkh` ]trhdf wrktk`j Sistfr smi`
3 Sfsheutkh` ?<;2 Ú ?<;2 3<?1 Ú 3<?1
= \kmturf quiekty Fxmfeef`t Jhho
? Mh`trist - Akja
6 ]fefmtkvf frisf [fs [fs
2 K`tfrimtkvf [fs [fs
: Mhehr mipickekty [fs [fs
1 Sfbrfsa gfghry Gfokug Akja
; I`kgitkh` [fs [fs
9< \rkmf Akja Ehw
_icef 9.3> Mhgpirksh` hb jripakm tfrgk`ies
\eisgi \i`fe Okspeiy> _ahuja taf MS_ okspeiy ks akjaey rfbk`fo, kt ks shgftkgfs `ht sukticef
pirtkmueirey bhr phrticef ippekmitkh`s cfmiusf hb taf ofpta tait ks `fmfssiry bhr taf mitahof riy
tucf. K` suma sktuitkh`s, taf peisgi pi`fe ais cff` bhu`o th cf usfbue tahuja k` i ekgktfo sf`sf.
\eisgi usfs i `fh` jis k` i jeiss f`vfehpf wkta fefmtrhofs bhrf i`o ibt th okspeiy taf kgijf._ahuja tafy irf sgiee i`o beit, tafy mh`sugf i eirjf ighu`t hb phwfr i`o iesh taf rfsheutkh` ks
`ht vfry jhho.
Ekquko Mrystie Okspeiy> Ekquko mrysties fxkst k` i stitf cftwff` taf ekquko i`o sheko. _af
ghefmuefs hb ekquko mrystie irf iee iekj`fo k` taf sigf okrfmtkh`, is k` i sheko, cut irf brff th ghvf
irhu`o sekjatey k` rfeitkh` th h`f i`htafr, is k` i ekquko. Ekquko mrystie ks imtuieey mehsfr th i
ekquko stitf tai` i sheko stitf, wakma ks h`f rfish` way kt ks ritafr sf`sktkvf th tfgpfriturf _af
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irriy hb ekquko mrysties cfmhgf hpiquf waf` taf fefmtrkm bkfeo ks ippekfo, bhr okspeiyk`j tafkgijf.
Airo Mhpy Ofvkmfs> H`mf taf hutput ks bk`iekzfo h` taf okspeiy ofvkmf, kt mi` cf tri`sbhrgfo
k`th airo mhpy usk`j4
9. Jripakmie prk`tfrs
k. Kgpimt Oht Gitrkx \rk`tfrkk. _afrgie _ri`sbfr
kkk. K`d Nft \rk`tfr
kv.
Eisfr \rk`tfrv. Mhehur Mhpkfrs3. \ehttfrs
k. \f` \ehttfrs
kk. Fefmtrhstitkm \ehttfrs=. \ahthjripakm ofvkmfs
]thrijf Ofvkmfs> \frgi`f`t sthrijf hb prhjrigs i`o hb oiti jf`fritfo ourk`j virkhus sfsskh`s
hb MIO/MIG rfqukrfs i eirjf ighu`t hb sthrijf spimf. _aks ks `hrgieey of`htfo is iuxkekirysthrijf i`o taf virkhus ofvkmfs usfo irf>
9. Behppy oksds
3. Zk`mafstfr oksds
=.
Gij`ftkm tipfs
?. Gij`ftkm tipf mirtrkojfs
6. Mhgpimt oksm SHGs
2.
OROMhgputfr Jripakms> Vsf hb mhgputfr jripakms k` ofskj` ais hpf`fo up trfgf`ohus
phsskckektkfs bhr taf ofskj`fr is bheehws4
9. _af hcnfmt ks rfprfsf`tfo cy kts jfhgftrkm ghofe k` tarff okgf`skh`s (Q, [ i`o ^).
3. _af gitafgitkmie rfprfsf`titkh` rfoumfs mrfitkh` hb vkfws ekdf hrtahjripakm, kshgftrkm,ixh`hgftrkm hr pfrspfmtkvf prhnfmtkh`s k`th skgpef vkfwk`j tri`sbhrgitkh`s.
=. _ahuja taf skzf hb smrff` ks ekgktfo, tafrf ks `h `ffo th smief taf oriwk`js.
?. _af jfhgftrkm ghofes mi` cf rfprfsf`tfo k` mhehrs i`o mi` cf vkfwfo brhg i`y i`jef.
6. ]fmtkh`s mi` cf iuthgitkmieey mrfitfo.2. _af isshmkitkvkty f`surfs tait i`y mai`jf giof k` h`f hb taf rfeitfo vkfws wkee iuthgitkmieey
rfbefmt k` htafr vkfws.
:.
Sfvkskh` i`o rfvkskh` mh`trhe irf fisy.1. Oriwk`js mi` cf rfusfo mh`vf`kf`tey.
;. ]thrijf i`o rftrkfvie hb oriwk`js irf fisy.
Ghst mhgputfr jripakms okspeiys irf skgpef k` mh`strumtkh`. _afy mh`skst hb ciskmieey tarffmhgph`f`ts.
9. Gh`kthr 3. Okjktie Gfghry hr Brigf cubbfr
=. Okspeiy mh`trheefr
Ghst hb taf mhgputfr jripakms okspeiys usf ristfr MS_ wakma ks i gitrkx hb oksmrftf mfees fima hbwakma mi` cf giof crkjat. I jripakm f`tkty ekdf Ek`f hr Mkrmef ks rfprfsf`tfo cy i sfrkfs hb phk`ts
hr ohts h` taf smrff`. _afrfbhrf kt ks mieefo is i phk`t pehttk`j ofvkmf.
_af vkofh okspeiy smrff` ks okvkofo k`th vfry sgiee rfmti`jueir fefgf`ts mieefo i pkmturf fefgf`t
hr pkxfe. Jripakm kgijfs irf bhrgfo cy sfttk`j sukticef k`tf`skty i`o mhehr th taf pkxfes wakmamhgphsf taf kgijf. Ofpf`ok`j uph` taf rfsheutkh` smrff`s giy aivf viryk`j `ugcfr hb pkxfes.
Bhr fxigpef, i` ]RJI gh`kthr wkta i rfsheutkh` hb 9<3?Ú:21 wkee aivf 9<3? pkxfes k` fvfry
rhw (Q-okrfmtkh`) i`o :21 pkxfes k` fvfry mheug` ([-okrfmtkh`)._af rfbrfsa ritf ks taf `ugcfr hb mhgpeftfo kgijfs hr brigfs smi``fo pfr sfmh`o. K` taf misf hb
k`tfreimfo rfbrfsa mymef hoo `ugcfrfo ristfr ek`fs rfbrfsafo ourk`j 9/2<ta
hb i sfmh`o. Fvf`
`ugcfrfo ristfr ek`fs irf rfbrfsafo ourk`j taf `fxt 9/2<ta
hb i sfmh`o. K` `h`-k`tfreimfo okspeiysiee ek`fs irf rfbrfsafo k` 9/2<
ta hb i sfmh`o. _af quiekty hb `h`-k`tfreimfo okspeiy ks af`mf,
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supfrkhr. _afsf systfgs, ahwfvfr, rfqukrf fxpf`skvf brigf cubbfr gfghry i`o okspeiymh`trheefr.
Jripakm \rkgktkvfs> _af oriwk`j f`tktkfs tait i usfr giy bk`o k` i typkmie MIO pimdijf k`meuof
” phk`t, ek`f, mh`strumtkh` ek`f, guetk-ek`f, phey-ek`f, mkrmef, spek`f, irm, feekpsf, pheyjh`,
rfmti`jef.
\hk`t pehttk`j> _af brigf cubbfr okspeiy ks i` fxigpef hb i phk`t pehttk`j ofvkmf. _af sgieefst
u`kt immfptfo cy suma okspeiys ks i sk`jef pkxfe. _h mh`strumt i usfbue pkmturf h` i phk`t pehttk`j
ofvkmf, i pkmturf gust cf cuket hut hb sfvfrie au`orfos hb pkxfes.
Oriwk`j hb Ek`fs> ]trikjat ek`f sfjgf`ts irf usfo i jrfit ofie k` mhgputfr jf`fritfo pkmturfs._af bheehwk`j mrktfrki aivf cff` stkpueitfo bhr ek`f oriwk`j okspeiys.9. Ek`fs sahueo ippfir strikjat.
3. Ek`fs sahueo tfrgk`itf immuritfey.
=. Ek`fs sahueo aivf mh`sti`t of`skty.
?. Ek`f of`skty sahueo cf k`ofpf`of`t hb ef`jta i`o i`jef.6. Ek`fs sahueo cf oriw` ripkoey.
_af prhmfss hb tur`k`j h` taf pkxfes bhr i ek`f sfjgf`t ks mieefo vfmthr jf`fritkh`. Kb taf f`o
phk`ts hb taf ek`f sfjgf`t irf d`hw`, tafrf irf sfvfrie smafgfs bhr sfefmtk`j taf pkxfes cftwff`
taf f`o pkxfes. H`f gftaho hb jf`fritk`j i ek`f sfjgf`t ks i syggftrkmie okjktie okbbfrf`tkiei`ieyzfr (OOI).
OOI Iejhrktag> OOI hr Okjktie Okbbfrf`tkie I`ieyzfr ks h`f hb taf bkrst iejhrktags ofvfehpfo
bhr ristfrkzk`j taf vfmthrkie k`bhrgitkh`. _af fquitkh` hb i strikjat ek`f ks jkvf` cy4
[ 7 gQ + MVsk`j taks fquitkh` bhr okrfmt mhgputk`j hb pkxfe phsktkh`s k`vhevfs i eirjf ighu`t hb
mhgputitkh`ie fbbhrt. Af`mf kt ks `fmfssiry th skgpekby taf prhmfourf hb miemueitk`j taf k`okvkouie
pkxfe phsktkh`s cy i skgpef iejhrktag.
Bhr taks purphsf mh`skofr oriwk`j i ek`f h` taf smrff` is sahw` k` bkj. 9.?, brhg (x9, y9) th (x3,y3), taf`4
g 7
i`o
m 7 y9 ” gQ9
_af ek`f oriwk`j gftaho whueo aivf th gidf usf
hb ichvf tarff fquitkh`s k` hrofr th ofvfehp i
sukticef iejhrktag.
Bhr sgiee k`mrfgf`ts taf fquitkh` bhr strikjat ek`fmi` cf wrkttf` is4
Ο[ 7 gΟQ
Cy tidk`j i sgiee stfp bhr ΟQ, Ο[ mi` cf mhgputfo
wkta taf afep hb ichvf fquitkh`. Ahwfvfr tafmhgputitkh`s cfmhgf u``fmfssirkey eh`j bhr
ircktriry vieufs hb ΟQ. Eft us `hw whrdhut i
prhmfourf th skgpekby taf miemueitkh` gftaho.Eft us mh`skofr i misf hb ek`f oriwk`j wafrf g 0 9. Mahhsf i` k`mrfgf`t bhr ΟQ is u`kt pkxfe.
Af`mf ΟQ 7 9
_af`,yk + 9 7 yk + g
_af sucsmrkpt k tidfs taf vieufs stirtk`j brhg 9 bhr taf stirtk`j phk`t tkee taf f`o phk`t ks rfimafo.
Af`mf kt ks phsskcef th miemueitf taf thtie pkxfe phsktkh`s bhr mhgpeftfey oriwk`j taf ek`f h` taf
okspeiy smrff`. _aks ks mieefo OOI iejhrktag.
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Kb g 57 9, taf` taf rhefs hb x i`o y whueo aivf th cf rfvfrsfo.Mahhsf, Ο[ 7 9
_af`,
xk + 9 7 xk +
_af bheehwk`j ks taf behw mairt sahwk`j taf mhgpeftf prhmfss bhr taf kgpefgf`titkh` hb taf
ichvf prhmfourf4
Bkj. 9.6> Behw mairt bhr Ek`f Oriwk`j Miemueitkh` \rhmfourf
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Crfsf`aig‛s Iejhrktag> _af ichvf OOI iejhrktag ks mfrtik`ey i` kgprhvfgf`t hvfr taf
okrfmt usf hb taf ek`f fquitkh` sk`mf kt fekgk`itfs gi`y hb taf mhgpekmitfo miemueitkh`s. Ahwfvfr,stkee kt rfqukrfs shgf ighu`t hb behitk`j phk`t irktagftkm bhr fima hb taf pkxfe phsktkh`s.
_aks iejhrktag ks i` kgprhvfgf`t hvfr OOI sk`mf kt mhgpeftfey fekgk`itfs taf behitk`j phk`t
irktagftkm fxmfpt bhr taf k`ktkie mhgputitkh`s. Iee htafr mhgputitkh`s irf bueey k`tfjfr irktagftkmi`o af`mf ks ghrf fbbkmkf`t bhr ristfr mh`vfrskh`.
_af ciskm irjugf`t bhr phsktkh`k`j taf pkxfe afrf ks taf ighu`t hb ofvkitkh` cy wakma taf
miemueitfo phsktkh` ks brhg taf imtuie phsktkh` hctik`fo cy taf ek`f fquitkh` k` tfrgs hb o9 i`o o3
is sahw` k` bkj. 9.2.Eft taf murrf`t phsktkh` cf (Qk, [k) it taf kta phsktkh` is sahw` k` bkj. 9.2. Fima hb taf mkrmefs k`
bkj. 9.2 rfprfsf`t taf pkxfes k` taf summfsskvf phsktkh`s.
_af`,Qk + 9 7 Qk + 9
Iesh
[k 7 gQk + m
i`o[ 7 g (Qk + 9) + m
Eft o9 i`o o3 cf taf twh pirigftfrs, wakma k`okmitf wafrf taf `fxt pkxfe ks th cf ehmitfo. Kb o9 ks
jrfitfr tai` o3, taf` taf y pkxfe ks th cfehmitfo it taf +9 phsktkh` fesf, kt rfgik`s
it taf sigf phsktkh` is prfvkhus ehmitkh`.
o9 7 [ ” [k 7 g (Qk + 9) + m - [k
o3 7 [k + 9 ” [ 7 [k + 9 - g (Qk + 9) ” m
o9 ” o3 7 3g (Qk + 9) ” 3[k + 3m ” 9
_af ichvf fquitkh` stkee mh`tik`s ghrf
mhgputitkh`s i`o af`mf wf whueo `hwofbk`f i`htafr pirigftfr \ wakma whueo
ofbk`f taf rfeitkvf phsktkh` k` tfrgs hb o9
” o3.
\k 7 (o9 ” o3) ΟQ \k 7 3 Ο[ Qk - 3 ΟQ [k + c
wafrf, c 7 3 Ο[ + 3m ΟQ ” ΟQ
]kgkeirey wf mi` wrktf \k + 9 7 3 Ο[ (Qk + 9) ” 3 ΟQ [k + 9 + c
_idk`j taf okbbfrf`mf hb twh summfsskvf pirigftfrs, wf mi` fekgk`itf taf mh`sti`t tfrgs brhg
taf ichvf fquitkh` th jft taf cfehw fquitkh`.
\k + 9 ” \k 7 3 Ο[ - 3 ΟQ ([k + 9 - [k)_af sigf mi` iesh cf wrkttf` is4
\k + 9 7 \k + 3 Ο[ - 3 ΟQ ([k + 9 - [k)
_af sigf mi` iesh cf wrkttf` is4\k + 9 7 \k + 3 Ο[ waf`, [k + 9 7 [k
\k + 9 7 \k + 3 Ο[ - 3 ΟQ waf`, [k + 9 7 [k + 9
Brhg taf stirt phk`t (xk, yk),yk 7 gxk + m
m 7 y9 -
Vsk`j tafsf fquitkh`s kt ks `hw phsskcef th ofvfehp taf iejhrktag bhr oriwk`j taf ek`f h` tafsmrff` is sahw` k` bheehwk`j behw mairt (Bkj. 9.:).
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Bkj. 9.:> Behw mairt bhr ek`f oriwk`j miemueitkh` usk`j Crfsf`aig‛s prhmfourf
_ri`sbhrgitkh`s hb Jfhgftry (3O)> K` ai`oek`j hb jfhgftrkmie k`bhrgitkh`, gi`y i tkgfs kt
cfmhgfs `fmfssiry th tri`sbhrg taf jfhgftry. _af tri`sbhrgitkh`s imtuieey mh`vfrt tafjfhgftry brhg h`f mhhrok`itf systfg th htafr.
_af gik` typfs hb tri`sbhrgitkh`s irf is bheehws4
_ri`seitkh`
]miek`j
Sfbefmtkh` hr Gkrrhr
Shtitkh`
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9. _ri`seitkh`> _aks ghvfs i jfhgftrkm f`tkty k` spimf k` suma i wiy tait taf `fw f`tkty ks
pirieefe it iee phk`ts th taf heo f`tkty. Eft us mh`skofr i phk`t h` taf hcnfmt, rfprfsf`tfo cy \wakma ks tri`seitfo ieh`j Q i`o [ ixks cy oQ i`o o[ th i `fw phsktkh` \
*. _af `fw mhhrok`itfs
ibtfr tri`sbhrgitkh` irf jkvf` cy bheehwk`j fquitkh`s4
\* 7 Tx
*, y
*W
x* 7 x + oQ
y* 7 y + o[
_aus,
T\*W 7 7
3. ]miek`j> ]miek`j ks taf tri`sbhrgitkh` ippekfo th mai`jf taf smief hb i` f`tkty. _h imakfvf
smiek`j, taf hrkjk`ie mhhrok`itfs whueo cf guetkpekfo u`kbhrgey cy taf smiek`j bimthr.
\* 7 Tx
*, y
*W 7 T]x Ú x, ]y Ú yW
_af ichvf fquitkh` mi` iesh cf rfprfsf`tfo k` i gitrkx bhrg is bheehws4
T\*W 7
*
+
T\*
W 7 T_sW T\WZafrf,
T_sW 7
]k`mf taf smiek`j bimthrs mi` cf k`okvkouieey ippekfo, tafrf ks i phsskckekty th aivf okbbfrf`tkie
smiek`j waf` ]x 7 ]y.
K` misf hb zhhg bimkekty k` jripakm systfgs, u`kbhrg smiek`j ks ippekfo. ^hhgk`j ks h`ey i okspeiy
ittrkcutf i`o ks ippekfo h`ey th taf okspeiy i`o `ht th taf imtuie jfhgftrkm oiticisf.
=. Sfbefmtkh` hr Gkrrhr> Kt ks i tri`sbhrgitkh`, wakma ieehws i mhpy hb taf hcnfmt th cf okspeiyfo
wakef taf hcnfmt ks rfbefmtfo ichut i ek`f hr pei`f.
_ri`sbhrgitkh` rfqukrfo k` taks misf ks tait taf ixks mhhrok`itfs wkee jft `fjitkvf ofpf`ok`j uph`
taf rfbefmtkh` rfqukrfo. Bhr fxigpef brhg bkj. 9.994
\* 7 TQ
*, [
*W 7 TQ, -[W
_aks mi` cf wrkttf` k` i gitrkx bhrg is4
T\*W 7 * + * + T\
*W 7 T_gW T\W
Bkj. 9.1> _ri`seitkh` hb taf phk`t Bkj. 9.; ]miek`j hb i pei`f bkjurf
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Zafrf,
T_gW 7 * + _aus taf jf`frie tri`sbhrgitkh` gitrkx wkee cf4
T_gW 7 * +
Bkj. 9.9<> \hsskcef rfbefmtkh` tri`sbhrgitkh`s Bkj. 9.99> Fxigpef hb rfbefmtkh` tri`sbhrgitkh`
?. Shtitkh`> K` taks tri`sbhrgitkh` taf bk`ie phsktkh` i`o hrkf`titkh` hb i jfhgftrkm f`tkty ks
ofmkofo cy taf i`jef hb rhtitkh` (α) i`o taf cisf phk`t ichut wakma taf rhtitkh` ks th cf oh`f.
Bkj. 9.93> Shtitkh` tri`sbhrgitkh`
Eft i phk`t \ ehmitfo k` Q[ pei`f, cfk`j rhtitfo k` taf mhu`tfr mehmdwksf okrfmtkh` th taf `fw
phsktkh`, \* cy i` i`jef α. _af `fw phsktkh` \
* ks jkvf` cy4
\* 7 Tx
*, y
*W
Brhg bkj. 9.93 taf hrkjk`ie phsktkh` ks spfmkbkfo cy,
x 7 r mhsι y 7 r sk`ι
_af `fw phsktkh` \* ks spfmkbkfo cy4x
* 7 r mhs(ι + α) 7 r mhsα mhsι ” r sk`α sk`ι
7 x mhsα ” y sk`α
y* 7 r sk`(ι + α)
7 r sk`α mhsι + r mhsα sk`ι 7 x sk`α + y mhsα
_aks mi` cf wrkttf` k` i gitrkx bhrg is4
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T\*W 7 * + *+
T\*W 7 T_S W T\W
Zafrf,
T_S W 7 * +
_ri`sbhrgitkh`s hb Jfhgftry (=O)> _af tarff okgf`skh`ie rfprfsf`titkh` hb i twh
okgf`skh`ie pei`f ks mieefo ahghjf`fhus mhhrok`itfs i`o taf tri`sbhrgitkh` usk`j taf
ahghjf`fhus mh-hrok`itfs ks mieefo ahghjf`fhus tri`sbhrgitkh`.
_ri`seitkh`>
]miek`j>
Sfbefmtkh`>
Shtitkh` ichut ^-ixks (Q[ \ei`f)>
Shtitkh` ichut Q-ixks ([^ \ei`f)>
Shtitkh` ichut [-ixks (^Q \ei`f)>
Sfprfsf`titkh` hb murvfs> Sfprfsf`titkh` hb murvf jfhgftry mi` cf mirrkfo hut k` twh bhrgs ”
Kgpekmkt bhrg i`o pirigftrkm bhrg_af kgpekmkt bhrg ks mh`vf`kf`t bhr 3-O murvfs hb bkrst i`o sfmh`o hrofr. _ypkmie murvfs tait mi`
cf mhvfrfo irf ek`fs, irms i`o mkrmefs.
Ek`fs> _af kgpekmkt bhrg hb ek`f mi` cf wrkttf` k` bhrg hb i` fquitkh` is4
[ 7 gQ + m
Zafrf [ i`o Q rfprfsf`t taf mhhrok`itfs hb Mirtfski` 3O systfg.
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Ahwfvfr, bhr akjafr hrofr murvfs i`o bhr usf k` MIO, pirigftrkm bhrg wkee cf ghrf sukticef. K` pirigftrkm bhrg, taf murvf ks rfprfsf`tfo is4
Q 7 x(u) [ 7 y(u) ^ 7 z(u)
Zafrf Q, [, ^ irf taf mhhrok`itf vieufs h` taf spimf murvf, wkta taf mhrrfsph`ok`j bu`mtkh`s x,
y, z irf taf phey`hgkies k` i pirigftfr, u. _aks rfprfsf`titkh` pfrgkts th qukmdey mhgputf tafk`okvkouie Q, [, ^ mhhrok`itfs hb iee taf phk`ts h` taf murvf. _af pirigftrkm bhrg bhr taf ek`f mi`
cf jkvf` is4
Q 7 ixu + cx bhr <57u579[ 7 iyu + cy
^ 7 izu + cz
Mkrmef> _af pirigftrkm bhrg hb i mkrmef wahsf mf`tfr ekfs it taf hrkjk` hb taf mhhrok`itf systfg ks
jkvf` cy4
Q 7 r mhsα [ 7 r sk`α
Zafrf, <57α573ό
r ks taf riokus hb taf mkrmef.
Ietfr`itkvf bhrg hb pirigftrkm bhrg bhr taf mkrmef ks jkvf` cy4
Bkj. 9.9=> Mkrmef
Q 7 x(u) 7 r {(9-u3)/(9+u
3)}
[ 7 y(u) 7 r {3u/(9+u3)}
Bhr -957u579_af kgpekmkt bhrg hb taf mkrmef ks jkvf` cy4
x3 + y3 7 r 3 _af fquitkh` hb i mkrmef wahsf mf`tfr ekfs it (i, c) ks jkvf` cy4
(x - i)3 + (y - c)
3 7 r
3
Feekpsf> _af pirigftrkm bhrg hb i` feekpsf wahsf mf`tfr ekfs it taf hrkjk` hb taf mhhrok`itf
systfg ks jkvf` cy4
Q 7 i mhsα
[ 7 c sk`α
Zafrf i i`o c irf taf sfgk-ginhr i`o sfgk-gk`hr ixks hb taf feekpsf. _af kgpekmkt bhrg hb taffeekpsf ks jkvf` cy4
Bkj. 9.9?> Feekpsf
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Murvfs> _af jf`frie pirigftrkm rfprfsf`titkh` hb i murvf ks jkvf` is4
p 7 p(u)
Zafrf u ks taf pirigftfr wkta wakma taf Mirtfski` mhhrok`itfs wkee cf rfprfsf`tfo is4
Q 7 x(u)4 [ 7 y(u)4 ^ 7 z(u)
Zf mi` iesh wrktf taf ichvf fquitkh` k` taf bhrg hb i vfmthr is4 p 7 p(u) 7 Tx(u) y(u) z(u)W
Zafrf u ks taf pirigftfr tait mi` aivf i`y vieuf brhg ” th +. Ahwfvfr, jf`frieey kt giy cfvirkfo cftwff` -9 th +9. _aks bhrg ks jf`frieey usfbue bhr taf wiy taf murvfs mi` cf criw` h` tafokspeiy smrff` hr pehttfr. _aus i murvf sfjgf`t mi` cf ofbk`fo is taf ehmus hb iee taf phk`ts
wahsf mhhrok`itfs irf jkvf` cy mh`tk`uhus pirigftfr, sk`jef vieufo phey`hgkies hb taf bhrg4
Bkj. 9.96> \irigftrkm murvf rfprfsf`titkh` k` Mirtfski` spimf
Q 7 x(u) [ 7 y(u) ^ 7 z(u)Zafrf taf pirigftfr virkicef, u, ks mh`strik`fo th shgf mehsfo k`tfrvie suma is T<, 9W.
]pek`fs> ]pek`fs irf ghrf jf`frie bhrg hb murvfs tait mi` cf ofbk`fo tarhuja i sft hb vfrtkmfs. I
spek`f ks i pkfmf wksf pirigftrkm rfprfsf`titkh` hb taf jfhgftry hb i murvf wkta i spfmkbkfo efvfe
hb pirigftrkm mh`tk`ukty. Muckm spek`fs usf i pirigftrkm fquitkh` hb =ro
hrofr wkta taf sfmh`o
hrofr mh`tk`ukty gik`tik`fo it taf k`tfrsfmtkh` phk`ts hb taf murvf.
Cfzkfr murvfs> Cfzkfr mahhsf Cfr`stfk` phey`hgkie is taf cisks bu`mtkh` bhr taf murvfs. _afy irfspfmkbkfo is4
Ck, ` (u) 7 uk (9 ” u)
`-k
Zafrf, ( ) Cisfo h` tafsf cisks bu`mtkh`s, taf fquitkh` bhr taf Cfzkfr murvf ks jkvf` cy4
Bkj. 9.92> _wh muckm Cfzkfr murvfs nhk`fo it p=
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p (u) 7 ∙ (u) u ζ T<, 9W
Bhr ` 7 =, wf jft
C<, = 7 (9 - u)=
C9, = 7 = u (9 - u)3
C3, = 7 = u3 (9 - u)
C=, = 7 u=
p (u) 7 (9 - u)= p< + = u (9 - u)
3 p9 + = u
3 (9 - u) p3 + u
= p=
_aks mi` cf wrkttf` k` gitrkx bhrg is4
p (u) 7 Tu= u
3 u
9W
_af sigf mi` cf wrkttf` k` mhgpimt bhrg is bheehws4
p (u) 7 V GC \
Zafrf,
GC 7
V 7 Tu= u
3 u
9W
\ 7
Is fxpeik`fo ichvf, waf` taf `ugcfr hb mh`trhe phk`ts k` i Cfzkfr murvf k`mrfisf, taf ofjrff hb
taf phey`hgkie k`mrfisfs, i`o taks prhvkofs bhr jehcie ghokbkmitkh` fbbfmt ritafr tai` ehmie. _aksgfi`s tait waf`fvfr i sk`jef vfrtfx ks ghokbkfo, taf f`tkrf murvf jfts ghokbkfo. Ahwfvfr kt ks
iesh phsskcef th crfid taf Cfzkfr murvf k`th sgieefr sfjgf`ts i`o taf` ek`d iee hb tafg.
C-spek`fs> H`f hb taf prhcefgs isshmkitfo wkta taf Cfzkfr murvfs ks wkta i` k`mrfisf k` taf`ugcfr hb mh`trhe phk`ts, taf hrofr hb taf phey`hgkie rfprfsf`tk`j taf murvf k`mrfisfs. _h rfoumf
taks mhgpefxkty, i` ietfr`itkvf ks th usf i C-spek`f th jf`fritf i sk`jef pkfmfwksf pirigftrkm phey`hgkie murvf tarhuja i`y `ugcfr hb mh`trhe phk`ts wkta taf ofjrff hb taf phey`hgkie
sfefmtfo cy taf ofskj`fr. C-spek`fs fxakckt i ehmie mh`trhe wafrfk` waf`fvfr i sk`jef vfrtfx ks
ghvfo, h`ey tahsf vfrtkmfs irhu`o tait wkee cf ibbfmtfo wakef taf rfst rfgik`s taf sigf.
]kgkeir th Cfzkfr murvf C-spek`f iesh usfs taf cisks bu`mtkh`s i`o taf fquitkh` ks hb taf bhrg4
p (u) 7 ∙ (u)
Zafrf @k, d (u) irf taf cisks bu`mtkh`s bhr C-spek`fs.
@k, 9 (u) 7 9 kb tk57u57tk+9 7 < htafrwksf
i`o @k, d (u) 7 ()() () ()
Zafrf d mh`trhes taf ofjrff (d-9) hb taf rfsuetk`j phey`hgkie k` u i`o iesh taf mh`tk`ukty hb tafmurvf. _af tk irf taf d`ht vieufs, wakma rfeitf taf pirigftrkm virkicef u th taf pk mh`trhe phk`ts.
Bhr d 7 ?, taf fquitkh` mi` cf wrkttf` k` mhgpimt bhrg is bheehws4
pk (u) 7 V Gs \k Zafrf,
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Gs 7
V 7 Tu= u
3 u
9W
\k 7
k ζ T9> `-3W bhr hpf` murvfs
@urc> _af ghst mhggh` smafgf usfo k` iee MIO systfg ks taf `h`-u`kbhrg ritkh`ie C-spek`f(Mhggh`ey d`hw` i @VSC), wakma k`meuofs chta taf Cfzkfr i`o C-spek`f murvfs. Is i rfsuet,
KJF] i`o @VSC is taf sti`oiro murvf ofbk`ktkh` bhr oiti fxmai`jfSitkh`ie phey`hgkies irf taf bu`mtkh`s wafrf h`f phey`hgkie murvf ks okvkofo cy i`htafr. Bhr
fxigpef, ritkh`ie bhrg hb Cfzkfr murf mi` cf wrkttf` is4
p (u) 7∙ ()∙ () u ζ T<, 9W
Zafrf wk ks taf wfkjak`j bimthr bhr fima hb taf vfrtfx. Zaf` iee w 7 9, taks fxprfsskh` cfmhgfstait hb taf mh`vf`tkh`ie Cfzkfr bhrg, sk`mf4
()
]kgkeirey taf ritkh`ie bhrg hb taf C-spek`fs mi` cf wrkttf` is4
p (u) 7∙ ()∙ ()
Sfprfsf`titkh` hb ]urbimfs> I surbimf mi` cf mh`skofrfo is i mh`tk`uhus sft hb phk`ts
ipprhxkgitk`j i sgiee fefgf`tie surbimf k` taf `fkjachrahho hb fima hb taf phk`t. _afgitafgitkms k`vhevfo ks guma ghrf mhgpefx tai` taf murvfs tait wf aivf nust sff`. Fxtf`ok`j
taf murvf rfprfsf`titkh`, wf giy wrktf taf surbimf rfprfsf`titkh` is4
Q 7 x (u, v)4 [ 7 y (u, v)4 ^ 7 z (u, v)Zafrf u i`o v irf taf pirigftrkm virkicefs i`o irf mh`strik`fo cftwff` < i`o 9. _af skgpefst
gitafgitkmie fefgf`t bhr taf surbimf ks taf pitma chu`ofo cy taf pirigftrkm murvfs k` chta
okrfmtkh`s. \itma ks taf cukeok`j cehmd bhr iee taf surbimfs. Isshmkitfo wkta fima pitma ks i sft hb chu`oiry mh`oktkh`s suma is taf bhur mhr`fr phk`ts i`o taf bhur murvfs ofbk`k`j taf fojfs. K`
iooktkh` th tahsf tafrf mhueo cf htafr mh`oktkh`s ofbk`k`j taf mh`tk`ukty wkta taf ionimf`t
surbimfs/pitmafs, ftm.
Cfzkfr ]urbimf> _af Cfzkfr surbimf ks taf okrfmt fxtf`skh` hb taf Cfzkfr murvf. \hk`ts h` i Cfzkfr
surbimf mi` tafrfbhrf cf spfmkbkfo is i` fxtf`skh` hb taf Cfzkfr murvf.
p (u, v) 7 ∙ ∙ () () u, v ζ T<, 9W
Bkj. 9.9:> I Ck-muckm Cfzkfr surbimf pitma Bkj. 9.91> _ypkmie surbimf okspeiy wkta taf pirigftrkm virkicefs u i`o v
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Zafrf pkn rfprfsf`ts taf rfmti`jueir irriy hb mh`trhe phk`ts (g + 9) Ú (` + 9) ofbk`k`j taf vfrtkmfshb taf mairimtfrkstkm pheyaforh` hb taf Cfzkfr pitma bhr i ? Ú ? phk`ts. _af gitrkx bhrg hb taks
fquitkh` bhr i ? Ú ? mh`trhe phk`ts ks
p (u, v) 7 T (9 ” u)= =u(9 - u)
3 =u
3 (9 - u) u
=W \T
( ) ( ) ( )
W
_af gitrkx \ mh`tik`s taf phk`ts tait ofbk`f taf mairimtfrkstkm pheyaforh`.
\ 7
K` i skgkeir gi``fr, taf ritkh`ie Cfzkfr pitma mi` cf fxprfssfo is4
p (u, v) 7∙ ∙ () ()∙ ∙ () ()
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V@K_ 3 K@_SHOVM_KH@ _H GHOFEK@J _FMA@KYVF]
Mhhrok`itf ]ystfgs> _af rkjat ai`ofo Mirtfski` mhhrok`itf systfg ks usfo bhr ofbk`k`j taf
jfhgftry hb pirts. K` hrofr th ofbk`f taf jfhgftry hb i jkvf` sheko, kt ks `fmfssiry th usf i virkfty
hb mhhrok`itf systfgs. _afsf irf bheehwk`j4
Zhreo Mhhrok`itf ]ystfg> Kt rfbfrs th taf imtuie mhhrok`itf systfg usfo is gistfr bhr taf
mhgph`f`t. Kt ks iesh d`hw` is ghofe mhhrok`itf systfg. ZM] ks taf ofbiuet mhhrok`itf systfg,
waf` taf usfr stirts ghofek`j. _aks ks ciskmieey taf mhhrok`itf systfg k` wakma taf pirt oiticisfks sthrfo. Ahwfvfr, taf usfr wkee aivf taf befxkckekty hb k`puttk`j oiti k` htafr mhhrok`itf systfgs
is wfee suma is pheir mhhrok`itfs hr spafrkmie mhhrok`itfs. _af shbtwirf wkee imtuieey mh`vfrt taksk`bhrgitkh` k`th taf Mirtfski` systfg cfbhrf kt sthrfs taf oiti.
Vsfr Mhhrok`itf ]ystfg> ]hgftkgfs kt cfmhgfs okbbkmuet th ofbk`f mfrtik` jfhgftrkfs kb tafy irf
th cf ofbk`fo brhg taf ZM]. K` suma misfs ietfr`itf mhhrok`itf systfgs mi` cf ofbk`fo rfeitkvfth ZM]. _afsf mhhrok`itf systfgs irf tfrgfo is usfr mhhrok`itf systfgs (VM]) hr whrdk`j
mhhrok`itf systfg.
_aks rfoumfs taf ghofek`j mhgpefxkty. _af VM] mi` cf ofbk`fo cy sakbtk`j taf hrkjk` h`ey hr cymhgck`k`j taf hrkjk` wkta taf hrkf`titkh` hb taf ixfs is wfee.
Okspeiy Mhhrok`itfs> _aks rfbfrs th taf imtuie mhhrok`itfs th cf usfo bhr okspeiyk`j taf kgijf h`taf smrff`. Kt giy iesh cf tfrgfo is smrff` mhhrok`itf systfg. _af imtuie smrff` mhhrok`itfs
rfeitf th taf pkxfes waftafr taf imtuie vieufs hb taf smrff` hr taf vkrtuie kgijf tait mi` cf
okspeiyfo th afep k` taf kgijf okspeiy. _af vkrtuie skzf wkee cf eirjfr tai` taf imtuie pkxfes hb tafsmrff` rfsheutkh`.
Rkfw Jf`fritkh`> ]hgftkgfs, kt ks `fmfssiry th hrji`kzf taf k`bhrgitkh` waf` prfsf`tfo h` taf
smrff` k` twh okgf`skh`s usk`j taf hrtahjh`ie prhnfmtkh`. _af smrff` ks tafrfbhrf okvkofo k`th i`ugcfr hb vkfw phrts wafrfk` taf virkhus hrtahjripakm vkfws irf prfsf`tfo.
Bkj. 3.9> I typkmie mhgph`f`t wkta kts Bkj. 3.3> Jf`frie hrtahjripakm vkfws hb taf mhgph`f`t
Isshmkitfo ZM] i`o VM] sahw` k` bkj. 3.9
Jfhgftrkm Ghofek`j _fma`kqufs> Jfhgftrkm ghofek`j tfma`kqufs ekdf wkrf brigf, surbimf
i`o sheko ghofek`j aivf thtieey mai`jfo `ht h`ey taf oriwk`j hbbkmf primtkmfs cut iesh aivfafepfo th k`tfjritf ofskj` wkta i`ieysks, skgueitkh` i`o hptkgkzitkh` is wfee is th sfigefssey
k`tfjritf ofskj` wkta ohw`strfig gi`ubimturk`j ippekmitkh`s. Oiti mrfitfo k` jfhgftrkm ghofes
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mi` taus cf okrfmtey pissfo h` th iee taf ippekmitkh` shbtwirf pimdijfs ekdf bk`ktf fefgf`ti`ieysks, gfmai`ksg i`ieysks, M@M prhjriggk`j, k`spfmtkh` ftm.
Mhgputfr rfprfsf`titkh` hb taf jfhgftry hb i mhgph`f`t usk`j shbtwirf ks mieefo i jfhgftrkm
ghofe. Jfhgftrkm ghofek`j ks oh`f k` tarff prk`mkpie wiys. _afy irf4
9. Zkrf brigf ghofek`j3. ]urbimf ghofek`j
=. ]heko ghofek`j
Zkrf Brigf Ghofek`j> K` wkrf brigf ghofek`j taf hcnfmt ks rfprfsf`tfo cy kts fojfs. K` taf
k`ktkie stijfs hb MIO, wkrf brigf ghofes wfrf k` 3-O. ]ucsfquf`tey =-O wkrf brigf ghofek`jshbtwirf wis k`trhoumfo. _af wkrf brigf ghofe hb i chx ks sahw` k` Bkj. 3.= (i). _af hcnfmtippfirs is kb kt ks giof hut hb tak` wkrfs. Bkj. 3.=(c), 3.=(m) i`o 3.=(o) sahw tarff hcnfmts wakma
mi` aivf taf sigf wkrf brigf ghofe hb taf chx. _aus k` taf misf hb mhgpefx pirts wkrf brigf
ghofes mi` cf mh`busk`j. ]hgf meirkty mi` cf hctik`fo tarhuja akoof` ek`f fekgk`itkh`. _ahujataks typf hb ghofek`j giy `ht prhvkof u`igckjuhus u`ofrsti`ok`j hb taf hcnfmt, taks ais cff`
taf gftaho trioktkh`ieey usfo k` taf 3-O rfprfsf`titkh` hb taf hcnfmt, wafrf hrtahjripakm vkfws
ekdf pei`, fefvitkh`, f`o vkfw ftm. irf usfo th ofsmrkcf taf hcnfmt jripakmieey.
Bkj. 3.=> Igckjukty k` Zkrf Brigf Ghofek`j
].@h. 3-O Ghofes =-O Zkrf Brigf Ghofes
9 F`os (vfrtkmfs) hb ek`fs irf rfprfsf`tfo cy tafkrQ i`o [ mhhrok`itfs.
F`os hb ek`fs irf rfprfsf`tfo cy tafkr Q,
[ i`o ^ mhhrok`itfs.
3 Murvfo fojfs irf rfprfsf`tfo cy mkrmefs,feekpsfs, spek`fs ftm. Iooktkh`ie vkfws i`osfmtkh`ie vkfws irf `fmfssiry th rfprfsf`t imhgpefx hcnfmt wkta meirkty.
Murvfo surbimfs irf rfprfsf`tfo cy sukticey spimfojf`frithrs. Akoof` ek`f hr akoof` surbimf fekgk`itkh`ks i gust th k`tfrprft mhgpefx mhgph`f`ts mhrrfmtey.
= =-O kgijf rfmh`strumtkh` ks tfokhus. 3-O vkfws is wfee is virkhus pkmthrkie vkfws mi` cfjf`fritfo fiskey.
? Vsfs h`ey h`f jehcie mhhrok`itf systfg. Giy rfqukrf taf usf hb sfvfrie usfr mhhrok`itfsystfgs th mrfitf bfiturfs h` okbbfrf`t bimfs hb taf
mhgph`f`t.
_icef 3.9> Mhgpirksh` cftwff` 3-O i`o =-O ghofes
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]urbimf Ghofek`j> K` taks ipprhima, i mhgph`f`t ks rfprfsf`tfo cy kts surbimfs wakma k` tur` irf
rfprfsf`tfo cy tafkr vfrtkmfs i`o fojfs. Bhr fxigpef, fkjat surbimfs irf put thjftafr th mrfitf i chx, is sahw` k` Bkj. 3.?. ]urbimf ghofek`j ais cff` vfry phpueir k` ifrhspimf prhoumt ofskj`
i`o iuthghtkvf ofskj`. ]urbimf ghofek`j ais cff` pirtkmueirey usfbue k` taf ofvfehpgf`t hb
gi`ubimturk`j mhofs bhr iuthghckef pi`fes i`o taf mhgpefx ohucey murvfo saipfs hb ifrhspimf
strumturfs i`o okfs i`o ghueos.
Bkj. 3.?> ]urbimf Sfprfsf`titkh`
]urbimfs mi` cf mrfitfo tarhuja i` issfgcey hb pheyjh`ie gfsafs hr usk`j iovi`mfo murvf i`osurbimf ghofek`j tfma`kqufs ekdf C-spek`fs hr @VSC] (@h`-V`kbhrg Sitkh`ie C-spek`fs).
Bkj. 3.6> _ypkmie Ipprhimafs k` ]urbimf Ghofek`j
]heko Ghofek`j> _af rfprfsf`titkh` hb sheko ghofes usfs taf bu`oigf`tie kofi tait i payskmie
hcnfmt okvkofs taf =-O Fumekofi` spimf k`th twh rfjkh`s, h`f fxtfrkhr i`o h`f k`tfrkhr, sfpiritfo
cy taf chu`oiry hb taf sheko. ]heko ghofes irf4 Chu`ofo
Ahghjf`fhusey tarff okgf`skh`ie
Bk`ktf
_afrf irf skx mhggh` rfprfsf`titkh`s k` sheko ghofek`j49. ]pitkie F`ugfritkh`> K` taks skgpefst bhrg hb =O vheugftrkm ristfr ghofe, i sfmtkh` hb =O
spimf ks ofsmrkcfo cy i gitrkx hb fvf`ey spimfo muckm vheugf fefgf`ts mieefo vhxfes.
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3. Mfee Ofmhgphsktk h`> _aks ks i akfrirmakmie ioiptitkh` hb spitkie f`ugfritkh`. =O spimf kssuc-okvkofo k`th mfees. Mfees mhueo cf hb okbbfrf`t skzfs. _afsf skgpef mfees irf jeufo thjftafr
th ofsmrkcf i sheko hcnfmt.
=. Chu`oiry Sfprfsf`titk h`> _af sheko ks rfprfsf`tfo cy kts chu`oiry wakma mh`sksts hb i sft hb
bimfs, i sft hb fojfs i`o i sft hb vfrtkmfs is wfee is tafkr thphehjkmie rfeitkh`s.?. ]wffp Gftahos> K` taks tfma`kquf i pei`ir saipf ks ghvfo ieh`j i murvf. _ri`seitkh`ie
swffp mi` cf usfo th mrfitf prksgitkm hcnfmts i`o rhtitkh`ie swffp mhueo cf usfo bhr
ixksyggftrkm mhgph`f`ts.6. \rkgktkvf K `sti`mk`j> _aks ghofek`j smafgf prhvkofs i sft hb phsskcef hcnfmt saipfs wakma
irf ofsmrkcfo cy i sft hb pirigftfrs. K`sti`mfs hb hcnfmt saipf mi` cf mrfitfo cy viryk`j
tafsf pirigftfrs.2. Mh`strumtkvf ]heko Jfhgftry (M]J)> \rkgktkvf k`sti`mfs irf mhgck`fo usk`j Chhefi` sft
hpfritkh`s th mrfitf mhgpefx hcnfmts.
K` ghst hb taf ghofek`j pimdijfs, taf ipprhima usfo bhr ghofek`j usfs i`y h`f hb taf bheehwk`j
tarff tfma`kqufs49. Mh`strumtkvf sheko jfhgftry (M]J hr M-Sfp)
3. Chu`oiry rfprfsf`titkh` (C-Sfp)
=. Aycrko gftaho wakma ks i mhgck`itkh` hb C-Sfp i`o M]J.
Mh`strumtkvf ]heko Jfhgftry> K` i M]J ghofe, payskmie hcnfmts irf mrfitfo cy mhgck`k`j ciskm
fefgf`tiry saipfs d`hw` is prkgktkvfs ekdf cehmds, myek`ofrs, mh`fs, pyrigkos i`o spafrfs. _afChhefi` hpfritkh`s ekdf u`kh` (∮), okbbfrf`mf ( ”) i`o k`tfrsfmtkh` ∫ irf usfo th mirry hut taks
tisd. Bhr fxigpef, eft us issugf tait wf irf usk`j twh prkgktkvfs, i cehmd i`o i myek`ofr wakma
irf ehmitfo k` spimf is sahw` k` Bkj. 3.2.
Bkj. 3.2> M]J Hpfritkh`
Chu`oiry Sfprfsf`titkh`> Chu`oiry rfprfsf`titkh` ks cuket h` taf mh`mfpt tait i payskmie hcnfmt
ks f`mehsfo cy i sft hb bimfs wakma tafgsfevfs irf mehsfo i`o hrkf`ticef surbimfs. Bkj. 3.: sahwsi C-rfp ghofe hb i` hcnfmt. K` taks ghofe, bimf ks chu`ofo cy fojfs i`o fima fojf ks chu`ofo cyvfrtkmfs. _af f`tktkfs wakma mh`stktutf i C-rfp ghofe irf4
Jfhgftrkm F`tktkfs _hphehjkmie F`tktkfs
\hk`t Rfrtfx
Murvf Ek`f Fojf
]urbimf Bimf
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Bkj. 3.:> C-Sfp Ghofe
I sheko ghofe ks i =-O rfprfsf`titkh` hb i` hcnfmt.
]heko ghofes okbbfr brhg wkrf brigf i`o surbimf ghofes k` taf dk`o hb jfhgftrkm k`bhrgitkh`tafy prhvkof. Zkrf brigf ghofes h`ey sahw taf fojf jfhgftry hb i` hcnfmt. _afy siy `htak`j
ichut wait ks k`skof i` hcnfmt. ]urbimf ghofes prhvkof surbimf k`bhrgitkh`, cut tafy thh eimd
k`bhrgitkh` ichut i` hcnfmt‛s k`tfr`ie strumturf. ]heko ghofes prhvkof mhgpeftf jfhgftrkmofsmrkptkh`s hb hcnfmts.
]iekf`t Bfiturfs hb ]heko Ghofek`j>
Bfiturf-Cisfo Ofskj`> K` typkmie 3-O MIO ippekmitkh`s, i ofskj`fr oriws i pirt cy iook`j
ciskm jfhgftrkm fefgf`ts suma is ek`fs, irms, mkrmefs i`o spek`fs. _af` okgf`skh`s irf ioofo. K`sheko ghofek`j i =-O ofskj` ks mrfitfo cy stirtk`j i cisf bfiturf i`o taf` iook`j htafr bfiturfs,
h`f it i tkgf, u`tke taf immuritf i`o mhgpeftf rfprfsf`titkh` hb taf pirt‛s jfhgftry ks imakfvfo.
I bfiturf ks i ciskm cukeok`j cehmd tait ofsmrkcfs taf ofskj`, ekdf i dfywiy h` i saibt. Fimabfiturf k`okmitfs ahw th ioo gitfrkie (ekdf i rkc) hr rfghvf i phrtkh` hb gitfrkie (ekdf i mut hr i
ahef). Bfiturfs ionust iuthgitkmieey th mai`jfs k` taf ofskj` tafrfcy ieehwk`j taf mipturf hbofskj` k`tf`t.
K` typkmie sheko ghofek`j shbtwirf taf ofskj`fr mi` mrfitf i bfiturf k` twh ciskm wiys. H`f ks thsdftma i sfmtkh` hb taf saipf th cf ioofo i`o taf` fxtruof, rfvhevf, hr swffp kt th mrfitf taf
saipf. _afsf irf mieefo sdftmafo bfiturfs.
I`htafr typf hb bfiturf ks taf pkmd-i`o-peimf bfiturf. Afrf taf ofskj`fr skgpey pfrbhrgs i`
f`jk`ffrk`j hpfritkh` suma is peimk`j i ahef, maigbfrk`j hr rhu`ok`j i sft hb fojfs, hr safeek`jhut taf ghofe.
Bfiturfs/ivikeicef k` typkmie sheko ghofek`j shbtwirf irf4
Fxtruof Sfvhevf _ak`Cef`o ]eht Mut
\rhtruskh` ]aibt Shu`oAhef Bei`jf SkcMaigbfr \usa Ohgf
Oribt Fir ]afee
Hbbsft Ekp
\kpf ]wffp
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Ghofek`j _hhes> Zaf` i =-O ghofe ks cuket taf ofskj`fr ofsmrkcfs taf bfiturfs tait gidf up i
pirt. \irts irf put thjftafr th gidf i` issfgcey, i`o taf` ohmugf`titkh` ks giof.
]dftmak`j> _af bkrst stfp k` mrfitk`j gi`y =-O bfiturfs ks sdftmak`j i 3-O sfmtkh`. _af` cy usk`j
ipprhprkitf k`strumtkh`s taf ofskj` mh`vfys taf k`bhrgitkh` rfjirok`j ahw bir th fxtf`o taks
sfmtkh` k` i spimf. _af takro okgf`skh` ks mrfitfo taks wiy.
Mrfitk`j \irts> Is gf`tkh`fo firekfr sheko ghofefr usfs bfiturfs suma is muts, prhtruskh`s, ahefs,
maigbfrs, i`o htafr ciskm saipfs th cukeo pirt jfhgftry. Is taf bfiturfs irf ioofo taf jfhgftryhb taf pirt ks f`ai`mfo. Cy iook`j th jfhgftry h`f bfiturf it i tkgf, pirts wkta vfry mhgpefx
jfhgftry mi` cf mrfitfo.Cukeok`j Issfgcekfs> Ofskj`s usuieey mh`skst hb sfvfrie pirts. ]heko ghofefrs mi` put twh hr
ghrf pirts thjftafr k` i` issfgcey. Iee taf thhes i ofskj`fr `ffos th cukeo, ghokby, i`o vfrkby
issfgcekfs irf ivikeicef k` sheko ghofek`j shbtwirf.
Ohmugf`tk`j Ofskj`s> _af bk`ie stfp hb ofskj`k`j i pirt hr issfgcey ks mhggu`kmitk`j kt k` i
gfokug htafr tai` taf mhgputfr gh`kthr‛s okspeiy. Bhr shgf hpfritkh`s taks gfi`s pehttk`j hutofskj` oriwk`js. ]heko ghofefrs prhvkof thhes th prhoumf bk`ksafo oriwk`js mhgpeftf wkta
jfhgftrkm thefri`mk`j i`o tfxt i``htitkh`.
Oriwk`js giy `ht cf taf bk`ie stfp bhr fvfrychoy. Gi`y usfrs fxphrt ofskj`s th htafr
ippekmitkh`s bhr i`ieysks, gi`ubimturk`j, i`o htafr bhrgs hb phst-prhmfssk`j. Ghofek`j shbtwirfiesh wkee k`mhrphritf i virkfty hb thhes bhr fxphrtk`j ofskj`s th htafr shbtwirf.
Mairimtfrkstkms hb ]heko Ghofek`j \imdijfs>
\irigftrkm Ofskj`> Zaf` i bfiturf ks mrfitfo k` i sheko ghofefr okgf`skh`s irf mrfitfo. _afsf
okgf`skh`s oh ghrf tai` sahw taf skzf hb taf bfiturf. _afy ofbk`f pirigftfrs tait mh`trhe pirt
jfhgftry. ]k`mf pirigftfrs mh`trhe jfhgftry, taf jfhgftry ks siko th cf okgf`skh` orkvf`.
\irigftfrs mi` cf orkvf` cy okgf`skh`ie vieufs, hr tafy mi` cf orkvf` cy htafr pirigftfrs usk`j
i rfeitkh`. Bhr k`sti`mf, taf ef`jta pirigftfr hb i bfiturf ks sft up sh tait kt ks iewiys twkmf tafwkota pirigftfr. Kb taf wkota mai`jfs, taf ef`jta wkee mai`jf thh.
_afrf irf htafr dk`os hb vieufs tait mi` cf usfo is pirigftfrs. I bhrguei tait rfeitfs spfmkbkm
bfiturf jfhgftry th vheugf, tfgpfriturf, strfss, wfkjat, i`o htafr prhpfrtkfs mi` iesh cf usfo k` pirigftrkm ofskj`s.
Zaf` pirigftfrs mai`jf, htafr pirigftfrs orkvf` cy taf ghokbkmitkh` iesh mai`jf. _aks ks taffssf`mf hb pirigftrkm ofskj`.
Sfeitkh`s i`o Sfeitkh`sakps> Zktak` i` issfgcey, taf ofskj`fr mi` ofbk`f i rfeitkh` suma tait
taf okigftfr hb i chrf k` h`f mhgph`f`t pirt iewiys fquies taf okigftfr hb i saibt, peus imefiri`mf vieuf, h` i`htafr pirt. _aks rfeitkh` f`surfs tait taf pirts iewiys bkt k` i` issfgcey,
fvf` kb taf okigftfr hb taf saibt mai`jfs. Kb taf ofskj` f`jk`ffr ghokbkfs taf okigftfr hb taf
saibt, taf okigftfr hb taf chrf iuthgitkmieey mai`jfs th immhgghoitf kt.
I`htafr wiy th rfeitf jfhgftry wktak` i ofskj` ks th mrfitf i pirf`t/makeo rfeitkh`sakp. _afrf irfgi`y wiys th oh taks. H`f ks th skgpey mrfitf i okgf`skh` pirigftfr cftwff` i `fw bfiturf i`o
i` fxkstk`j h`f. _af `fw bfiturf cfmhgfs taf makeo hb taf fxkstk`j pirf`t bfiturf.
Bkj. 3.1> \irigftrkm Sfeitkh` cftwff` i ahef k` h`f mhgph`f`t i`o i saibt k` i`htafr
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Bkj. 3.;> \irf`t-Makeo Bfiturf
Kb taf jfhgftry hb i pirf`t mai`jfs, taf makeo bfiturfs irf upoitfo wkta kt.
Bfiturfs hb i Oribtk`j \imdijf> _ypkmie bfiturfs tait h`f fxpfmts k` i oribtk`j pimdijf irf
ekstfo cfehw4
9. Oriwk`j utkektkfs> _aks k`meuofs sfefmtkh` hb u`kts, smrff` ekgkts, smief, s`ip, jrko, eiyfrs ftm.
3.
F`tkty Oriwk`j> ]fvfrie sti`oiro f`tktkfs ekdf ek`f, mkrmef, irm, pheyek`f, pheyjh`, feekpsf ftm.irf ivikeicef th mrfitf taf ghofe rfqukrfo.
=. Fokt Mhggi`os> I `ugcfr hb mhggi`os irf ivikeicef th ghokby hr mhpy hr rfpekmitf taf
f`tktkfs hr jrhups hb f`tktkfs k` i ghofe.
?. ]ti`oiro \irts> Bimkektkfs irf ivikeicef th mrfitf sygches, saipfs, i`o htafr sti`oiro pirts.
Brfquf`tey usfo pirts mi` cf sthrfo is cehmds wakma mi` cf k`sfrtfo k`th i oriwk`j is i`o
waf` rfqukrfo.
6. Okspeiy> _af ghofe mi` cf f`eirjfo, rfoumfo k` skzf, hr ghvfo imrhss taf smrff`, usk`j
okspeiy mhggi`os.
2. Mrhss aitmak`j> ]fmtkh`ie pei`s mi` cf k`okmitfo tarhuja mrhss aitmak`j.
:.
Okgf`skh`k`j> \irts mi` cf okgf`skh`fo usk`j i `ugcfr hb sti`oiro okgf`skh`k`j systfgs.1. \ehttk`j> Bimkektkfs th jft airo mhpkfs hb oriwk`js usk`j i pf` hr fefmtrhstitkm pehttfr i`o
prk`tfr wkee cf ivikeicef.
;. Mh`bkjuritkh`> I shbtwirf ais th cf mh`bkjurfo th i jkvf` airowirf f`vkrh`gf`t.
9<. Musthgkzitkh`> Oribtk`j prhoumtkvkty mi` cf f`ai`mfo tarhuja musthgkzk`j shbtwirf
pimdijf.
99. Oriwk`j K`tfrmai`jf> Kt giy cf `fmfssiry th kgphrt hr fxphrt oriwk`j bkefs mrfitfo k` h`f
shbtwirf pimdijf th i`htafr. Bimkektkfs sahueo cf ivikeicef th mirry hut taks tisd. _aks ks
usuieey mirrkfo hut cy i phst prhmfsshr th mh`vfrt taf ghofe k`th i `futrie bkef ekdf ]_F\ i`o prf-prhmfsshr th rfio taf ]_F\ bkef i`o mh`vfrt taf oiti k`th taf ghofe.
F`tktkfs> I oriwk`j ks mrfitfo usk`j i `ugcfr hb f`tktkfs. I eirjf `ugcfr hb hptkh`s irf prhvkofo th oriw taf f`tktkfs ofpf`ok`j uph` taf rfqukrfgf`ts. _af mhggh` f`tktkfs usfo bhr
oribtk`j irf ekstfo cfehw4
\hk`t IrmEk`f _rimf
Mkrmef \heyek`f (3O & =O)
\heyjh` Ohuja`utFeekpsf ]heko
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]hgf oribtk`j pimdijfs usf mh`strik`t cisfo mh`strumtkh` gftaho. Bkxk`j mh`strik`ts ieehwsk`tfrimtkvf mrfitkh`s hb virki`ts
Fokt Mhggi`os> Kt ks `fmfssiry th gidf ietfritkh`s th taf f`tktkfs hb i oriwk`j. FOK_
mhggi`os irf usfo bhr taks purphsf. I ekst hb FOK_ mhggi`os i`o tafkr bu`mtkh`s irf jkvf`
cfehw4
Mhggi`o @igf Bu`mtkh`
Frisf Frisf i sk`jef f`tkty hr i jrhup hb f`tktkfs.
Hhps _h rftrkfvf hcnfmts frisfo k`iovfrtf`tey.Ghvf Ghvf hcnfmts th i `fw ehmitkh`.
Irriy Gidf guetkpef mhpkfs hb i` hcnfmt k` rfmti`jueir hr mkrmueir pittfr`.
Mai`jf Mai`jf prhpfrtkfs ekdf mhehr, eiyfr, takmd`fss, ek`f typf, ef`jta hr ehmitkh`
hb f`tktkfs.
Cridf Crfid i` fxkstk`j f`tkty k`th pkfmfs.
Gkrrhr Mrfitf gkrrhr kgijfs hb fxkstk`j hcnfmts.
Fxpehof Fxpehof i cehmd hr pheyek`f k`th kts mhgph`f`t pirts.
Shtitf Shtitf i` fxkstk`j hcnfmt tarhuja i spfmkbkfo i`jef.
Maigbfr Maigbfr mhr`frs hb hcnfmts.
Bkeeft \rhvkof riokus hb hcnfmts.
]trftma Ghokby i pirt hr oriwk`j cy strftmak`j taf hcnfmts mh``fmtfo th kt.
Hbbsft Oriw pirieefes th ek`fs hr fxkstk`j murvfs.
V`oh V`oh i spfmkbkfo `ugcfr hb mhggi`os.
_rkg _rkg phrtkh` hb f`tktkfs.
Fxtf`o Fxtf`o i` f`tkty th i`htafr f`tkty.
Mhpy Gidf sk`jef hr guetkpef mhpkfs hb i` fxkstk`j hcnfmt.
]mief F`eirjf hr sark`d i` hcnfmt.
_icef 3.3> Fokt Mhggi`os
Okgf`skh`k`j> Okgf`skh`k`j i`o iook`j i``htitkh`s irf vfry kgphrti`t k` i`y oriwk`j.
Bkj. 3.9<> Oriwk`j i Jfir
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Jf`frieey ek`fir okgf`skh`k`j k`vhevfs taf oriwk`j hb twh fxtf`skh` ek`fs, (i okgf`skh` ek`fwkta irrhw afios) sfpiritfo brhg taf hcnfmt. Iooktkh`ieey thefri`mf vieufs giy iesh aivf th cf
sahw` k` shgf misfs.
_af okgf`skh`k`j bfiturfs iesh k`meuof i`jueir, riokie, okigftrkmie, iekj`fo i`o efiofr hptkh`s.
_af isshmkitkvf okgf`skh`k`j bfiturf ivikeicef k` shgf shbtwirf f`icefs iuthgitkm mai`jf k` tafokgf`skh`k`j waf` taf f`tktkfs irf foktfo. Gi`y MIO shbtwirf pfrgkt jf`fritkh` hb okgf`skh`
styefs mhgpitkcef th K]H, I@]K, OK@ i`o htafr sti`oiros. Okgf`skh`k`j bfiturf mi` cf
musthgkzfo cy isskj`k`j ipprhprkitf vieufs bhr virkhus okgf`skh` virkicefs.
Bkj. 3.99> Oriwk`j i ]aibt
=-O Oriwk`js>
Fxtruskh` (Ek`fir ]wffp)> ]kgpef =-O hcnfmts mi` cf mrfitfo cy fxtruok`j 3-O kgijfs k` taf
takro okgf`skh`. _af fxtruskh` takmd`fss mi` cf spfmkbkfo cy i` ipprhprkitf mhggi`o. _af
hcnfmts fxtruofo wkee aivf u`kbhrg takmd`fss k` taf ^ okrfmtkh`.
Bkj. 3.93> Fxtruskh` Fxigpef 9
Sfvheutkh`> Zkrf brigf kgijfs mi` cf mrfitfo cy rfvhevk`j i` f`tkty ichut i` ixks. K` Bkj. 3.9?
i sft hb f`tktkfs irf rfvhevfo ichut i` ixks tarhuja 3:<¼ th mrfitf i wkrf brigf hcnfmt. Shtitkh`tarhuja =2<¼ wkee prhoumf mhgpeftf hcnfmts.
Vsk`j Vsfr Mh-Hrok`itf ]ystfgs (VM])> MIO pimdijfs aivf i bimkekty th ofbk`f sfvfrie usfr
mh-hrok`itf systfgs. \ei`f bkjurfs mi` cf oriw` k` tafsf usfr mh-hrok`itf systfgs th mrfitf i =-O
wkrf brigf ghofe.
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I pei`f bkjurf oriw` k` i Vsfr Mh-hrok`itf ]ystfg mi` cf isskj`fo i takmd`fss th mrfitf i =-Owkrf brigf ghofe. Mhgpefx =-O ghofes mi` cf mrfitfo usk`j i mhgck`itkh` hb sfvfrie usfr mh-
hrok`itf systfgs i`o takmd`fssfs.
Bkj. 3.9=> Fxtruskh` Fxigpef 3
Bkj. 3.9?> Sfvheutkh` Bkj. 3.96> Vsfr Mh-hrok`itf ]ystfg
Musthgkzitkh`> Oribtk`j pimdijfs prhvkof fxtf`skvf musthgkzicef bfiturfs. Gi`y pimdijfs
irf prhvkofo wkta EK]\ cisfo hr ―M‗ cisfo prhjriggk`j f`vkrh`gf`t. _afsf mi` cf usfo th ofvfehp utkektkfs wakma mi` cf put k` gf`us i`o tafsf wkee cfaivf ekdf i`y htafr mhggi`o k` taf
shbtwirf. Ipirt brhg ofvfehpk`j tafsf prhjriggfs musthgkzitkh` k`vhevfs gi`y htafr tisds
wakma irf ekstfo cfehw4k. Ofskj` hb spfmkie gf`us - smrff`, puee ohw`, kmh`, cutth` ftm.kk. Mrfitk`j ghokbyk`j ek`f typfs.
kkk. Mrfitk`j aitma pittfr`s.
kv. Mrfitk`j sygches i`o bh`ts.
v. Musthgkzk`j afep bkefs.vk. K`tfrbimf wkta tfxt fokthrs, oiticisf gi`ijfgf`t prhjrigs, sprfio saffts, i`o
mhggu`kmitkh` prhjriggfs.
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vkk. Vsf hb mhggi`o iekisfs bhr brfquf`tey usfo mhggi`os.
]urbimfs> Ifstaftkm murvfs irf taf cukeok`j cehmds bhr pefisk`j surbimfs wakma irf taf dfy th
mrfitf jhho prhoumts. _af murvfs tait ofbk`f i surbimf irf mieefo chu`oiry murvfs. Zakef mrfitk`j
surbimfs, surbimf sk`jueirktkfs gust cf ivhkofo. _afrf mi` cf okbbfrf`t surbimf typfs4
9. Sfmti`jueir> _aks typf hb surbimf ks mairimtfrkzfo cy bhur chu`oiry murvfs. (Bkj. 3.92)
Bkj. 3.92> Sfmti`jueir ]urbimf Bkj. 3.9:> _rki`jueir ]urbimf
Bkj. 3.91> @-skofo ]urbimf Bkj. 3.9;> ]wffp ]urbimf
3. _rki`jueir> I surbimf ofbk`fo cy tarff chu`oiry murvfs (Bkj. 3.9:)
=. @-]kofo> _af surbimf ofbk`fo cy i` ircktriry `ugcfr hb murvfs (Bkj. 3.91)
?. ]wffp> I surbimf ofbk`fo cy ghvk`j i sft hb prhbkef murvfs sghhtaey ieh`j h`f hr twh jukof
murvfs (Bkj. 3.9;)
6. Siokus Bkeeft> I cef`o surbimf cftwff` twh sfts hb surbimfs (Bkj. 3.3<)
2.
Cef`o> _aks ks i spfmkie bhrg hb swffp. _af jukof murvfs irf twh murvfs h` surbimf. _af
cef`o ieehws usfr th cef`o taf surbimfs thjftafr hr gidf i virkicef bkeeft brhg tafkr ofbk`fo
murvfs. _aks typf hb bkeeft (Bkj. 3.39) `ffos i murvf h` fima surbimf bhr mh`strumtkh`.
:. Hbbsft> I` hbbsft surbimf ks mrfitfo cy hbbsfttk`j i surbimf it i oksti`mf brhg i` fxkstk`j
surbimf. (Bkj. 3.33)
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Bkj. 3.3<> Bkeeft ]urbimf
Bkj. 3.39> Cef`o ]urbimf
Bkj. 3.33> Hbbsft ]urbimf
Sf`ofrk`j> Sf`ofrk`j ks i jf`frie tfrg ofsmrkck`j taf hvfriee prhmfss hb rfprfsf`titkh` hb =-Ohcnfmt th i saiofo 3-O prhnfmtkh` h` taf smrff` hb taf mhgputfr. _aks k`vhevfs i `ugcfr hb
prhmfssfs4
9. Jf`fritkh` hb i oiti strumturf bhr pheyjh` ghofes tait wkee mh`tik` taf k`bhrgitkh` rfqukrfobhr taf saiok`j prhmfss.
3. Ippeyk`j tri`sbhrgitkh`s
=. ]mi` mh`vfrtk`j pheyjh`s
?. Akoof` surbimf rfghvie
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6. ]aiok`j k`okvkouie pkxfes.
Mh`bkjurk`j _af Oribtk`j ]hbtwirf> I oribtk`j pimdijf ks i jf`frie purphsf shbtwirf wakma
ais th cf ru` h` sfvfrie typfs hb airowirf f`vkrh`gf`t. _af tisd hb ghokbyk`j i pimdijf th
gidf kt sukticef th whrd k` i pirtkmueir airowirf f`vkrh`gf`t ks mieefo mh`bkjurk`j. _af
mh`bkjurk`j ks th cf mirrkfo hut bhr4
9. Okspeiyk`j taf oriwk`js h` i pirtkmueir typf hb gh`kthr.3. K`tfrbimk`j i pirtkmueir okjktkzfr hr ghusf.
=. K`tfrbimk`j i pirtkmueir typf hb prk`tfr i`o/hr i pehttfr.
_aks ks mirrkfo hut usk`j ofvkmf orkvfr bkefs prhvkofo cy taf shbtwirf gh`kthr.
I`kgitkh`> I`kgitkh` ks taf prhmfss k` wakma taf keeuskh` hb ghvfgf`t ks imakfvfo cy mrfitk`j
i`o okspeiyk`j i sfquf`mf hb kgijfs wkta fefgf`ts tait ippfir th aivf ghtkh`. _af keeuskh` hbghvfgf`t mi` cf imakfvfo k` virkhus wiys. _af ghst hcvkhus wiy ks th mai`jf taf ehmitkh`s hb
virkhus fefgf`ts hb virkhus kgijfs k` taf sfquf`mf. Htafr wiys k`meuof tri`sbhrgk`j i` hcnfmt
th i`htafr (gftighrpahsks), mai`jfs k` mhehr hb i` hcnfmt, hr mai`jfs hb ekjat k`tf`sktkfs.
Mh`vf`tkh`ie I`kgitkh`> _af fgpaisks hb mh`vf`tkh`ie i`kgitkh` ks usuieey h` taf irtkstkm
ispfmts i`o ehhds hb taf kgijfs k` taf i`kgitkh` sfquf`mf. _af i`kgithr oriws i sfquf`mf hb
pkmturfs wakma, kb i`kgitfo, prhoumfs taf keeuskh` hb taf prhpfr ghtkh`. @h miemueitkh`s hr payskmie eiws irf k`vhevfo k` jf`fritk`j taf pkmturfs. _af gik` mrktfrkh` th jf`fritf tafsf
pkmturfs ks tait taf ghtkh` ehhds is rfie is phsskcef th taf hcsfrvk`j fyf.
Bkj. 3.3=> _ypfs hb I`kgitkh`
K` mrfitk`j i` i`kgitfo bkeg cy mh`vf`tkh`ie i`kgitkh`, taf bheehwk`j stfps irf utkekzfo4
9. Dfybrigf> I`kgithrs oriw dfybrigfs tait mhrrfsph`o th taf ghvfgf`t hb taf bkegmairimtfrs i`o th taf tkgk`j rfqukrfo. I` i`kgithr ks usuieey isskj`fo th h`f spfmkbkm
mairimtfr. I`kgithrs irf sdkeefo k`okvkouies wah u`ofrsti`o augi` i`o i`kgie ghtkh`s
tahrhujaey i`o wah aivf jhho kgijk`itkh`.3.
K `cftwff`k`j> K`tfrpheitkh` cftwff` i`y twh dfybrigfs gust cf giof th prhoumf sghhta
i`kgitkh`. _aks k`tfrpheitkh` prhmfss, wakma ks oh`f gi`uieey, i`o taf rfsuetk`j brigfs irf
d`hw` is k`cftwff`k`j i`o k`cftwff`s rfspfmtkvfey.
=. Bhr taf sghhtafst i`kgitkh`, 3? brigfs gust cf oriw` bhr fvfry sfmh`o hb i`kgitkh`. Kb tafghvfgf`t k` i mfrtik` smf`f hb taf i`kgitkh` ks th tidf @ sfmh`os, taf k`cftwff`fr gust
oriw 3?@ brigfs hb taf sigf smf`f th mhgpeftf taks ghvfgf`t.
?. E k`f _fstk`j> _af oriwk`js (ek`f oriwk`js taus bir) hb taf dfybrigfs i`o k`cftwff`s irf
pahthmhpkfo h`th tri`spirf`t imftitf (mfe), i`o irf bkegfo u`ofr i rhstrug migfri th tfst tafquiekty hb taf ghvfgf`ts prhoumfo.
6. \ik`tk`j> Ibtfr i`y ghokbkmitkh`s irksk`j brhg taf ek`f tfsts, mfees irf pik`tfo th k`trhoumf
mhehr wakma rfsuets k` i mhehr bkeg. \ik`tk`j iesh jkvfs taf i`kgitfo mairimtfrs i sf`sf hbshekokty. ]titkm cimdjrhu`os aivf th cf pik`tfo iesh.
2. Bkegk`j> _af bk`ie pahthjripay u`ofr taf rhstrug migfri ks mirrkfo hut h` mhehr bkegs hr
vkofhtipfs. ]hu`otrimds hb vhkmf, guskm, i`o fbbfmt (suma is tau`ofrsthrgk`j) irf ioofo thtaf bkeg.
]pfmkie fbbfmts irf usfo k` mh`vf`tkh`ie i`kgitkh` th kgprhvf taf quiekty hb taf i`kgitfo bkeg.
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Bkj. 3.3?> ]tfps hb mh`vf`tkh`ie i`kgitkh`
Mhgputfr I`kgitkh`> Mhgputfr i`kgitkh` ks i vkicef sheutkh` th ieefvkitf ghst hb taf prhcefgs
hb mh`vf`tkh`ie i`kgitkh`. _af usf hb mhgputfr i`kgitkh` k` f`tfrtik`gf`t ais f`icefo ghrfmhgpekmitfo ghtkh`s i`o ghrf rfiekstkm kgijfs th cf k`trhoumfo tai` gi`uie i`kgitkh` mi`
hbbfr. Iesh, kt ais f`icefo payskmie eiws th cf k`mhrphritfo k`th i`kgitkh`.
Zkta ghrf i`o ghrf usf hb taf mhgputfr k` i`kgitkh`, wf sff i sakbt brhg mh`mfkvk`j i`kgitkh`
is i gfrf irt k`th i smkf`mf. _aks sakbt ohfs `ht sujjfst taf fekgk`itkh` hb irt k` i`kgitkh`.Sitafr, kt sujjfsts tait i`kgitkh` sahueo cf cisfo h` i ciei`mf hb irt i`o smkf`mf. It taf prfsf`t
tkgf, i`kgitkh` irt ks ghrf iovi`mfo tai` i`kgitkh` smkf`mf.
_wh meissfs hb mhgputfr i`kgitkh` mi` cf okstk`juksafo is bheehws4 F`tfrtik`gf`t I`kgitkh`
F`jk`ffrk`j I`kgitkh`
F`tfrtik`gf`t I`kgitkh`> Mhgputfr jripakms tfma`kqufs mi` cf usfo th jf`fritf taf oriwk`js
hb dfybrigfs i`o k`cftwff`s. _af oriwk`js hb dfybrigfs mi` cf mrfitfo wkta i` k`tfrimtkvf
jripakms fokthr, mi` cf okjktkzfo, hr mi` cf prhoumfo cy prhjriggk`j. _af k`cftwff`s mi` cf
mhgpeftfey miemueitfo cy taf mhgputfr cy k`tfrpheitk`j ieh`j mhgpefx pitas hb ghtkh`. _af usfhb eiyfrs k` jf`fritk`j tafsf oriwk`js ks vfry usfbue. Oriwk`js tait irf sairfo cy ghrf tai` h`f
brigf irf sthrfo h` sfpiritf eiyfrs i`o sairfo cy iee taf brigfs cy hvfreiyk`j taf prhpfr eiyfrs
thjftafr.
]aiok`j tfma`kqufs mi` cf usfo th pik`t taf oriwk`js hb taf virkhus brigfs. @ht h`ey oh tafsftfma`kqufs ioo jrfit vksuie rfieksg th taf i`kgitkh` cut tafy iesh prhvkof i tf`bheo rfoumtkh` k`
tkgf tidf` bhr taks tisd.
_af usf hb mhgputfr k` mh`vf`tkh`ie i`kgitkh` is ofsmrkcfo ichvf ks d`hw` is mhgputfrisskstfo twh-okgf`skh`ie i`kgitkh` (shgftkgfs mieefo dfybrigf i`kgitkh`). Iuthgitkm
k`cftwff`k`j ais cff` taf prkgiry bhmus hb ittf`tkh` k` ghvk`j brhg mh`vf`tkh`ie i`kgitkh` th
mhgputfr isskstfo i`kgitkh`.Ghofefo i`kgitkh` (shgftkgfs mieefo tarff-okgf`skh`ie i`kgitkh`), h` taf htafr ai`o, ks i`
f`tkrfey okbbfrf`t gfokug. Kt hpf`s up taf phsskckekty hb utkekzk`j taf ivikeicef mhgputfr jripakms
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i`o MIO tfma`kqufs th mrfitf smf`fs, ghvfgf`ts, i`o kgijfs tait irf okbbkmuet th imakfvf cymh`vf`tkh`ie gfi`s.
Ibtfr taf sthrychiro ks prfpirfo bhr i bkeg, taf bheehwk`j stfps irksf th imakfvf ghofefo
i`kgitkh`4
9. Jfhgftrkm ofsmrkptkh`> K` hrofr th ieehw taf mhgpeftf i`o jf`frie tarff-okgf`skh`iei`kgitkh` hb oriw` hcnfmts, tafy sahueo cf ofsmrkcfo is jfhgftrkm ghofes utkekzk`j
wkrfbrigf, surbimf hr sheko rfprfsf`titkh`s.
3. Brigf jf̀ fritkh`> Mirthh` i`kgitkh` ais oriw` hcnfmts brfquf`tey oksthrtfo cy strftmak`j, cf`ok`j i`o twkstk`j bhr aughrhus fbbfmt. Ipirt brhg taks fbbfmt, tafsf hcnfmts mi` fxakckt
oy`igkm ghvfgf`ts cy ippeyk`j virkhus jfhgftrkm tri`sbhrgitkh`s th tafkr jfhgftrkm
ghofes.=. E k`f _fstk`j> Ibtfr iee brigfs irf jf`fritfo, tafkr mhrrfsph`ok`j kgijfs irf jf`fritfo cy
saiok`j tafg. _afsf kgijfs mi` cf i`kgitfo i`o okspeiyfo h` taf jripakms okspeiy th tfst taf
ghvfgf`ts k` rfie tkgf.
?. Sfmhrok`j> Zaf` iee taf kgijfs i`o brigfs irf sitksbimthry, taf kgijfs irf rfmhrofo brigf cy brigf h`th vkofh rfmhrofrs hr bkegs. ]hgftkgfs kgijfs irf prhoumfo h` pipfr hr mfe bhr
bkegk`j u`ofr i mh`vf`tkh`ie rhstrug migfri, hr buee skzf `fjitkvfs irf giof hb tafsf kgijfs
th f`icef hptkmie trkmds hr fvf` shgf ai`o mhehrk`j th cf mirrkfo hut.
F`jk`ffrk`j I`kgitkh`> F`jk`ffrk`j I`kgitkh` ks k` ktsfeb i bhrg hb ghofefo i`kgitkh`,
oksmussfo k` taf prfvkhus sfmtkh`. _af okbbfrf`mf ks tait taf bhrgfr ks smkf`mf hrkf`tfo wakef tafeittfr ks kgijf hrkf`tfo. Efss fgpaisks h` kgijf rfieksg i`o `h bikrk`j mairimtfrkzf f`jk`ffrk`ji`kgitkh`. K` bimt, wkrfbrigf i`kgitkh` mi` cf subbkmkf`t k` shgf ippekmitkh`s. K` iooktkh`,
kgijfry k` f`jk`ffrk`j i`kgitkh` mhueo bhmus h` taf smkf`tkbkm mh`tf`ts hb taf brigfs k`stfio hb
tafkr rfiekstkm i`o smf`km ehhd.I` f`jk`ffrk`j i`kgitkh` systfg `ffos th gfft taf bheehwk`j rfqukrfgf`ts4
9. Fximt rfprfsf`titk h` i`o okspeiy hb oiti> Cy oiti, wf gfi` hcnfmts hr `ugfrkmie rfsuets hb
skgueitkh`. Oiti gust cf okspeiyicef k` i` kgijf (saiofo) bhrg bhr cfttfr vksuiekzitkh` i`o
u`ofrsti`ok`j. Sistfr okspeiys irf usuieey usfo th okspeiy i`kgitkh` cfmiusf hb tafkr ickektyth okspeiy sheko irfis hb mhehr i`o pittfr`s.
3. Akja-spffo i`o iuthgitkm prhoumtkh` hb i`kgitkh`> K` hrofr th usf i`kgitkh` is i` iko hb
mhggu`kmitkh` cftwff` f`jk`ffrs i`o ofskj`frs, i`kgitfo brigfs gust cf prhoumfo bist i`o`ffo i akja-spffo okspeiy.
=. Ehw ahst ofpf`of`my> I` f`jk`ffrk`j i`kgitkh` systfg gust cf ivikeicef th f`jk`ffrs
ourk`j tafkr ghofek`j i`o skgueitkh`. _af systfg gust `ht ofpf`o afivkey h` ahstmhgputfrs tait irf usuieey hvfrehiofo.
I`kgitkh` ]ystfgs>
Airowirf Mh`bkjuritkh`> I` i`kgitkh` systfg giy mh`skst hb i mhgputfr th miemueitf i`o
jf`fritf taf rfqukrfo brigfs bhr i`kgitkh` i`o i jripakms okspeiy (usuieey ristfr okspeiy) thokspeiy taf brigfs summfsskvfey is tafy irf jf`fritfo. Ahwfvfr, taf k`ickekty hb mhgputfrs th
jf`fritf i`o okspeiy taf brigfs bist f`huja gidfs kt kgphsskcef th imakfvf i`kgitkh`. Ghst
mhgputfrs mi``ht imakfvf taf i`kgitkh` quiekty hb mhggfrmkie ghvkfs hr tfefvkskh`.
H`f wiy th shevf taf ichvf spffo prhcefg ks th sivf taf brigfs is tafy irf jf`fritfo i`o taf` thrfokspeiy tafg mh`tk`uhusey eitfr k` hrofr th mrfitf taf i`kgitkh` fbbfmt.
_wh hb mhggh` gfoki th sivf brigfs irf migfris i`o vkofhtipf rfmhrofrs. _af systfg wkta i
ghvkf migfri sivfs taf brigfs pahthjripakmieey h` i bkeg. _af migfri ks k`tfrbimfo i`otafrfbhrf mh`trheefo cy taf mhgputfr. Zaf` taf mhgputfr mhgpeftfs h`f brigf, taf ghvkf
migfri, wahsf sauttfr ks trkjjfrfo fefmtrh`kmieey cy taf mhgputfr, tri`sbfrs tait kgijf th i sk`jef
brigf i`o taf` iovi`mfs taf bkeg cy h`f brigf. Zaf` taf mhgputfr bk`ksafs taf `fxt brigf, tafmigfri rfmhros kt i`o ijik` iovi`mfs kts bkeg h`f brigf. Zaf` iee taf bkegs irf pahthjripafo,
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taf bkeg ks ofvfehpfo i`o sahw` th prhoumf taf i`kgitkh` sfquf`mf. Fbbfmtkvf usf hb taks bkegk`jtfma`kquf rfqukrfs i` u`ofrsti`ok`j hb taf bimthrs tait ibbfmt stkee pahthjripay hb vkofh kgijfs,
suma is fxphsurf tkgk`j, igckf`t ekjat, i`o taf iekj`gf`t hb taf migfri wkta taf smrff`.
Bkj. 3.36> ]tfps hb ghofefo i`kgitkh`
i) ]ystfg wkta i migfri c) ]ystfg wkta i vkofhtipf rfmhrofr
Bkj. 3.36> Airowirf mh`bkjuritkh` hb i`kgitkh` systfgs
Bkj. 3.32> I`kgitkh` systfg wkta i vkofhtipf rfmhrofr
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]hbtwirf Irmaktfmturf> I`kgitkh` shbtwirf ks taf dfy mhgph`f`t hb taf i`kgitkh` systfgs. _af
systfg ais twh prkgiry bu`mtkh`s> prhoumf taf i`kgitkh` brigfs i`o mh`trhe taf airowirf. _hofskj` i summfssbue i`kgitkh` shbtwirf, bhur hcnfmtkvfs giy cf kof`tkbkfo is bheehws4
_h aivf i prfvkfwk`j mipickekty
_h cf icef th fokt i`kgitkh` cfbhrf rfmhrok`j
_h prhoumf `iturie bikrk`j hb ghvfgf`t_h mh`trhe taf prhmfss hb tri`sbfrrk`j mhgputfr-jf`fritfo kgijfs th rfmhrok`j gfoki suma is
bkegs hr vkofhtipf
_af jripakms i`o i`kgitkh` fokthrs irf rfsph`skcef bhr prhmfssk`j usfr mhggi`os. _afy irfk`vhdfo cy taf mhrrfsph`ok`j usfr k`tfrbimfs. K` iooktkh` th gi`ijk`j taf f`tkrf i`kgitkh`
shbtwirf, taf jehcie mh`trheefr okrfmts taf usfr k`put th taf prhpfr fokthr. _af jripakms k`put oiti,
rfmfkvfo cy taf jripakms gi`ijfr tarhuja taf jripakms fokthr, ks usfo th mrfitf taf hcnfmt
oiticisf. ]kgkeirey, taf i`kgitkh` k`put oiti ks prhmfssfo cy taf i`kgitkh` gi`ijfr, thjftafrwkta taf jripakms gi`ijfr, th mrfitf taf ghtkh` oiticisf. I tfgpeitf oiticisf hb sti`oiro pirts
hr hcnfmts giy cf ivikeicef th chta gi`ijfrs. K` i` f`jk`ffrk`j f`vkrh`gf`t, taf tarff oiticisfs
whueo iesh cf sairfo cy htafr systfgs suma is i MIO/MIG systfg i`o i oy`igkm skgueitkh`
systfg.
Bkj. 3.3:> ]hbtwirf irmaktfmturf hb i`kgitkh` systfgs
Issfgcey Ghofek`j> Issfgcey ghofek`j ks taf prhmfss hb mrfitk`j ofskj`s tait mh`skst hb twh
hr ghrf mhgph`f`ts issfgcefo thjftafr it tafkr rfspfmtkvf whrd phsktkh`s. _af mhgph`f`ts irf
crhujat thjftafr i`o issfgcefo k` Issfgcey Ofskj` whrdcf`ma cy ippeyk`j sukticef pirigftrkm
issfgcey mh`strik`ts th tafg. _af issfgcey mh`strik`ts ieehw yhu th rfstrkmt taf ofjrffs hbbrffohg hb mhgph`f`ts h` tafkr rfspfmtkvf whrd phsktkh`s.
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Okbbfrf`t Ipprhimafs hb Mrfitk`j i` Issfgcey> Issfgcey ghofes mi` cf mrfitfo cy iohptk`j
bheehwk`j twh typfs hb ipprhimafs4
9. Chtthg-Vp Issfgcey> _af chtthg-up issfgcey ks taf ghst prfbfrrfo ipprhima bhr mrfitk`j
issfgcey ghofes. K` taks hb ipprhima, taf mhgph`f`ts irf mrfitfo k` taf \irt Ofskj`
whrdcf`ma is (*.MI_\irt) bkef. _af` taf prhoumt (*.MI_\rhoumt) bkef ks stirtfo i`o iee taf prfvkhusey mrfitfo mhgph`f`ts irf k`sfrtfo i`o peimfo k` kt usk`j taf thhes prhvkofo k` taf
Issfgcey Ofskj` whrdcf`ma. Ibtfr k`sfrtk`j fima mhgph`f`t, mh`strik`ts irf ippekfo th
phsktkh` tafg prhpfrey k` taf =O spimf wkta rfspfmt th htafr mhgph`f`ts.
Iohptk`j taf chtthg-up ipprhima jkvfs taf usfr taf hpphrtu`kty th piy ghrf ittf`tkh` th tafoftikes hb taf mhgph`f`ts is tafy irf ofskj`fo k`okvkouieey. Cfmiusf taf htafr mhgph`f`ts
irf `ht prfsf`t k` taf sigf wk`ohw, kt cfmhgfs guma fiskfr th gik`tik` i rfeitkh`sakp cftwff` taf bfiturfs hb taf murrf`t mhgph`f`t. _aks ipprhima ks prfbfrrfo bhr eirjf
issfgcekfs, fspfmkieey tahsf aivk`j k`trkmitf k`okvkouie mhgph`f`ts.
3. _hp-ohw` Issfgcey> K` taf thp-ohw` issfgcey ofskj` ipprhima, mhgph`f`ts irf mrfitfo
k`skof taf Issfgcey Ofskj` whrdcf`ma. _afrfbhrf, tafrf ks `h `ffo th mrfitf sfpiritf pirt
bkefs hb taf mhgph`f`ts. _aks ofskj` ipprhima ks mhgpeftfey okbbfrf`t brhg taf chtthg-up
ofskj` ipprhima. Afrf yhu aivf th stirt taf prhoumt bkef bkrst i`o taf`, h`f cy h`f, mrfitf ieemhgph`f`ts. @htf tait fvf` tahuja taf mhgph`f`ts irf mrfitfo k`skof taf prhoumt bkef, tafy
irf sivfo is k`okvkouie pirt bkefs i`o mi` cf hpf`fo sfpiritfey eitfr.
Iohptk`j taf thp-ohw` ofskj` ipprhima jkvfs taf usfr taf okstk`mtkvf iovi`tijf hb usk`j tafjfhgftry hb h`f mhgph`f`t th ofbk`f taf jfhgftry hb taf htafr. Afrf taf mh`strumtkh` i`oissfgcey hb taf mhgph`f`ts tidfs peimf skgueti`fhusey. Is i rfsuet hb taks, taf usfr mi` vkfw
taf ofvfehpgf`t hb taf prhoumt k` rfie tkgf. _aks ofskj` ipprhima ks akjaey prfbfrrfo, wakef
whrdk`j h` i mh`mfptuie ofskj` hr i thhe ofskj` wafrf taf rfbfrf`mf hb prfvkhusey mrfitfo pirts ks rfqukrfo th ofvfehp i `fw pirt.