Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 121 Vol. 12, No. 2, 2017
Combined Effects of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) Infection and
Salinity Stress on Barley Growth and Yield Parameters
Asma Najar, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie, Université
de Carthage, 1004 Tunis-Manzah, Tunisia, Mejda Abassi, Institut National de Recherche en Génie Rural, Eaux et Forêts, Université de Carthage, 1004 Tunis-
Manzah, Tunisia, Hajer Ben Ghanem, Institut National de la Recherche
Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage, 1004 Tunis-Manzah, Tunisia, and
Ahmed Debez, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj Cédria, Université de Carthage,
BP 901, 2050 Hammam-lif, Tunisia __________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Najar, A., Abassi, M., Ben Ghanem, H., and Debez, A. 2017.Combined effects of Barley
yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) infection and salinity stress on barley growth and yield
parameters. Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 12: 121-133.
Following the current climate changes, Tunisia climate is characterized by less and more irregular rainfall together with milder and shorter winter, resulting in increased soil salinity and higher incidence of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). The selection of productive cultivars adapted to both abiotic and biotic constraints is crucial for crop breeders, and especially for cereal breeding. In this study, the behavior of two genotypes (G1 and G2) obtained from a cross breeding (QB813-2/3/Lignee527/NK1272//JLB70-63) and the most commonly grown cultivar Rihane were compared for their responses to the combined effects of various salinity levels (0 to 150 mM NaCl) and BYDV virus infection. Rihane was the most sensitive cultivar under biotic and abiotic stress combination whereas growth and yield parameters were significantly improved in G1 and G2 genotypes under BYDV+50
mM NaCl treatment. In addition, these two genotypes were less affected by the virus infection and high salinity (100 and 150 mM NaCl) combination than Rihane. Interestingly, stress tolerance index was higher in G2, followed by G1 and Rihane, suggesting that this parameter could be a useful trait to discriminate genotypes for their performance under multiple stress conditions.
Keywords: Barley, BYDV, growth, salinity, stress tolerance, yield
__________________________________________________________________________
Cereal crops are of vital
importance in Tunisia, since their
products contribute to the population food
balance, and are therefore considered as
strategic crops for the nation. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is one of the most
Corresponding author: Asma Najar
Email address: [email protected]
Accepted for publication 16 June 2017
frequently cultivated cereals in Tunisia. It
is commonly used as animal feed. With a
growing area estimated at 600,000 ha,
barley is the second most grown cereal
after wheat in Tunisia (El Felah et al. 2015). Its cultivated area extends from the
semi-arid to arid regions (located in the
central to the southern part of the
country), characterized by low
precipitations and low quality of
irrigation water, especially with respect to
its salinity level, which often exceeds the
salt-tolerance limits of crops (Walia et al.
2006).
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 122 Vol. 12, No. 2, 2017
In Tunisia, salinity is estimated to
affect around 12% of arable soils
corresponding to 1.8× 106ha (Mashali et
al. 2005). Salinity level of irrigation water
generally varies between 30 to 100 mM
NaCl, but can reach up to 140 mM NaCl
in the Saharan areas (Hammami et al.
2016). Even though, barley is a relatively
salt-tolerant crop, maintaining reasonable growth under moderate salinity levels, the
plant productivity in terms of biomass
and grain yield is severely affected by
high salinity levels (Qiao et al. 2007).
Interestingly, several reports highlighted,
however, the presence of variability of the
plant behavior when exposed to salinity,
depending on the origin of the used
germplasm (Abassi et al. 2012).
Besides abiotic constraints like
salinity, biotic stresses affect the productivity of cereal crops (including
barley). This is the case of the insect-
vectored Barley yellow dwarf virus
(BYDV). It is frequent in natural and
agricultural systems throughout the world
and can be found in various native,
invasive and cropland Graminae hosts
(Davis et al. 2015). Yield losses of 15-
46% have been documented in oat,
barley, and wheat (Kaddachi et al. 2014).
In Idaho, yield losses of 70-100% in wheat plants were related to BYDV
infection (Marshall and Rashed 2014). In
Tunisia, 20-30% of cereal productivity
was lost, and possibly higher for barley,
have been reported, especially when the
climate conditions are favorable for the
development and dissemination of aphid
species responsible for disease
transmission (Jefferson et al. 1987; Najar
2009; Najar and Hamdi 2014). Due to
their sessile lifestyle, plants are
continuously exposed to a wide range of abiotic stresses (drought, salinity,
temperature variations) in interaction with
biotic stresses (insect pests, fungal and
bacterial pathogens). Since field
conditions are unlike the controlled
laboratory conditions, several stresses
may occur together. As pointed out by
Atkinson and Urwin (2012), a greater
attempt must be made to mimic these
conditions in laboratory studies. The
current change in climate conditions due
to mostly anthropogenic causes such as
the increase in CO2 emissions (Peters et al. 2011) exacerbates agricultural land
deterioration due to temperature rise. This
leads to increased evapotranspiration,
more frequent drought episodes (Zhao
and Running 2010) and increasing soil
salinization. Actually, many abiotic stress
conditions were shown to deteriorate
plant defense mechanisms and to enhance
their susceptibility to pathogen infections
(Amtmann et al. 2008; Goel et al. 2008;
Mittler and Blumwald 2010). Major crops grown in the field will be most likely
exposed to more severe abiotic and biotic
conditions.
So far, the effect of combined
stresses on barley productivity was poorly
investigated. In order to assess whether
the effects of abiotic and biotic stresses
are combined in barley, the present study
aimed to compare the behavior of tow
barley genotypes and Rihane when they
were simultaneously exposed to salinity stress and BYDV infection, with special
emphasis on some morphological and
physiological parameters related to their
growth and yield.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant material.
Barley genotypes used in this
study were bred through a cross (QB813-
2/3/Lignee527/NK1272//JLB70-63) aim-
ing to develop high-yielding spring barley
with high BYDV resistance (G1 and G2). Rihane, the most commonly grown barley
cultivar in Tunisia, known to be relatively
salt-tolerant (Sbei et al. 2012) and
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 123 Vol. 12, No. 2, 2017
sensitive to BYDV (Najar 2009), was
used as control.
Culture conditions and experimental
design.
The trial was performed in 2008-
2009 growing season, under semi-
controlled conditions at the National
Institute of Agronomic Research of Tunisia (INRAT). Plants were grown
outdoors under semi-controlled
conditions (covered with a plastic film to
control irrigation). Seeds were sown in 5
kg plastic pots with a drain hole in the
bottom, and filled with a substrate
composed of a mixture of sand (2/3) and
forest soil (1/3) with certain physico-
chemical properties (Béjaoui et al. 2008)
detailed in Table 1.Plants were watered
with deionized water until the three leaf
stage before applying stress. Four salinity
levels (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl)
combined or not with BYDV infection, were used. Soil salinity was regularly
monitored by measuring the electrical
conductivity of the excess solution
coming out of drain hole.
Table 1. Physico-chemical composition of the mixture (sand and forest soil)
used as substrate (Béjaoui et al. 2008)
Variable Quantity Variable Quantity
Clay (%) 13 P2O5 (OLSEN) (ppm) 185
Fine limon (%) 6 K2O (ppm) 70
Coarse limon (%) 5 Total nitrogen (ppm) 595
Fine sand (%) 18 Organic matter (%) 1.4
Coarse sand (%) 58 Moisture level (%):
Total calcareous (%) 5 -pF 2.8 8
Active calcareous (%) 1 -pF 4.2 4
pH 1/2.5 7
BYDV-PAV strain used in this study was serologically and molecularly
characterized (Najar et al. 2017). BYDV
inoculation was performed through the
aphid vector Rhopalosiphum padi
(Comeau 1984). A pure virus-free colony
of this species was established from a
single apterous aphid and reared for two
weeks in a screen cage in a glasshouse
under controlled conditions of 19±1°C
temperature and 16 h/8 h photoperiod.
Aphids were transferred and kept on infected barley plants (cv. Manel) for 48
h to provide access to the virus. After
virus acquisition, viruliferous aphids were
collected and transferred to healthy barley
seedlings (at 2-to 3-trueleaf stages).
About5 to 10 aphids were used per
seedling to inoculate them with the virus.
About 48 h later, confidor insecticide
polyvalent was applied to kill the aphids (0.4ml/l of water). To assess the success
of the infection, virus presence was
checked by the tissue blot immunoassay,
15 days after inoculation (Makkouk and
Kumari1996). A split-split plot
experimental design with 4 replications
and 4 plants per replication combining the
different treatments was used for this
study.
Growth parameters. Straw height was determined with
a ruler from the collar until the base of the
mature spike. Tillers’ number per plant,
spike number, grain number per spike,
and 1000-grain weight were also
determined for each plant. At the end of
the experiment, shoot and root dry
weights were also determined.
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 124 Vol. 12, No. 2, 2017
Yield index.
Yield index (YI) was calculated
according to Gavussi et al. (1997) as
follows: YI = ys / ȳs, where ys is the yield
per cultivar under stress conditions and ȳs
is the mean yield of all genotypes under
stress.
Statistical analysis. A three-way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) using GenStat Release 15.1
test with LSD mean comparison at P<
0.05 was performed to assess the main
effects of individual treatments (C,
cultivar; S, salinity; V, Virus inoculation),
and their interactions (C × S, C × V, S ×
V, C × S × V) on the different parameters
measured in this study (Table 2).
RESULTS The three-way ANOVA revealed a
significant effect of two individual
treatments (C and S) on all the
parameters, whereas V showed no effect
on spike number per plant (Table 2). The
combined treatments (C × S, C × V, S ×
V, and C × S × V) had different effects on
the parameters measured in the present
study (Table2).
Tiller number per plant. The number of tillers was
significantly affected by all treatments,
except by C × S and C × S × V
combinations (Table 2). In the non-
inoculated controls, the number of tillers
was comparable for the three genotypes
(about 4.5 tillers per plant) (Fig. 1). Virus
infection under salt-free conditions
resulted into a considerable stimulation in
the genotype G1 which had more tillers
than G2 and Rihane (5.3, 4.3, and 3.9
tillers/plant, respectively). Under saline conditions, non-inoculated plants of G1
and Rihane had higher number of tillers
than their control (0mMNaCl), especially
for G1 which had the maximal value at
150 mM NaCl (5.3tillers/plant). With
respect to G2, no effect was observed.
Under combined stress conditions, this
parameter showed are duction in both G1
and Rihane, with a more pronounced
effect for the latter, especially at 150 mM
NaCl (-30 and -40%, respectively as
compared to the inoculated control). G2 was the most stable cultivar since no
impact on tiller number was noted. At the
highest salinity levels, G1 and G2were
less affected than Rihane (3.9, 3.6, and
2.5 tillers/plant, respectively). It is
noteworthy that combined stress effects
were more pronounced in G1 and Rihane
as compared to G2.
Spike number per plant.
Spike number per plant was significantly affected by C, S, and S × V
(Table 2). In the absence of salt stress and
BYDV infection, the mean number of
spikes produced per plant was close to 2.3
(Fig. 2), whereas it increased in G1 and
G2 genotypes (3.8 and 3.4 spikes per
plant, respectively). Upon exposure to
moderate salinity, non-inoculated plants
of G1 and Rihane showed higher values
for this parameter (3.3 and 3.1 spikes per
plant at 100 and 50 mM NaCl, respectively), whereas no effect was
found for G2. At 150 mM NaCl, plants of
the three genotypes showed comparable
values (2.5 spikes per plant). As for tiller
number, all genotypes showed a
significant decline in the spike number
per plant under combined effect of
BYDV infection and salinity stress
(especially at 100 and 150 mM NaCl),
with values comparable to the control (0
mM NaCl). In addition, non-inoculated
plants exposed to salinity were more productive than the inoculated ones,
especially in G1 and Rihane.
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 125 Vol. 12, No. 2, 2017
Fig. 1. Effect of salinity-BYDV infection stress combination on the number of tillers per plant
of three barley genotypes (Rihane, G1 and G2).LSD (at P=0.05) for predicted means = 0.8116.
Grains number per spike. This parameter was statistically
comparable in the salt-free and non-
inoculated plants of the three genotypes,
even though Rihane and G2 genotypes
were slightly more productive than G1
(27, 24, and 22 grains per spike,
respectively) (Fig. 3). BYDV inoculation
in absence of salt stress led to a
significant decline in this parameter in G1
and Rihane (-35% on average), whereas
G2 seemed to be stable. Interestingly, salt-exposed and non-inoculated plants of
G1 and G2 had higher values as
compared to the control (salt-free), even at 150 mM NaCl (26 and 31 grains per
spike, respectively), whereas a decline
was observed for Rihane (19 grains per
spike). Effect of both stresses seems to be
not additive since the general behavior of
genotypes under combined effects of
salinity and BYDV was similar to that
observed under salinity stress only.
However, it is worth noting that G1
genotype was more productive under
combined stress conditions (especially 100 mM NaCl) than under salt stress only
(35 and 29 grains per spike, respectively).
Table 2. Results of a three-way ANOVA showing effects of genotypes (C), salinity levels (S), virus (V) infection,
and their interactions on the different agronomic parameters of barley
F pr. df
Tiller
number
per plant
Spike
number
per plant
Grains
per
spike
Straw
height
1000-
grain
weight
Shoot
dry
weight
Root/Shoot
dry weight
C 2 < .001 0.003 < .001 < .001 < .001 < .001 0.003
S 3 0.009 < .001 < .001 < .001 < .001 < .001 < .001
V 1 < .001 0.587 < .001 < .001 < .001 < .001 < .001
C × S 6 0.395 0.058 < .001 < .001 < .001 0.013 0.204
C × V 2 0.005 0.107 < .001 0.309 < .001 < .001 0.006
S × V 3 < .001 < .001 0.027 0.059 0.416 < .001 < .001
C × S × V 6 0.146 0.392 0.009 0.875 0.039 0.079 0.161
Residual 360
Total 383
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 126 Vol. 12, No. 2, 2017
Fig. 2.Effect of salinity-BYDV infection stress combination on the number of spikes per plant in three barley
genotypes (Rihane, G1 and G2). LSD (at P=0.05) for predicted means= 0.6535.
Fig. 3. Effect of salinity-BYDV infection stress combination on grain number per spike in three barley
genotypes (Rihane, G1 and G2). LSD (at P=0.05)for predicted means= 4.364.
Straw height.
Straw height was significantly
affected by all treatments, except C × S, S
× V and C × S × V (Table 2). This
parameter was variable among genotypes in the stress-free control conditions (salt-
free without inoculation) where Rihane
showed the highest value (63 cm)
whereas those of G1 and G2 were
statistically comparable (45 cm on
average) (Fig. 4). BYDV inoculation
impacted this parameter in the three
genotypes , but Rihane showed the
highest value (51 cm, versus 36 and 35 cm in G1 and G2, respectively). Salt
treatment alone led to a progressive and
important reduction of straw height in
Rihane reaching -20% at 150 mM NaCl,
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 127 Vol. 12, No. 2, 2017
whereas this negative effect was observed
only at 150 mM NaCl for G1 and G2
genotypes. Nevertheless, Rihane
remained the most productive cultivar
under these conditions. Submitting plants
to stress combination led to a higher
decrease in straw height as compared to
the control Rihane (-19%), whereas a
significant stimulation was observed
under moderate salinity stress (50 mM
NaCl) in both G1 and G2 genotypes. At
higher salinities, G2 showed tolerance
since it was less affected as compared to
G1 and Rihane.
Fig. 4. Effect of salinity-BYDV infection stress combination on the straw height in three barley genotypes
(Rihane, G1 and G2). LSD (at P=0.05) for predicted means= 5.119.
1000-grain weight. 1000-grain weight was
significantly affected by all treatments,
except C × S (Table 2). In the stress-free
control (cultivated under salt-free and
non-inoculated), the three cultivars
showed comparable 1000-grain weight
(about 46 g) (Fig. 5). BYDV inoculation
applied under non-saline conditions had
an impact on this parameter in both G1
and Rihane genotypes, whereas G2
seemed to be unaffected. When applied separately, salt stress resulted in a
substantial decline in 1000-grain weight
in G1 and G2 genotypes (37 g recorded at 150 mM NaCl), whereas Rihane showed
constant values (estimated at 45.5 g at
150 mM NaCl). A significant increase in
1000-grain weight was recorded under
stress combination (at 50 mM NaCl) for
G1 (43 g) before registering a sharp
decrease at higher salinity levels. The
reduction in 1000-grain weight, however,
was less sharp in G2 and to a minor
extent in Rihane, even at high salinity
stress.
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 128 Vol. 12, No. 2, 2017
Fig. 5. Effect of salinity-BYDV infection stress combination on the 1000-grain weight in three barley
genotypes (Rihane, G1 and G2). LSD (at P=0.05) for predicted means= 3.596.
Shoot biomass production.
Shoot biomass production was significantly affected by all treatments,
except C × S × V (Table 2). In the
absolute control, shoot biomass
production of the three genotypes was
significantly comparable (about 5 g) (Fig.
6). Despite slight differences, inoculation
with BYDV under non-saline conditions
had no impact on this parameter in the
three genotypes. Moderate salinity (50
mM NaCl) applied separately resulted in
a considerable increase of shoot biomass in Rihane (+32% compared to the
absolute control) and more markedly in
G1 (+61%), the latter being the most
productive before progressively
decreasing at higher salinity levels. G2 seemed to be less affected by salinity, and
was even the most productive cultivar at
150 mM NaCl. Under combined stresses,
G1, Rihane and G2 showed the same
behavior where a significant restriction of
shoot biomass was noted at salinity levels
higher than 50 mM NaCl. Thus, Rihane
appeared to be more sensitive to
combined stresses, as expressed by the
high amplitude between values of shoot
biomass under these conditions as compared to those noted under salt stress
only.
Fig. 6.Effect of salinity-BYDV stress combination on the shoot biomass production per plant in three
barley genotypes (Rihane, G1 and G2). LSD (at P=0.05) for predicted means =1.117.
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 129 Vol. 12, No. 2, 2017
Root/Shoot dry weight ratio.
Root/Shoot biomass ratio was
significantly affected by all treatments,
except C × S and C × S × V (Table 2).
Under salt-free conditions and whether
BYDV-infected or not, the three
genotypes showed close values (Fig. 7).
In non-inoculated plants, salinity led to a transient decrease in this parameter of G1
and Rihane until 100 mM NaCl before its
increase at 150 mM NaCl. Values for G2
were constant irrespective of the salt
concentration in the culture medium.
Under combined stresses, a significant
increase in the Root/Shoot DW ratio was
observed in G2 and to a much higher
extent in Rihane, indicating a stronger
impact on shoot growth in the latter. G1 showed a transient increase up to 100 mM
NaCl before decreasing at 150 mM NaCl.
Fig. 7. Effect of salinity-BYDV stress combination on the root/shoot biomass ratio in three barley
genotypes (Rihane, G1 and G2). LSD (at P = 0.05) for predicted means = 0.04326.
DISCUSSION Very little is known on the impact
of stress combination on barley
productivity. Therefore, the purpose in
the present study was to compare
performance of three barley genotypes
under increased salinity stress and/or
BYDV infection based on growth- and
yield-related traits. This is an interesting
approach to improve productivity of local
barley genotypes by exploiting the wide
genetic variability of their response to
environmental constraints (Sbei et al. 2012). Genetic diversity between
genotypes is usually addressed by
assessing physiological and
morphological differences of quantitative
and economically important criteria
(Elakhdar et al. 2016). Generally, all parameters
investigated in this study were impacted
by salinity and/or BYDV infection, but
interestingly, a cultivar-dependent
behavior was also observed, reflecting the
occurrence of variability in plant response
to a single (Abassi et al., 2012) or
combined applied stresses.
Despite lower than the control,
straw height showed the highest values
for Rihane under the different treatments as compared to G1 and G2. As suggested
in previous studies (Kadri et al. 2009;
Abassi et al. 2012; Hammami et al.
2016), this trait could be a discriminating
criterion when comparing barley
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 130 Vol. 12, No. 2, 2017
germplasms for their responses to salinity
and/or BYDV stresses. It has been well
documented that BYDV impacts plants
by reducing the translocation of nutrients
in the phloem, leading to altered
morphology and restricted growth
(Comeau and Haber 2002). Interestingly,
inoculated plants showed higher values of
straw height than the non-inoculated ones, especially under saline conditions.
Under stress combination
conditions (especially at 100 and 150 mM
NaCl), a significant growth restriction
was observed in Rihane, whereas the
impact was less pronounced in G1 and
G2genotypes, which are more tolerant to
BYDV. This confirms previous findings
documenting Rihane sensitivity to BYDV
(Najar 2009). This is related to the virus-
induced obstructions in phloem which restricts water transport and
photosynthetates translocation towards
young leaves (Comeau and Haber 2002).
The significant increase in root/shoot
biomass ratio especially under combined
stresses in Rihane suggests that for this
cultivar, shoots were more impacted by
the stress conditions. As for biomass, the
impact was more pronounced in Rihane
as compared to G1 and G2.
Overall, high salinity and virus infection led to a strong reduction of the
main yield components, including tillers
number, grains number per spike, and
1000-grain mass, which are key
indicators of plant productivity after the
flowering stage (Hammami et al. 2016;
Sbei et al. 2012).However, a significant
inter-cultivar variability was found. The
spike fertility based on the number of
grains per spike (Yakoubi 2001) was
impacted by the stress combination,
especially for the sensitive cultivar
Rihane and to a lesser extent in G1,
whereas this trait was much less affected
in G2, suggesting a relatively more tolerant behavior in this cultivar. This
trend was also true for the number of
tillers. With respect to 1000-grain mass,
Rihane, known for its adaptation to semi-
arid conditions, was only slightly affected
under combined stresses as compared to
the non-inoculated plants, and also to the
two other genotypes (G2 and G1). This
suggests that this parameter (1000-grain
weight) is closely related with plant vigor
and growth under saline conditions, whereas such a strong correlation seems
to be less obvious under BYDV infection
conditions.
Stress tolerance index further
confirmed these preliminary results when
plants were simultaneously exposed to
both stresses. Indeed, the three genotypes
showed significant differences regarding
the relative index (Table 3). However,
under stress conditions, the highest value
at 50 mM NaCl was noted in G2 genotype, followed by G1 and Rihane. At
higher salinities (150mMNaCl), G2 and
G1 showed comparable values for this
parameter, whereas the lowest value was
recorded in Rihane.
Table 3. Yield tolerance index of three barley genotypes as affected by the combined effect
of salinity stress and BYDV infection
Cultivar YI 50mMNaCl+V YI 100mMNaCl+V YI 150mMNaCl+V
G1 0.98 1.18 1.25
Rihane 0.60 0.67 0.57
G2 1.42 1.15 1.19
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 131 Vol. 12, No. 2, 2017
Data obtained in this study,
although still preliminary, highlight the
potential of G2 as a candidate to be
inscribed in the Tunisian catalogue as a
cultivar adapted for different
environmental stresses. Despite Rihane is
relatively tolerant to salinity, it appeared
to be the most sensitive under combined
stresses, as all parameters investigated
were significantly affected. Based on the
observed stability (and even the
stimulation) of the yield- and growth-
related parameters in both G2 and G1
genotypes at moderate salinity levels (50-
100 mMNaCl), which are frequent in
Tunisia.Further field trials need to be
performed to confirm the behavior of
these genotypes.
_________________________________________________________________________
RESUME
Najar A., Abassi M., Ben Ghanem H. et Debez A. 2017. Effets combinés de l'infection
par le virus de la jaunisse nanisante de l'orge (Barley yellow dwarf virus ou BYDV) et
stress salin sur les paramètres de croissance et de rendement de l'orge. Tunisian
Journal of Plant Protection 12: 121-133.
Suite aux changements climatiques actuels, le climat tunisien se caractérise par des précipitations de plus en plus irrégulières et des hivers plus doux et plus courts, entraînant une augmentation de la salinité du sol et une incidence plus élevée du virus de la jaunisse nanisante de l'orge (Barley yellow
dwarf virus ou BYDV). La sélection de cultivars productifs adaptés à la fois aux contraintes abiotiques et biotiques est cruciale pour les améliorateurs, et en particulier pour la sélection des céréales. Dans cette étude, le comportement de deux génotypes (G1 et G2) issus d'un croisement (QB813-2 / 3 / Lignee527 / NK1272 // JLB70-63) et le cultivar Rihane le plus communément cultivé ont été comparés pour leurs réponses à la combinaison de l’effet de divers niveaux de salinité (de 0 à 150 mM NaCl) et à l'infection par le BYDV. Rihane était le cultivar le plus sensible sous l'effet du double stress biotique et abiotique alors que les paramètres de croissance et de rendement étaient significativement améliorés chez les génotypes G1 et G2 sous le traitement combiné (BYDV+50 mM NaCl). De plus, ces deux
génotypes étaient moins affectés que Rihane par l'infection virale en présence d'une forte salinité (NaCl 100 et 150 mM). Il est à signaler que l'indice de tolérance au stress était plus élevé pour G2, suivi de G1 et Rihane, suggérant que ce paramètre pourrait être un indicateur utile pour distinguer entre les genotypes sur la base de leur performance sous conditions de stress multiples.
Motsclés: BYDV, croissance, Orge, salinité, rendement, tolérance au stress
__________________________________________________________________________
ملخص ر وتقزم صفراابفيروس اآلثار المجتمعة للعدوى 2017. . وأحمد دباز بن غانم وماجدة عباسي وهاجر أسماء،نجار
. الخصائص اإلنتاجية للشعيرالملوحة على النمو و إجهاد( وBYDV) الشعير
.133-12: 121 Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection
أكثرإلى جانب شتاء منتظمبسبب التغيرات المناخية الحالية، يتسم المناخ في تونس بانخفاض معدل هطول األمطار غير
صفرار وتقزم ا، مما يؤدي إلى زيادة ملوحة التربة وارتفاع معدل اإلصابة بفيروس مدة اعتداال وأقصر
/ QB813-2 / 3)نتقاء سالالت من الشعير مقاومة من بين األجيال المتأتية من هجائن ا.ويعتبر (BYDV)الشعير
Lignee527 / NK1272 // JLB70-63) صفرار اتم إنتاجها باستعمال أصناف حاملة لجينة المقاومة لمرض فيروس
تقييم أمرا حاسما بالنسبة لمربي المحاصيل، وال سيما بالنسبة لتربية الحبوب. في هذه الدراسة تم ،(BYDV)وتقزم الشعير ميليمول 150إلى 0مختلفة ) ( في مستويات ملوحةG2و G1)نتقائها االخصائص اإلنتاجية للسالالت المقاومة التي تم
NaClوعدوى فيروس )BYDV. الصنف األكثر حساسية تحت تركيبة هو ن ريحان أوقد أظهرت نتائج هذا التقييم
+ BYDVتحت ) G2و G1بشكل ملحوظ في اإلنتاجية، في حين تحسنت معدالت النمو وحيائيإالالحيائي واإلجهاد اإل
BYDV أقل تأثرا من عدوى فيروس سالال ت المقاومة للفيروسكانت هذه ال (. وباإلضافة إلى ذلك،NaCl ميليمول 50
Tunisian Journal of Plant Protection 132 Vol. 12, No. 2, 2017
( من ريحان. ومن المثير لالهتمام، كان مؤشر تحمل اإلجهاد ، على التواليNaCl ميليمول 150و 100والملوحة العالية )
وريحان، مما يشير إلى أن هذه الخاصية يمكن أن تكون سمة مفيدة لتمييز األصناف ألدائها تحت G1ليهي، G2أعلى في
متعددة. اتظروف إجهاد
نمو ملوحة،، فيروس تقزم واصفرار الشعير، مقاومة شعير، :كلمات مفتاحية
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