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ECE124D/_____
FN, GN, MIYearAddressEmailContact #Date TodayDate TodaySignature
Tabulated room schedule at the back
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Basic Design RequirementsMicrowave Communication System Optimization: LOS based on
the assigned sitesthe assigned sites.
Sites: San Miguel Bulacan , Olongapo Zambales and Dasmarinas CaviteBase Stations straight line distance minimum of 75kmMaximum tower height: 50 mNumber of repeater stations is unlimited with a maximum hop length of 35 kmlength of 35 kmSystem reliability: 99.99999% or betterAll equipment and infrastructure must be commercially availableLosses to consider: Waveguide/transmission line losses, Miscellaneous Path losses (DLP, DLS, RL), FSL
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Requirement: Plates and DefensePlate 1 (due Wk 4, 4:30pm)
Base Stations Description, Selection of Relays Site – 5%Plate 2 (due Wk 5, , 4:30pm)( 5, , 4 3 p )
Path Profiling – 15%Plate 3 (due Wk 6, 4:30pm)
Equipment Specifications – 5%Plate 4 (due Wk 8, 4:30pm)
Link Budget – 15%Plate 5 (due Wk 9, 4:30pm)
Final Compilation, Bid Proposal – 10%Defense (Wk 10, 20% of which is peer/leader’s evaluation)
‐required to have 2 ECE faculty as panel members – 50%
Passing: 70%Note: Ten (10) points will be deducted per day of late submission of report.
Plate 1: Base Stations Site Description
Using the assigned sites to serve as the company’s base stations, provide a narrative to include the following details (at i i )Geographical CoordinatesElevation above Mean Sea LevelWeather ConditionsAccessibility/Access RoadsCommercial Electric Power/Water SupplyTelephone Communications
a minimum):
Telephone CommunicationsPresence of Airports (location of nearest airport)Security/Peace and OrderTerrain Type
Identify your chosen relay stations and provide the same narrative as well.
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Plate 2: Path Profiling
E
HLOS
h2
TA
TB
Notations:
h1
d1 d2
D
ho
E
eb
A B
• Eb – earth bulge • H th l
> Tower height depends on clearance of highest obstruction> Higher clearance means higher tower height
b g• E – elevation as seen on
topographical map
• H – path clearance • tg – tree growth
Note: Scale – 1:50,000National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (Philippines)(NAMRIA) in Binondo
Calculation:
d1 & d2 are in KMeb ‐meters
ho = eb + E +tg (if any)
aveb K
dde75.12
21=
gho – total heighth1 = eA +TAh2=eB +TB
K factor, an equivalent earth radius factor, conveniently defines the degree and direction of bending.
K = 1.165 mountain5K =0 .58 waterK= 2/3 rice paddiesK =3/4 coconut treesK = 4/3 dry rock standard
Earth BulgeElevation over EbLOSUpper FresnelLower Fresnelho'
Legend:
Coconut Trees
MountainDry Rock/Standard
Rice Paddies
Water
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Sample ComputationsThis section shows how the different parameters for each hop are computed. The computations shall use data acquired from HOP 1 path profile, (Sorsogon City, Sorsogonto Bulusan, Sorsogon).
K‐Factor (KAVE) dKdKdK( AVE)
Earth Bulge (at maximum elevation)
DdK...dKdKK nn2211
ave+++
=
825.23
)825.12)(43()1)(
34()1)(
32()6)(
43()1)(
34()2)(
43(
Kave
+++++=
79547.0Kave =
ave
21b K75.12
dde =
)79547.)(75.12()825.2)(21(
eb =
m 5.8493eb =
Total Obstruction (ho’ at maximum elevation)
First Fresnel Zone (H at maximum elevation)
bulge earth elevation growth Tree h 'o ++=
5.8493m 157m 15m h'o ++=
m 177.8493 h'o =
First Fresnel Zone (HN at maximum elevation)
Considering 60% of the Fresnel Zone as minimum Path Clearance we can solve
fDdd
3.17H 21N =
)825.23)(05.13()825.2)(21(
3.17HN =
m 7.55689HN =
Considering 60% of the Fresnel Zone as minimum Path Clearance, we can solve for the minimum antenna tower heights:
m 4.5345568.7)60.0(H60.0 N ==
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From the path clearance equation:
Assuming the tower heights are equal:
1o112 h'h
Dd)hh(
H +−−
=
TA67849.177825.23
21)TA67TB135(534.4 ++−−−+
=
Assuming the tower heights are equal:
The proposed tower height for this Hop is 60 m (both towers).
Path Clearance
m 55.446TBTA ==
112 d)hh( −1o
112 h'hD
d)hh(H +−=
127849.771825.23
21)127195(H +−−
=
9.088H =
Fresnel Clearance Ratio
NHH
F =
55689.7088.9F =
Line of Sight Formula (at maximum obstruction)LOS = H + h’oLOS = 9.088 + 177.8493LOS = 186.937
( )
1.203F =
Clearance from 1st Fresnel (C1st at maximum elevation)C1st = LOS – HN – h’oC1st = 186.937 – 7.557 – 177.8493
m 1.53085 C1st =
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Note:if TA & TB are not equal, the two obstruction method is applied.
Note:
Hop 1
Hop 2
Hop 3
X1X2
X1
X2X3
X3siteIn between sites: choose the
higher valueIf computed TA or TB are negative
(due to high elevation), choose minimum height = 15 m
To solve for the tower height, consider the highest obstruction per hop.
d1 (Km) d2 (Km) Elevation Eb Add’l Obs ho' Hn 0.6Hn C1stPath
ClearanceTerrain Remarks
0 23.825 67 0.00 0 67.00 0.00 0.00 60.00 60.00 Rice paddies Absorption
1 22.825 67 2.25 15 84.25 4.69 2.81 40.92 45.60 Coconut Absorption
2 21.825 37 4.30 0 41.30 6.48 3.89 84.92 91.40 Dry Rock Absorption
3 20.825 37 6.16 0 43.16 7.75 4.65 84.65 92.40 Dry rock Absorption
4 19.825 37 7.82 15 59.82 8.74 5.24 69.86 78.60 Coconut Absorption
5 18.825 37 9.28 15 61.28 9.52 5.71 70.47 79.99 Coconut Absorption
6 17.825 37 10.55 15 62.55 10.15 6.09 71.43 81.58 Coconut Absorption
7 16.825 54 11.61 15 80.61 10.65 6.39 55.72 66.37 Coconut Absorption
8 15.825 64 12.48 15 91.48 11.04 6.62 47.31 58.35 Coconut Absorption
9 14.825 73 13.16 15 101.16 11.33 6.80 40.20 51.53 Coconut Absorption
10 13.825 73 13.63 0 86.63 11.54 6.92 57.37 68.91 Rice Paddies Reflection
11 12.825 87 13.91 0 100.91 11.65 6.99 45.83 57.49 Dry Rock Absorption
12 11.825 95 13.99 0 108.99 11.69 7.01 40.57 52.26 Coconut Absorption
13 10.825 95 13.88 15 123.88 11.64 6.98 28.59 40.23 Coconut Absorption
14 9.825 97 13.56 15 125.56 11.51 6.90 29.89 41.40 Coconut Absorption
15 8.825 97 13.05 15 125.05 11.29 6.77 33.47 44.76 Coconut Absorption
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16 7.825 97 12.34 15 124.34 10.98 6.59 37.34 48.32 Coconut Absorption
17 6.825 104 11.44 15 130.44 10.57 6.34 34.51 45.08 Coconut Absorption
18 5.825 97 10.34 15 122.34 10.05 6.03 45.99 56.04 Coconut Absorption
19 4.825 130 9.04 15 154.04 9.39 5.64 17.80 27.19 Coconut Absorption19 4.825 130 9.04 15 154.04 9.39 5.64 17.80 27.19 Coconut Absorption
20 3.825 100 7.54 15 122.54 8.58 5.15 52.96 61.54 Coconut Absorption
21 2.825 157 5.85 15 177.85 7.56 4.53 1.53 9.09 Coconut Absorption
22 1.825 137 3.96 15 155.96 6.22 3.73 27.62 33.83 Coconut Absorption
23 0.825 137 1.87 15 153.87 4.27 2.56 34.50 38.77 Coconut Absorption
23.825 0 135 0.00 0 135.00 0.00 0.00 60.00 60.00 Coconut Absorption
Additional obstructions- building, trees etc.
Through excel, plot
HLOSTB
ho vs distance
Highest b t ti h
h1
d1 d2
ho
E
eb
h2
TA
obstruction where tower height is computed
eb vs distance
DA B
Plot : ho vs distance, eb vs distance, LOS, upper and lower Fresnel, show terrain
NOTE:Apply engineering judgment for highest obstruction.
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Hn is obtained from highest obstructionH = 0.6Hn with H, TA = TB is solved
LOS = H + ho’
Lower Fresnel = LOS –Hn
Upper Fresnel zone = LOS +Hn
Transmitter Transmitter
Table Summary
Recom antenna height Computed antenna height
Station 1
Station 2
Station 3
Plate 3: Equipment Listing/ Specifications
From a set of possible equipment available, select the From a set of possible equipment available, select the company’s choice and justify
Radio / multiplex AntennaWaveguide‐support frequency stated in platesPrimary and secondary power sourcesOther accessories
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Plate 4: Link BudgetLink Budget – a summary of gains and losses; used to determine the system’s reliability ( 99.99999 %)
Tx Tx
Dr=5 m 5 m
Radio Specification
Pt
0 dBm
Antenna gain0 dBm
Waveguide loss
Losses FSL,AAL,RL,DLP,DLS
Isotropic receive level = EIRP ‐FSL
Received Signal (RF) RSL = IRL + Gr – Lr
Sensitivity
Antenna gain
Sample ComputationsThis section shows how the different losses and gains are computed. These parameters shall determine what antenna diameter should be used and whether or not the hop will require diversity techniques due to diffraction and reflection.
The computations shall use data acquired from HOP 2 path profile, (Bulusan, Sorsogonp q p p , ( , gto Muiluiol, Samar).
Assumed and Proposed Values:PT = 30 dBm at 8 MbpsCmin = ‐87 dBm at 8 MbpsReliability (R) = 99.9999%TLL multiplier = 11.14
Lr= ( TB + Dr) * TL loss multiplier + connector loss
Data from Path Profile:D = 27 kmh2 = 155 mh1 = 87 mFrequency = 13.25 GHzTA = TB = 20
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Computing for the Losses:Free Space Loss
)km()GHz( Dlog20flog204.92FSL ++=
27log2025.13log204.92FSL ++=
Line Loss
dB 143.472FSL =
Lt = (TA + Dr) * TL loss multiplier + connector loss
Transmission Line LossTLL = ( TA + TB + 12m) * TL loss multiplierTLL = (20 + 20 + 6m+ 6m) * 11.14 m100
dB
dB 5.793TLL =
Atmospheric Absorption LossesAbsorption due to Oxygen at frequency below 57 GHz:
kmdBxxfff
xAo /10)118(
81.4227.0
09.61019.7 3222
3 −−⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡−
++
+=
⎤⎡
Absorption due to Water:
km27*km/dB10x)25.31(x)11825.31(
81.4227.0(13.25)
09.610x19.7A 3222
3o
−−⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡−
++
+=
dB 0.200Ao =
k/dB10*f*3.493
0670A 42 −⎥⎤
⎢⎡
km/dB10*f*10)3.323f(47.1)3.183f(3.7)3.22f(
067.0A 42222OH2
α⎥⎦
⎢⎣ +−
++−
++−
+=
km27*km/dB10*12)()25.31(*10)3.32325.31(
3.447.1)3.18325.31(
93.7)3.2225.31(
3067.0A 42
222OH2
−⎥⎦
⎤⎢⎣
⎡+−
++−
++−
+=
dB 0.242192AO2H
=
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Fade Margin
Roughness Factor (A) = 4 Smooth Terrain Over water or flat desertRoughness Factor (A) = 4 ,Smooth Terrain, Over water, or flat desertClimatic Factor (B) = 0.50 ,Hot humid areasNOTE: for the constants A & B to use in the fade margin equation, refer to Tomasi , 5th edition (Barnett‐Vignant Reliability equation)
70)R1log(10)ABf6log(10Dlog30FM −−−+=
70)99999901log(10)]2513)(500)(4(6log[1027log30FM −−−+= 70)999999.01log(10)]25.13)(50.0)(4(6log[1027log30FM +=
dB 54.955FM =
Miscellaneous Path LossFrom the path profile parameter computations, the Fresnel Ratio (F) obtained for this particular hop is 5.828 which is definitely greater than 1. Thus, there will be no Diffraction Loss due to Path (DLP), DLP = 0.
The line of sight is free from any obstruction since the hop will run over the ocean. Thus, there will be no Diffraction Loss due to Shielding, DLS = 0.
Since the terrain of the hop is water in majority, there is a possibility that Reflection Loss (RL) will occur. Computing for the needed p gparameters:
12
12
hhh-hc
+=
7855187-155c
+=
0.281c =
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)h25.5k(hDm
21
km2
+=
)551)(8725.5(0.77227m
2
+=
0.153m =
[ ]}01 180
3mm12
m1
3c
cos31cos
3mm12b +
⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜
⎝
⎛
++
⎩⎨⎧+
= −
⎟⎞
⎜⎛ )2810(3
0.153m
[ ]}π+
⎟⎟⎟⎟⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜⎜⎜⎜⎜
⎝
⎛
++
⎩⎨⎧+
= −
3(0.153)0.15312
153.01)281.0(3
cos31cos
3(0.153)0.15312b 1
363.0b =
Computing for the Reflection Point Distances:
Locating the Point on the map it will fall on water a
( ) km 8.605)363.01(227b1
2Dd1R =−=−=
( ) km 18.395)363.01(227b1
2Dd2R =+=+=
Locating the Point on the map, it will fall on water, a reflective terrain. The reflection coefficient (RC) of water is 0.8.
Computing for the Reflection Factor, we need the following parameters: dhh
22R' −=
22R1R
fd2d1
1D
+
=
k75.12hh 22 −=
)722.0(75.12395.81551h
2'
2 −=
m242.118h '2 =
'2kaDh
1 +
8.242)374)(27)11(0.772)(6.8.395)2(8.605)(11
1D2f
+
=
854.0D f =
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Thus, the Reflection Factor (RC) can be computed as:
fD* RCRF =
(0.854)*)8.0(RF =
68330RF
From the Reflection Loss Graph, RL can be obtained as:
6833.0RF =
dB9RL =
Therefore, the Miscellaneous Path Loss (MPL) is equal to RL since DLP and DLS is not present.
dB9PLM =
Other Losses ( from the equipment manual)
Hybrid Loss = 1.00 dBCoupling Loss = 0.50 dBConnector Loss = 0 50 dBConnector Loss = 0.50 dBRadome Loss = 0.50 dBThus, the Total Losses can be obtained:
LossesOther MPL FM AAL TLL FSL Losses Total +++++=3(0.5)] [1 9 54.955 0.574) (0.2 5.792 143.472 Losses Total +++++++=
216 494LossesTotal 216.494 Losses Total =
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Computing for the Gains:
Total Gainmintotaltotal CPt -Loss Gain +=
Antenna Gain
mintotal total
87 30 -216.494 Gain total −=
dB 99.494 Gaintotal =
GainG total
2Gain
G totalant =
2dB 99.494
Gant =
dB 49.747 Gant =
We can now solve for the minimum Dish Antenna Diameter:
208.17flog20G
min
ant
10d−−
=
h d d h d ff
208.17)25.31log(20747.94
min 10d−−
=
m986.2dmin =
The proposed antenna diameter is 3 m. The difference with the proposed diameter and the minimum diameter corresponds to a change on the antenna gain and Fade Margin, thus, affecting the Reliability of the Hop.
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New Antenna Gain
8.17dlog20flog20G )m()GHz(ant ++=
8173l202513l20G
New Fade Margin
8.173log2025.13log20Gant ++=
dB 49.787Gant =
LossesOtherMPLAALTTLFSLCPtGain FM mintotal −−−−−−+= mintotal
)]5.0(31[9)574.02.0(792.5472.143)87(302(49.787) FM +−−+−−−−−+=
dB 5.0345 FM =
Hop Reliability
1070ABf6log10Dlog30FM
101R −+−−
−=
1070)]25.13)(5.0)(4(6log[10)72log(30034.55
101R+−−
10101R −−=
81%99.9999901=R
R1Undp −=
1999999901801U
100%1810.99999990 ×=R
19999999018.01−=ndpU
100%8188510.00000009 ×=ndpU
851%0.00009818Undp =
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“If reliability doesn’t meet the minimum required, apply diversity techniques.”
Other Path Parameters needed for the hop are as follows:Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)p ( )
Isotropic Receive Level (IRL)
Received Signal Level (RSL)
LtGPEIRP antt −+=
FSLEIRPIRL −=
LrGIRLRSL ant −+=
Put a table summarizing all computed gains losses and reliability.
Note: Examples given are theoretical and may not work in practice.
Plate 5: Bid Proposal Consider all equipment/accessories and other Consider all equipment/accessories and other miscellaneous cost Propose a budget for this equipment listing. This will serve as your basis for your bid proposal of your site design. “The most cost effective design, the better the grade.”
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The EndThe End