||
Daniel Sutter, Marco Mazzotti, Christoph Müller
CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources – FS2021
March 22, 2021
CO2 capture
||
CO2 capture architectures
22.03.2021 2
Recapitulation
CO, H2, H2O
Boiler,
Steam Turbine
Flue Gas
Cleaning
Gasification,
Gas Cleaning
Water-gas Shift
CO2 Capture
Gas Turbine,
HRSG,
Steam Turbine
Flue Gas
Cleaning
Condensation
ASU
AirAir
O2
CO2
Water
WaterWater
Power
Output
Fuel Fuel
Power
Output
Power
Output
Air
ASU
Fuel
N2 N2
N2H2 Air
N2
Post-Combustion Pre-CombustionOxy-Combustion
CO2, N2, H2O
O2
CO2 Capture
N2, CO2, H2O,
SO2, NOx
Boiler,
Steam Turbine
CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected]
CO2, H2O,
SO2, NOx
CO2, H2O
CO2, H2
CO2
CO2
CO2
|| 322.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected]
Content
CO2 capture fundamentals
Scale of typical CO2 point source
Thermodynamics of gas separation
CO2 captured vs. CO2 avoided
Separation techniques
Post-combustion CO2 capture
Amine-based processes
Chilled ammonia process
Pre-combustion CO2 capture
Integrated gasification combined cycle power plants
Hydrogen production with CCS
Oxy-combustion CO2 capture
For solid fuels
For natural gas
Direct air capture
CO2 capture
||
What’s the scale we are talking about?
For example, cement manufacturing:
Typical production facility: 1 million metric tons of cement per year (mostly CaO) ( ሶ𝑚cm)
Reaction enthalpy calcination: 178 kJ/mol (Δr𝐻calc) (see last week’s lecture)
Lower heating value of coal: 27 MJ/kg (Δc𝐻coalLHV)
Assumptions: Coal consists of carbon; fuel emissions equal 1/3 of total emissions (see last week’s lecture)
CO2 emissions per year?
ሶ𝑚coal =ሶ𝑚cmΔr𝐻calc
Δ𝑐𝐻coalLHV
ሶ𝑚CO2fuel = ሶ𝑚coal
𝑀CO2
𝑀C
ሶ𝑚CO2fuel =
ሶ𝑚cmΔr𝐻calc
Δ𝑐𝐻coalLHV
𝑀CO2
𝑀C
ሶ𝑚CO2fuel =
178
40+16106
27
44
12
kJ
mol
mol
g106
g
t
t
a
MJ
kg103
kJ
MJ103
kg
t
ሶ𝑚CO2fuel ≅ 430,000
t
a
ሶ𝑚CO2tot = 3 ∗ ሶ𝑚CO2
fuel ≅ 1.3Mt
a
22.03.2021 4CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected]
Gardarsdottir et al.
Energies 2019, 12, 542
~15 min to fill a truck:
1.3Mt
a= 148
t
h= 2.5
t
min
||
Minimum thermodynamic work for CO2 capture
Maxwell’s demon (a thought experiment)
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 5
CO2 capture fundamentals
Illustration: Smit et al. (2014) Introduction to CCS, Imperial College Press
||
Minimum thermodynamic work for CO2 capture
For ideal gases, the minimum work
required for the separation of gases
equals their entropy of mixing
𝑊min = Δ𝑈sep − 𝑇Δ𝑆sep
For a separation at constant
temperature and pressure, the
minimum work is given by
𝑊min = 𝑛𝐹𝑅𝑇
𝑖=1
𝑁
𝑦𝑖 ln𝑦𝑖
𝑦𝑖0
As a result: the lower the
concentration of CO2 in the gas
stream, the higher the energy
demand for capture
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 6
CO2 capture fundamentals
0
Illustration: Smit et al. (2014) Introduction to CCS, Imperial College Press
||
CO2 captured vs. CO2 avoided
22.03.2021
Power plantCoal w/o CCS
CO2 produced
[g/kWh]
captured
extraavoidedPower plant Coal w/ CCS
24-40% extra E90% capture
same net E-output
CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 7
CO2 capture fundamentals
||
Overview of separation techniques
Absorption
a gas or a liquid dissolves or permeates into a liquid or
solid
Adsorption
attachment of a gas or a liquid to a surface (solid or liquid)
Cryogenic (low-temperature distillation)
separation making use of the different boiling points of the
components (e.g. air separation)
Membranes
making use of the difference in physical/chemical
interaction with the membrane material
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 8
CO2 capture fundamentals
|| 22.03.2021
Absorption vs. Adsorption
Chemical Adsorption Physical Adsorption
Chemical Absorption Physical Absorption
Source: CO2Net
Chemical Adsorption Physical Adsorption
Chemical Absorption Physical Absorption
Chemical Adsorption Physical Adsorption
Chemical Absorption Physical Absorption
Chemical Adsorption Physical Adsorption
Chemical Absorption Physical Absorption
CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 9
CO2 capture fundamentals
|| 22.03.2021
Absorption vs. Adsorption
CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 10
CO2 capture fundamentals
||
Chemical absorption
Favourable for low pressure
separation, e.g. pulverized coal
combustion
Physical absorption
Favourable for high pressure
separation
No general preference for the
absorption of CO2
Physical vs chemical absorption
22.03.2021
CO2 capacity and partial pressure
So
lven
t lo
ad
ing
cap
acit
iy
CO2 partial pressure
Chemical absorption
(T = const.)
CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 11
CO2 capture fundamentals
||
Equilibrium curves for different CO2 sorbents
22.03.2021
1 Rectisol (methanol), 253 K
2 Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)
50 wt% aqueous solution, 343 K
3 Monoethanolamine (MEA)
25 wt% aqueous solution, 333 K
4 Purisol (N-Methylpyrrolidon), 313 K
5 Selexol (dimethyl ethers of
polyethylene glycol), 313 K
Kenarsari et al., RSC Advances, 3, 22739, 2013
CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 12
CO2 capture fundamentals
||
Recap: Post-combustion capture
Particleremoval
Boiler
Heat
Steamcondenser
Steamturbine
Coolingwater
Electricity
Air
Fuel
Bottom ash
Cooler
Lowtemperature
heat
Lowtemperature
heat
CleanMechanical
energy
Fly ash Gypsum
Sulphurremoval
CO2
COcompressor
2
COstripper
2
CO -leanabsorbent
2
CO -richabsorbent
2
COabsorber
2
Illustration: Vattenfall factsheet 13329155
Tech Center
Mongstadt, NO
www.tcmda.com
Post-combustion CO2 capture
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 13
||
Post-combustion CO2 capture
Retro-fitting:
CO2 is captured from the flue gas; the industrial/power
plant remains largely unchanged
Availability:
The required technologies are available and have been
demonstrated on an industrial scale, e.g. amine scrubbing
for natural gas purification.
Energy integration is possible (to some extent).
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 14
Post-combustion CO2 capture
||
State-of-the-art: Amine scrubbing
22.03.2021
Basic process patented in 1930.
CO2 is absorbed from a flue gas
or combustion gas near ambient
temperature in an aqueous
solution of amines with low
volatility.
The amine is regenerated by
stripping with water vapor at
110 – 150°C. The water is
condensed from the stripper
vapour, leaving pure CO2.
CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 15
Post-combustion CO2 capture
R.R Bottoms (Girdler Corp.), «Separating acid gases»,
U.S. Patent 1783901, 1930
||
Basic layout of an absorption process
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 16
Post-combustion CO2 capture
Lean solvent
110 – 150 ºC
• Column height
∝ CO2 capture rate
• Column diameter
∝ gas flow rate
Pressure and temperature values apply
for amine-based CO2 absorption processes
||
Absorbers
Gas absorption requires large reaction
volumes as gas-liquid reactions are
comparatively slow
Absorber column is filled with plates or
packings to increase the interfacial area
between the liquid and the vapour phase,
and thus, increase mass transfer
22.03.2021
Picture Source: Sulzer, 2010
Liq
uid
Gas
Column
internal:
plate
Column
internal
packing
CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 17
Post-combustion CO2 capture
||
Absorber at Boundary Dam capture plant
22.03.2021 18CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected]
Pictures: www.boilermakers.org
Capture from coal-fired power plant, 1 Mt/a capacity
(see last week‘s lecture for details)
Shell Cansolv process (proprietary amine solvent)
Square cross section, 8x8 m
Post-combustion CO2 capture
||
The most common solvents in absorption-based CO2 capture are
aqueous amine solutions
Advantages
High affinity for CO2
Low volatility
Low/acceptable viscosity
Typical examples:
Amine chemistry
22.03.2021 19CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected]
Monoethanolamine
(MEA)
Piperazine
(PZ)
Methyl-diethanolamine
(MDEA)
Post-combustion CO2 capture
||
Physical properties of different amines
22.03.2021
Solvent MEA DEA TEA
Molar fraction (-) 0.05 0.035 0.035
Weight fraction (-) 0.3 0.36 0.5
Heat of reaction (kJ/mol CO2) 72 65 62
Reaction rate constant (mol/Ls) 7600 1500 16.8
CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 20
Post-combustion CO2 capture
Primary amines Secondary amines Tertiary amines
e.g. monoethanolamine (MEA) e.g. diethanolamine (DEA) e.g. triethanolamine (TEA)
More reactive than secondary
amines.
Slow kinetics (to bicarbonates)
Used to remove H2S and CO2
from natural gas.
Lower vapor pressure than
primary and secondary amines.
Formation of non-regenerable
and corrosive degradation
products with COS and CS2.
Less reactive with COS and CS2
than primary amines; reactions
do not lead to corrosion.
Less degradation than primary
and secondary amines.
Image source: chem.libretexts.org
||
Reaction mechanisms
Primary and secondary amines
Primary amines: CO2 + 2 RNH2 RNH3+ + RNHCOO
−
Secondary amines: CO2 + 2 R2NH R2NH2+ + R2NCOO
−
Fast reaction kinetics
Formation of a carbamate
Maximum CO2 loading: 0.5 mol CO2/mol amine
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 21
Post-combustion CO2 capture
https://theorganicsolution.wordpress.com/2012/11/
||
Reaction mechanisms
22.03.2021
Tertiary amines
CO2 + R3N + H2O R3NH+ + HCO3-
Slow reaction kinetics
Formation of bicarbonate in the presence of water
Maximum CO2 loading: 1.0 mol CO2/mol amine
CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 22
Post-combustion CO2 capture
Methyl-diethanolamine
(MDEA)
||
Performance of amine scrubbing
Significant improvements in energy consumption
Amine degradation controlled through
Flue gas pre-treatment (de-SOx)
Solvent reclaiming
Flue gas wash
Water wash stage
Acid wash stage
Increased plant complexity,
no showstoppers
22.03.2021 23CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected]
Rochelle et al. Chem. Eng. J. 2011, 171, 725–733
Thermodynamic limit
Post-combustion CO2 capture
||
Overview CO2 capture technologies
22.03.2021 24CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected]
Source: Bui et al, Carbon capture and storage (CCS) the way forward, 2018
Post-combustion CO2 capture
||
Basic layout of an absorption process
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 25
Post-combustion CO2 capture
Lean solvent
110 – 150 ºC
|| 22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 26
Chilled ammonia process (CAP) for CO2 capture
Post-combustion CO2 capture
|| 22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 27
Chilled ammonia process (CAP) for CO2 capture
CAP with solid formation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2K
ey
con
trib
uti
on
s to
en
erg
y p
en
alty
[%
] CO2 compression
Heat rejection
Pump
Chilling
NH3 reboiler
CO2 reboiler
Standard CAP
CrystallizerCAP
Post-combustion CO2 capture
Sutter, D., Gazzani, M., Mazzotti, M. Faraday Discussions, 192 (2016) 59–83
|| 22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 28
Summary post-combustion CO2 capture
Chemical absorption processes are dominating the field
Amine-based processes as state-of-the-art
Several plants built around the world by different competitors, e.g.
Boundary Dam, Canada (~1 Mt/year)
Chilled ammonia process as promising alternative on the verge of
commercialization
Adsorption processes
Often ruled out for post-combustion capture due to high flue gas
compression costs in case of pressure-swing adsorption
Temperature-swing adsorption as alternative development; at very
early stage
Post-combustion CO2 capture
||
Recap: Pre-combustion CO2 capture
Illustration: Vattenfall factsheet 13329155
ElectricityElectricity
Air
Air
Fuel
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Air
separation
Gasi
Steam
Steam
Particle
remover
Sulphur
removal
Fly ash
Heat
Shift
reactor
Bottom ash
Heat
recovery
steam
generator
Gasturbine
Water
vapour
(and
excess air)
Mechanical
energy
Mechanical
energy
Cooling
water
Steam
condenser
CO2
CO
desorber2
CO
absorber2
Gypsum
(HRSG)
Pre-combustion CO2 capture
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 29
(As seen last week)
||
Pre-combustion CO2 capture
ElectricityElectricity
Air
Air
Fuel
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Air
separation
Gasi
Steam
Steam
Particle
remover
Sulphur
removal
Fly ash
Heat
Shift
reactor
Bottom ash
Heat
recovery
steam
generator
Gasturbine
Water
vapour
(and
excess air)
Mechanical
energy
Mechanical
energy
Cooling
water
Steam
condenser
CO2
CO
desorber2
CO
absorber2
Gypsum
Pre-combustion CO2 capture
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 30
Typically applied in the context of integrated gasification combined cycle
(IGCC) heat and power plants.
Gasification of solid fuel enables use of high-efficiency combined cycle
of a gas turbine and a steam turbine
Higher efficiency and lower emissions than coal combustion, but
complex gasification technology (OPEX vs. CAPEX)
Opportunity to capture CO2 at high partial pressure
||
Reactions in pre-combustion CO2 capture
Step 1:
Gasification: C + ½ O2 CO
Steam methane reforming: CH4 + H2O CO + 3 H2
Step 2:
Water-gas-shift: CO + H2O H2 + CO2
Step 3:
CO2 removal, e.g. by pressure-swing adsorption or amine
scrubbing
Step 4:
Carbon-free fuel (H2) to be used for power generation or other
applications
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 31
Pre-combustion CO2 capture
||
Gasification
is the conversion of solid and liquid materials into syngas
(mixture of H2 and CO)
has been employed for more than 100 years, e.g.
production of «town gas» (German: «Stadtgas»)
3 major types of gasifiers
Entrained flow (co-current flow of solid fuel particles and gas)
Fluidized bed (gas «bubbles» through bed of solid fuel particles)
Moving bed (gas flows through packed bed of solid fuel particles )
22.03.2021 32CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected]
Pre-combustion CO2 capture
||
Water-gas-shift (WGS) reaction
Exothermic, CO + H2O H2 + CO2 (ΔH = -41.2 kJ/mol)
Often performed in two stages
1. High-temperature WGS in the temperature range 400-550 °C,
Fe-Cr-based catalyst,
Outlet CO mole fraction 2-3 % (dry basis)
2. Low-temperature WGS in the temperature range 180-350 °C,
Cu-based catalyst,
Outlet CO mole fraction 0.2-1% (dry basis)
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 33
Pre-combustion CO2 capture
||
Absorption
Elevated pressure (40 bar) of
the produced H2-CO2 gas
stream enables physical
absorption processes, e.g. the
Rectisol process (methanol)
Adsorption
Adsorption processes are
highly competitive at these
elevated pressures
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 34
CO2 capture from H2-CO2 mixture
Fixed bed adsorption experiment showing
CO2 and H2 separation on activated carbon(N. Casas, ETH Dissertation, 2012)
Pre-combustion CO2 capture
||
Similar process:
Steam methane reforming of natural gas
CH4 + H2O 3 H2 + CO (ΔH = + 206 kJ/mol)
Typical reaction conditions: 700-1100 °C and ~ 40 bar,
Ni-based catalysts
Produces 7.05 kg CO2 per kg of H2
Water-gas-shift and CO2 separation follow the reforming
step
Predominant method for H2 production today. The CO2 is
typically vented.
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 35
Pre-combustion CO2 capture
||
Summary/Outlook pre-combustion CO2 capture
Typical applications are IGCC and natural gas reforming
Main barriers for IGCC deployment
High CAPEX (equipment for high pressure and temperature, solid
handling, gas cleaning, etc.)
Process complexity
Long start-up times
Challenging reliability
Prominent example for difficult implementation of IGCC: Kemper
County (first large-scale IGCC with CO2 capture)
Current revival of plans for hydrogen economy may support additional
pre-combustion capture implementations from solid and gaseous
fuels
22.03.2021 36CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected]
Pre-combustion CO2 capture
||
Research on H2 production with CCS at ETH
22.03.2021 37CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected]
For example: ELEGANCY
A Horizon 2020 project on
Low-carbon economy via
hydrogen and CCS
Pre-combustion CO2 capture
||
Recap: Oxy-combustion capture
Particle
removal
Boiler
Steam
condenser
Steam turbine
Cooling water
Electricity
AirOxygen
Fuel
Bottom ash
Recycled
(CO and water vapour)
Fly ash
Gypsum
Sulphur
removal
Mechani calenergy
Water
Cooler and
condenser
Air separation
Nitrogen
Mechani cal
energy
2
CO2
CO
compressor2
Illustration: Vattenfall factsheet 13329155
Schwarze Pumpe, DE, Vattenfall
Oxy-combustion CO2 capture
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 38
||
Oxy-combustion CO2 capture
22.03.2021
First proposed in 1982 by Abraham to produce CO2 for Enhanced Oil Recovery
(EOR).
The fuel is combusted in a nitrogen free atmosphere, i.e. in a mixture of oxygen
(> 95 % purity) and recycled flue gas.
Thus, a gas consisting mainly of CO2 and H2O is produced. The water can be
condensed and the CO2 is ready for sequestration.
The main separation task switches from CO2/N2 (post-combustion) to O2/N2
Furnace
Air
separa
tion u
nit
Air
O2
FuelGas clean-up
and coolingCO2
H2O/SO2flue gas recycle
CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 39
Oxy-combustion CO2 capture
N2
CO2, H2O
W/Q
||
Processes to separate air into O2 and N2
Cryogenic distillation
Pressure swing adsorption (different adsorption coefficients of oxygen and nitrogen to e.g. a molecular sieve)
Membranes (high permeability and selectivity; currently only on the small scale)
Chemical looping combustion (novel combustion process, oxygen is provided from a solid oxygen carrier, e.g. a transition metal oxide)
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 40
Oxy-combustion CO2 capture
||
Cryogenic air separation
Air has to be liquified to allow its separation into oxygen
and nitrogen (via distillation). The boiling point of N2 and
O2 is - 195.8 °C and -183 °C, respectively.
Distillation: Due to the different vapour pressures of
oxygen and nitrogen (pN2 > pO2), nitrogen is enriched in
the vapour phase of a boiling N2/O2 mixture and oxygen is
enriched in a condensate of a N2/O2 vapour.
Based on this principle Carl von Linde constructed the
first air separation plant in 1902.
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 41
Oxy-combustion CO2 capture
||
Cryogenic technology for oxygen and argon
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 42
Oxy-combustion CO2 capture
Vinson Computers and Chemical Engineering 30 (2006) 1436–1446
||
ASU: technology grid
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 43
Oxy-combustion CO2 capture
Vinson Computers and Chemical Engineering 30 (2006) 1436–1446
||
World-largest multi-train air separation plants
22.03.2021
For enhanced oil recovery
(EOR), Pemex, Mexico:
63’000 t/day nitrogen
17’500 t/day oxygen
Source: Cryogenic air separation (Linde Group),
http://www.linde-le.de/process_plants/air_separation_plants/documents/L_2_1_e_09_150dpi.pdf
CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 44
Oxy-combustion CO2 capture
Shell Pearl GTL plant
Ras Laffan – QatarLinde ASU, 1 million Nm3/h O2,
8 trains
||
Flue gas recirculation (FGR)
Moving from air to pure O2 changes the properties of the
combustion gas significantly (density, heat transfer,
adiabatic flame temperature, etc.).
The recirculation of flue gas allows to increase the
concentration of the inert gases (i.e. those that do not take
part in the combustion reaction). In principle, the inert N2 is
replaced by recycled CO2, which is also inert.
Co-benefit of FGR: reduction of NOx generation
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 45
Oxy-combustion CO2 capture
||
Flue gas recirculation (FGR)
To obtain a similar adiabatic flame temperature compared
to conventional combustion ~ 60 % of the flue gas has to
be recycled. The O2 concentration is ~ 30 % higher than in
the conventional combustion process, viz. ~ 27-28 %.
The gas emissivities of CO2 and H2O are high. To obtain a
similar radiative heat transfer the O2 concentration has to
be < 30 %.
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 46
Oxy-combustion CO2 capture
Nemitallah et al., Int. J. Energy Res. 2017; 41:1670–1708
Flame shape (temperature distribution) comparison based on
numerical simulation
OF21: oxygen/CO2 mixture with 21/79% concentration ratio
OF29: oxygen/CO2 mixture with 29/71% concentration ratio
||
Flue gas recirculation (FGR)
The flow rate through the burner is reduced resulting in
combination with the higher radiative heat transfer in a
lower convective heat transfer. The volume of the flue gas
is reduced by 80 %.
NOx emissions (per unit energy) are significantly reduced
when compared to the conventional combustion process
(absence of nitrogen from the air).
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 47
Oxy-combustion CO2 capture
||
Results from piloting and demonstration
No major technical issues
were encountered
Retrofit possible
(but influences combustion and heat transfer characteristics)
Lowers NOx emissions (per unit energy) and possibly also lower SOX
emissions.
CO2 concentrations exceeding 95 % can be achieved.
Oxy-combustion so far only shown in boilers, not in gas turbines, due
to difficulties around flame stability and turbine redesign
( look for “Allam cycle” if interested in oxy-combustion gas turbines)22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 48
Oxy-combustion CO2 capture
R. Stanger et al.,
Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control 40 (2015) 55–125
||
Cost of CO2 capture and storage
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 49
Costs of CCS
First-of-its-kind installations
Various applications (industry, power, etc.)
Different costing methodologies
Uncertainty, large range of costs being published
Proprietary technology (e.g. Shell Cansolv, Mitsubishi,
Aker Solutions)
Limited information available
||
Cost of CO2 capture and storage (power plants)
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 50
Costs of CCS
Source: ZEP cost report,
Summary, 2011
||
Cost of CO2 capture and storage (cement plants)
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 51
Costs of CCS
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Referencecementplant
MEA Oxyfuel CAP MAL CaLtail-end
CaLIntegrated
EF
Cost of
clin
ker
[€/t
clk]
Steam
Electricity consumption/generation
Coal
Raw material
Other variable cost
Fixed operating costs
CAPEX
Total cost of clinker
colour / sign meaning, explanation
✔ retrofitability o.k.; suitable in most cases/plants; in most cases no or significantly less
attention needed
! some attention needed for plant retrofit; assessment of plant specific conditions is
important
!! special attention needed for plant retrofit; key parameters have to be assessed in
relation to site specific retrofitability
? needs further assessment for plant retrofit; lack of important information
X retrofit not possible
Portfolio of capture
solutions available
Each specific cement
plant may require a
different solution
depending on the plant
and its environment
Experience and
„retrofitability“ differ
Abbreviations:
MEA: Monoethanolamine
CAP: Chilled ammonia process
MAL: Membrane-assisted liquefaction
CaL: Calcium looping
Gardarsdottir et al. Energies 2019, 12, 542
||
Cost of CO2 capture and storage (detailed study)
22.03.2021
Rubin et al., Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control 40 (2015) 378–400
CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 52
Costs of CCS
Abbreviations:
NGCC: Natural gas combined cycle (power plant)
SCPC: Supercritical pulverized coal (power plant)
IGCC: Integrated gasification combined cycle (power plant)
||
Cost of CO2 capture and storage (detailed study)
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 53
Costs of CCS
Rubin et al., Int. J. Greenh. Gas Control 40 (2015) 378–400
||
Recap: Direct air capture (DAC)
5422.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected]
Requirements DAC:
High-enough affinity for CO2 to allow uptake at atmospheric
concentration (400 ppm = 0.04%)
Negligible pressure drop
For 1 kg of CO2, approx. 300‘000 m3 of air have to be treated
(assuming a 50% CO2 recovery)
Direct air capture
||
Recap: CCS and CCU
5522.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected]
Direct air capture
||
Solvent
Aqueous hydroxide sorbents
(mostly CaOH, NaOH, KOH and
combinations thereof)
Regeneration
High-temperature heat with
subsequent heat recovery
Companies
Carbon Engineering
Sorbent
Supported alkali carbonates
(e.g. K2CO3 on mesoporous
Al2O3 support)
Amine-functionalized supports
Regeneration
Low-/medium-temperature heat
and often vacuum
Companies
Climeworks
Global Thermostat
Infinitree
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 56
Direct air capture – Technology
AdsorptionAbsorption
Direct air capture
||
World’s first company
supplying atmospheric CO2 to
customers
Modular CO2 capture plants
Scale-up via mass production
of CO2 collectors
Low-temperature heat
(renewable or waste) as main
energy source
Minimal carbon footprint:
90% net C-efficiency (mid-term
target 95%)
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 57
Where Climeworks is leading
Direct air capture
||
Combination of pressure and temperature differences between adsorption and
desorption step Temperatue-Vacuum-Swing Adsorption (TVSA)
Adsorption at ambient temperature and pressure
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 58
Climeworks technology
Direct air capture
|| 22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 59
DAC markets
RENEWABLE FUELS
CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL (CDR)
• Onsite CO2 supply for bottlers, greenhouses, etc.(existing CO2 markets)
• 30 million tCO2 / year (source: Global CCS Institute)
• Status: DAC becoming competitive in remote locations,
where conventional CO2 has expensive logistics
• Onsite CO2 supply for renewable fuel synthesis
• 2 billion tCO2 / year (source: CO2 Sources & The Global CO2 Initiative)
• Status: Market not yet developed, several pilot projectsacross Europe
• Large-scale CO2 removal from air
• Status: Market not yet developed. Climeworks offering first CDR certificates
• 12 billion tCO2 / year (source: IPCC)
NICHE MARKETS
Direct air capture
|| 22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 60
Geological storage of air-captured CO2
Direct air capture
||
Take-home messages: CO2 capture basics
CO2 capture requires extra energy and entails costs. Currently, the
societal costs of CO2 emissions are negative externalities, meaning
that capture costs appear as “additional” costs.
No clear winner among currently available post-/pre-/oxy-
combustion technologies
Variety of applications (coal/natural gas power plants, industrial plants
in different environments) requires a portfolio of capture technologies.
2nd and 3rd generation technologies are already in the pipeline; have
the potential to outperform current technologies
Projections of future capture costs are uncertain
1st of a kind vs. nth of a kind, immature market
Future technological development difficult to predict
Market interference due to large scale of CO2 capture (e.g. price of amine
if capture is done on the large scale)
22.03.2021 61CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected]
Direct air capture
||
Environmental challenges of amine scrubbing
22.03.2021
Amines + water
CO2O2
SO2
NOx
reversible
irreversible
Formation of
stable salts
Formation of
ammonia and
aldehydes and
further degradation
productions
nitrates/nitrite
Nitrosamine/nitramine
CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 63
Post-combustion CO2 capture
||
Formation of nitrosamines
Nitrosamines through the reaction of amines with a nitrosyl
cation, i.e.
R2N-H + [N=O]+ R2N-NO + H+
Nitrosyl cations can form from NOx (NO2 equilibrates with NO
in the flue gas to form N2O3), e.g.
N2O3 + H2O 2 HNO2
HNO2 + H3O+ [N=O]+ + 2 H2O
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 64
Post-combustion CO2 capture
||
Nitrosamines
Formation potential from amines: secondary > tertiary >
primary.
Strongly carcinogenic compounds.
Ideally secondary amines should be avoided, but
secondary amines are impurity in alkylated amines.
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 65
Post-combustion CO2 capture
||
EU Horizon 2020 project
Development and comparative assessment of 6 different
capture technologies for cement plants
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 66
CO2 capture from cement plant –
CEMCAP project
||
CEMCAP capture technologies
MEAmonoethanolamine
CAPchilled ammonia process
CaLCalcium looping
CaL-intCalcium looping integratedMAL
membrane-assisted liquefaction
OxyOxy-combustion
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 67
|| 22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 68
CEMCAP results
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Referencecementplant
MEA Oxyfuel CAP MAL CaLtail-end
CaLIntegrated
EF
Cost of
clin
ker
[€/t
clk]
Steam
Electricity consumption/generation
Coal
Raw material
Other variable cost
Fixed operating costs
CAPEX
Total cost of clinker
colour / sign meaning, explanation
✔ retrofitability o.k.; suitable in most cases/plants; in most cases no or significantly less
attention needed
! some attention needed for plant retrofit; assessment of plant specific conditions is
important
!! special attention needed for plant retrofit; key parameters have to be assessed in
relation to site specific retrofitability
? needs further assessment for plant retrofit; lack of important information
X retrofit not possible
Portfolio of capture
solutions available
Each specific cement
plant may require a
different solution
depending on the plant
and its environment
Experience and
„retrofitability“ differ
||
The size of flue gas treatment equipment
Coal fired power station (660 MWe) with SO2/CO2 capture.
22.03.2021
Boiler
house
Flue gas
desulphurisa
tion
CO2
absorption
(6 abs.)6 regenerators
70 m 80 m 75 m
120 m
50 m40 m
30 m
110 m
15 m60 m
20 m70 m
CO2 capture rate: ~ 500 t/h (@ 90%)
MEA circulation: 16’000 m3/h
Efficiency loss: 10-15 % points
Increased specific investment: ~ 80-130 %
Cost CO2 avoided: 47-49 $/t CO2
Source: Koss, Lurgi AG 2005
CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 69
Post-combustion CO2 capture
||
ADSORPTION
22.03.2021 70CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected]
|| 22.03.2021
Absorption vs. Adsorption
Chemical Adsorption Physical Adsorption
Chemical Absorption Physical Absorption
Source: CO2Net
Chemical Adsorption Physical Adsorption
Chemical Absorption Physical Absorption
Chemical Adsorption Physical Adsorption
Chemical Absorption Physical Absorption
Chemical Adsorption Physical Adsorption
Chemical Absorption Physical Absorption
CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 71
Post-combustion CO2 capture
||72
Adsorption separation processes
a) Thermal swing adsorption (TSA)
Tabs (low)
Tdes (high)
Pproc (constant)
• For strong adsorbed components
• Adsorbate can be recovered at
high concentration
• No rapid cycles (thermal inertia)
• Thermal aging of the adsorbent
-
Examples: Gas drying or organic solvent drying
Post-combustion CO2 capture
Direct air capture of CO2 from air
+
||73
Adsorption separation processes
b) Pressure swing adsorption (PSA)
Pads
• For rapid cycles
• The weak adsorbents can be
adsorbed at high concentration
• Mechanical energy is expensive
• Vacuum may be needed
-
Examples: recovery and purification of H2,
air separation
pre-combustion CO2 capture
Direct air capture (VTSA)
+
Pdes
Tproc (constant)
||74
Adsorption separation processes
b) Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) Light product
Blowdown
HP HP LPLP HP
Pressurization
LP
PurgeProduction
WasteWaste
Feed Feed
Skarstrom cycle
|| 75
Design of TSA cycles for CO2 capture
CO2
Heat. Cool.Ads.time
dry flue gas
N2
CO2
Hot fluegasCO2, N2, H2O
TSAN2
H2ODrying
8 MJ/kgH2OCold
fluegas
Case study
CO2/N2 12:88 v/v (dry)
4 vol% H2O
Shell and tube type adsorber
Cooling at 300 K, heating at 420 K
How to design a TSA process ableto reach the CCS specifications
1. Cycle Design
2. Novel Materials
Post-combustion CO2 capture
|| 76
Design of TSA cycles for CO2 capture
Dryfeed
time
CO2
Heating CoolingAdsorption
Base cycleWaste
(N2)Zeolite 13X: - Aluminosilicate- Cage structure- 7.4 Å pore diameter
Parametric analysis
Maximize CO2 purity,
maximize CO2 recovery,
by varying the step times for different cycles.
Post-combustion CO2 capture
|| 77
Design of TSA cycles for CO2 capture
Dryfeed
time
CO2
Heating CoolingAdsorption
Base cycleWaste
(N2)
Joss et al, Chem. Eng. Sci 158 (2017) 381-394
13XBase cycle
Recovery ≥ 90% Purity ≥ 96%
Parametric analysis
Maximize CO2 purity,
maximize CO2 recovery,
by varying the step times for different cycles.
Post-combustion CO2 capture
|| 78
Design of TSA cycles for CO2 capture
Patent filed 25.5.2016
CoolingHeat 2
Waste (N2)
Adsorption
Dryfeed
time
CO2
Base cycle
Targeted modifications:
Base cycle
Recovery ≥ 90% Purity ≥ 96%
Joss et al, Chem. Eng. Sci 158 (2017) 381-394
Post-combustion CO2 capture
|| 79
Design of TSA cycles for CO2 capture
Patent filed 25.5.2016
CoolingHeat 2
Waste (N2)
Adsorption
Dryfeed
time
Purge
CO2
Improved cycle
CoolingHeat 2
Waste (N2)
Adsorption
Dryfeed
time
Rec. Purge
CO2
Improved cycle
Targeted modifications:
1. Nitrogen purge beforecooling/adsorption
2. CO2-rich recycle before heating
Increased recovery
Base cycle
Improvedcycle
Recovery ≥ 90% Purity ≥ 96%
Increased purity
Joss et al, Chem. Eng. Sci 158 (2017) 381-394
Post-combustion CO2 capture
|| 80
Design of TSA cycles for CO2 capture
Patent filed 25.5.2016
Heat 1 CoolingHeat 2
Waste (N2)
Adsorption
Dryfeed
time
Rec. Purge
CO2
Advanced cycle
Targeted modifications:
1. Nitrogen purge before cooling/adsorption
2. CO2-rich recycle before heating
3. Preliminary heating to remove N2 from product
Increased recovery
Increased purity
Base cycle
Improvedcycle
Recovery ≥ 90% Purity ≥ 96%
Advanced cycle
Joss et al, Chem. Eng. Sci 158 (2017) 381-394
Post-combustion CO2 capture
||
Zeolite 13X:
- Aluminosilicate
- Cage structure
- 7.4 Å pore diameter
MOF-Mn [Nature, 519, 303-308 (2015)]:
- diamine-appended MOF-74
- Channel structure
- 18.4 Å pore diameter
- Cooperative CO2 insertion
CO2 Capture by TSA (with Casale, Lugano)
22.03.2021CCS and the Industry of Carbon-Based Resources - FS2021 - [email protected] 81
Post-combustion CO2 capture