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PowerPoint® Presentation for Medical Terminology
Chapter 2: The Human Body in Health and
Disease
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Knowledge Learning Objectives
• Define anatomy and physiology and use anatomic reference systems to identify the anatomic position, body planes, directions, and cavities.
• Define the terms associated with cytology and genetics including chromosomes, genes, DNA, and mutation.
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Comprehension Learning Objectives
• Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the terms related to the abdominal cavity and peritoneum.
• Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the terms related to the structure, function, pathology, and procedures of cells, tissues, and glands.
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Comprehension Learning Objectives
• Identify the body systems in terms of their major structures and functions.
• Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the terms related to types of diseases and the modes of disease transmission.
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Application Learning Objectives
• Differentiate between genetic and congenital disorders and identify examples of each.
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Word Parts
• -ac-ac
• Aden/oAden/o
• Adip/oAdip/o
• Cephal/oCephal/o
• Coron/oCoron/o
• Cyt/oCyt/o
• Endo-Endo-
• Exo-Exo-
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Word Parts
• Hist/o
• -malacia
• -ologist
• -ology
• -oma
• Path/o
• -plasia
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Key Terms
• Abdominal cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity
• Adenectomy
• Adenoma
• Adenomalacia
• Adenosclerosis
• Adipose tissue
• Anaplasia
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Key Terms
• Anomaly
• Anterior
• Aplasia
• Caudal
• Cephalic
• Communicable disease
• Congenital disorder
• Coronal
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Key Terms
• Cytoplasm
• Deoxyribonucleic
• Distal
• Dorsal
• Dysplasia
• Endemic
• Endocrine glands
• Epidemic
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Key Terms
• Epigastric region
• Epithelial tissue
• Etiology
• Exocrine glands
• Genome
• Hemophilia
• Histology
• Homeostasis
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Key Terms
• Hyperplasia
• Hypertrophy
• Hypochondriac regions
• Hypogastric region
• Hypoplasia
• Iatrogenic illness
• Idiopathic disease
• Iliac regions
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Key Terms
• Infectious disease
• Inguinal
• Lumbar regions
• Mesentery
• Midsagittal plane
• Nosocomial infection
• Nucleus
• Pandemic
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Key Terms
• Pathology
• Pelvic cavity
• Peritoneum
• Peritonitis
• Phenylketonuria
• Physiology
• Posterior
• Proximal
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Key Terms
• Retroperitoneal
• Thoracic cavity
• Transverse plane
• Ventral
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Anatomic Reference Systems
• Body planes
• Body directions
• Body cavities
• Structural Units
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The Anatomic Position
• Standing up so that the body is erect.
• Facing forward
• Holding the arms at the sides
• Turning the hands with the palms toward the front.
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Body Planes
• Divides the body vertically and horizontally while in the anatomic position.
• Aids in descriptive purposes.
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Vertical and Horizontal Planes
• Sagittal plane
• Midsagittal plane
• Coronal plane
• Transverse plane
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Major Body Cavities
• Dorsal
• Ventral
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Dorsal Cavity
• Cranial cavity
• Spinal cavity
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Ventral Cavity
• Thoracic cavity
• Abdominal cavity
• Pelvic cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity
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Quadrants of the Abdomen
• Right upper quadrant
• Left upper quadrant
• Right lower quadrant
• Left lower quadrant
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Regions of the Thorax and Abdomen
• Hypochondriac regions
• Epigastric region
• Lumbar regions
• Umbilical region
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Regions of the Thorax and Abdomen
• Iliac regions
• Hypogastric region
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Peritoneum
• Parietal peritoneum
• Visceral peritoneum
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Cells: The Body’s Basic Unit
• Basic structural units of the body.
• Grouped together to form tissues and organs.
• Exact replicas are produced when the cell divides.
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Stem Cells
• Unspecialized cells that renew themselves through cell division.
• Can be induced to become cells with special functions.
• Used for bone marrow transplants in the treatment of leukemia.
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Sources of Stem Cells
• Newly formed embryos.
• Cord blood
• Adult tissues
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The Structure of Cells
• Cell membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
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Chromosomes
• Found in cell nucleus
• Bearers of genes
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Somatic Cell
• Contains 46 chromosomes arranged into 23 pairs.
• 22 identical pairs of chromosomes, plus an XX or XY pair to determine sex.
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Sex Cells
• Sperm and eggs, also called gametes
• Do not have 46 chromosomes
• Each mature sex cell has 23 single chromosomes.
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Genetics
• DNA
• Genome
• Clone
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Genetic Mutation
• Somatic cell mutation
• Gametic Cell Mutation
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Dominant and Recessive Genes
• Offspring will have genetic condition, when dominant gene is inherited from one parent
• Offspring will not have genetic condition when a recessive gene is inherited from one parent and normal gene is inherited from other parent.
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Dominant and Recessive Genes
• Offspring will have the genetic condition when a recessive gene is inherited from both parents.
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Genetic Disorders
• Cystic fibrosis
• Down Syndrome
• Hemophilia
• Huntington’s disease
• Muscular dystrophy
• Phenylketonuria
• Sickle cell anemia
• Tay-Sachs disease
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Congenital Disorders
• Developmental disorder
• Prenatal influences
• Birth injuries
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Tissue: Cells Working Together
• Histology
• Histologist
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Types of Tissue
• Epithelial Tissues
• Connective Tissues
• Muscle Tissue
• Nerve Tissue
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Epithelial Tissues
• Epithelial tissues
• Epithelium
• Endothelium
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Connective Tissues
• Connective tissues
• Adipose tissue
• Loose connective tissue
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Pathology of Tissue Formation
• Anaplasia
• Aplasia
• Dysplasia
• Hyperplasia
• Hypertrophy
• Hypoplasia
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Glands
• Exocrine glands
• Endocrine glands
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Pathology and Procedures of the Glands
• Adenectomy
• Adenitis
• Adenoma
• Adenomalacia
• Adenosclerosis
• Adenosis
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Organs and Body Systems
• Somewhat independent body part
• Performs a special function or functions
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Major Body Systems
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic and Immune
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Nervous
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Major Body Systems
• Special Senses
• Integumentary
• Endocrine
• Reproductive
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Pathology
• Disease transmission
• Outbreaks of Diseases
• Types of Diseases
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Disease Transmission
• Communicable disease
• Bloodborne transmission
• Airborne transmission
• Foodborne and waterborne transmission
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Outbreaks of Diseases
• Endemic
• Epidemic
• Pandemic