Chapter 2Chapter 2
Matter Mixtures Elements and
Compounds Chemical Reactions
What states of matter are represented?What states of matter are represented?
Properties of MatterProperties of Matter
Matter – anything that has mass and takes up space
Mass – amount of matter an object contains
Properties of MatterProperties of Matter
Substance – matter that has a uniform and definite composition
Example: Sugar Pure Substance – only
contains one kind of matter
Properties of MatterProperties of Matter
Physical Property – a quality of condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substances composition
Example: Color, solubility, odor, hardness, density, melting point
States of MatterStates of MatterProperty Solid Liquid Gas or Vapor
Shape
Volume
Expansion on Heating
Compressibility
States of MatterStates of MatterProperty Solid Liquid Gas or Vapor
Shape Definite Indefinite Indefinite
Volume Definite Definite Indefinite
Expansion on Heating
Very Slight Moderate Great
Compressibility Almost Incompressible
Almost Incompressible
Readily Compressible
Physical ChangesPhysical Changes
Cutting Grinding Bending Melting Freezing Boil Dissolve Split
Chapter 2.2 MixturesChapter 2.2 Mixtures
What is a mixture?
How can it be separated?
Classifying MixturesClassifying Mixtures
Mixture – physical blend of two or more substances
Classifying MixturesClassifying Mixtures
Heterogeneous – a mixture that is not uniform in composition, its components are readily distinguished
Example: Salad
Classifying MixturesClassifying Mixtures
Homogeneous - a mixture that is completely uniform in composition, its components are not readily distinguished
Example: salt water
Classifying MixturesClassifying Mixtures
Solution – homogenous mixture Example: Sterling Silver (Copper in silver)
Classifying MixturesClassifying Mixtures
Phase – any part of a system with uniform composition and particles
PhasePhase
Homogeneous mixture – Single Phase
Heterogeneous mixture – two or more phases
Separating MixturesSeparating Mixtures
Separate physically by shape, size, color, etc…
Separate with a magnet, filter
Separate by distillation
DistillationDistillation
A liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is condensed back into a liquid
Used to separate impurities in liquids
MatterMatter
Mixtures Pure Substance
Homogenous Mixtures
Heterogeneous Mixtures
Compound Elements
Solution
Ch 2.3 Elements and Ch 2.3 Elements and CompoundsCompounds
Distinguishing Elements and Distinguishing Elements and CompoundsCompounds
Element – simplest form of matter that can exist, cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means
Top Ten Elements in the Human Body– Oxygen 65%– Carbon 18%– Hydrogen 10%– Nitrogen 3%– Calcium 1.5%– Phosphorus 1.2%– Potassium 0.2%– Chlorine 0.2%– Sulfur 0.2%– Sodium 0.1%
Distinguishing Elements and Distinguishing Elements and CompoundsCompounds
Compound – 2 or more elements that combine chemically, can be separated into simpler substances by chemical means
SugarSugar
Sugar
compound
Carbon
Element
Water
Compound
+
Water
compound
Hydrogen
element
Oxygen
element
+
HEAT
ELECTRICITY
Symbols and FormulasSymbols and Formulas
Chemical Symbols – One or two letters– First letter always capitalized– Second letter lower case
Name Symbol Latin Name
Sodium Na natrium
Potassium K kalium
Antimony Sb stibium
Copper Cu cuprum
Gold Au aurum
Silver Ag argentum
Iron Fe ferrum
Lead Pb plumbum
Mercury Hg hydrargyrum
Tin Sn stannum
Tungsten W wolfram
Ch 2.4 Chemical ReactionsCh 2.4 Chemical Reactions
Ch 2.4 Chemical ReactionsCh 2.4 Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reaction – the changing of substances to other substances by the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of bonds in products
Parts of a ReactionParts of a Reaction
Reactants Products Reactants – starting substances Products – substances formed
Chemical PropertyChemical Property
Ability of a substance to undergo a chemical reaction and form new substances
Examples of Chemical Examples of Chemical ReactionsReactions
Burn Rot Rust Decompose Ferment Explode Corrode
Clues that a chemical reaction Clues that a chemical reaction has occurredhas occurred
Heat given off Heat absorbed Odor given off Irreversibility
Law of Conservation of MassLaw of Conservation of Mass
Total mass of reactants = Total mass of products
In any physical or chemical reaction, mass is neither created or destroyed