CHAPTER 16
Scientific Revolution
What developments contributed to the Scientific Revolution?
Renaissance humanists mastered Greek and were then open to works of Galen, Ptolemy, Archimedes, Plato
Renaissance artists’ close observation of nature established new standards for the study of natural phenomena Painters needed knowledge of geometry and anatomy Da Vinci declared mathematics integral to artists
Proliferation of books spurred innovation Telescope, microscope
HERMETICISM (divinity is in all aspects of nature, magic, mysticism) inspired astrology and alchemy
Group Project
Seven groups (2-3) You and your partner (or partners) will
select a committee from the list to give a brief report on
Summarize how your topic played a part in Scientific Revolution and the emergence of modern science
The report is to be two minutes and done with…
Sock puppets!
Topics
Astronomy Newton Medicine Women Scientific Method Science & Religion Spread of Science
Presentation
Astronomy
Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution: ASTRONOMY, Mechanics, Medicine
Ptolemaic Conception: GEOCENTRIC, earth at the center Earth is made of earth, air, fire, water and
always changing Spheres that surround earth are crystalline,
transparent, and move in circular orbits (Aristotle said circle=most perfect)
10 bodies in all, our universe was finite with God/Heaven beyond
Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution: ASTRONOMY, Mechanics, Medicine
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) polish mathematician – not astronomer- used old models, own computations On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
HELIOCENTRIC CONCEPTION- sun in center, planets revolve around sun, moon revolves around Earth
Kept circular orbits Waited until deathbed to publish, scared and
embarrassed Created uncertainty about human role in universe
& God’s location Protestants reacted harshly based on literal
translation of Bible
Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution: ASTRONOMY, Mechanics, Medicine
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) Compiled detailed records of observations and
movements of stars and planets Rejected Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system Unable to accept Copernicus
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Brahe’s assistant Three laws
Orbits not circular but elliptical Speed of planet is greater when it is closer to sun
(disproved Aristotle’s idea that motion is steady and fixed)
Planets with larger orbits revolve slower
Greatest Mustache in
History Nominee
Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution: ASTRONOMY, Mechanics, Medicine
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Mathematician used telescope to observe
heavens The Starry Messenger (1610)
Planets made of similar stuff to ours! Mountains and craters on moon, moons revolving around Jupiter, phases of Venus, sunspots
Stunned Europeans more than Copernicus and Kepler
Firm believer in heliocentric system Roman Inquisition ordered Galileo to condemn
Copernicus
Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution: ASTRONOMY, Mechanics, Medicine
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems:
Ptolemaic and Copernican Written in Italian, making it more widely available, alarmed
church Found guilty of teaching Copernicus, put under house
arrest PROBLEM OF MOTION- Aristotle held that an
object remained at rest unless a force was applied against it and stopped when force stopped What power was moving the planets? Galileo discovered INERTIA- bodies stay in motion
unless deflected by external forces
Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution: ASTRONOMY, MECHANICS, Medicine
Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Invented calculus- mathematical means of
calculating rates of change Principia (1686)
Mathematical proofs for law of gravitation Three laws of motion
Every object in motion stays in motion until deflected Rate of change of motion is proportional to force against it Every action has an equal and opposite reaction
Apply to the universe- all can be explained through math Gravity creates orbits
Widely accepted in England, not so much elsewhere
Presentation
Isaac Newton
Galileo vs. Newton
Collins Type II Track the changes of the thought in
astronomy from Ptolemy & Aristotle to Isaac Newton
Presentation
Medicine
Greatest Achievements in Sci Revolution: Astronomy, Mechanics, MEDICINE
Galen Greek physician in 2nd Century CE influenced all others
Paracelsus (1493-1541) applied chemical remedies “like cures like”
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) On the Fabric of the Human Body
blood comes from the heart (yes) two kinds of blood (no) William Harvey (1578-1657)
On the Motion of the Heart and Blood Blood comes from heart all same blood in veins and arteries Blood makes complete circuit
New opportunities for elite women emerged in Humanism
Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673) Aristocrat taught in Humanist schooling Participant in crucial scientific debates Excluded from membership in Royal Society
Maria Merian (1647-1717) Entomologist trained in her father’s workshop Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam
Maria Winkelmann (1670-1720) German astronomer, self and family taught Excluded from Royal Society
Presentation
Women
Opportunities for women in science limited… by science
QUERELLES DES FEMMES- arguments about women Women argued they were equal to men in
ability 18th century Anatomy “proved” women
were designed to bear children and excluded further from learning and science
Modern science saw a male takeover of traditional roles for women like midwivery
DBQ
Analyze and discuss attitudes and reactions toward the participation of women in the sciences during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Limit yourself to 45 minutes! (that’s a study hall) T-thesis A-all B-bias L-link E-evaluate
Presentation
Scientific Method
All answers can be found in reason
Rene Descartes (1596-1650) French lower nobility, Jesuit education,
studied law Discourse on Method (1637)
I think, therefore I am Emphasis on the mind: only accept things
that reason proved CARTESIAN DUALISM: duality between
mind and matter, the mind is separate and therefore can study matter with reason
RATIONALISM: reason and experience are chief sources of knowledge
All answers can be found in reason Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
EMPIRICISM: experiment and induction SCIENTIFIC METHOD: systematic
observations and experiments used to arrive at general concepts
Presentation
Science & Religion
Science and Religion
Benedict de Spinoza (1632-1677) Could not accept separating the mind from matter or
God from science Ethics Demonstrated in the Geometrical Manner
God is not just the creator of the universe, he IS the universe Failure to understand God leads to many misconceptions Women were naturally inferior to women
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) Pensées
Tried to convert rationalists to Christianity by appealing to their reason and emotions- You can’t know everything, only God can
God is a reasonable bet – if he exists, you win, if he doesn’t , you have nothing to lose
Presentation
Spread of Science