Chapter 15: Defining Chapter 15: Defining PersonalityPersonality
The word comes from the Latin persona, meaning “mask.”
PersonalityAn individual’s distinct and relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviors
Chapter 15: PersonalityChapter 15: Personality
Four major approaches to Personality. Four major approaches to Personality.
Psychoanalysis
The Cognitive Social-Learning Approach
The Humanistic Approach
The Trait Approach
Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis Freud’s Theory of PersonalityFreud’s Theory of Personality
PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysis– Freud’s theory of Freud’s theory of personality and method personality and method of psychotherapy, both of psychotherapy, both of which assume that of which assume that our motives are largely our motives are largely unconsciousunconscious
Personality: Freud’s Personality: Freud’s Psychodynamic ApproachPsychodynamic Approach
IdId
Definition:Definition: - Primitive part of - Primitive part of personalitypersonality
- Supplies libido- Supplies libido
- Demands immediate - Demands immediate pleasurepleasure
Level ofLevel of UnconsciousUnconscious
Consciousness:Consciousness:
Personality: Freud’s Personality: Freud’s Psychodynamic ApproachPsychodynamic Approach
SuperEgoSuperEgo
Definition:Definition: - Judge or censor - Judge or censor - “Internal parent”- “Internal parent”
Level of Level of Partly conscious,Partly conscious,Consciousness:Consciousness: mostly unconsciousmostly unconscious
Personality: Freud’s Personality: Freud’s Psychodynamic ApproachPsychodynamic Approach
EgoEgo
Definition: Definition: - Executive of personality- Executive of personality
- Directs rational behavior- Directs rational behavior
Level ofLevel of Partly conscious, and Partly conscious, and partlypartly
Consciousness:Consciousness: unconsciousunconscious
PsychoanalysisPsychoanalysisPsychosexual DevelopmentPsychosexual Development
Psychosexual StagesPsychosexual Stages– Freud’s stages of personality Freud’s stages of personality
development during which pleasure is development during which pleasure is derived from different parts of the bodyderived from different parts of the body
– OralOral (the first year of life) (the first year of life)– Anal Anal (ages 2-3)(ages 2-3)– PhallicPhallic (ages 4-6) (ages 4-6)
When When Oedipus complexOedipus complex and and identification identification occuroccur
– LatencyLatency period (ages 7-12) period (ages 7-12)– GenitalGenital (starting at puberty) (starting at puberty)
Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis The Dynamics of The Dynamics of
PersonalityPersonality To minimize the anxiety due to the conflict To minimize the anxiety due to the conflict
between the id and the superego, the ego between the id and the superego, the ego uses uses defense mechanismsdefense mechanisms..– Unconscious methods of minimizing anxiety Unconscious methods of minimizing anxiety
by denying and distorting realityby denying and distorting reality– Repression (forgetting)Repression (forgetting)– Denial (ignoring)Denial (ignoring)– Projection (attributing to others)Projection (attributing to others)– Reaction Formation (converting to its Reaction Formation (converting to its
opposite)opposite)– Rationalization (making excuses)Rationalization (making excuses)– Sublimation (channeling into acceptable Sublimation (channeling into acceptable
outletsoutlets
The Cognitive Social- The Cognitive Social- Learning ApproachLearning Approach
Cognitive Social-Learning Cognitive Social-Learning TheoryTheory
– An approach to personality An approach to personality that focuses on social that focuses on social learning (modeling), learning (modeling), acquired cognitive factors acquired cognitive factors (expectancies, values), and (expectancies, values), and the person-situation the person-situation interactioninteraction
The Cognitive Social-Learning The Cognitive Social-Learning
Approach ApproachSocial-Learning TheorySocial-Learning Theory
ModelingModeling– The social-learning process by which behavior is The social-learning process by which behavior is
observed and imitatedobserved and imitated Locus of Control Locus of Control
– The expectancy that one’s reinforcements are The expectancy that one’s reinforcements are generally controlled by internal or external generally controlled by internal or external factorsfactors
Self-EfficacySelf-Efficacy– The belief that one is capable of performing the The belief that one is capable of performing the
behaviors required to produce a desired outcomebehaviors required to produce a desired outcome
The Humanistic The Humanistic ApproachApproach
Humanistic TheoryHumanistic Theory– An approach to personality An approach to personality that focuses on the self, that focuses on the self, subjective experience, and subjective experience, and the capacity for fulfillmentthe capacity for fulfillment
The Humanistic The Humanistic ApproachApproach
The Personality Theory of Carl The Personality Theory of Carl RogersRogers
The Humanistic Approach The Humanistic Approach Rogers’ Theory Rogers’ Theory
Unconditional Positive RegardUnconditional Positive Regard– The acceptance and love one receives The acceptance and love one receives
from significant others is unqualifiedfrom significant others is unqualified Conditional Positive RegardConditional Positive Regard
– The acceptance and love one receives The acceptance and love one receives from significant others is contingent from significant others is contingent upon one’s behaviorupon one’s behavior
The Humanistic Approach The Humanistic Approach Carl RogersCarl Rogers Self-EsteemSelf-Esteem
– A positive or negative evaluation A positive or negative evaluation of the selfof the self
Self-SchemasSelf-Schemas– Specific beliefs about the self Specific beliefs about the self
that influence how people that influence how people interpret self-relevant interpret self-relevant informationinformation
Personality: Trait approachPersonality: Trait approach
Personality trait theorists:Personality trait theorists:
- look for general trends in personality- look for general trends in personality
- believe that personality is enduring and stable- believe that personality is enduring and stable
Personality: Trait approachPersonality: Trait approach What are personality traits?What are personality traits?
- A personality trait is a stable, enduring quality that - A personality trait is a stable, enduring quality that a a person shows in most situations. person shows in most situations.
- A personality trait is who you are MOST of the - A personality trait is who you are MOST of the time.time.
Personality measures: trait Personality measures: trait approachapproach
NEO Personality InventoryNEO Personality Inventory
- Also known as the Five Factor Model (FFM).- Also known as the Five Factor Model (FFM).
- Condenses personality down to 5 “factors”.- Condenses personality down to 5 “factors”.
Personality measures: trait Personality measures: trait approachapproach
NEO Personality InventoryNEO Personality Inventory
- Five factors are: - Five factors are: ExtroversionExtroversion
NeuroticismNeuroticism
AgreeablenessAgreeableness
ConscientiousnessConscientiousness
Openness to ExperienceOpenness to Experience
Personality measures: trait Personality measures: trait approachapproach
NEO Personality InventoryNEO Personality Inventory
Extroversion is associated with:Extroversion is associated with:
- Positive emotionality- Positive emotionality
- Sociability- Sociability
- Risk taking- Risk taking
- Likelihood to enter sales, mgt., or - Likelihood to enter sales, mgt., or accountingaccounting
Personality measures: trait Personality measures: trait approachapproach
NEO Personality InventoryNEO Personality Inventory
Neuroticism is associated with:Neuroticism is associated with:
- subjective discomfort- subjective discomfort
- anxiety- anxiety
- emotional stability- emotional stability
Personality measures: trait Personality measures: trait approachapproach
NEO Personality InventoryNEO Personality Inventory
Agreeableness is associated with:Agreeableness is associated with:
- desire for harmony and cooperation- desire for harmony and cooperation
- pro-social and team-related behavior- pro-social and team-related behavior
Personality measures: trait Personality measures: trait approachapproach
NEO Personality InventoryNEO Personality Inventory
Conscientiousness is associated with:Conscientiousness is associated with:
- work related behavior (all kinds)- work related behavior (all kinds)
- self-discipline- self-discipline
- thoroughness- thoroughness
Personality measures: trait Personality measures: trait approachapproach
NEO Personality InventoryNEO Personality Inventory
Openness to Experience is associated with:Openness to Experience is associated with:
- imagination- imagination
- sensitivity and openness to- sensitivity and openness to
new ideasnew ideas
- hypnotic susceptibility- hypnotic susceptibility
Applying personality trait Applying personality trait theorytheory
Kurt Lewin’s Life Space TheoryKurt Lewin’s Life Space Theory
Behavior = (f) Person Behavior = (f) Person X Situation X Situation
(Environment)(Environment)
Life space theory postulates that behavior is a function Life space theory postulates that behavior is a function ((result or outcome ofresult or outcome of) of the unique interaction of people ) of the unique interaction of people and their immediate psychological environment and their immediate psychological environment ((situationsituation).).
Consistency of traits: self-Consistency of traits: self-monitoringmonitoring
Self-monitoringSelf-monitoring: : individual differences in people’s individual differences in people’s ability and motivation to engage in strategic self-ability and motivation to engage in strategic self-presentation.presentation.
High self-monitors: High self-monitors:
(1) first look to the environment (1) first look to the environment
(2) secondly determine if they’re “being (2) secondly determine if they’re “being themselves”themselves”
Low self-monitors:Low self-monitors:
(1) first determine if they’re “being themselves”(1) first determine if they’re “being themselves”
(2) secondly look to the environment (2) secondly look to the environment
Different types of situationsDifferent types of situations““Normal” situationsNormal” situations
- People’s choices reflect their personalities.- People’s choices reflect their personalities.
- People believe they have choices about how to - People believe they have choices about how to behave.behave.
““Extreme” situationsExtreme” situations
- People’s choices do not necessarily reflect their - People’s choices do not necessarily reflect their personalities. personalities.
- People often act the same because there are - People often act the same because there are strong strong expectations about how to behave. expectations about how to behave.