Chapter 11Blood
Functions• transports vital substances• distributes heat
Blood Cells• form mostly in red bone marrow• red blood cells• white blood cells• platelets (cell fragments)
11-1
Blood Volume
• varies with• body size• changes in fluid concentration• changes in electrolyte concentration• amount of adipose tissue
• about 8% of body weight• about 5 liters
11-2
Red Blood Cells
• erythrocytes• biconcave• one-third hemoglobin• oxyhemoglobin• deoxyhemoglobin
• can readily squeeze through capillaries• lack nuclei and mitochondria
11-4
Red Blood Cell Count
• number of RBCs in a cubic millimeter of blood
• 4,600,000 – 6,200,000 in males
• 4,200,000 – 5,400,000 in adult females
• 4,500,000 – 5,100,000 in children
• reflects blood’s oxygen carrying capacity
11-5
Red Blood Cell Production
• low blood oxygen causes kidneys and liver to release erythropoietin which stimulates RBC production
• vitamin B12, folic acid and iron necessary
11-6
Types of Anemia
• iron deficiency anemia• hemoglobin deficient• lack of iron
• pernicious anemia• excess of immature RBCs• inability to absorb B12
• sickle cell anemia• abnormal shape of RBCs• defective gene
11-7
Polycythemia- excess number of rbcs
White Blood Cells
• leukocytes• protect against disease• interleukins and colony-stimulating factors stimulate development
• granulocytes• neutrophils• eosinophils• basophils
• agranulocytes• lymphocytes• monocytes
11-8
Lymphocytes
• T cells• B cells• important in immunity• produce antibodies• 25% - 33% of leukocytes• decreased T Cells in AIDS
11-9
White Blood Cell Counts
• number of WBCs per cubic millimeter of blood• 5,000 – 10,000 per cubic millimeter of blood• leukopenia • low WBC count; below 5,000 per cubic mm• AIDS
• leukocytosis • high WBC count; more than 10,000 per cubic mm• acute infections, leukemia
• differential WBC count• lists percentages of types of leukocytes• may change in particular diseases 11-10
Blood Platelets
• thrombocytes• cell fragments of megakaryocytes• 130,000 – 360,000 per cubic millimeter of blood• helps control blood loss from broken vessels
11-11
Hemostasis and Blood Clots
• stoppage of bleeding
11-12
• thrombus – abnormal blood clot• embolus – blood clot moving through blood
Plasma ProteinsAlbumins• most numerous plasma proteins• originate in liver• help maintain osmotic pressure of blood
Gamma Globulins• originate in lymphatic tissues• constitute the antibodies of immunity
11-14
Gases and Nutrients
Gases• oxygen• carbon dioxide• nitrogen
Nutrients • amino acids• simple sugars• nucleotides• lipids
11-15
Plasma Electrolytes
• sodium• potassium• calcium• chloride• bicarbonate• phosphate• sodium and potassium most abundant
11-16