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1
The Human Body:
Anatomy and Physiology
Part A
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Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy the study of the structure of body partsand their relationships to one another
Gross or macroscopic
Microscopic
Developmental
Physiology the study of the function of the bodys
structural machinery
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Anatomy: Gross
Regional all structures in one part of the body
(such as the abdomen or leg)
Systemic gross anatomy of the body studied by
system
Surface study of internal structures as they relateto the overlying skin
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Anatomy: Microscopic
Cytology study of the cell
Histology study of tissues
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Anatomy: Developmental
Traces structural changes throughout life
Embryology study of developmental changes of
the body before birth
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Anatomy: Specialized Branches of Anatomy
Pathological anatomy study of structural changes
caused by disease
Radiographic anatomy study of internal structures
visualized by X ray
Molecular biology study of anatomical structuresat a subcellular level
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Physiology
Considers the operation of specific organ systems
Renal kidney function
Neurophysiology workings of the nervous system
Cardiovascular operation of the heart and blood
vessels
Focuses on the functions of the body, often at the
cellular or molecular level
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Principle of Complementarity
Function always reflects structure
What a structure can do depends on its specific form
For example: Thumb
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Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical atoms combined to form molecules
Cellular cells are made of molecules
Tissue consists of similar types of cells
Organ made up of different types of tissues
Organ system consists of different organs that
work closely together
Organismal made up of the organ systems
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Organ Systems of the Body
Integumentary system
Forms the external body covering
Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands,
hair, and nails
Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizesvitamin D
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Organ Systems of the Body
Skeletal system
Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
Protects and supports body organs
Provides the framework for muscles
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals
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Organ Systems of the Body
Muscular system
Composed of muscles and tendons
Allows manipulation of the environment,
locomotion, and facial expression
Maintains posture
Produces heat
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Organ Systems of the Body
Nervous system
Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves
Is the fast-acting control system of the body
Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and
glands
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Organ Systems of the Body
Cardiovascular system
Composed of the heart and blood vessels
The heart pumps blood
The blood vessels transport blood throughout the
body
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Organ Systems of the Body
Lymphatic system
Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen,
lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and
returns it to blood
Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
Houses white blood cells involved with immunity
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Organ Systems of the Body
Respiratory system
Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea,bronchi, and lungs
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes
carbon dioxide
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Organ Systems of the Body
Digestive system
Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, andliver
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter
the blood
Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces
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Organ Systems of the Body
Urinary system
Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and
urethra
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of theblood
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Organ Systems of the Body
Female reproductive system
Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine
tubes, uterus, and vagina
Main function is the production of offspring
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization
and development of the fetus
Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the
newborn
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Organ Systems Interrelationships
The integumentary system protects the body from
the external environment
Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with
the external environment, take in nutrients andoxygen
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Organ Systems Interrelationships
Nutrients and oxygen
are distributed by the
blood
Metabolic wastes are
eliminated by theurinary and respiratory
systems
Figure 1.2
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Necessary Life Functions I
Maintaining boundaries the internal environment remains distinct
from the external
Cellular level accomplished by plasma membranes
Organismal level accomplished by the skin
Movement locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility
Responsiveness ability to sense changes in the environment and
respond to them
Digestion breakdown of ingested foodstuffs
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Survival Needs
Nutrients chemical substances used for energy andcell building
Oxygen needed for metabolic reactions
Water provides the necessary environment forchemical reactions
Maintaining normal body temperature necessaryfor chemical reactions to occur at life-sustainingrates
Atmospheric pressure required for properbreathing and gas exchange in the lungs
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1
The Human Body:
Homeostasis
Part B
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Homeostasis: Control Mechanisms
The variable produces a change in the body
The three interdependent components of controlmechanisms are:
Receptor monitors the environments and respondsto changes (stimuli)
Control center determines the set point at whichthe variable is maintained
Effector provides the means to respond to thestimulus
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Stimulus:
Produceschange
in variable
1
2
3
Changedetected
by receptor
Input:
Information
sent alongafferent
pathway to
5 Response of
effector feeds
back to influence
magnitude of
stimulus andreturns
variable to
homeostasisVariable (in homeostasis)
Receptor (sensor)
Controlcenter 4 Output:
Information sent
along efferentpathway to
Effector
Homeostasis: Control Mechanisms
Figure 1.4
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Homeostasis: Negative Feedback
In negative feedback systems, the output shuts off
the original stimulus
prevents sudden and severe changes within the
body.
Example: Regulation of blood glucose levels
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Homeostasis: Negative Feedback
Figure 1.5
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Homeostasis: Positive Feedback
In positive feedbacksystems, the output
enhances or exaggerates
the original stimulus
Example: Regulation of
blood clotting
Example: Enhancement of
labor contractions by
oxytocin.
Figure 1.6
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Homeostasis: Imbalance
Disturbance of homeostasis or the bodys normal
equilibrium
Overwhelming of negative feedback mechanisms
allowing destructive positive feedback mechanismsto take over
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Anatomical Position
Body erect, feet slightlyapart, palms facing
forward, thumbs point
away from body
Figure 1.7a
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Directional Terms
Superior and inferior toward and away from the
head, respectively
Anterior and posterior toward the front and backof the body
Medial, lateral, and intermediate toward the
midline, away from the midline, and between a more
medial and lateral structure
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Directional Terms
Proximal and distal closer to and farther from the
origin of the body
Superficial and deep toward and away from the
body surface
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Directional Terms
Table 1.1
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Regional Terms: Anterior View
Axial head,
neck, and trunk
Appendicular appendages or
limbs
Specificregional
terminology
Figure 1.7a
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Regional Terms: Posterior View
Figure 1.7b
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Body Planes
Sagittal divides the body
into right and left parts
Midsagittal or medial sagittal plane that lies on
the midline
Frontal or coronal divides
the body into anterior andposterior parts
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Body Planes
Transverse or horizontal
(cross section) divides the
body into superior and
inferior parts
Oblique section cuts
made diagonally
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Anatomical Variability
Humans vary slightly in both external and internal anatomy
Over90% of all anatomical structures match textbook
descriptions, but:
Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place
Small muscles may be missing
Extreme anatomical variations are seldom seen
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Body Cavities
Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is
divided into two subdivisions
Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the
brain
Vertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column
and encases the spinal cord
Ventral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera),
and is divided into two subdivisions: thoracic and
abdominopelvic
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Body Planes
Figure 1.9a
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Body Planes
Figure 1.9b
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Body Cavities
The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the
superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped
diaphragm
It is composed of two subdivisions
Abdominal cavity contains the stomach,
intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
Pelvic cavity lies within the pelvis and contains
the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
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Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Figure 1.10a
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Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Figure 1.10b
O C i i
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Other Body Cavities
Oral and digestive mouth and cavities of the
digestive organs
Nasal located within and posterior to the nose
Orbital house the eyes
Middle ear contain bones (ossicles) that transmit
sound vibrations
Synovial joint cavities
Abd i l i R i
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AbdominopelvicRetions
U
mbilical Epigastric
Hypogastric
Right and left iliac or
inguinal
Right and left lumbar
Right and left
hypochondriac
Figure 1.11a
O f th Abd i l i R i
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Organs of the AbdominopelvicRegions
Figure 1.11b
Abd i l i Q d t
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right upper
Left upper
Right lower
Left lower
Figure 1.12