7/31/2019 Ch_01 Lecture Outline A
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PowerPoint Lecture Slides
prepared byJanice Meeking,
Mount Royal College
C H A P T E R
Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
1
The HumanBody: AnOrientation:Part A
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Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: The study of structure
Subdivisions:
Gross or macroscopic (e.g., regional, surface,and systemic anatomy)
Microscopic (e.g., cytology and histology)
Developmental (e.g., embryology)
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Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Essential tools for the study of anatomy:
Mastery of anatomical terminology
Observation
Manipulation
Palpation
Auscultation
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Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Physiology: The study of function at manylevels
Subdivisions are based on organ systems(e.g., renal or cardiovascular physiology)
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Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Essential tools for the study of physiology:
Ability to focus at many levels (from systemicto cellular and molecular)
Basic physical principles (e.g., electrical
currents, pressure, and movement)
Basic chemical principles
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Principle of Complementarity
Anatomy and physiology are inseparable.
Function always reflects structure
What a structure can do depends on itsspecific form
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Levels of Structural Organization
Chemical: atoms and molecules (Chapter 2)
Cellular: cells and their organelles (Chapter 3)
Tissue: groups of similar cells (Chapter 4)
Organ: contains two or more types of tissues
Organ system: organs that work closelytogether
Organismal: all organ systems
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Cardiovascular
system
OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Tissue level
Tissues consist of similar
types of cells.
Organ level
Organs are made up of different typesof tissues.
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely.
Organismal level
The human organism is made up
of many organ systems.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Heart
Blood
vessels
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Figure 1.1
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MoleculeAtoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules.
Figure 1.1, step 1
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OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Smooth muscle cell
Figure 1.1, step 2
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OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Tissue level
Tissues consist of similar
types of cells.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Figure 1.1, step 3
Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc.
OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Tissue level
Tissues consist of similar
types of cells.
Organ level
Organs are made up of different types
of tissues.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Figure 1.1, step 4
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Cardiovascular
system
OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Tissue levelTissues consist of similar
types of cells.
Organ level
Organs are made up of different types
of tissues.
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together close ly.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Heart
Blood
vessels
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Figure 1.1, step 5
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Cardiovascular
system
OrganelleMoleculeAtoms
Chemical level
Atoms combine to form molecules.
Cellular level
Cells are made up of
molecules.
Tissue level
Tissues consist of similar
types of cells.
Organ level
Organs are made up of different typesof tissues.
Organ system level
Organ systems consist of different
organs that work together closely.
Organismal level
The human organism is made up
of many organ systems.
Smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Blood vessel (organ)
Heart
Blood
vessels
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth muscle tissue
Figure 1.1, step 6
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Overview of Organ Systems
Note major organs and functions of the 11
organ systems (Fig. 1.3)
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Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3a
NailsSkin
Hair
(a) Integumentary System
Forms the external body covering, andprotects deeper tissues from injury.Synthesizes vitamin D, and housescutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.)receptors and sweat and oil glands.
Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3b
Bones
Joint
(b) Skeletal System
Protects and supports body organs,and provides a framework the musclesuse to cause movement. Blood cells
are formed within bones. Bones storeminerals.
Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3c
Skeletal
muscles
(c) Muscular System
Allows manipulation of the environment,locomotion, and facial expression. Main-tains posture, and produces heat.
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Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3d
Brain
NervesSpinal
cord
(d) Nervous System
As the fast-acting control system ofthe body, it responds to internal andexternal changes by activatingappropriate muscles and glands.
Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3e
Pineal gland
Pituitary
glandThyroid
gland
Thymus
Adrenal
gland
Pancreas
Testis
Ovary
(e) Endocrine SystemGlands secrete hormones that regulate
processes such as growth, reproduction,
and nutrient use (metabolism) by body
cells.
Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3f
(f) Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood,
which carries oxygen, carbondioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.The heart pumpsblood.
Heart
Blood
vessels
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Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3g
Lymphaticvessels
Red bonemarrow
Thoracicduct
Thymus
Spleen
Lymphnodes
(g) Lymphatic System/Immunity
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vesselsand returns it to blood. Disposes of debris
in the lymphatic s tream. Houses white
blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in
immunity. The immune response mountsthe attack against foreign substances
within the body.
Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3h
Nasal
cavity
Bronchus
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Lung
(h) Respiratory SystemKeeps blood constantly supplied with
oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
The gaseous exchange s occur through
the wall s of the air sacs of the lungs.
Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3i
Liver
Oral cavity
Esophagus
Large
intestine
StomachSmall
intestine
RectumAnus
(i) Digestive System
Breaks down food into absorbableunits that enter the blood fordistribution to body cells. Indigestiblefoodstuffs are eliminated as fe ces.
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Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3j
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary
bladderUrethra
(j) Urinary System
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from thebody. Re gulates water, electrolyte andacid-base balance of the blood.
Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.3k-l
Prostate
gland
Ductus
deferens
Penis
Testis
Scrotum
Ovary
Uterine
tube
Mammary
glands (inbreasts)
Uterus
Vagina
Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce spe rm and male sex
hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in de livery of sperm to the female
reproductive tract. Ovaries produce e ggs and female se x hormones. The rem ainingfemale structure s serve as sites for fer tilization and development of the fetus.
Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.
(k) Male Reproductive System (l) Female Reproductive System
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Organ Systems Interrelationships
All cells depend on organ systems to meet
their survival needs
Organ systems work cooperatively to performnecessary life functions
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Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.2
Takes in nutrient s, breaks them
down, and eliminates unabsorbedmatter (feces)
Takes in oxygen and
eliminates carbon dioxide
Food O2 CO2
Via the blood , distributes o xygen
and nutrients to all bodycells anddelivers wastes and carbon
dioxide to disposal organs
Interstitial fluid
Nutrients Eliminatesnitrogenous
wastes and
excess ions
Nutrient s and wastes pass
between blood and cells
via the interstitial fluid
Protects the body as a whole
from the external environ ment
Blood
Heart
Feces Urine
CO2O2
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Necessary Life Functions
1. Maintaining boundaries between internaland external environments
Plasma membranes
Skin
2. Movement (contractility)
Of body parts (skeletal muscle)
Of substances (cardiac and smooth muscle)
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Necessary Life Functions
3. Responsiveness: The ability to sense and
respond to stimuli
Withdrawal reflex
Control of breathing rate
4. Digestion
Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs
Absorption of simple molecules into blood
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Necessary Life Functions
5. Metabolism: All chemical reactions thatoccur in body cells
Catabolism and anabolism
6. Excretion: The removal of wastes frommetabolism and digestion
Urea, carbon dioxide, feces
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Necessary Life Functions
7. Reproduction
Cellular division for growth or repair
Production of offspring
8. Growth: Increase in size of a body part or of
organism
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Survival Needs
1. Nutrients
Chemicals for energy and cell building
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals,vitamins
2. Oxygen
Essential for energy release (ATPproduction)
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Survival Needs
3. Water
Most abundant chemical in the body
Site of chemical reactions
4. Normal body temperature
Affects rate of chemical reactions
5. Appropriate atmospheric pressure
For adequate breathing and gas exchange inthe lungs
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Homeostasis
Maintenance of a relatively stable internalenvironment despite continuous outside
changes
A dynamic state of equilibrium
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Involve continuous monitoring and regulation
of many factors (variables)
Nervous and endocrine systems accomplishthe communication via nerve impulses and
hormones
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Components of a Control Mechanism
1. Receptor (sensor)
Monitors the environment
Responds to stimuli (changes in controlled variables)
2. Control center
Determines the set point at which the variable ismaintained
Receives input from receptor
Determines appropriate response
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Components of a Control Mechanism
3. Effector
Receives output from control center
Provides the means to respond
Response acts to reduce or enhance the
stimulus (feedback)
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Stimulusproduceschange invariable.
Receptordetectschange.
Input: Informationsent along afferent
pathway to controlcenter.
Output:Information sent alongefferent pathway to
effector.
Responseof effectorfeeds backto reducethe effect ofstimulusand returnsvariable tohomeostaticlevel.
Receptor Effector
Control
Center
BALANCE
Afferentpathway
Efferentpathway
1
2
34
5
Figure 1.4
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Stimulusproduceschange invariable.
BALANCE
1
Figure 1.4, step 1
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Stimulusproduceschange invariable.
Receptordetectschange.
Receptor
BALANCE
1
2
Figure 1.4, step 2
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Stimulusproduceschange invariable.
Receptordetectschange.
Input: Informationsent along afferent
pathway to controlcenter.
Receptor
Control
Center
BALANCE
Afferentpathway
1
2
3
Figure 1.4, step 3
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Stimulusproduceschange invariable.
Receptordetectschange.
Input: Informationsent along afferentpathway to controlcenter.
Output:Information sent alongefferent pathway toeffector.
Receptor Effector
Control
Center
BALANCE
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
1
2
34
Figure 1.4, step 4
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Stimulusproduceschange invariable.
Receptordetectschange.
Input: Informationsent along afferentpathway to controlcenter.
Output:Information sent alongefferent pathway toeffector.
Responseof effectorfeeds backto reducethe effect ofstimulusand returnsvariable tohomeostatic
level.
Receptor Effector
Control
Center
BALANCE
Afferentpathway
Efferentpathway
1
2
34
5
Figure 1.4, step 5
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Negative Feedback
The response reduces or shuts off the original
stimulus
Examples:
Regulation of body temperature (a nervous
mechanism)
Regulation of blood volume by ADH (an
endocrine mechanism)
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Copyri ght 2010Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.5
Sweat glands activated
Shivering
begins
StimulusBodytemperature
risesBALANCE
Information sent
along the afferent
pathway to controlcenter
Information sent
along the afferent
pathway to controlcenter
Afferent
pathway
Afferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
Efferent
pathway
Information sent
along the efferent
pathway toeffectors
Information sent
along the efferent
pathway to effectors
StimulusBodytemperature falls
Receptors
Temperature-sensitive
cells in skin and brain
Receptors
Temperature-sensitive
cells in skin and brain
Effectors
Sweat glands
Effectors
Skeletal muscles
Control Center
(thermoregulatory
center in brain)
Control Center
(thermoregulatory
center in brain)
Response
Evaporation of sweat
Bodytemperature f alls;stimulus ends
Response
Body temperature rises;
stimulus ends
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Negative Feedback: Regulation of BloodVolume by ADH
Receptors sense decreased blood volume
Control center in hypothalamus stimulates
pituitary gland to release antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
ADH causes the kidneys (effectors) to return
more water to the blood
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Positive Feedback
The response enhances or exaggerates the
original stimulus
May exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect
Usually controls infrequent events e.g.:
Enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin(Chapter 28)
Platelet plug formation and blood clotting
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Feedback cycle ends
when plug is formed.
Positive feedback
cycle is initiated.
Positive
feedback
loop
Break or tear
occurs in blood
vessel w all.
Platelets
adhere to site
and releasechemicals.
Released
chemicals
attract moreplatelets.
Platelet plug
forms.
Figure 1.6
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Positive feedback
cycle is initiated.
Break or tear
occurs in blood
vessel w all.
Figure 1.6, step 1
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Positive feedback
cycle is initiated.
Break or tear
occurs in blood
vessel w all.
Platelets
adhere to site
and releasechemicals.
Figure 1.6, step 2
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Positive feedback
cycle is initiated.
Positive
feedback
loop
Break or tear
occurs in blood
vessel w all.
Platelets
adhere to site
and releasechemicals.
Released
chemicals
attract moreplatelets.
Figure 1.6, step 3
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Feedback cycle ends
when plug is formed.
Positive feedback
cycle is initiated.
Positive
feedback
loop
Break or tear
occurs in blood
vessel w all.
Platelets
adhere to site
and release
chemicals.
Released
chemicals
attract moreplatelets.
Platelet plug
forms.
Figure 1.6, step 4
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Homeostatic Imbalance
Disturbance of homeostasis
Increases risk of disease
Contributes to changes associated with aging
May allow destructive positive feedback
mechanisms to take over (e.g., heart failure)