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AP BIOLOGY Chapters 4
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F3-,@*0G0!.+*/?3=<• Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that
contain carbon
• Organic compounds range from simple molecules to colossal ones
• Most organic compounds contain hydrogen atoms in addition to carbon atoms
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
H1>.0A>./GIGJ?1+/<• Molecules and atoms are necessary to build new
molecules o Carbon (carbon cycle) o Nitrogen (nitrogen cycle) o Phosphorus (phosphorous cycle)
K!=G/?A(=G0,3C1@L<• All living things are made of cells • Cells
o ~72% water o ~3% salt (Na, Cl, K….) o ~25% carbon compounds
• Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids
M!.+*/?3=G1NGO*N.<• Organic chemistry is the study of carbon
compounds • C atoms are versatile building blocks
o Bonding properties o 4 stable covalent bonds
M,3C1@<• Life’s molecular diversity is based on properties of
Carbon o Hydrocarbons o Isomers
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P=(310,3C1@/<• Simplest C molecules = hydrocarbons
o Combinations of C & H
• Simplest HC molecule = methane o 1 carbon bound to 4 H atoms o Non-polar o Not soluble in H2O o Hydrophobic o Stable o Very little attraction between molecules o A gas at room temperature
P=(310,3C1@/G0,@G-31&<• Adding C-C bonds
o Straight line • Ethane • Hexane
o Branching • Isohexane
o Ring • cyclohexane
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QA@0?*1@,>G-31A#/<• Components of organic molecules that are
involved in chemical reactions o Give organic molecules distinctive properties
o STRUCTURE DETERMINES FUNCTION Small change…Big effect
o Ex. Male & female hormones…
S*2,G>,G(*[email protected]<• Basic structure of male & female
hormones is identical o identical C skeleton o attachment of different functional groups o interact with different targets in the body
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• 7 functional groups most important to chemistry of life
• Amino • Sulfhydryl • Phosphate • Methyl*
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Identify the following functional groups
amino
carbonyl carboxyl
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sulfhydryl
Hydroxyl (alcohol) phosphate
Cells store energy a) Adding a phosphate group to ADP b) Removing a phosphate group from ATP Q*-'G5RZ[5!
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