CH 1 INTRODUCTION
What is science?
SCIENCE = is the knowledge based on observation and experimentation.
What are the 4 branches of science?
1. BIOLOGY = study of life.
2. CHEMISTRY = composition & properties of matter
3. PHYSICS = forces & motion of matter
4. EARTH SCIENCE = study of earth and it’s surroundings
Four Branches of Earth Science
1. GEOLOGY = study of solid earth.
2. OCEANOGRAPHY = study of oceans.
3. METEOROLOGY = study of the atmosphere & weather
4. ASTRONOMY = study of the universe.
4 Earth’s Spheres 1. Hydrosphere
water 2. Atmosphere
air 3. Geosphere
solid earth 4. Biosphere
living things
Interaction of the 4 Spheres
5 Steps of Scientific Method
1. Identify problem
2. Make observations
3. Form a hypothesis
4. Test the hypothesis
5. Accept, reject, or modify hypothesis.
Chemistry Introduction Matter – anything w/ volume and mass
4 states of matter Solid – definite shape and definite volume
atoms close together Liquid – no def. shape but definite volume
atoms further apart Gas – no definite shape or volume
atoms real far apart move easily Plasma—charged particles(lightning, etc.)
ELEMENTS
Elements = building blocks of minerals.
Can’t be broken down into simpler
substances by chemical/physical means
Periodic Table
Each element represented by 1-3 letters 8 elements make up most of earth’s crust.
Know top 2! (page 35) Oxygen=47% Silicon=28% Metals – malleable, ductile, good conductors
of heat/electricityleft side of periodic table
Non-metals – brittle and poor conductorsright side of the periodic table
Atom Parts Protons – positively charged
1 amu = massFound in nucleus
Neutrons – no charge (neutral)1 amu = massFound in nucleus
Electrons – negatively chargedVery little massOutside of nucleus in energy levels
Atoms=smallest particle of matter that contains all of the characteristics of the element
Atoms are neutral (no charge)Equal #’s protons + and electrons -
Atomic number – number of protons in the nucleus
Mass number - number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
Isotope – atom with same number of protons but different number of neutronsUsed for dating rocks/fossils EX: 12C and 14C
Ion – atoms that gained or lost electrons giving them a charge (+ or -)
Mixtures & Compounds Mixture – combination of substances…
Don’t lose identities (of components) Easy to separate components Not in a set ratio
Solutions – special type of mixture(Solute vs. Solvent) (Alloys=mixture)
Compounds – 2 or more elements chemically combined Components lose their identity Components can’t be separate out easily Components in a specific, set ratio
Atomic Bonds (James)
Atoms without a full outer energy level are likely to bond chemically. 3 types:
1. Ionic – formed when electrons are transferred from a + ion to a – ion
- between metals and non-metals
2. Covalent – when electrons are shared between the atoms of non-metals
3. Metallic – when electrons are shared by metal ions.
Determining Location Latitude – distance N or S of equator,
measured in degrees (are parallel)Lines run East and WestOº = equator90º = poles
Longitude – distance E or W of prime meridian, measured in degrees (not parallel)Lines run North and SouthOº = Prime Meridian180º = International Date Line
Topographic Maps Represents the 3-D earth in 2-D.
Contour lines - lines of equal elevation;
shows elevation on a flat mapContour interval – elevation difference between
adjacent linesHachure marks – represent depressionsScale – a distance on the map = a distance on
the surface (ratio, bar, verbal)Legend/key – explains map symbols Benchmark -- triangle represents special
elevation
THE END !