Cellular Respiration
The Cell
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Microvilli
Cilia
Stereocilia
Flagella
Function?
Cilia and flagella movement:• 9 + 2 microtubule
arrangement Centrioles: used in
cell division
The Cell
Ribosomes: used in protein assembly:• Free and membrane bound
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): packages the proteins:• Smooth ER: no ribosomes, lipid synthesis• Rough ER: has ribosomes, protein manufacture
Protein Synthesis Stores Calcium
Function: Transfer of messages from DNA Fixed to ER or free in cytoplasm
RER: Protein synthesis, storage, modification & transport vesicles
SER: Synthesis and conversion of FA, steroids, and lipidsIn muscle: Ca2+ storage
Receives substances from ER, refines and packages them
• Modification (labeling) of proteins• Packaging into secretory (to ECF) or storage vesicles
TEM
“Post office” of cell
Vesicles: storage, secretory membrane-bound spheres Examples: secretory, endocytic, peroxisomes,
lysosomes
Digestion (~ 50 enzymes) of bacteria and old Organelles
“Garbage Can of the Cell”
Major function: Degradation of long chain Fatty Acids
Generate hydrogen peroxide contain catalase
Smaller than Lysosomes -
Different set of enzymes
Double membrane: inner membrane contains enzymes that break down foods
Liberated energy used to create ATP
Fat: triglycerides, long-term energy storage in animals
Glycogen: short-term energy storage in animals, carbohydrate storage
Definition = “All chemical reactions that take place within an organism.”
Metabolic pathways = network of linked reactions
Anabolism: requires enzymes:• Making/assembling large molecules• May require energy (ATP)• Used in building up cell components• Used in storing energy
Catabolism: requires enzymes:• Breakdown of molecules• May release energy• Used in breaking down nutrients/recycling cell
components• Used to access energy storage
Glucose provides energy for the cell
Glycolysis: in cytoplasm:• Split glucose• Produce two ATP and two pyruvate molecules
Krebs cycle: in mitochondria:• Extract high-energy electrons• Produce two ATP and carbon dioxide
Electron transport system: in mitochondria:• Energy from electrons used to produce ATP• Produce water and carbon dioxide
Anaerobic catabolism: Pyruvate
Lactate
Aerobic catabolism: Pyruvate
Citric Acid Cycle
On the inner membrane of the mitochondria• Protein complexes including enzymes and iron-
containing proteins called cytochromes Chemiosmotic Theory
• Movement of electrons through the etc to produce ATP
Fats: triglycerides have twice the energy of carbohydrates
Proteins: same energy as carbohydrates
Functions:• Contains the genetic information of the cell• Controls the cell
Structural features:• Double-layered nuclear membrane• Nuclear pores• Chromosomes/chromatin• Nucleolus
Control Center
Nuclear envelope with nuclear pore complexes for diffusion and active transport
Chromatin (DNA and proteins)
DNA forms genes
One or more nucleoli
