Macromolecules November 5 — 9, 2012
Categories of MacromoleculesWhat are Four Types of Macromolecules?• Carbohydrates• Lipids• Proteins• Nucleic Acids
Macromolecules November 5 — 9, 2012
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates are made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen•Hydrogen & Oxygen in ratio of 2:1
Common Sources (Foods) of Carbohydrates•Starches: Potatoes, Wheat, Barley•Glycogen: Animal Liver
Macromolecules November 5 — 9, 2012
Monosaccharides = Sub-Units (monomers) of Carbohydrates• Ribose• Fructose• Glucose
Monosaccharides can be classified based on C#• Trioses = 3 Carbon Sugars• Pentoses = 5 Carbon Sugars• Hexoses = 6 Carbon Sugars
Macromolecules November 5 — 9, 2012
Disaccharides are 2 monosaccharides• Maltose = Glucose + Glucose• Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose• Lactose = Glucose + Galactose
Polysaccharides are many monosaccharides• Starch (storage form of glucose in Plants)• Glycogen (storage form of glucose in Animals)• Cellulose (polymer of glucose in Plant Cell Walls)
Macromolecules November 5 — 9, 2012
Monomer of Carbohydrate = Monosaccharide
Dimer of Carbohydrate = Disaccharide
Polymer of Carbohydrate = Polysaccharide
Macromolecules November 5 — 9, 2012
Macromolecules November 5 — 9, 2012
LipidsWhat are Lipids?Lipid Terminology:Steroids –
Waxes –
Fatty Acids –
Triglycerides –
Oils vs. Fats• Triglyceride that is Solid @ Room Temperature = Fat• Triglyceride that is Liquid @ Room Temperature = Oil
Macromolecules November 5 — 9, 2012
Formation of Triglycerides
*If fatty acid chain contains double bond = UnsaturatedIf fatty acid chain does not contain double bond = Saturated
Macromolecules November 5 — 9, 2012
Condensation vs. Hydrolysis• Polymers of Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins are formed by Condensation Reactions• Dehydration Synthesis Rxns, where water is removed to
form bond between monomers• Removal of –OH from 1 monomer, and
Removal of –H from the other monomer
• Polymers are broken down to monomers through Hydrolysis• Addition of water to break (lyse) bonds• Giving an –OH to 1 monomer, and
Giving a –H to 1 monomer
Macromolecules November 5 — 9, 2012
Lipids vs. Carbohydrates• Carbohydrates are metabolized before lipids• We burn Carbs faster
• Lipids are used for long-term energy storage, and contain twice as much energy per gram as carbs• If diet is high in Carbs, then body spends time burning carbs
and not fat. If diet is low in Carbs, then body spends time burning fat, AND produces more energy!
**Lipids are Insoluble!**Insoluble = Nonpolar = HydrophobicSoluble = Polar = Hydrophilic
Macromolecules November 5 — 9, 2012
Monomer of Lipids = Fatty Acid
Polymer of Lipids = Triglyceride
Macromolecules November 5 — 9, 2012
ProteinsAmino Acids• Building Blocks (monomers) of Proteins• All amino acids have the same basic structure, including an “R” group• Composition of the “R” group is different for each one of the 20 amino acids• “R” group can be either polar or non-polar; positively charged or negatively charged; a ring structure or a linear chain
Macromolecules November 5 — 9, 2012
Macromolecules November 5 — 9, 2012
Peptides• Amino Acids are also called Peptides• Two Amino Acids can join to form a Dipeptide• Many Amino Acids link to form a Polypeptide chain
Macromolecules November 5 — 9, 2012
Monomer of Protein = Amino Acid (Peptide)
Dimer of Protein = Dipeptide
Polymer of Protein = Polypeptide
Macromolecules November 5 — 9, 2012
Nucleic AcidsNucleotides• Monomers of Nucleic Acids• a Phosphate Group, a Sugar, a Nitrogenous Base
Macromolecules November 5 — 9, 2012
Monomer of Nucleic Acids = Nucleotide
Polymer of Nucleic Acids = DNA or RNA
Macromolecules November 5 — 9, 2012
Functions of Nucleic Acids•Storage of Genetic Information•Heredity – Passage of Genetic Info. through Progeny
DNA vs. RNA• DNA stores the information• RNA leads to the presentation of the information• DNA is usually double stranded• RNA is single stranded• DNA has bases: A, T, G, C• RNA has bases: A, U, G, C
Macromolecules November 5 — 9, 2012
Deoxyribose vs. Ribosea) RNA nucleotides have the sugar Ribose
• There is an –OH on Carbon #2
b) DNA nucleotide has the sugar Deoxyribose (without oxygen)• There is an –H on Carbon #2