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Chapter 12
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Religione
- is believed to have originated from mansneed to explain the world.
- unified system and beliefs and practices
related to sacred things, uniting into asingle moral community all those who
adhere to those beliefs and practices.
- belief in something that is more powerful
than mortals, hence a supernatural being.
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Elements of Religion
Belief practices dealing with ultimate meaning oflife.
The Sacred and the Profane sacred referred to
supernatural while profane refers to the
irreverence for sacred things as manifested in
greed, selfishness, and adultery.
Rituals and ceremonies observance of rituals is
important.Examples of Rituals of the Catholics:
-The Holy Mass -Confirmation Rites -Wedding Rites
-Baptism -Station of the Cross
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Moral Community
- all religions have a community ofbelievers who share common beliefs,
rituals to heighten group identification.
Religious Structure
- it includes body of ideas, beliefs,
dogmas, rituals, and ceremonies.
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Religious Organizations
1. Church
2. Denomination3. Sect
4. Cult
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Church
The leaders administer the sacraments
and provide members with guidance and
direction.
This the largest and the most dominant
religious organization in the society, the
Roman Catholic.
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Denomination
Respectable organizations which has
positive relations to society.
Some of these are the Aglipayan,
Protestant Group, and Methodists.
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Cult
Religious group smaller than sect andecclesia, whose aim is to search mysticalexperience.
It lacks the organizational structure and ismainly influenced by the presence ofcharismatic leader, the main concern isthe unconventional form of worship.
Ex. Rizalista
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Functionalist Approach
1. Religion provides explanation about theunknown and some measure of certaintyin an unknown world. It gives peace ofmind.
2. Religion gives meaning and purpose ofcentral beliefs.
3. Religion integrates and maintains
fundamental values.4. Religion allays the fears and anxieties of
individuals.
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5. Religion has an integrative function and isa means of social cohesion or groupsolidarity.
6. Religion performs welfare, education, andrecreation functions.
7. Religion serves as a means of socialcontrol.
8. Religion legitimizes the foundation of the
societys culture and integrates valuesystem society.
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Divisions of the different religions
existing in the Philippines
2.80% 2.30%2%4.50%
0.60%
1.80%5%
0.10%
80.90%
Roman Catholic
Evangelical
Iglesia ni Kristo
Aglipayan
other Christian
Muslimother
unspecified
none
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Social Conflict Perspective
According to Marx: Opiate of the people
Divisive factor
Conflict between genders
Critics of Marx:
Religion brought equality(Abolition of slavery)
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Opiate of the people
- To Marx people had the sense of reassurance
because of their religion.
- People become complacent for they were made
to believe the ideas of an after life & sufferings
will be rewarded, & will enjoy eternal life.- Ruling elites used religious ideology to favor the
capitalist, impede social change, dominate the
workers mislead them about their true interest.
- Social inequality is legitimized & passivity amongthe workers is encouraged.
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Divisive factor
It can provide unity for those with the
same faith.
Conflict between opposing religiousgroups.
Religion had created wars.
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Conflict between genders
In many religions, God is always a malewho is vested with power and wisdom.
(Muslims) Koran proclaims that men take
charge over women. (Christians) Patriarchy is favored.
Feminists advocated a break from thetraditional patriarchy & reforms in religiouslanguage, symbols & rituals to eliminatethe elements of patriarchy.
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Religion brought equality
(Abolition of slavery)
Critics of Marx claim that, in many ways, religion
has brought about changes as well as equality.
Religious groups in the United States were at
the forefront to abolish slavery. Many members of the clergy in the United
States, Vietnam, and the Philippines have
opposed oppression and struggled to bring
about changes in society.
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Symbolic Interaction Perspective
Focus on the meanings and
significance of the teachings, doctrines
and symbols of a religion in an
individuals life.
Religion serves as a reference group.
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Religious Patterns in the Philippines
Animistic religion:
Early Filipinos believed in spirits called
anitos.
Rituals where prayers and food offering to
appease the spirits.
Amulets or Agimats were used asprotection against danger and other evils.
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Islam
An Arabic word which means
peace and submission to thewill of God and obedience tohis laws.
14th Century Arab traders
introduced Islam to thePhilippines and gained astronghold in Mindanao.
Koran, their Holy book are
revelations of God to theprophet Mohammed.
Five pillars of Islam.
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Christianity
It was introduced to thePhilippines whenMagellan landed in thecountry in 1521.
More religious missionfollowed to spread thegospel and rich Christianvalues.
Friars attended the needsof their flock both spiritualand physical.
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Other religions
Protestantism - missionaries from the US whocame and spread their religion in the rural areas.
These early missionaries were mostly :
Methodist
Congregationalist Baptist
Episcopalians
Disciples of Christ
Christian missionary alliance
7th day Adventists
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Baptism
The religious practice, one of the
sacrament commanded by Christ open of
sprinkling a person with water, or
immersing him in it, in the name of theTrinity, to symbolize the washing away of
sin and to mark admission into the Church,
generally accompanied by Christening.
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Methodism
The tenets or organization of several
protestant denominations which sprang
from the revival within the church of
England led by John and Charles Wesleyfrom 1729.
It has 13 million members and about
two thirds being in the USA.
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Congregationalism
The doctrine of a protestant evangelical
and Trinitarian church based on this form
of Government which began in England
(1567) and gained strength in NewEngland of early 17th century.
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Episcopalism
The doctrine held by Gallicans that
supreme authority in the church lies with
the Bishop assembled in Council and not
(as laid down by the Vatican Council of1870) with the Pope.
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Christian missionary alliance
Alliance of evangelical believers, joined together
in local churches, dedicated to fulfilling the great
commission given by Jesus Christ, maintain a
big tent stance in reference to many doctrinalmatters, encouraging believers of diverse
backgrounds and theological traditions to unite
in an alliance to know and exalt Jesus Christ and
to complete His Commission.
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Disciples of Christ
Protestant Congregationalist sect, founded
in the USA (1832).
It adheres to the New testament,
commemorates the Lords supper weekly
and strives for the unity of the Christian
Church.
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7th day Adventists
A member of an Adventists sect, founded
1844 in the USA, which keeps Saturday as
the Sabbath.
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Separation of Church and State
During 1984, at the height of Pres.Marcos conflict with the church, heaccused it of politicizing the pulpit andavoid partisan politics or being based
against the government. He claimed that the church is breaking the
principle of the separation of church andstate.
In response, the church maintained thehuman rights violations and graft andcorruption are moral issues.
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And they are just doing their duty ofhelping the exploited by (upholding)
fighting for their dignity of the person. According to Bishop Bacani since politics
is a dynamic organization of the societyeverybody should be involved especially if
the issues are the defense of humanrights, promotion of the full development ofa person and pursuit of peace and justice.
Cardinal Sin denounced state violenceand enjoined the people to use theparliament of the streets.
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The church and other groups like the
Protestants National Council of Churchesof the Philippines and other non-
ecumenical groups who were critical about
martial law politics were active during
February 1986 snap elections.
It played a crucial role in the EDSA1
revolution which overthrew Pres. Marcos.
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Folk Catholicism or Folk
Protestantism
It refers to beliefs and practices of
indigenous origin that are woven into
Christian practices.
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Catholicism
It refers to the doctrines and rituals which
are prescribed, approved and maintained.
It has saints who may substitute for minor
spirits.
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Split-Level Christianity
it is where two or more thought-and-
behavior systems which are inconsistentwith each other coexist within the same
person.
Occult it is derived from the Latin word occultus
which means mysterious things and
practices related to supernatural forcesbeyond the five senses.
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Researches on Filipino Religiosity
1. Gender and religiosity
2. Ages and religiosity
3. Class and religiosity4. Education and Religion
5. Locale and Religiosity
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Gender and Religiosity
-Abad cited a previous analysis on Filipino
Religiosity by Arroyo(1992:5) which
indicated that gender is the only category
which shows a difference between malesand females, i.e., that females are more
religious than males.
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Ages and Religiosity
Expressions of religiosity are seen to
move through phases - formative, official,
and independent.
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Class and religiosity
Compared to the ABC classes and the
working D class, persons in the lower tend
to accept folk beliefs, encounter special
experiences, have a fatalistic view of life,uphold moral norms, show a lower level of
self-efficiency, and believe in Divine
Providence.
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Education and Religion
Education has a weak association with
religiosity self-ratings and orthodoxy,
relationship with God, and belief in Divine
Providence.
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Locale and Religiosity
Rural people rate themselves as more
religious than urban residents and are
more likely to believe in Divine
Providence, take a more fatalistic view oflife, and to some extent, accept folk
beliefs.
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Religion in the 21st Century
Various church organizations are active in
social action program.
Some cults have disappeared.
Some preachers and programs have
become household names.
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Ecumenism
It is sort of rapprochement aimed at a
better understanding between churches
regarding beliefs and break down
prejudices in order to undertake varioussocial activities in the spirit of cooperation.
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The EndThank you for listening.....