Bu şehr-i Stanbul ki bi misl ü behâdır
Bir sengine yek pâre Acem mülkü fedâdır
Bir gevher-i yekpare iki bahr arasında
Hurşîd-i cihan-tâb ile tartılsa sezâdır
Lãf ile peynir gemisi
yőrőmez!
Dőzce
The threat to Istanbul
A different threat
The impossible dream
DŐZCE
DŐZCE
Characteristics of Building Inventory
August 1999
November 1999
Number of Stories
1
4
3
2
5
Distribution of Number of Stories
3 to 3.5 m
3 m
3.5 to 4 m
more than 4 m
Distribution of Story Height
Girder Spans
3.5 m
3.0 m
4.5 m
5 m
4 m
Distribution of Span Lengths
Compressive Strength of Concrete
10 MPa
Reinforcement
Yield Stress 220 MPa
Yield Stress 420 MPa
Tile
0.7 to 0.9 MPa
Shear Strength
Tributary Mass per Column per Story
8 to 12 tons
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Column Index, %
0.0
0.1
0.2W
all
In
de
x, %
Collapse
Severe
Moderate
Light
None
Light
Severe
None
Moderate
Collapse (3 %)
ISTANBUL
Major Events
Major Events
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
1927 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1997
Year
Po
pu
lati
on
Columns intentionally (short columns) and unintentionally
(captive columns) shortened by masonry walls.
Low ratios of column cross-sectional area to supported
floor area.
Light transverse reinforcement in columns.
Weak and/or flexible ground stories
Added stories not continuous with rest of structure.
Floor slabs at different levels in adjacent buildings.
Flexible or nonexistent girders.
Inadequate splicing and anchorage of plain reinforcing bars.
Flexible framing.
Poor-quality materials.
Nonengineered construction
Reasoned thinking
about what is to be done
is difficult if not impossible
Lack of available experience
Events of 1999 were distant geographically
The1894 event might as well have been a myth
Building is financed by owner.
Decisions are made for immediate gains.
Insurance ?
Democracy is term-dependent.
Conclusion : There is no drive for safety
vis-à-vis a distant threat.
Built like a rock upon a rock
Earthquake foundations
The antiquities
Bi’ Şey Olmaz,
Abi!
The main principle of the Istanbul Metropolitan
Municipality is to prevent and protect
individuals against the risk rather than to rescue
them from the debris.
AFET KOMĐTESĐNĐN TEMEL ÇALIŞMA ANLAYIŞI –
ÇALIŞMA AKSLARI VE YAPILANMA BĐÇĐMĐ NASIL
OLMALIDIR
· Bilgiye Ulaşılması – Bilgi Birikiminin Oluşturulması ve Bu
Birikimin Yaygınlaştırılması
Basic Approach of The Disaster Committee:
To attain knowledge
To develop a knowledge base
To disseminate the knowledge
Beyond Engineering
Beyond Science
Not Enough Time
Legal Action
Resource Availability
5 Million Istanbul Denizens Exposed to High Risk
Required Space 30 m2 per person
Cost 350 USD /m2
Total Cost ~$50 B
25 years ~$ 2 B /year
How is corruption to be avoided?
How is confusion to be avoided?
Đstanbul’un evsafını mümkün mi beyân hiç
Maksûd heman sadr-ı kerem-kâra senâdır
Kala-yı meârif satılır sûklarında
Bazâr-ı hüner ma’den-i ilm ü ulemâdır
Bi’ Şey Olmaz,
Abi!