B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s
14 | P a g e
B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s
15 | P a g e
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur
~Major structural
atom in all organic
molecules.
~Key component
in ____________,
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
~CO2 is the major
nonliving source
of carbon in the
atmosphere.
~Major
component of all
organic
molecules.
~Most common
atom in the
Universe.
~Enters biological
systems largely
bonded to
____________ in
water.
~Returned to the
environment by
______________
and water
release.
~Found in all
_______________
_______________
~Major nonliving
source is N2 in the
atmosphere.
~Makes its way
into the food
chain via
_______________
_______________
______________,
which convert it
into a usable form
of
_____________
that can be used
by
_____________
and passed on to
______________
in the food chain.
~Returned back to
the environment
through
______________
and
_______________
_______________
(convert nitrates
in the soil into
atmospheric
nitrogen).
~Found in most
organic
molecules.
~Oxygen is in our
atmosphere, as
well as in our
water.
~Incorporated
into the food
chain through
_______________
____________,
and returned back
to the
environment
through
______________.
~Found in all
______________
~Used quickly to
store and release
free energy in
cells.
______________
returns it back to
the environment.
~Found in all
_____________.
~Major nonliving
source is found in
rocks.
______________
releases it back
into the soil,
where it
producers absorb
it and pass it
through the food
chain.
~______________
returns it back to
the environment.
B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s
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Note: the macromolecule chart is going to be your best study tool! Use it to your advantage!
Molecular Shape
______________________ _______________________ __________________________
The building blocks of life!
All contain the element ____________!
Also known as ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________
Unique atomic structure because it has ___________________________________
On the outer most energy level, carbon can form ____________________________ with
up to __________ other atoms!
There are four!
1.
2.
3.
4.
Macromolecules
B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s
17 | P a g e
Making and Breaking Polymers
https://i2.wp.com/www.logandrillinggroup.com/logangeotech/images/stories/img_environmental/polymers.jpg
1. How do we make a polymer from a monomer? _______________________________
2. How do we break down a polymer? __________________________________
3. ________________________________: a chemical process where two smaller molecules are combined to
make a larger molecule. Water is released and energy is stored in the newly formed chemical bonds.
4. _______________________________: A chemical process where a large molecule is broken down into
smaller molecules. Water is required and energy is released. Digestion is a series of hydrolytic reactions.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/213_Dehydration_Synthesis_and_Hydrolysis-01.jpg
B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s
18 | P a g e
PRACTICE!
Match the Monomer on the left to the macromolecules on the right.
Fatty acids and glycerol _________ A. Protein
Monosaccharide _________ B. Lipid
Nucleotide _________ C. Nucleic acid
Amino acid _________ D. Carbohydrate
Match the Polymer on the left to the macromolecules on the right.
DNA _________ A. Protein
Enzyme _________ B. Lipid
Triglyceride _________ C. Nucleic acid
Polysaccharide _________ D. Carbohydrate
Match the Monomer on the left to the Polymer on the right.
Fatty acids and glycerol _________ A. Polysaccharide
Monosaccharide _________ B. RNA
Nucleotide _________ C. Enzyme
Amino acid _________ D. Phospholipid
Match the Monomer on the left to the Polymer on the right.
Fatty acids and glycerol _________ A. Enzyme
Glucose _________ B. Triglyceride
Nucleotide _________ C. Starch
Amino acid _________ D. DNA
Match the Monomer on the left to the Polymer on the right.
Amino acid _________ A. Glycogen
Nucleotide _________ B. Phospholipid
Monosaccharide _________ C. Protein
Fatty acids and glycerol _________ D. DNA
Match the Polymer on the left to the macromolecules on the right.
Cholesterol _________ A. Protein
Enzyme _________ B. Nucleic Acid
RNA _________ C. Carbohydrate
Cellulose _________ D. Lipid
B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s
19 | P a g e
What if glucose is needed now?
We make a polymer called __________________ (similar to starch, but only
found in animals), which are repeating units or
___________________________________________ with lots of branches.
_________________________________ and makes a BIG
_____________________________.
Globby and branched=
________________________________________________________
Enzymes attach to the ends and break down the glycogen
into glucose= ________________________
Where is glycogen found and where do you need it the most?
_____________________________________________________________
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
• Form the bilayer of
the cell membrane.
• First line of defense
for the cell.
• One glycerol, two
fatty acids, and a
phosphate.
• Hydrophobic tails-
made up of fatty
acids and are afraid
of water (non-
polar).
• Hydrophilic heads-
made up of glycerol
and phosphate and
B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s
20 | P a g e
Functions of Proteins
1. Catalyzing Enzymes
� ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
� Lowers activation energy: the amount of energy needed to get a reaction started.
� On-going. Never stop.
� ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
� Human enzymes work best at 98.6 F / 37C. Above 104 F enzymes can start to denature / fall
apart.
2. Defensive Proteins-
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
� Ex- Antibodies attack viruses and bacteria.
� Ex- Fibrinogen is a protein that helps your blood to clot.
3. Storage Proteins- Bind with iron and calcium to provide nourishment for an organism.
4. Transport Proteins-
___________________________________________________________________________________
� Ex-___________________________________________________________________
� Ex-___________________________________________________________________
5. Support Proteins _________________________________________________________________
• Ex- Keratin in your hair, skin, and nails.
• Ex-Fibrin- allows your blood to clot.
• Ex- Collagen and elastin are major components of connective tissue.
6. Motion Proteins
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7. Messenger Proteins- Allow different cells to communicate.
• Examples: hormones (regulate body functions) such as Insulin (regulates glucose levels)
B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s
21 | P a g e
Nucleic Acids
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• ____________________________,
____________________________,
____________________________
• Sugar-______________________
• Location-____________________
• Function-
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
• Base Pairs-
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
• Process- _______________________
• Ribonucleic Acid
• _______________________________
• Sugar-_________________________
• Location-
________________________________
________________________________
• Function-
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
• Base Pairs-
________________________________
________________________________
________________________________
• Process-
________________________________
________________________________
Answer the questions
1. What is the monomer of a nucleic acid made up of? ________________________________________
2. What type of bond holds together the nitrogenous bases? _________________________________
3. What type of bond holds together the sugars and phosphates? _____________________________
4. Which base pairs match up in DNA? __________________________________
5. Which base pairs match up in RNA? __________________________________
6. In RNA, thymine is replaced with _________________________
B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s
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DIRECTIONS
LABEL EVERYTHING!
Color the A’s- green
Color the T’s- Orange
Color the C’s- Yellow
Color the G’s- Purple
Color the U’s- Brown
Color the phosphates- pink
Color deoxyribose- dark
blue
Color ribose- light blue
Color the hydrogen bonds-
gray
Label the covalent bonds.
B i o c h e m i s t r y N o t e s
23 | P a g e
Four Macromolecules / Carbon Based Molecules
1.________________________________ 2.______________________________
3.________________________________ 4.______________________________
Directions: Using the four macromolecules above, write which one is represented by the description. Use
abbreviations/initials.
Stores and transmits genetic information________
Makes Enzymes ________________
Insulin ______________
Sucrose ______________
Saturated ________________
Fatty Acids _____________
Glucose ______________
Antibodies _______________
Enzyme Substrate Complex _____________
Phospholipid Bilayer ________________
Contains nitrogenous bases __________
Amino acids ___________________
Monosaccharides _____________
Main component of the cell membrane ___________
The only one that contains phosphorus (sugar,
phosphate, nitrogenous base) _______________
Glycerol _________________
Collagen _________________
Polyunsaturated ________________
Long term energy storage _______________
Main source of energy _____________
Cholesterol ________________
Hemoglobin _____________
Disaccharides _______________
Starches __________________
ATP___________________
Unsaturated fats ________________
Deoxyribonucleic Acid_________________
Ribonucleic Acid _________________
Steroids _________________
Lactose __________________
Ends in “ose” __________________
Olive oil __________________
Cellulose _________________
Triglycerides _________________
Has an “R” group _________________
Monomers are nucleotides _________________
Hormones ____________________