Bioabsorbable Coronary Stents
Submitted To: Dr. Shagufta NazRoll no:329 BS-IV (8th Semester) Department of ZoologyLahore College for Women University
Introduction
In medicine, a stent is any device which is inserted into a blood vessel or other internal duct in order to expand the vessel to prevent or alleviate a blockage. A bioresorbable, biodegradable, or bioabsorbable
stent serves the same purpose, but is manufactured from a material that may dissolve or be absorbed in the body. Bioabsorbable scaffolds have been heralded as the fourth revolution interventional cardiology----a novel concept in the treatment of coronary artery disease.
Introduction
Unique ability to permit the restoration of vascular physiology and integrity as they provide a temporary scaffold.
That is necessary to maintain the patency of the vessel after intervention, and then they gradually dissolve, liberating the vessel from its cage.
Thus, it is expected that Bioabsorbable stents will potentially overcome the limitations of the traditional stents, such as the risk of late stent thrombosis, and the local inflammation caused by the presence of a foreign body.
Material Characteristics for Stents
The material for bioabsorbable stents is requested to have at least the following characteristics:
It must be biocompatible. Degradation products of the material must also be
biocompatible. The material must stay in the place for several months before
its complete bioabsorption.
Bioabsorbable Stent Design
The ideal design should have:
Mechanical properties
Must be biocompatible and would be made of biocompatible
Adequate degradation time,
have good deliverability.
Ideally, it should be able to carry an antiproliferative drug in
order to reduce restenosis.
Mechanism of Absorption
Degradation of polymers generally refers to cleavage of covalent bonds between repeating units. During this chemical process, long backbones break into smaller oligomers (or monomers) by hydrolysis, oxidation, and enzymatic mechanisms.
Types of Stents
Regarding the material, there are two possibilities that are being tested:
Polymer-based materials Among the polymers, the one that has been used more frequently is Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA).
Absorbable metals such as magnesium-based alloys.
Bioabsorbable Polymeric Stents
They employ a wide variety of polymers, such as those made from lactic acid, glycolic and caprolactone.
The most used polymer for is composed of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA). PLLA is already found in many medical items, including dissolvable sutures and various implants, and itself has a degradation time of 12-18 months.
Another polymer used is the polymer-tyrosine derived polycarbonate and it primarily degrades into L-tyrosine.
Dissolvable Metallic Stents
The biodegradable or dissolvable metallic stents consist of either magnesium-based (Mg) or iron-based (Fe) alloys.
These metals are alloyed with calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) as they are well tolerated in the human body.
The alloying of Fe with other metals is necessary to alter its ferromagnetism which can reduce MRI compatibility.
As for magnesium, it is alloyed to decrease its degradation rate and increase its ductility and strength.
Magnesium based Bioabsorbable Stent• Mg has low
thrombogenicity + good compatibility
• The first metallic bioabsorbable stent implanted in humans was studied in the PROGRESS-AMS trial where 71 magnesium stents, were implanted in 63 patients…no thrombosis, heart attack
Iron based Bioabsorbable Stents
This stent is made of 41mg pure iron and was implanted in New Zealand white rabbits into its descending aorta. The results from the implantation showed no significant
evidence of inflammatory response or neointimal (scar tissue formation) proliferation.
Iron is also an interesting candidate……Mechanical properties. It has a high radial strength and high ductility because of its
higher elastic modulus. Iron can interconvert between ferric (Fe2+) and ferrous
(Fe3+) ,making it a useful component for cytochromes, oxygen-binding molecules (hemoglobin and myoglobin), and many enzymes
Bioabsorbable Coronary Stents: Current Status & Clinical Trials
Presently, 14 different bioabsorbable stents are in preclinical and clinical testing worldwide.
As bioabsorbable stents receive FDA approval, the US will acquire market share and steadily become the largest market through 2018 and beyond.Global Data estimates bioabsorbable stent sales to be US$4.2m in 2012 across the US, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK, growing to over US$700m by the end of 2018.
Conclusion
Bioabsorbable Scaffold have been announced as the fourth revolution in interventional cardiology, introduce a new concept in the treatment of coronary artery disease.
Since metallic stents provide better treatment but it is required to last for 6–12 months. After this period, the presence of stent within the body cannot provide any beneficial effects. Thus, the development of bioabsorbable stents, which can fulfill the mission and step away, is the logical approach.
The advantages of the BAS are manifold, with the most key being that it provides no triggers for stent thrombosis.
Lastly, the use of this stent will allow a level of psychological relief of concern to patients who dislike the idea of having a foreign material in their bodies for the rest of their lives.
Put down the remote and go for walk…………
Thanks…..