Bio 130 Human Biology
During Replication of DNA Each Original Strand Serves As a Template for a New Strand
This process is also used by Man to determine the sequence of DNA
transcription
This RNA Molecule will be translated by Ribosomes into a protein. This protein has an activity that will give us a phenotype
Bio 130 Human Biology
DNA Codes for RNA, Which Codes for a Protein
Translation is protein synthesis the genetic code
Table 17.7 page 405 (from ch 17)
A codon is 3 nucleotides together Each codon, represents a specific Amino Acid Changes in a sequence, will change a codon
which will change the protein
Bio 130 Human Biology
The Human Genome Project
An effort to sequence the entire human genome
What Does it do Function Change over time Identify disease/health
Sequencing
Bio 130 Human Biology
Genetic Engineering Is the Manipulation of DNA for Human Purposes
Recombinant DNA is made of DNA from different sources
Humans can not mix and match various genes from different organisms
This allows us to do things in a few years which previously would take deckades
Bio 130 Human Biology
Laboratory-Modified DNA
Recombinant DNA: cutting, splicing, copying DNA
Restriction enzymes DNA ligases Plasmids
Bio 130 Human Biology
Genetic Engineering: Transgenic Organisms
Transgenic bacterial uses to make bioactive molecules (medicine): Insulin Human growth hormone Erythropoeitin Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) Vaccines
Bio 130 Human Biology
Genetic Engineering: Transgenic Organisms
Transgenic plants: Increased resistance to freezing Longer shelf life of fruits and vegetables Increased vitamin A (and overall nutrition) Edible vaccines Human proteins (i.e., albumin) (when required in very
large amounts)
Bio 130 Human Biology
Transgenic Animals
Bigger challenges: No plasmid use Cloning more difficult
Successes: Bovine growth hormone for faster animal growth “Gene farming”
Bio 130 Human Biology
Genetic Engineering Is the Manipulation of DNA for Human Purposes
Recombinant DNA is made of DNA from different sources
Bio 130 Human Biology
Genetic Engineering Is the Manipulation of DNA for Human Purposes
Gene therapy replaces faulty genes with functional genes methods of delivering a healthy gene examples of conditions suitable for gene therapy
Faulty information in mRNA may someday be correctable
Gene silencing may someday adjust gene activity DNA fingerprinting can identify individuals
Bio 130 Human Biology
Gene Therapy: Hope of the Future
Obstacles: Transplant into “right” cells Into reproductive cells?
Bio 130 Human Biology
Vectors Transfer Genes to Human Cells (cont.)
Retroviruses Liposomes Direct DNA injection
Bio 130 Human Biology
Gene Therapy Successes
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) success
Cystic fibrosis Cancer research
Bio 130 Human Biology
Gene therapy
ornithine transcarboxylase deficiency (OTCD).
X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency disease (X-SCID),
Not approved by the FDA
Bio 130 Human Biology
The Purpose of the Human Genome Project Is to Identify the Complete DNA Sequence of the Human Genome
A way to identify and characterize all the genes and the entire sequence of the human genome.
Funded by the DOE
A way to look at change in the human genome and health over time
Bio 130 Human Biology
What we can do with this info?
Individual medicine Diagnose Disease faster Identify individuals
Bio 130 Human Biology
DNA Fingerprint
Using an individuals unique DNA sequence and 20 or so specific marker we can determine who and individual is
Process DNA sample cut with restriction enzymes and
separated by size. Probes that bind to specific sequences of DNA
will highlight their specific matches. The pattern is used to identify individuals