BhattaJayanta’sRefuta上ionofthe
Yog瓦c豆raBuddhistDoctrineofVij貢瓦nav豆da:
AnnotatedTranslationandAnalysis
AlexVVATSON andKeiKATAOl(A
南アジア古典学第5号別刷
SouthAsianClassicalStudies,No.5,PP.285-352
2010年7月発行
5ACS5,2010
BhattaJayanta’sRefutationoftheYog豆C豆ra
BuddhistDoctrineofVijiほnavada:
AnnotatedTranslationandAnalysis
AlexWatsonandKeiKataokal
INTRODUCTION
Inthepassage[ransla【edandexaminedbelow,Bh叫aJayanta2outlines,and[henrefu[es,
thedoc【rineofVij舶navadaadvancedbyYog豆血・aBuddhism.3pmevij琉nav豆dininter-
1ocutorfirs(S(a【eshisviewasthatitiscognitionJconsciousness(噌jidna)alone,aPPearing
inachainofindividualmomen[s,(ha【maniftstsasthevariousobiectstha(WePerCeive.
TTluS,hecontinues,thereisnothingotherthanit,forif(hose[hingsthatwetaketobeex-
【erna】andinsen[ien(areac【uallyofthenatureofcognltion,Wha[needisthere[opos[ulate
anythingother[hancognl[ion?
Vij雨nav豆daispresentedbyBhattaJayantaasakindofnonqdualisrn.i.e.asholdingthat
everythingin(heuniverseisof[hesamenature.Hereferstoit,botha【【hebegiJlnlngand
endofhispresentation,aS Vi7hdnadvaitavdda,【hedoc【rineofthenonJualism ofcog-
ni【ion・Heplaceshisdiscussionofitafterthatoftwoo【herkindsofnon-dualism:[he
non-dualismofBral1manand【henon-dualismof‘TTleWord’(iabda).Thisdiscussionof
threekindsofnon-dualismcomeswi[hinachap[eronliberation/beatitude(mokぎa,qPaL
Varga)・TTLischapteris,intum,OneOutOftwelveinhismagnumopus,(he坤dyama可aril
Thefirstsixchap[ersof[heNydyama可ar[concemthemselveswiththemeansofkr10Wl-
edge(クram申a),thenextthreewi[h[hevariousobjec【sofknowledge(クrameya)・The
Chapteror11ibera[ioJlis[hethirdofthesethree,i・e.[henin(hchqp[erof[hewhole[exLL
1Theresearchforthisarticlewas・enabledoyafourweekPoscdoctoralFellowshipfromtheJa-
panSocietyfor山ePromotionofScience,inSeptember2009,WheTIAlexWa[sonJOinedKeiKa一
【aokaatKyushuUniversity,Fukuoka,JapaTl.
1Al[houghheiscommonlyreferredtoinsecondaryliteratureasJayantaBhatta,herefersto himselfasBhat与aJayantain山etwoplacesweknowofwhereheincludeshisownnameW仙血one
Ofhistexts:Agdm〃血朋あd和32,15and122,17.
ForbackgroundinfomatioTlOnBh叩aJayaLlta,SeeHegde(1983)andDezs6(2005:15-22).On
hisimportancefor山ereconstruCtionofvanousaspectsofthehistoryofNy哀ya,SeeOberhammer
(1962),Wezler(1975)aLldMami(2006).OntheNyayamaiijaTL[asasourceoFinfomla(ionabout
Buddhism,SeeGupta(1963:17-18),Kher(1992;179-286),Shah(1997:141-148)andKataoka
(2009).
ユⅠ【iい00urknowledge▼山ems=ransla【ionofthepassagein【oaEuropeanlanguage・ForaGu-
j已ratitransla【ionsee5hah(1992)・ForaJapa几eSe亡ranslation,SeeKataoka(2006).
- 285 -
ThechapteronLiberationintheNydyamalyan
rmechapteronlibera【ion,【akingupninety-tWOPageSin[heMysoreedition,iseffectively
acommentaryonjus【onesBtra(1・1・22),Whichdefinesliberationasthecompletecessaq
tionofsuffering(LadaLyanLavimokFO如vargab).meconten[sof[hechap[ercanbedi-
videdupasfo1lows.
The坤∂γd椚d町drf
TheNyayamaTUarllSa‘selective’commentaryonAk!aP豆da’sNyayasi2tra,inthesense
thatitcom皿en[sOnly on thesBtras tha[givedefinitions(lakざaPaSiuras)1eavingaside
thosethatenunciatea[opictobefur[herdiscussed(uddeiasdll・aS)andthose[ha[carryOu【
aninves[igationofatopic(クarfk?Lis虎1raS).
ThefollowlngtableshowsthetopICSCOVeredinits[welvechaptersand[heNyayasiilT・aS
thattheyarecommentlngOn・ 1Explana[ionof[hesn[ra(siZlravyakhyLina)
2TheNa【ureofLiberation(mokざaSVarZ2pa)
430,3-131,13
431,15-139,18 Chapter Volume,
Sdtra,Topic 碩抽伽) Page4
1ntroduction
1.1.1EnumerationofthesixteencategoriesbLZdarEha) I12
1.1.3Whatitistobeameansofknowledge Ⅰ31
brLコTTZ申LZSLimanyalakF叩a);SubdivisioniIltOfourkinds
1.1.4PerceptionbTuLyakFO) I171
ユ 1.1.5In氏rence(即川川風咄) lユ氾
1.1.6Compadson(叫相川腐Ⅷ) Ⅰ373
3 1.1.7Speech(血九九) Ⅰ396
4 The Veda Ⅰ573
5 Word-meaningbadarLha)andsentence-meaJling(ソd桓artha) Ⅱ3
6 Sentence-mea皿1ng Ⅱ143
1.1.9Whatitistobeanobjectofknowledge II 263
7 brameyasamLinyalLZk?aEla);Subdivisionin101tkinds
1.1.10These】f(丘肋d乃) nユ78
8
1.1.1ト21Theobjectsofknowledgefromthebodyuptosuffering Ⅱ360
(血帝か血頻厄)
9 1.1.22Ljberation ⅠⅠ430
1.1.ヱ3-39n己Ca【∈gOries加ゎldoubt(∫叩血γd)up仁0血e貢n山conclu- 10 Ⅱ522
Sionofasy】logism(〃ig‘1川口柁d)
1.1.40ql.2.17Hypotheticalreasoning(Larka)uptounfairreply(cIzala) Ⅲ584
1,2.18Generalitybasedonafalseanalogy(再EE) 口645
5.1.1--43Subdivisioninto24kinds Ⅲ646 1Z
1.2.19ニ20Groundsfordefeatindebate(nigrahasthLina) 口677
5.2.l-24Subdivisioninto22kinds 口679
3TheMeansofAttainingLiberation(mokダOPaya)..‥ .440,2-160,11
4Knowledgeoftheessentialnatureofreality(tatlvqi方ana)... ..460,13-161,5
4.1meNaiy豆yikaView(naiyayikamala)………………‥ 461,7-164.13
4.2Non-Dualism(αれ血厄Ⅳ永ね) 464,14-15
4.Z.1Non-DudismofBrahman(あJ■dh涙元h扇化Ⅳ叙九)…‥464,17-176J2
4.2・2Non-DualismofneWord(SabdadvLZilavada)…‥.476,14-187,10
4.23Non-DualismofCognition(viThdnadvailavLida)
4・2.3・1PerceptualCognition(pratyakざaVti宛ana)
(【ranslatedin[hepresentar[icle)……………‥487,12-504,17
4・23・2ErroneousCognition(b71ramqf斤Lina);
neoriesofError(khyd(ivada)….. .504,19-518,13
4・2.3・3ConclusionoftheRefu[ationoftheVi殖ぇnav豆din
ViewthatCognltionisdevoidofobjects (成り仇血k血喧叫叩用郡毎加)‥‥‥.‥ ‥ 518,14-519,11
4.2.4ConclusionoftheRefutationofNon-Dualism
(αdソdJαレ∂dα乃汗由叩α∫αりぁかβ)
4・3TheS弛khyaView(saTikhyamala)
519,13-16
519,18-520,6
520,8-17
521,Z-5
521,7-10
4.4TheJainaViewUainamata)
4.5¶1eYogaView(ッ∂g(7柄df丘)
5ConclusionofthediscussionofTheoriesconcern1ngLiberation (呼βVαrgαV(ラdqpα∫αり乃かα)
Ithavingbeenestablishedinsection4tha【themeansofat[ainlngliberationisknowledge
Oftheessentialnatureofreali【y(tallvqfiiana),【heques[ionarisesas[owhatprecisely[he
Objectisofthisknowledge.Jayan[afirstglVeStheviewofhisownNaiy豆yikatradition,
according[owhichlibera[ingknowledgeconcemstheindividualself(atman)(4.1).nen
heexpoundsandrejectsthethreeabove-mentiorledkindsofnonTdualism(4.2),followed
bytheS豆hkhya(4・3),Jaina(4・4)andYoga(4.5)views.I[isstrikingthattheBuddhist
doc【rinethatJayantapresentsasmostrelevanttoliberationisV再貢豆nav豆da,nOt,aSmigh[ 4volumeandpagenumberin[histable,andthroughoutthisartide,refertotheMysoreedition・
- 286 - - 287 -
Twoadditionalsections,3・4and3・6giveV師nav叫nrefutationsofSaut血tika(Bud-
dhistrepresenta[ionalist)views.
Wedividethesiddhdntaintoninesections・Thesectionsoftheparvqpak?atha[theyare
COnCemedtorefuteareglVeninthefollowlngtable.
havebeenexpec[ed,thedoc[rineofno-Self(andtmavada)・Hedealswi[hthelatterview
elsewhere(mos[1yintheseventhchap[er),buttheviewthat如dsexpressionintheex-
amina[ionofBuddhis[libera[ionis Lcognl【ion-Only,・Thenrsthalfofthisexamination
(4.2.3.1)dealswi[hvalid,PerCePtualcognition(押坤殖叩画血),Whereas[helatterhalf
(4.2.3.2)dealswitherroneouscognition(bhramqijiana)・Bothhalvesaimatestablishing
thattheexperiencedform(akara)belongstocognition,nOttOaneX【emalobject・
TheportionwetranslateistheflrSthalf,Which,tOgetherwiththeflrStSub-SeCtionofthe sec。ndhalf,WaSedi[edinKataoka(2003).ThosewishingtofollowtheSanskritshould download【heupdatedversionofKataoka(2003)fromhere:
<h[[p二//wwwlit、kyushu-u・aC・jp/-kkataoka侃ataoka爪MvijR・pdf>・
Structureofthepassage
Havinglookeda【theplaceofourpassagewithinthewidercon[extof[he
wenowfocusinon[hepassageitself・Itconsis[sOftwomainsec【ions:theparvqpakFain
whichtheVij元豆nav5din[akescentres[age,andthesiddhanlainwhichtheNaiy豆yika,
Jayantahimself,refuteseachofthepolntSthathavebeenlaidou[inthepDrvqak$a・We havenumberedthesetwosections3and4,Sincetheyareprecededbytwobriefsections a=hebeginningofthepassage,One(1)makingcleartheconnectionofthispassagetothe previoussectionoftheNydyama可ar[,andtheother(2)narrowingdownthepreciseissue
【ha【istobedecidedin[heensulngdebateto[hefollowlngqueStion‥Dotheformswe perceivebelong[ocognl【ionortoanex【ernalobject?
Inthepかvapak?aSeCtiontheVti百瓦nav豆dinglVeSnVebasicarguments:
1)Theposition[hatformbelongstocognitioninvoIveslesspostulation(3・1)・
2)Cogni[ionmustbeperceivedbeforeanobjectisperCeived(3・2)・
3.2.1 もecausei【is【heillumina【or;
3.2.2 BecausetherecanbenoobstacletoitbeingperCeived;
3.2.3 Beca11SeWeTeneCtOnObjectsasdependentoncognltion;
3.2.4 Thereforethereisnoneedtopostulateanobject(Separatefrom
COgni【iotl)ata11L
3)IffoITndidno[belongtocognition,therewouldbenowaytoexplainhowcog- nitionisdifferentiatedwithrespecttoitsparticularobjects(pr8tikarmavyavas[ha)
(3,3).
4)Cognitionandi[sobjectarenecessari1yperceivedtogether(sahopalambhani-
yama),[hereforetheyarenon-differen[(3・5)・
5)Con[radic[oIYPrOPerties(viT・uddhadharma)cannotbelong[00neandthesarne
object,bu[theycanbelongtodifferen[cognitions(3・7)・
Siddh云n【a P凸Ⅳap桓a
4.1 3.7
4.2 3.Z
4.3 3.2.1
4.4 3.2.1
4.5 3.2.2
4.6 3.2.3
4.7 3.1
4.8 3.3
4.9 3.5
ThesiddFlantaaddressesonly[hosesectionsofthepdrvqpak?athatarguedagalnSt
B血maりicalrealism;itdoesnotconcemitselfwiththetwosectionsofthepdTVqPak?ain
Which[heVij丘豆nav亘dinrefutedSalユtr豆ntikaviews.
WenowglVeade[ai1edsynopsISOfthewholepassage:
lConnectionwiththeprevioussection:・Cognltionqonly・dis[inguishedfromothernon-
dualisms.
2Doub【:Dotheformsweexperiencebelongtocognl【ionorobjects?
2・10bjectionfromtheNaiy島yikatotheV主j員云nav孟din:7broughdirec[PerCeP[ion
etc・WegraSPanObject.
2・2¶lePreCiseissuethatseparatesus
2・2・1Iftwoformsappear7theNaiy5yikawins・
2・2・2Ifoneformappears,doesi(belongtotheobjec[orcognl【ion?
3P5rvapak亨a(Vij貢豆nav豆da):Formbelongstocogniti6n.
3・1BecauseitinvoIveslesspostulation(kabandldghavdt)
3・1・1TheNaiy豆yikaspostulatedoublewhatwedo.
3・1・2Nosubstantialdifferencebetweennon-dualityofobjectandnon-
dualityofcognltion
- 289 - - 288 -
3・1・3Cognltionisestablishedforbothofus・
3.2Cognltionmustbegraspedfirst・
3.2.1Becauseitistheilluminator
3.2.2Becauseitmustbegraspedattheverymomentthatitarises
3.23Becauseofreflection(p用iyavamaria)onanobjectasprecededby
COgnl【ion
3.2.4Therelevanceofcognltionbeinggraspedtothemainissue
3.2.4.1Agraspedcognltionhasform・
3.2.4.2Anexternalobjectisthereforeredundant・
3.3BecausecognltionscouldnotbeobjecトSPeCificiftheylackedform
3.3.1Aformlesscognltioncouldnotbefocusedononeparticularobject・
3.3.2Merelybeingcausedbyanobjectwi11notsumce・
3.33Conclusion:Havingablueo句ectiscausedbyhavingablueform・
3.3.4Consequence‥Justificationofthelabelpram申a
3.3.5Eveneverydayusageatteststocognltionhavingform・
3.3,6Conclusion:Theonlywaycognltioncouldbedelimitedwith
respecttoitsobjectsisby.havingform・
3.4TheVij貢云nav豆dinRefutationoftheSautr豆ntikaView
3.4.1TheSautr豆ntikaViewthattheexternalobjectcanbeinferTed
3.4.2Cognltionisnotanalogoustoac【γStal・
3・4・3Theappearanceoftwoseparateforms
3A.4neinferenceofanexternalobjectisnotwarranted・
3.4.4.1Disagreementofnameonly
3,4・4・2Explicabilitywiththehelpoflatentimpressions
3.5Becauseanobjectisnecessarilyperceivedtogetherwithcognltion
3.5.1Becauseofpositiveandnegativeconcomitance
3.5.20bjectandcognltionarenon-differenL
3.6RejectionoftheSautr豆ntikaviewthatformresultsfromcontact
3.7Contradictoryproperties
3.7.1Cannotcohabitinsingleobjects
3.7.2Buttheycanresideindifferentcognltions
3、8ConclusionofthePiirvapak与a
4Siddh豆nta
4.1nereisnonon-differencebetweenperceiverandperceived・
4.1,1Becausecontradictorypropertiescannotexisttogether
4・1.2EvenBuddhistsassumethedifferenceofperceiverandperCeived.
4・1・3Formsappeartousasobjectsofillumination,nOtaSilluminators,
4.2ThegrasplngOfanobjectrequlreSaperCeiver;butthatdoesnotmeanthatthe
PerCeiverisitselfgrasped・
4・2・10bjection:neaPpearanCeOftheperceiverJuStistheappearanceof
theobject・
4.2・2Reply:Cognltion,1iketheeye,isameans;meanSdonotmakethe
targetredundant.
4・2・30bjection:Eyeandcognltionaredisanalogous.
4・2・4Reply:Anillumirlationisanilluminationofanobject,nOtOfan
illumination.
4・2・50句ection:Toseeanobject,COgnltionitselfmustbegrasped.
4.2・6Reply:TheseelngOfanobjectisthemerearislngOfcognltion,nOt
thegrasplngOfcognltion.
4・2・70bjection:nenthepresenceorabsenceofthecognltionwould
makenodifference.
4・2・8Reply:ItmakesadifferencebecallSetheseelngOfanobjectJuStis
theocculTenCeOfacognltion.
4・3Theinstrumentalityofcognltion
4.4Cogni【ion’sabili【y【oillumina【e
4.4・1hterpretationsof‘becauseitisanillumination’
4.4.1.1Causal:becauseitmakesmanifest
4・4・1・2Intransitive:beingmanifest
4・4・1L3Synonym:beingacognltion
4・4・2Thereisnothingselfqilluminatlng,
4・4・2・10bjection=nreeSelf-illuminatlngentities
4・4・2・2Reply:nethreerequlreeXtemalfactors.
4.4.2.3Conclusion
4・4・3PerceptlOnOftheselfisnotacaseofselfqillumination.
4・5Refutationof:‘cognltionisgraspedassoon asitarisesbecauseitdoesnot
dependonanyfurtherilluminationandbecausetherecanbenoobstruCtion’
4・5・1AcausalcomplexisrequiredforcognlZlngaCOgnltion.
4・5・2ThedifferencebetweenM了m豆rps豆andNy豆yaconcerningthewayln
Whichacognltionisgrasped
4・6Responsetotheargumentfromrenectiononanearliercognition(avamal・fa)
4.7ResporlSetOtheclaimoflesspostulation
4・7・1Anexternalobjectisnotpostulatedbutdirectlyperceived.
一 290 - ーユ91一
5-9 Doesformbelong【ocognl【ior10rO叫ec[? 2.2
10ab Tocogni【ion.Forwha[reason? 3
10cd-1ユ Iftheextemalobjec[isposi[ed【ohaveform,[hena 3.1.1
separa【eperceiYermuS【山云obeposi【d.
13-14 Ifyoutryandavoid[hisdoublepostula【iont)ySaylrlg 3.1.2
【ha[theobjectis[heperCeiver,[henwearedisagree一
1ngOnlyaboutTlameS・
15-17 Al山oughcogn最onistr卸Spa托ntinnaturらitappears
asifvanega[edbecauseofla[en[impressions.
18-19c’ Cognl【ionises[ablishedforbo[hdispu[an【S,[herefore 3.1.3
a[[ribu[ingfo皿【oi【invoIveslesspos[ula[ion
19c’-ユ0 Evenifyoupostulateanexternalobjec【,yOu/S[i11have
【opos[ula[eCOgr11【ionwi【hfom.
21-22 Cogni【ionistheillumi11a[or;【hereforei[mus(be 3.2.1
graspedinorderfortheillumina[ed[obegrasped.
23-27 Therecanbenoobs[acle[ocognl【iont)Qinggraspeda[ 3.2.2
血eve叩mOment血titarises.
一29 Wereflec【onanobjec[asprecededt)yCOgnLtion. 3.2.3
30 LingulS[icusageindicatestha[COgnl〔ionhasfo皿.
3l Cognl【ionisgrasped;aJldi[carlnO[begraspe4as 3.2.4.1
fo汀山ess.
32 Sinceaform-COn[ainlngCOgni【ionlSgraSPed,and 3.2.4.2
SirLCeWeOnlygrasponeform,Wha[needisthereto
POS【ula【c弧eX【ernalo叫ec【?
33-34 Removalofpossibleo叫ec[ions[0[heargumen[a[ion
inYerSeS31-32
Ifcognltionlackedform.[herewouldbenoway[0 3.3
explaini[sobjec[-SPeCifici【y(pJt7tikarmani)Ⅵma).
35-39 Re九l【a【ionof山eSaは[r亘n亡速星Yi巳W出ata点已又Ieヱn裏 つノ
Objec【causesform[oen[ercognl【ion
Objec[andcognl【ionarenecessari1yperCeived[0- 3.5
ge【her(∫αんopα~αlれ抽αゆαmロ);山鳥rdoretheyare
non・di晩ren【.
40-55 Refu[a[ionof[heSau[rむ1tikaviewtha[fo皿isa 3.6
PrOduc[ofthecon[ac【be[weer10bjec[ZLndcogni【ion
5(i Refutationof[heSau[【豆n[ikaviewtha[Ob]eC【and
COgnition,【houghdis[inc【.areno[perCeivedassuch
OWlng【0【heir此eness
57 Cognl【iondoesno[dependorlanObjec[.
4・7・2Response[otheclaim[hatcognltionisestablishedforbothofus
4.8Response[0【heargument[ha[cognl【ion’so可ec[-SPeCifici【ylmPlies山a[i[has
form
4.8.1neobjecトSPeCifici[ycanbeexplained【hroughcausallink・
4.8.2neres[ric[ionisbasedon[hena[ureofthings.
4.83ProofthatcognltioniscausedbyanObject
4.8.4newholecausalcomplexisthemosteffectivefactor・
4.8.5Conven【ionalExpressions
4・9Responsetothenecessaryco-PerCePtlOnargument
4.9.1Iftwo[hingsareac[uallyone,howcantheybe‘【oge[her’?
4.9.2neyareno【apprehendedby(hesamecognl【ion.
4.9.3Vij舶nav哀dinsalsoaccep[[hedifference・
JayantaandKum5ri1a(1)
Welookedaboveat【hesyrlChroniccon【eX【ofourpassage,i・e・i【splacewi[hinthe坤aya-
ma*a咋WenOWlookatitsdiachroniccon【eXt,i.e・i[SPlacewithinadebatetha[already
hadahistoryofoYertheehundredyears.Jayanta’smostiT【皿ediateinfluenceinthisde-
bateisKum和ila.Hedrawssoheavilyon【heSdnyavada5chap[erOfKumari1a,sSloka-
Vdrttika,thatasubs[an[ialpor[ionofourpassageconsis[sOflittlemorethanparaphras-
ings ofKum豆ri1a’s verses.Ka[aoka’s(2003)edi[ionincludesin asepara[e apparatus
thoseS虎nyavadaversesthatareclearlysourcesofsentencesinthe時点yama和arL We
givehereatableofcorrespondencesbe[Ween[he[opICSCOVeredirlthep虎rvapak?aSeC-
tionsofbothtexts.
nestruCtureOfKum豆rila’sandJayan[a’spdrvqpak?aS
∫わ」払vかJ一泡】 Topic 坤dγαm(l可即r
誼托ツαV丘(ねYerSe SeC【10n
1一-4 Connectionwithwhatprecedes
SurelyyourVij員云nav豆dinpositionisrefutedbydirec[ 2.1
PerCeptlOn・
5Thetermf加yavadarefersherenottothedoctrineofemptlneSSOftheM豆dhyamikas,bu[[0[he
viewtha【COgnitionis‘emptyof’/‘devoidof’objects(arthafiinya),i・eLthatitneitherperceives,nOr
COntainsrepresen[ationsof,eX【emalobjects.Kum豆rilausesthe[ermbecausehisS血yav丘dachap【er
commentsonthepaLtOftheSabarab]LゆaPatbegins助yastzLbraLyayab]・katham?a勅qfhana-
yorakかabhed叩nOPatab]zamahe(28,14).Formoreontheuseofthetermf(LTtyaVadEntoreferto
Yog云C云ras/Vij貢云nav5dinsrather[hanM豆dhyamikas,SeeWatson(2006:259,nOte9)・
- 293 - ・292 -
58一石l Contradic[orypropertiescanno[belong[00neandthe 3.7
SameObject.
62J3 Conclu封OnOfthりか叫函桓 3.8
Sition[hoseDhamakirtianinnovations thatwereno【presen[inDign豆gaandhencenot
takenintoconsiderationbyKum豆ri1a・
JustasJayanta’sresponsetoVij云豆nav豆dawasheavilyinfluencedbyapredecessorwithin
hisownBr豆hmapicaltradition,SOKumarila’sresponse[0Vij丘豆nav豆dawasheavi1yinflu-
encedbyapredecessorwithinhisownMim云叩Sakatradi[ion,namely[heVrt[ikara,Ofl
whoseaccountintheSabarab極yahisSanyavadachap【ercomments.9
TheEarlierHistoryoftheDebate
Ourhypo[hesisconcernlngthehis[oryof[hisdebatecan[husberepresen[edby[hefol-
Empty boxesin【heright-hand columnindicate[hatJayanta hasignored a sec[ion of
Kum豆ri1a’s;emPtyboxesin theleft-handcolumnindicatethatJayan[ahashimselfin-
Sertedasection tha[hehas notinheritedfromKum豆ri1a.TherearethreecasesofthelatL
ter,bu[[he且rstofthese(SeCtion2.1)ismisleadingforJayantaistheresummarizingthe
argumentofKum豆ri1a’sNir丘Zambanav丘dachapter.ThusitcanbesaidthatJayantade-
rivestheentires[ruCtureOfhispdTrVqPakダafromKum豆ri1a,eXCePtfortwoextrasections
thatheinserts,Onegivingtheargumentftom‘theobject-SPeCificityofcognition,6brati-
karmavyavasth6),andtheothergivingtheargumentfrom’thenecessaryco-PerCeption’
(SahopaZambhaniyama)ofcognitionanditsobject.Asiswellknown,bothofthesear-
gumen[sorlglna[eWithDharmak‡rti,andindeedJayantacitesDharmakirtiinbothofthese
SeC【10nS.
ThesearenottheonlyplaceswhereJayanta’updates’Kum豆ri1a’saccountbyimportlng
argumen【sfromDharmakirti.ForexamplehisSautr豆ntika-Critlqueinsec[ion3.4hardly
drawsonthecorrespondingsectioninKum豆ri1a,butfocusesra[herontheepIStemOloglCal
COmPlica[ionsinvoIvedininferringexternalobjectsasthecauseofforTnSWithincognl-
tion・Whetherandhowthepositiveandnegativeconcomitancethatwouldsupportsuch
CauSationcouldbegrasped,issuesdiscussedbyDhamakIrti,takecentrestageinthissec-
tionwhichalsoci[esDhamlak‡rti.Simi1arlyJayanta’sconclusiontothep虎rvqpa桓adoes
no[drawon Kum豆rila’s corresponding section,butoutlines Dharmakirti’s specincal1y
Yog豆cara charac[erization of cognltion’s object,meanS and result,and of the nonL
differenceof[hesethree.HeretooDhar7nakirtiversesarecited.
Inthefirs[threeou[of[hesefourcases,namelytheargumentsftompratika,・maVyaVaSthLi
andsahopaZambTlaniyama,andtheintricaciesoftheSautr豆ntikainferenceofextemalob-
JeCtS,itcanbesaid tha[Jayantadraws onDharmakfrtiforthings[hatwereeitherno【
elaborateda[a11,OrnOtelaboratedassystematically,byDign豆ga・7Kum豆rilawasaware
oftheideasofDign豆ga;his血nyavddachaptertakesaccountofthem,8butitshowsno
familiarltyWithDharmak7rti.Thelatterhadbecomesufficien[1yprominentbythetimeof
JayantaforhimtoconsideritnecessarytoinsertintohisaccountoftheVij茄nav豆dinpo-
Buddhistauthorsareshownon[heright;thosewhoopposed【hemontheleft・Anarrow
fromone au[horto ano[herindicates[ha[[he丘rstinfluenced,Oratleas[was takeninto
accountby,thesecond.
ThuswepositDign豆gaasthestar【1ng-POlntOfdlispar【iculardebate・Dign豆gaarguesthat
COgnltionariseswithadouble-form;itcontainswithini[selfappearancesofbo【hsubjec[
andobjectノO TheLaction,ofcogmiingdoesnotinfactinvoIveanyactivity(VyaPara)at
9AcompLicationshouldbepointedouthere・TheVrLtika7・agranEha-thesectlonwithin[he
SabarabTz申yainwhichSabara,havingglVenhisowncommen[aryonsQtrasl.1,1-5,thencitesthe
COmmentaryOftheVrttik豆ra-ぺOnSistsofacommentaryonsD【rasl.1.3-5,Bu[Ⅹum5rilaa[tributes
[hisVr(EikLiragrallEha-aPa^fromtheverybeginnlngPOrtionwhichhecommen[sonin[he[enverSeS
ofiloたuvarttika,Vr((ikiiragmTZ(Tza(Madrasedition)-[0畠abara,nO[theV押ik5ra:SeeSLokavar((ika,
nLralambanavdda16;Jacobi(1911:16)andTeraishi(1997).Xum豆ri1a,sSz7nyatiidachapterthus
commen[sonapartofi[tha【hea[tribu[es(tenden[iously)to畠abara. 10 seef,rα〝ゆd∫α椚〃CC叩‘叫Jfadl‥9a(dvy∂抽丘∫叩んり斤血“′…如みdJe∫而如由脚l巾d沖-
bh∂saT77Ca)andadl:11abc.ForatranslationandanalysisofPranl申asamuccayal:8cd-12andvrEEi
thereon.seeKellner(forthcomingA).
6weborTOW【hisfelicitousexpressionfromBirgi[KellneL
7ThefourthpolntLDharmakir[i・sYog豆c云raidentifica[ionoftheobjec[.meanSandresultof
COgnition-isa】readythereinDign云ga,WhoJayantaalsocitesitlthatfinalsection.
8由nyav∂da25b,-27seems[obebasedqn[heinhi[eregresSargumen[a[Pmm申asanuLCCaya
l:12ab;5iinyav丘da28-29seemstobebasedotlthememoryar各umentforcognitionbeingperceived
atPran房pasamLLCCayal:1lcd(SeeSeC[ion3.2.30f[he[ranslationin[hisar[icle).
- 294 - ー 295 -
坤∂ブロ椚β和汀rSeCtion jJo払而J・JJ胞】
∫痴〃ツdγd血Ⅴ耶6
2.2 2,6,8-づ
3 10ab
う.1.1
3.1.2 13-14
う.1.う 18-19c’
3.2 21a
3.2.1 ユ1tl--22
3.2.2 23-27,191a
3ユ.3 28
3.2.4 31-32
3.3.1 19c’--ユ0
3.3.5 30
3.4.2 38
3.4.4 219cd
3.4.4.2 15ニ17
3.5.1 53
3.6 42,47,51
3.7.1 58-59,61卑b
3.7.2 61cd
al1,1Lforthesubjec[andobjec[of[hat‘action,areno【separate;theyaremerelytwoas-
PeCtSOfthesamecognl[ion・Noristhemeansofcognltionseparatefromtheresult;We
aredealingwi[hsome[hingwhichcomesintoexistencefu11yformedasaunitarywhole,
andwhichonlyonthelevelofling111SticanalysISCanbedividedintoo叫ec(,meanSand
result・Insofarasthesethreecanbeseparated,【heob3ectbrameya)is theobject-pOle
(viざayakara,grd71ydkara)within cogni【ion,(he means(クram申a)is the subject-pOle
withincogni[ion(grahakakdra),and【heresultbramarlqPhala)isthecognition’scogni-
tion ofi(Self(svasaT7ZVedana,SVaSa7ZVitti).12 Thus there are two cen[raltheses of
Dign豆ga’sthatremainedrelevan[inthedd)ate(hroughout(hefollowlngCen[uries:COgnl-
tionhastwoforms(Su叫ec[-POleandoqect-POle)anditisself-COgnized.13
ThcVrttik豆ra,prObablyinawarenessofDign豆ga,OPpOSeSVii丘孟nav豆daby(aking(hefol-
lowingpositions:Ⅰ【isex【emalob5ectsandnotcogni[ionsthathavetheforms(aka,・a)we
perceive・Ourcognltionisformless・14Itisno【cognizedwhenitarises・15ItisimperCepL
tible・16=eidentifiesthepreciseissuethatdifferentiatestheBuddhistandMim云I71Saka
viewsastheques[ionofwhathastheformsweperceive:Objectsorcognltion.Itisthus
OWlngtOhimthatthewaythedebatebe[weenidealismandrealisminIndiacame[obe Characterizedwasin[ermsOf[hisquestionabou[akara.ThiswasregardedasthecruCial
questionbyKum豆rilaandJayan[aforexample.
CommentlngOnthispassageof[heVr[tik豆ra,Kum豆rilabo【hexpounds andrefu(es(he
Buddhistviewinmorede(ail.ProbablyawareofKumarila’scriticisms,Dharmakir[ire-
・eStablishes(he Buddhis[view,prlmarilyin the Pram申avarttika-a COmmen[ary on
Dign豆ga’sPram申asamuccayaqandthePram申aviniScaya・Jayanta,aSWehavealready
Seen,refutestheBuddhistviewmainlybyrecourse[oKum豆ri1a’sdiscussion,butalsoby
expoundingandrespondingto【heposトDign瓦gaargumen[sintroducedbyDharmakirti.
JayantaandKumari1a(2)
Theprevioustableillus[ra[edthestructuralrelationshipbetweenJayanta,sandKum豆ri1a,s
Pdrvapak!aSeCtionsbyshowingwheretheirsec[ionscorrespondedandwheretheydid
not・Inordertofacilita[eafullerplCtureOfhowJaYantamOuldsand$埋P!ementshisiTL-
heritancefromKum豆rila,【hat[ableneedstobesupplemen(edbyanothershowingthose
PreCiseversesofKum云rila’swhosewordingJayantapicksupon・Weconfineo11rSelves
heretooto【hepdTrVaPak!aSeCtionalone・
¶1efollowlngtWOpOln[s,Whichbecomeclearif(heinformationinthistableiscombined
wi[h(hatintheprevious,are[obeno【ed・
1)Even the ex【rasec[ionsno【foundinKum瓦ri1a(ha[Jayan[ainser[shimself,namely
thoseconceming[heargumenisfromtheobiec[-SPeCincityofcognl[ionand【henecessary
co-PerCeP[10nOfobjec[andcognl[ion,drawonversesby馳m豆rila・nlisisasymptOmOf
【hefac[(hatDharmakirtididnotcreatethesetwoargumentsoutofnothing;theyhada
pre-historypartofwhichfindsexpressionintheSlokavarttika(in・forexample,VerSeS
19c,-20and53).t7 11seepram申asa”LuCCayal:8cdandvrttithereon;andthevrE{ionl‥9d,・ 12seepram申a∫a,TuLCCayal:10,WhichJayantacitesinsection3・8・ ‘ユseeノ)rd′呵α∫d棚上CC叩V坤adl:11c‥J甜】lddα∫†相加卸涌節血叩肌Ⅷ叫叩ゆ油化. 1d由占αrα地軸〟28,17‥,lfrd肋∂J上川¢ムL{‘肋乱
17FormoTeOnthepTe-historyofthesa′叩alambhanLyEZmaargumerl[asrenec【ediLIKum豆rila、
seeTaber(forthcoming);forthepre-his[OryOftheaTgumenLaSreneC【edinSadypjyo[is,SeeWa[SOn
(2006:260-26乳
∫∂占αJ◆d抽申yd28,20-30,1:岬α(り(鞘項ndfvd占nut♭以d助呵ノ痛みdJビ.‥iJfッ〟みとり′gJd,ねJ川〃;
30,5-6:画Ⅳdmム“dd仙・呵叩ゆ昨晩一拍加西れ叩l劇物血.
16由ムαrβ地軸α30,9:dpr叫殖∂如‘d動乱
- 297 - _ 296 -
ConventionsintheTranslation
rmetranslationisglVeninthisfonトSize.
Interspersedwiththetranslationareourcommentsandexplanations,inthisfont-Size・
Thesectiondivisionsandtheheadingsarenotintheorlglnal;theyareourown・Ourin-
tentioninincludingthemistomakethestruCtureOftheargumentmoreexplicitandthe meanlngeaSiertofollow.
PhilologlCalpolntSthatarenotpertinenttotheinterpre[ationoftheargumenthavebeen SeParatedofffromtheother(foot-)notesandputinendnotes.
Numbersseparatedbyacolonrefertochapterandverse;thoseseparatedbyacomma refertopageandlinenumber;thoseseparatedbyfu11stopsrefertosectionsorsBtras・
Interpretativeinsertions required to comple[e thesenseofa sentence are enclosedin Squarebrackets.ExplanatorylnSertionsthatgobeyondwhatisnecessarytocompletethe SenSebyglVlngadditionalinformationareinsertedinroundbrackets.Theformerusually SuPPlyEnglishwordsthatcouldhavebeenexpressedintheSanskritsentencebutwere not.rrTlereareSOmeborderlinecaseswherethechoicebetweensquareandroundbrack-
etshasbeenarbitrary.
Wehavenotrenderedi(icetwhenitmerelyindicatesaspeaker-Change.Wesimplyput
insquarebracketsthenameofthespeakereachtimethereisachange,Whetheritisindi-
CatedbyiLfcetornot.
Wehaveaimedfortheadmittedlyextremelydifficult,Perhapsunachievable,gOalofpro-
ducingatranslationthatissufficientlyclosetotheSanskritforittobeclearwhatprecise SyntaCticrelationshipsweseeintheonglnal,yetatthesametimeissufficiently‘read-
able’forthosenotcomparlngittotheSanskrittobeabletofo1lowdleargumentS・
Inthosecaseswhere,forthesakeofreadabili[y,Wehaveoptedforasomewhatfreetrans-
1ationthatdoesnotmakeexplicithowwehavetakentheSanskritsyntax,Wehavein-
Cludedanendnote.
2)JayantasometimesborrowsideasfromKum盃rilabutplacesthemincompletelydifftr-
ent contexts to thatin which they occurin theSlokavarLtika.TTleideas expressedin VerSeS15-17and19c’一20,forexample,areremOVedfromdleironglnalhomeofthear-
gumentfrom economy of postulation,and placed byJayantain,reSpeCtively,his
Sautr瓦ntika-refutationandhisargumentfromtheobjecトSPeCincityofcognition.Simi-
1arlythepolntmadeinverse30isremovedfromitsroleasanappendixtotheargument fromreflection(クarLimaria)onano叫ectassubsequenttocognitionandplacedwithinthe
argumentfromtheobject-SpeCificityofcognltion.
Jayanta’sareaofgreatestdivergencefromKum豆rilaiscertainlyhisexpositionandrefuta-
tionofDharmakTrtianargumentsofwhichKum如ilawasunawaTe・Buthisotherinn9Va-
tions are not restricted to themovlng arOund ofwhat was already therein Kumari1a.
Sometimesheunpacks whatisinKum亘rila,makingexplicitwhatisimplicit・Atother
timesheaddsinnewstepsnotpresentinhissource;neWObjectionsandresponsesare insertedintoasequenceofargumentationthatcomesfromKum豆rila.Thuseveninthose
PlaceswhereheisclearlybasinghimselfonargumentsfoundinKum5rila,heexercises Creativltyinthewayheexpoundsthosearguments.
On one occasion(4.5.2)he disagreeswith Kum豆rila.He temporarily suspends his
Vi錘盃nav云daTrefutationinordertoexplainhowhisownNaiy亘yika【raditiondivergesfrom
theM了m豆rpsakaviewthatcognl【iorlisimperceptibleandcanonlybeinferred・Buthe
thenimmediately states,‘Enoughofthis talk!Whyatpresentdowehaveto attack a
Brahmincolleague,1ettirlgaBuddhistoffthehook?’
SoheseesthedifferencesbetweenNy豆yaandMim豆甲S亘asinslgnificantwhencompared
withthemoreurgenttaskofdefeatlngtheBuddhists;forthatpurposetheMim5rpsakas areimportant allies.Jayanta’s finalremarkofthe erLtireVij貢豆nav亘da section demonq
StrateSWellhisattitudetowardstheBuddhists.
1tiseither‘empty’-mindedpeopleorcharlatanswhoexhibitthisattachmenttothe
theoryofthe’emptiness’[ofcognition],nOtSeerSOfreality.Thereforethetheory
Ofthenon-dualityofcognition,tOO,Wheninvestigated,tumSOuttObelikeami-
18・ rage」uStlikethetheoryofthenonTdualityof[heWnrdAndrhplik-p19
L且Ⅰ・e・itdoesnotstanduptoscrutlnyanditlacksabasisinreality・
-9坤∂ツ“けl“種IrrⅡp.519.8-11=
馳埠両肌描扇叫画伯町抽甲而血四両叩血両 脚ⅥJか叩dp“r句中Vβ〃d山拍Jルか血血「血石∽lI
Jd∫椚点上ク“′・和四血中り叫恒混成ゆ血涙J叩埴αVα/】
vむ汚加∂〟vd血♪坤0セノgβ′ldJ王即l′皿“gdr∂ソロJe」靂
\√\ - 299 - ー 298 -
TRANSLATION20
1Connectionwiththeprevioussection:
‘Cognltion-Only’distinguishedfromothernon-dualisms・
Thus a11theproponentsofnon-duality[whohavebeenrefutedin theprevious
SeCtion-Ved豆ntinswhoholdthenon-dualityofBrahmanandVaiy豆karapaswho
holdthenon-duality oftheWord-】havebecomesilent;the[Buddhist]propo-
nentsofthenon-dualityofcognition,however,aSSer[themselvesagainagains[[us
Naiy云yikasinthefo1lowingTnanner]:
Here4noEl-duali[yofX7-¶hetherX=Bral1man,theWordorcognltion-meanStheviewthateverything
in止IeuIliverseisX.
[Vij貢豆nav亘din:]Itistruethata[supposed]Bral1manthatlacksbirthandcessation,[ha[is
Slngle,unlimitedandnon-dual,isnotlogical,SOitisabsolu[elyreasonableno【toaccept
it.Butasforcognition(vdjianam...tu)pwhichismotnen[ary,i∫Charac【eri乙edbybirth
andcessation,andoccurssequential1yinabeginninglessstream-italone(eva)appearSin
thisandthatway(i.e.asapot,Clothetc.).Thereforewethink[hat(itipa3yLima!l)other
thanitthereisnosecondsupposed[entity]inthefomofanobject.21
TbeVij舶nav豆dinpu[shisformofnon-dualismforwardasmorelogicalthanOtherfoms,forheaccepts
JuS[cognltion,SOmethingreadilyaccep【edbyeveryone,nO【afancifu1me【aphysicalpostula[e,Bral1man・
SuPpOSedlyuntouchedbycharacteristicsweseeeverywheresuchascomlngintoexistenceandceaslng・
Cognltionappearlngindifferen[formsisal1tha[isneeded【oeXplainourexperience・
2Dolユbt:Dotheformsweexperiencebelongtocognltionoro切ects?
2▲10切ectiorlfromtheNaiy豆yika[0血eVij6豆nav豆dirl:Th∫OughdirectperCep[10n
e[c.wegraspanobject.
【Naiy豆yika:]But[we]have alreadyshown22thatwhatweexperience,throughvalid
meansofknowledgesuchasdirectperteptlOn,aretheuniqueformSOfo叫ectswhichare
mu[uallydissimi1ar・Sohowcanitbethatitiscognition[ratherthand叫ects]thathasthis
appearanCe,forintheabsenceofobjectstheseunlqueformswouldbeimpossible?For WetermCOgni[ion[hegrasplngOfobjec[s,nO【thegraspingofgraspingl
Jayantahasalreadyshown,When aLgulngagains【MandanaMi吉ra,山a[whatwegrasp血roughdirect
PerCeP[ionbTtZLyakFa)and【heothermeansofknowledgeisdifferen[ia[ed(bhLnna),nO[unifoml.tle
POln[sou[here[ha[ifwedoawaywi[hex[emalobjec[s,Wedoawaywi山【heobviousexplana[ionof
【hisdifferen[iation・TTLeimplicationisthatcognltion,aSCOgnltion,islhesamewithrespecttoallofi【s
Otjec[s;Pluralityer)[ersourexperiencebecausecogni[ionconfron[SaPlurali[yOfobjec[s.Ifallween-
COuntered were cc・gnltion,We WOuld experience an unchanglngmOnO【OneOramereblank,nO【the
mul【i-COlotlredandconstantlyshif[iElgforms[ha【soObvi011Slyappear[ous・
Jayan[aconcludesbypoln[1ngOll[ha[山isprocessofapprehendingaplurali【yOHormsiswhatwe[erm
‘thegrasplngOfobjects’;Wedonottermit‘thegrasplngOfgrasplng’.
2・2Thepreciseissuethatseparatesus
[Vijぬnavadin:】[We]reply[asfollows]・Firstthefollowingmatterneedstobeexamined:
DoesoneformaPpearOrtWOintheseperceptualcognl[ions-’[hisisblue’,LthisisyelT
low’-Whicharise[foreveryone]?
2・2・1Iftwoformsappear,theNaiy豆yikawins.
Iftwoappearq‘thisistheobject‥blue’and‘thisisitscognltion’-thenwhatisthere[O
investigateinthismatter?Youwi11havewon;Pleasebes[oWOnmethe[punishmen[][hat
isappropnatefor[hedefea【ed.
Fromhereonthediscussionproceedsontheassump[10n[ha[OnlyonefolmaPPearS・Furthermore,Jay-
an[arefersback【0【hissec[ionass[a[ing【ha[[woformsdono【appear(seefoo【nOteS69and97).mus
eventhotlgh[hissectiondoesnotexplicitlyrehltethepossibilitythattwoformsappear,Jayantaseesit
asdenylng【ha[possibili[ybyimplica[ion.ma[[woformsappear[ousissoclearlynot【hecasethatit
Canbedismissedjustwi山山isjokeabotl[[heapproprla[epunislmen[forthedefea[ed.If[wofoms
appeared・therewouldbenoroomforinves[1ga【ion‥theNaiy豆yikaposi[ionwouldobviouslybecorrect・
Thereason[ha=hiswholedeba[earisesis【ha[onlyoneformappears・23
20Thetransla[ionisbasedonthetextaseditedbyKataoka(2003),anupdatedversionofwhich
isavailableat<http:〟www・1it・kyushu-u.aCjp/-kkataoka/KataokaJNMvijR・Pdf>・
21Jayantaishereechoing[hewordingof(heVrt[ik豆ra:LadbIzinnamar/IwLip叩Ⅷ如
“呵〃胤扉血可(∫丘ム口和抽丘丹828,15-16). ユユ Inthecontex[ofrefu[ing[heVed5n[icnon-dualismofBrahmanearlierin[hisa′lnika‥lasmad
fJ8rgJ8r8Vfv血dタロdかJAがV(汀申αgr丘んれ融和丘ム鳥eddVfざdツ叩If)mりα桓α軋血占d由Illm融αツ0=11∫αm一
占口和助8gJ・8たd〝丘♂血8∫Vd叩dツβVツ句フかdツOrムんeddmβ門地J・叩d∫ソロ′・中洲=m=痛血叫如山〟日払
“抽丘v叩‖ガIe血vi叩ツかeva(め丘ッ卿l殉8rFⅡp.47l,9-12).
‘ThereforeperceptlOndoesno【havenon-differenceasi【sob]ec【,becausei[graSPSparticular
formsof山ings山a[aredis[inc[fromeacho【her.Asforspeechandinference,【heirveryna[uresare
notpossiblewithou【difference,func【ionlngaS[heydo【oward【heirownobjectsindependenceon
【he【prior]graspingofrela[ionships【be[weenplurali[ems,i.e.wordsandmeanings-in[hecaseof
SPeeCh-andlogicalreasonsandproper[ies[obeproved-in[hecaseofinference].Thereforethese
【WOalsocer[ainlyhavedifferenceastheirobjects. 2ユ meidea[ha[wedono【perceive[wOsepara【eforms,OneOf[heobjectandoneofcogni【ion
goesback atleast to th巳Ⅴ叩ik豆ra:Ⅳ血¢諭1ロック「丘払・〟紬ed叩川叩dJ8助加l〟んg(鮎加m鋸嘩叩
28,14)・I[isvoiced【hereby【heVij貞hav豆dinopponen[,SOPerhapsi【goesfurtherbacktoaBud-
dhis[sol】rCeknown[o[heVrt[ikaJ・a.
ー 301- - 300 -
2・2・2Ifoneformappears,doesitbelongtotheo切ectorcognltion?
Ifjustonefomappears:thenthereisroomforinves(1ga(ion:Towhatdoesthisformbe-
long?Theobjectorthecognltion?Andwhenthisfo皿isthusinvestlgated,ifitbees-
tablishedthatitbelongstotheobject,(henyouwillwin.Butif(heviewthattheform
belongstocognition[isestablished],WeWillbevictorious.
ThecruCialpolnt[Obede[erminediswhe[herfomsweperceivesuchas‘blue’belong【0aneX[ernal
ObJeCtOr[ocognl【ioni[Self.Howdoes[hisbearontheNaiy豆yikaobjec[ionin2.1?Itrendersi[irrele-
Van[bymovlngthedeba【e[oamorefundamentallevel.nefactthatwe・PerCeive,aPluralityofdiffer-
en[fomlS,Whichwasgivenin2.1asapieceofprEmajhcieevidenceEortheexis[enceofobjec【sexler-
nalto cognl【ion,Can nOW be seen[O be compa[iblewith no[only the Naiy哀yika,bu[also the
Vijahav5dinposition・Forifformbelongstocognition,Wehaveanexplanationofthepl一ユralityofour
experience[hatdoesno[requlreeX【emalobjec[s.
Thefac【tha[weperceiveaplurali[yofdifferen[fomswasabe[[erargumentsagalnS[[heview【ha[We
perceiveonlyBrahman,forBrahmanisone,formlessandpadless.1h[cognl【1Onisdifferen[ia[ed,and
ifitcaninctudeformswi[hinitself.[henperceivlngOnlyi[isqui[ecompa[iblewithperceivLngaPluraL
ltyOffoms.
Thsthedebateeadlierinthischapterofthe[ex[abou[whetherwhatappearS[ousisnon-differerlCe
(M叩如na Migra’s Advai[a Vedh[a view)or plurality(Jayanta’s view)is nowirre,le,Vant,for the
Vij元云navadinagreeswi[hJayan[aon[ha[poin[.nedeba[ehasshif[ed[oaconsidera【ionofwhe[her【his
pluralityisbes[accOun[edforbyregardingl[asbelonglng[oex[emalobJeC[sorcognl[ionitself.
3P江rvapak早a(V斬血av瓦da):Formbelongstocognition.
【Question:】First【then],Whichoutofthese[(WOViews]iscorrect?
tVij昆云nav豆din:][Theviewthat]thisformbelongs(OaCOgnition.
【ques【ion:]Wly?
3.1.2Nosubstantialdifferencebetweennon-dualibTOfo切ectandnon-dualityof
COgni【ion
Ifitismaintained[byanopponen(OfourV可貢豆nav豆da]thatitis[he[external】ob3ec(iト
self,bynaturean0叫ectofperception,thatistheperceiver,thenthat[objec[]wouldbe
nothingotherthan【helight[ofconsciousness】,SOthedisagreement[betweenus]would
COnCemnameSOnly・
Whatwould[hemotiva[ionbeforanOPPOElen[[Omain[aina[[hisjunCturethattheexternalobjectisthe
PerCeiver?nepoln[is[ha[SuChanopponent,despi【ebeiElganOn-dualis[and[husavoidingthecharge
ofpostulatlngmOrethanoneth皿g,emPhasizestheexternali[yofha[Onething・Thusheisinaposi[ion
[ohold[ha[formbelongs[osome[hingex[ernalwithou[requlrlnga11ydoublingofpostulation・
[Objection:】nereisadifferenceowingto【thefact山atyourcognitionis】internaland
【ournon-dualobjectis]extemal.
[Vij丘豆nav豆din:]Ohyouwhoarebelovedofthegods,howknowledgeableyouareabout
differences!Theexternalityofaperc$ivedo叫ectconsis[sinitsbeingsepara【efroma
perceiver;11extemali【ylSnOtWithrespec(toabody.Andiftheperceiverisheldtobe
absolutelynon-differentfromtheobject(arEhdE),theperceived(grdhyLu),thenthe[ob-
ject】(asya)wouldnotbeseparatefromthe[perceiver](lala!z);SObecauseitwouldnotbe
externalitwouldbenothingother【hancognition.Sohowcould【hisnotbe[merely]a
disputeaboutnames?
Even[houghapo【OCCuPleSadifferen[spa[ialloca[ionfrom[ha[ofmybody,ifitwereno[SePara【e
fromtheperCeiveri【wOuldElO[beex【emaい[wouldbeof山ena[ureOfcognition,Whichisprecisely
OurVij氏如av誠inposition・
Whois[hisopponen[who[ries[odifferen[ia[ehisnon-dualismfromVi西独avadaonthegro11ndsthat
wha[he claims to exis[is external?Jayantaisliftlng山is posi[ion from the discussionin the
SlokavaT・1放a,andinXum云rila’stimenon-dualisticSaivismhadno[ye[developed,PerhapsKum豆rila
hadinmindsomes[rand ofVed豆n【a according[owhich[he textemal’worldofperceivedobjects
(gr6hya)isrealbecauseitisidenticalwi[hBrahman.
3.1.3Cognitionisestablishedforbothofus.
Becausecognitionises(ablishedforboth[ofusdisputants],thisfomshouldbelongtoit・
Forabout[theexistenceof]cognition,nOOnedisagrees.Thereforei(isrationaltha[this
formbelongtocognitionitself(Easyaiva).For[asiswellknown]‘Postulatingonething
isbetter(hanpostulatlngmany・・Z4
Thetextre[urnShere[0[hemainissue,namelywhetherformbe・longstothe・Objectorthecognltion・ne
inferenceofthissec[ion(3.1)is[ha[avoidanceofunnecessa丹amOun[SOfpos[ula[ionleads[othecon-
Clusion[ha[i[belongs[ocognl[ion.neopponen[holding[henon-duali【yof[heobjec[pOSedathrea[[0
3・1BecauseitinvoIveslesspostulation(kak,andlaghavdt)
【V埴血av5din:]Becausetheextentofpostulationisless[onourview】.
3・1.1TheNaiy豆yikaspostulatedoublewhatwedo.
Toexplain(hi),intheviewthatformbelongstotheobject,theobject,beinginsentientby
na(ure,isincapableofillumina【ing[itselfいhereforesomeotherperceivermustnecess云r-
ilybepostula(ed,becauseotherwisethe[insentiento切ec[]wouldnotbegrasped.Thus
[idyourposi(ion](hereisdoublethepostulation[tha‖hereisinours].
つ4 Almostanexactquoteof恥m五山la.See∫わた8Vかナナ勉励ッdV∂血18血:d′【血たゆ8月勾∂∫cd
ノ.I小・【-、ヾ川.、・止血小川1・
- 302 - - 303 一
【hisinference,for[houghpostula[1ngOnlyonething7hewass[i11inaposi[ion[Oa[[ribu[eform[0[he
object.Havingdealtwith[hatopponen[,theV可丘havadincaLICOnCludethissec[ionbyreaffirminghis
algumen[tha[ifwewaLl[[oavoidcontroversialpos[ula【ion,WemuS[aSSlgnformtocognl【ion.forcogT
nitionisacceptedbybothsides,Whereasanex【emalobjec[isno【・
ando[herluminousbodieswithoutalsoapprehendingthosesourcesofillumina-
【ion・Inthecaseof[hemoon,mOS[of[he[imeitisn’tevenpossible[oaPprehend
thesunwhichisilluminlngi【,fori[isblockedbytheearth.
HowaTeWe[orespondto[heundeniabletru[hofTaber’spoin[here【ha[wecanseeanobJeC[Wi[hou[
Seelng the source ofthelight thatillumina[esi[?We couldsimply[akei[as a refu[ationof[he
Vija5TlaV5dinal●gumentaLldmoveon.Bu[thenwewouldbelef[withnosenseofwhytheVij丘加av云din
thinks[ha[1ightmustbeperceivedinorder【oillumina[e.Weseetwopossibleexplana[ions:
1)Aninvisiblename,OrOtherlightTSOurCe,WOuldlackthepowertoilluminate,Anamecamotreveal
ObJeCtSwithou[reVealingltSelfintheprocess.IfaperSOnhasanunobs[ruC[edviewofthename,[hey
wi11seeit.OfcourseiLmaybeoutsideoftheirfieldofvisionorobstruC[ed;thusal1tha[Canbesaidis
[ha[[henamemakesitselfvisible,nOttha[i[musEbeperceived.Theexampleisthusno[qul【eS[rong
enough[OSeCuretheconclusionthatcognl[ionmus[beperCeivdinorder[ocognlZeanObjec[;bu[[he
Vi5丘五nav云dincol】1drespondtha[110eX?mpleisparalletinallwaysto[heexemplined.andin山iscase
thereisindeedthedifferencebetweencognl[ionandligh[[ha[WhereastheformerisalwaysperCeived
Whenitrevealsobjects.[hela[terisalwaysperceivedwhenitrevealsobjectsexceptwhenitisoutDf
view.26
Theproblemwith[hisexplana[ionisthatwha[[heVij元云nav5dinactual1ysayshereisdla[anunper-
Ceived(agrllila)1ightcanno[illuminate.Weei【herhave[0[akethisli[erally.inwhichcasei[isfalse;Or
Wehavetoassumetha[agrl血isusedlooselytomeanno[unperceived,bu[impercep[ible.Theclaim
abou[1ight then becomes[rue(animpercep【ibleligh[cammOtilluminate);butiti邑Sufficien10nly to
PrOVe[heweakconclusionthatcogni[ionispercep[ible(whichisanywayacceptable[0theNaiy云yika),
nottheVi匝如avadin’sstrongerconcl一ユSionthatcognltionmustbeperceived.Bu[thereisasecondex-
Plarla【ionwhlChavoidstheseproblemsandhaso[heradvan[ages.
2)WhentheV獅血av5din[alksof[henecessi[yof[heligh[beingperceivedinorderfori【[oillumina[e,
heis[alkingno[Ofthesourceoflight,【helamp,bu[ra[herthe‘1igh[ofthelamp,27tha[spreadsou[from
i[ssourcetotheobjectthatitilluminates・Iftheobjec[inques[ionisthewallinh・OntOfme,Ihave[O
See[helightbe[weenmeand[hewal1beforeIseethcwal1,eVeniftheso11rCeOfthatlightisolユtOfmy
fieldofvision・Inwha[sensedoIsee[heligh[aswellas[hewall?Thespacebetweenmeandwallis
experiencedasfulloflight.giventhatit(thespacebe[weenmeandthewall)looksverydifferen[inthe
da∫k.
Asevidencethatligh[wasconsidered[obevisibleno[onlya[i[ssourcesuchasaname,bu[alsoin[he
forTnOfraysspreadingou[fromthere,See坤ayavarEtikaad3,1.38,Light(Edas)isthereconsideredto
beasubs[anceWhosetwoquali[ies,COlourand[empera[ure,Ca皿eltherbemanifes[OrunmaLlifes[.1n
thecaseofarayofthesun,bt)tharemanifest;inthecaseofarayofligh[,山ecolourismanifes[bu[the
tempera【ureunmanifest・Hencebo[hofthesekjndsarevisiblebymeansof[heircolour.In[hecaseof
3.2Cognitionmustbegrasped丘rst・
AndforthefollowlngreaSOntOOthisfomlbelongstocognltion・
3.2.1Becauseitis[heilluminator
Foryouacceptcognltiontobe[heillumina【orofobjects[hataredevoidofillumination・
Anditfo11ows from that that cognition(asya)mustbe graspedbeforean object[is
grasped].Forwedonotfindtha【thelightof[hingssuchaslampsisabletoilluminateif
itis11ngraSped.
Thisisthehrstofthreearguments(giveniJ13.2.1,3.2.2and3・2・3)fortheconclusion(ha【COgnition
mus[begraspedfirst,i.e.prlOr[o[heobjec[.How[hissuppor【s[hemaincon[en[ion[ha[forTnbelongs
【ocognltionislaidoutin3ユ4.
Theargumenthere(in3.2.1)canbedividedin[0(hree=
【neassertion:]
Cogni[ionmus[begrasped(flrS[),
[nereasonニ1
becauseifitwerel10[.itwouldnotbeable[ograspanobjec[,
【Theexample:]
JuS[1ikelight,ifitisno[grasped,CannOtil山minateanobject・
WhatsenseaTeWe[omakeof[heligh[eXamPle?Whyisi[thecasetha[aligh[,inorder[oilluminate,
mustbeperCeived?John Taber(forthcoming)describes this assump[ion as‘high1y que&[ionablel・
CommentlngOn[heversesintheSlokavLirEEika25[ha[arethesourceofJayan[a,sargumen[here,he
wri【es:
【11tjustdoesn’tseemtnlethatonehastoseethesourceofillⅥminationinordertD
SeeObjec[silluminedbyi[.Allthetimewelooka[objec[Silluminedby[hesun
25 血払vか班毎∫叫βV丘血21-22:
血∫ぐ∂払・α両ノ方∂〝〃町ツロ∫′′血J口dvd?叩′・d返克也肌I
M押甲摘甜血ゆ減勅叩画卸町Ⅷ伽刷1
′-α仁和/血薄か混んッeprαた∂∫g′r血,vα助丘りαJel
ねdd伽叩rα転血ル∂d坤訪ん∂∫りd血g/叫dタIl22
21)Andforthefollowingreasontoocognitionhasform.Becauseforyouitis
[heillumina[or;【you]holdit[obe[hemeans[ofillumina[ion]ofaneX[ernalob-
JeCt[ha[isincapableofself-illumination.
22)Andif[heligh[ofcogni[ionisno[perCeived,i[SObjectisrLOtapprehended,
because[theobjec[’s】illumina[iohisdependentonthat【cogni[ion],jus[1ikeapo[
【isnotapprehended]ifthelightofthelamp[isnotperceived〕・
ユも Intheverynex[sen[encesof[he[eX[[heVij雨nav豆dinargues[ha[whereasoLdecEsCanbepre-
Sen[yetunperceivedowlngtOanObs[ruC[ion,COgnl【ioncanno[beocculTetltyetunPerCeived,Itis
notinconceivable[hathewasmo[iva【ed[oplace[ha[argumen[[hereinorder[oacknowledge,bu[
renderhaTmless,thedisanalogybetweenltgflEandcognition.ln otherwDrds,SuSpeCtingtha[[he
Naiy云yikamayobjecttha[thelightmayno[beperceived,heru1esou[thispossibili[yinthecaseof
COgnltion.TheVi5a云nav云dinaTgumentWOuldbe[igh[er,however,ifbothligh[andcognl[ioncon-
[ras[wi[hobjectsonthegroundsthat[heyboth,unlikeo切ec[s,CannO【bepresen[ye[unperceived;
【hisisthecaseifweinterpre[theVij丘云nav云dinargumen[aCCOrding[oeXplana【ion2givenbelow. 27 T加sphraserenec[sXum豆∫ila・s抑丘b/血eandJayan[a・sdi>adeIIPrak抽sya,Wherewetake
thegenitivesasvッロdん∫たdr(l叩・
一 304 - ー 305 -
【Naiy豆yika:】1tcanbegraspedbyano【hercogni[iona[hesubsequenttime・
【Vij貢豆navadin:]Andtha([0【hercogni(ion]wi11begraspedbywha[?
[Naiy瓦yika:]By[ye[]ano(her【cogni[ion]・
[Ⅴ再舶nav豆din:]Theni‖oo[wi11begrasped]byye[ano(her[cogni[ion]・Sowhatlimi[
〔can[herebel?
[Naiy豆yika:]Fa[igue[wi11bethelimi[]・
[Ⅴ殖ぇnavadin‥]Asyoulike・Whenexhaus【edyoucan(akerest・,Bu[youWillno【have
graspedanobject,becauseaslongastheilluminationremainsungrasped,itisimpossible todiscem[hingsillumina[edby(hat・ThusthegrasplngOftheobjec(COuldneveroccur・33
For【he。bjecttobegrasped,i[scognltion/illuminationhastobegrasped・LetustermthisC・thecondi- [io。tha[hastobemet.CaLli[nOtbeobjec[edbytheNaiy豆yikathattheilluminationoftheobjectis
gmspedintheveryfirstmomentaf[ertheoqectisgrasped(T2),SO[hatsurelythentheobjec[canbe grasped?TheV臼自豆nav豆dinwouldrespondbyre-apPlyingCtotheilluminationofLheobject・Ifthat
becomesthenewobjecいhenitfollowsfromCthatithasnotyetbeengraspedatT2,becauseitsillumi- nationhasnotye[beengTaSPed・Thuswehave[owaitun[il(hei11uminationoftheillumina(ionofthe
objec[hasbeengraspedbeforetheobjectcanbegrasped,andsoon・Inthisway,Centailsthatunless theilluminationoftheobjec[isgraspeda[exaCtlythetimethatitarises,thegrasplngOftheobjectis POStpOnedforever・
Thereforeeventhosewhohold[ha[wegraspaneX【ernalobjec【mus[necessari1yresoIlto
anearliergrasplngOfcognition・
【heeye’st¢lS,i・e・【herayofligh【【ha[enablesus[oseespecificobjec[s,i[scolour(aLld【empeTa[ure)are
unmanifes[,hencei【isjJIVisible.
Thisin[erPreta[ionavoidstheproblemsof[heprevious:agr旭ecanbetakenliterally,28andthereisno
Ionger【hedisaLlalogybe[Weenligh【andcognltlOn[ha[[heformermaynotbeperceivedifobs[ruCted,
butthela【[ermustbeperCeived・Italsohastheaddi[ionaladvantage[ha[,unlike[heprevious,itoffers
anexplana[ionofwhycogni[ion)1ikeligh【,isperceivedb所フretheobjec【isperCeivcd.TTleligh[isper-
Ceivedfirstbecausei【isalwaysbe[weenmeand【heobjec[,i.e.i[iscIoser【omyeyes.rnla[cOgnl【ionis
perCeivedfirs[is[heconclusion[ha[[heligh【exampleisin【rOduced[oinstan[iate,ye[on[hepTeVious
in[erpre[a[ion[hiscruCialaspec[Oftheconclusionisno【represen[edintheexample・29
3・2・2Becauseitmustbegraspedattheverymomenttha[i[arises
Andevenifotjectssuchasapo【arise[infrontofus]wewi11notperceive(hemwhen
thereisalackofilluminationorwhenweareinconveniencedbyanobstacletbetweenus andtheobjec(]30(クratjbandhakavaid7zuTTd[)・吊Bu[asforcognition,OnCei[hasarisen,
therecarLbenoobstacletoitsbeingperceived・And[cognition]doesno[dependonan-
Otheri11umination,becauselikealampl【sVeryna[ureis【oshinefor[hbyitself・
Thefirstsentencegave[WOTeaSOnSWhywemigh[no【perCeivesome[hing【hatispresen[infron【ofus=
anobs[acleoTalackofillumina[ion・rnla【【hefirs[ofthesecannotapply[ocognl[10nWaSS[atedinthe
SeCOndsen[ence-af[eTal1be[weenmeandanobjec[[hereisagapwhereanobs[aclemaybelocated;
bu[betweencognl【ibnandi【self[hereisnosuchgap・3JTTle【hirdsentenceexplainswhy[hesecond
C弧nOtapPlyeiher:becausecognltionprovidesi[soWnillumina[ionandthusdoesnotrequlreany o【her.
TTlereforea【(heprecise(imewhenitarises,i[is necessarilygrasped・Ifitwereno[
【graspedwhenitarisesLitwouldno[[begrasped]atanysubsequenttimeei[her.For
Whatcouldoccurfori【atasubsequen[time,aSareSultofwhichitbegraspeda【thatsub-
Sequent[ime?Orwhatdidno【occurfori[a=上e[imetha[i(arose(tada),aSareSultof
Whichi[wasnotgraspedthen?32 ユユJayaLl[a,sirnmedia[esOurCeforhisrecountlngOf[hisfamousinfini【eregreSSargumen[is
Kum豆rila(∫血y□V丘血28):
ノ汚融加血rd∫γdC坤dJJ桓クrdた∂血〝叩相成∫口Jピ
如γd加沖fc叫ピ′一β叩VJJ励“∫仙汗抽♂Ve川
And什Ieilluminationof【hattcogni(ion]doesno[waitfortheriseofanothercog-
ni[ion;[for]giventhattha[[othercognition]wouldalsobeexperiencedby〔yet〕
anothel▲,[herewouldbeaninfiniteregl●eSS.
Kum豆rilawas,inturn,drawingonDign豆ga(Pnzm申asam・LCCayal:12ab):jhandruarepdnLEbhave
埴′最.SeeGaneri(1999)andKellncr(加hcomingB)知discussionsofDign豆ga’sargum8ntt
Kum豆1ila・ssEddhdnEaisthatacognitionmayormayno[becognized(througharEhapaEEi)bya
subsequentcognltion;【hatsubsequen[Onemay【hentorrnaynotIbecognizedbyayetsubsequent
one,andsoon.Whentheagentbecomesfa(igued(SeeyaVaCCf”Ⅵmaminiiinyavada191a)byre-
flec[ingon[heircognition,theiTCOgnltionofthatcognl[ione[c・,theyceasetodoso・Theprocess
comes[o aLlend and thereis noinfini【eregreSS・Jayan【a takes this polnt about fatigue from
Kum云rila,ssidd7z6nEaSeCtionandplacesi【hisownpiiTV叩dkFaSeC【ion,Wherewehavejus[enCOun一
[erediL Heprefers[oa1lowtheVij汽豆nav豆din[00VerCOrnethepolntwithin[hepnrvapak?a・rather
thanuslngltaSarlunChallengedargumentagalnSttheVij元inavadinin[hesiddfzanEaSeCtionlaSitis
forKum恵一ila.
28 rnleVij売血av豆dinresta【eS[hepoln【abou[1igh[duringtherefu[a[ionof[hisargumen[insecq
tion4・2・30fthesiddhaTZta:TZaCLigr7zilabpraka5abprakaSyamprakahyaEi.Again[heli[eTalmeaLl-
1ngis[ha[unperceivedligh[cannO[illumina[e・nO[[ha[impercep曲!el呈ght⊂annClti抽出nate.Thusii
WOuldbeextremelysurprlSlngifLimperceptible,weretheintendedmeanlng・
rnla[[hein[endedconclusionof[hisargumen【isno[)uSt[ha[cognl[ionisgrasped,bu[[ha[i[is
graspedflrS[isconfirmedby[hewaytheargumen[issummaTizeda[[hebeginnlngOfsec[ion4.4in
【he∫fd〟ノー広軌k=ツα〟叩fprd肪∫dル郎ノ痛∂〃叩叩rβ坤dVαJク加叩grdJ叩α′n~止加ノねd叩Jvγ∂叫e-
,I■く一川・
30 seeKa[aoka(2006:75,nO[e20)forthepoin[tha[[hepairingof[hesetwocondi[ions,absence
Oflightandpresenceofanobstacle,gOeSback[0【heAbhid/Larmako血bh申ya.
Formoreontheimpossibili【yofanyobs[aCleordis[or【1ngfac[orin[ervenlngbe[weencognl-
【ionandi【sawarenessofi【self,SeeWa【sOn(for【hcoming). 12 JayantasummariヱeSthisargumentinsection4・50f[hesEddhaTL(abeforerefutinglt‥yadapy
d柚~J山地川一叫和め馴鹿朋′柁eVdノ而′-“J〃α′叩叫dル∂〟叩rαJ伽′l〟J▲dル加cαJ♂血川dgJ巾叫柁αV古
山ムicJトれ仙J‘小′l(l∫j川Prd√(▲帆
- 307 - ー 30(i-
Notethatwha‖hisargument(i・e・thatgiveninthissection3・2・2)es[ablishesisthatcogni[ionisgrasped
atprecisely山esame[imetha【itaTises二Seea(OyadaivaLasyoFpLidab,(adaivagrahapamavasy叩 bhaveLabove,and.LFpadyamanamevajhdnam”・LadaivagrhyaEeinthesummaryofthisargumen[in
SeCtion4・50fthesiddh5nEa(giveninfoo[no[e32)・Yetimmediatelyaf[ertheargumen[hasbeengiven
Wefinditsta【edthatcognltionmustthereforebegraspedearlier,i・e・prlOrtOtheobiec[・Jayan[adoes
nots(atewhyi[fo1lowsfromcogni【ionbeinggraspeda[preciselythetimeitarisestha[itisgrasped
PrlOrtOtheobjec[・Thereasonisincludedin[heversionoftheargumentglVenbyKum豆rila・s
Vij再anav豆dinhowever(iilnyavada25)ニ
ク痛たcか血gr油叩丘d輌加ツ坤α血ね血vdCdt
∫叩ソedd乃叩ムんdVed叩d,托dCeJ姐血Jdre♪f乃dll
And【heriseof[he[cogni【ion]isacceptedtotakeplacebefore[hegraspingofthe
Objec[;anda‖heverytime[[ha[cogni[ionarises]i[mus[beexperienced,0[her-
Wisei【neYerCOlユ1dbe.
TTIuSWehavethemisslnglinkin[heargumen[;COgnl【ionarisesbeforei【graspsi[sobjecLnlisisalso
S【atedby山eVrttikara・3JI【couldbeseen[obesugges[edbytheZigh[example:afteramatchisstruCkin
thedark・Oraligh[isswitchedon】theligh[will[hen[akeasmallaLnOuntOftimetotravel[otheobjects
itwi11iuuminate・SeealsoTaber,s(forthcoming)commen[onthejus[-Cited5tokavaT・t(ikaversetothe
efftctthatitisaM了m豆rnsakaprlnCipletha【somethingmustexis(beforeitcanexercisei[sfunc[ion.He
POin(StOStokavdr〟Lka・PTTLLyakFaSGEra54ab(whichistransla【edandcommen[edona[Taber2005:67).
As[Dharmakfr[i]hassaid:35
Forsomeonewhosepercep[ionisimperceptible,【even][heseeingofanobject
CannO【bees[ablished.
3・2・3Becauseofreflection(クraiyavamaT]a)onanObjec[asprecededbycogni[ion
For[hefollowingreason[00i[is[hecase[tha[cogni[ionmustbegraspedfirs[]:because
af[er[cognizinganobjec[],Wefindtha[werenec【[onthatobiect](avamar5ad。,5。n61)as
PreCededbycognition(ノhanaprぎ!hena)・Toexplain(hi),Whenknowersreflect,’[his。bT
jec[wascognizedbyme,・【heyareremembering(anumodanLe)36firstagraspingofcogni-
【ion[andonlyaf[er[ha[agraspingof[heobjec[]・Fortherecanbenocogni【ionofsome-
【hingqualified37whosequalifierhasno[[firs[]beengrasped・38
Jayanta-sformula[ionof[hisargumen[isellip【ical・Ourin[erpreta[ionofi[isinfluencedbyhisirnmedi-
atesourcefortheargumen[,naLnelyStokavarEEika,iLinyav6da28-29(Citedinfootno【e43),andbya
parallelargumenttha[hegivesatNyayama4iar[Ⅱ277,3-9(Citedinfoo[no[el12)・AttimeTlthere
wasacogni[ion(C)ofanobJeC[(0).AtT2Wereflec[L[hiso叫ectwascoBnizedbyme’inwhichO
fea[uresaSthequalified(vifeざya).Wha[is[hequalifler(viieFa叩)?Tojudgefrom[heverbaliza[ionof
thereflection,Onemightexpect=thefac[that山eobjec[hasbeencognizedpreviouslybyme・Bu[i[is
cleartha[i【isbeingunders[00d【obe[hepreviouscognitionitself(C)・
OnceChasbeenidentifledasthequalifierandOasthequali鮎d,theV中元nav豆dincanappeal[oaBen-
eralNaiy亘yikaprinciple[oes[ablishtha=山ereflec[ionincludesamemoryofCbeforei[smemoryOfO・
TheprlnClple,Statedin[helas[sentenceof山etext,is[hatif(heq叫ifieI■hasnotbecngrasped,the
qualifiedcanno[begrasped.Youcanno[cognizesomeoneasals[ick-CarTier’(d叩4in),i・e・aSqua]ified
byas[ick(dap4a),unlessyouhavecognized[hes[ick【hattheyarecarrying・39similarlyifyouareex-
periencingOashavingbeencognized,i・e・aSqualifledbyC,yOumuSthaveJuStCOgni乙ed・i・e・remem-
bered,C.Ifweassumetha[ourmemorycanbe[ruS[ed,theni[fo1lows[hat[hestructureof[hememory,
inwhichfirs[CisrememberedandthenOisremembered,rePlica[eS[hes[ruCtureOftheearlierexperi-
ence.rnluSWeCanknow山atthisearlierexperienteatTlinvoIvedno[onlyaBraSplngOfO7bu[firsta
grasplnBOfC,followedbyagrasplnBOfO・
WhatishappeninBa[TLisnotcleara[[hatmomen[:istherefirs[hus[agraspingofO(asaccordinBtO
【heNaiy豆yikas)oristherefirs[agraspingofC(asaccording[otheVii白色navadins)?Itonlybecomes
clearinthelightoftheevidencea【T2・nlefac[tha[a[T2[heawarenessofCprecedesdleaWareneSSOf
Oindicatesthatintheorigina)experienceatTl,anaWareneSSOfCprecedestheawarenessofO・
Fromthistoo40itisestablishedthatfirs[thereisagrasplngOfcognl【ion・
Jayanta,simmediatesourcehere,Kum豆rila,WaSintumprobablybasinBhimselfonDiBn豆ga’sarBument
atpram郎asamuccayal‥11cd:41・Andbecauseofmemorya[asubsequen[[ime[cogni[ionhas[wo
formsandisself-COgnized】,formemory(asau)isnotpossiblewi[hregard[osomething山a[hasno[
beenexperienced:nle-VrEEiexplainsLAndbecause,afterancxpcrience・memOryanSeSOf[hecognl-
tionaswellasoftheobject,COgnltionhas[woformsandisself-COgnized,・42sincewehavememoryof
【hecognltion,血ecognltlOnmuSthavebeenexperiencedeadier・
Kum豆rilawri[es,43‘Andasforreflec[ionon[heformof[heobjec[aSpreCededbycoBnl[ion,Whichoc-
cursla[er,eVenintheabsenceof[heobJeC[Thowwouldtha[bepossibleif山e[reflec[ing-】cognitiondid
3gThisargumentissummarizeda[[hebeBinnlngOfsection4・6inthesiddhanEabeforebeingre一
触ed:dJd∫cdγdd慮托叩り斤血叩rダ′Jl加d∽dr血ddr血柁句ノ毒血dgrdん叩叩加・〟払md血叩rdん叩d椚姉
J丘乃乃d∫かv(l′r‘J払m.
39Youcan,however,COBnlZe[ha[somethinBISaStickwithou[COgnlZingtheperSOnCarrylnBl[・
40Ⅰ.e.from【hisarBumen[in3・2・3aswellasthoseglVenin3・2・land3・2・2・TheapECOrTela[es
thissen[enCeWithEaEaicar(ha(Pra(hama(ara,naSyagTt7J叩eTlabhavi(avyamin3・2・la皿dEasmdd…
〆m町画叫押血押mM郎紡印画岬in3・2・2・
41叩′e川′′。r。主紬叩柁。J岬∂v。V融か加Il
㌔醐庇頭痛如棚血軌叩ゆ叩加瀬如や血坤叫卿妙.加m丘d耶′Jdvi痺‘IJ∂ 拘加叫岬m娘叩相和頭kl・
43血たdVかJJ勉,∫血γdV∂血28-29:
β占乃叩J躯仰γ0ウγか此ソの柁即JJ励/lかeb両軸おl
卯「加一口血,′仙汀和叩・d,∫d血〟叩C叩叩ゆd′ell
3d_ p“川叩占“d助fr〟卯みdJe(∫∂占α′血Jゆγd30,4). 31 pl・ama”inticayal:54cd・Foradiscussionofo[herpossiblesyn[ac[icalin[erpre[a【ionsofthis
half-VerSe・SeeWa【son(2006‥206)andKellner(forthcominBB)・Foralis[ofplaceswherei[is
Cited,SeeSteinkellner(2007:40).Someo[hercita[ionsno[men[ioned【he.earefounda[:N。,efv。nZ_
Par和王prak53aadl=5,P・12,13;adl:27c-28b,P.61,1;Jayara[ha,scommen[aryadThnt,dt。k。
10:96cq97b,P・75,1;ThEtvasahgrahqpa研6ad2069,Vol.2,P.705,17.
ForotherplaceswhereDharmakfrtimakesthepoln=hatcoBnl【ionofanobjec【necessarilyen-
tailscognltionofcogni【ion,SeePram申avdrE(ika3:443aband3:446.SeealsoTbT・kabhasd17,8-
18,16.
Literally,’re-enJOylng,・
Inthiscase‘thisobject’(ayama,・thab).
ー 308 - - 309 -
no[arisehavingdepic[edanobJeC[of[ha[form[wi[hini【self】,andifin[hepas[(i.e.a【the[imeof(he
Origi・1alcogni[ion)[heobjec[hadno[beenperceivedasprecededbycogni[ion(E坤LZT・Vam)?’
Kum豆rila[herederjves[woconclusionsfrom[WOfeaturesofreflec[ion:l)CogJli[ionarisescon[aining
(heformofanobjec[,forwecanreflec[On[heformofanabsen[objec【;2)A[[hetimeoftheoriginal
COgJli【ion[heobjec[WaSperCeivedasprecededbycognl【ion,forwerenec【on[heobjec【1a【eraSPre-
cededbycognl【10n・44
Kumarila’snrs[coJIClusionismoreorlessequlValen[[oDign豆ga,sconclusionofcognl【ionhaviJlgtWO
forms・HissecondcoJIClusionismoreorlessequivalen[[oDign豆ga・sconclusionofcognltionbeing
Se】fLCOgnized;forifanobjec[isperceivedasprecededbycognltion,COgnl【ionmusthavebeencog-
nized・Kum豆rila[husmakesclearwha[mayno[havebeenclearfromDign豆ga,sargumetlt,namelywhy
l【proves[ha【COgnl【ionhas[woforms.Ⅰ【doesso,aCCOrding[oKum豆rilaa[1eas[,because[hefact【ha【
WeCanrememberanobjec[whenanobjec[isno[[hereshows[ha【【heformoftheobjectmustbecon-
【ainedwi[hincognl【iona[tha[[ime.45
Wha【【henare(hediffere・1CeSbe[weenthetwoarguments?l)WheTeDign豆gatalksofsmTii,Kum5ri1a
lalksofJ”TtimaT血・2)Dign豆ga’sargumen[isbasedon【hefac[tha[Weremember[hecognitioJl(aswe11
astheobjec[)・From[hishecorLCludesthatwemusthaveexperiencedthecognition.Kum5rlla,sargu-
men[isbasedon[hefac[[ha[weremembertheobjec[asprecededbycognltion.From[hisheconcludes
tha【wemus[haveexperiencedi[asprecededbycognition・
Jayan[algnOl●eSKumarila’sfil-S[conclusion・Hementionsnei[her[hefac[tha‖heobjec【isabsen[a[[he
timeoftherenection,nOrtheconclusionofcognltioJICOntainmgform・Heconcen[ra[esexclusivelyon
es[ablishing[ha[cognltionisgraspedprior【0[heobjec[beinggrasped.Hisargumen[isessen[iallythe
SameaSKumarila’sargumentforthatconclusion,butheclarineswha[couldberegardedasobscurein
Kum豆rila‥i・1Wha[sensedowerenec[on山eobjec[assubsequen[[ocOgnl【ion?Hisansweramounts[0:
Wereflectoniしascogniヱed,i・e▲aSqualifiedbycognition・Sincecognl【ionis[hequalifier,i[follows
from[hemaximabou[qualiflerandqualifiedtha【i[mus[havebeengraspedfirsトbo【hinthememory
andin山eoriginalexperience.
3・2・4Therelevanceofcognltionbeinggrasped【b血emainissue
3・2・4・1Agraspedcognltionhasform.
Andcognition,beingnecessarilygraspedLY[asaresultofthethreepreviousarguments],
CannOtbegraspedwithoutsomeform,SOCertainlyitmus(begraspedwithform・
Theargumen[herecouldeitherderivefromwha[jshypothe[icallypossibleorfromwhatisempirically
Observed・1)Ifcognitiontackedform,Whatwouldtherebetograsp?ltwouldbecompletelytranspar-
e・1t,likeemptyspace・2)Wedono[remembermerecogni[ions,bu[alwaysacogniLionqrsomeE/血g.
3.2・4・2Anexternalobjectis血ereforeredundant.
Andgiven(hatacognltionwithformisgrasped,howcan(herebesomeexternalotject
SeParatefromthatcognition,forwedonotgraspasecondfo皿?
SoJayantahasncrws[atedtherelevanceoftheargumentsin3・2.1,3・2.2and3.2.3,Sinceweknowfrom
【hosethreeargumentsthatcognltionisgrasped,WeCanknowtha[ithasform.Sincei[hasform,We
havenoreason[oaccept【heexistenceofaJ”Xtemalobject,forwedonotgrasptwoforms・46
Thisargumentgoesbackno【onlytoKum豆rjla(Seetheapparatus[0[heedition),butalso[otheVFt[i-
k孟ra・Hewrites,LWedonotperceivedifferentforms,OneDftheobjectandon60fcognltion.Andfor
uscogni[ionisperCeived/perCep【ible・mereforeasweunderstandit【hereisnosupposed[entity】ofthe
・1atureOfanobjectwhichisseparatefromcognition(Ladbhinnam).,47ThisistheprinciplcBuddhist
argumen[in[heVrttik豆ra’ssLZnyavadasec[ion.
WhatJayanta’sargumentaddsistheideathatcogrlldo・1isgraspedbeforeanobjectisgrasped.mis
ideaisalso[hereinKum豆rila,bu[itismoreemphasizedbyJayan[a:itismenticmedinall[hreeofthe
argumentsleadinguptcrthissectioJl,iTltheparaphrasesoftheseargumentsatthebeginnlngOfsections
4・3・4・4and4▲6,aJldiJltheparaphraseofthis3・2・4argumenta(theeJldofsect”n4・6・48Wha【precise
TOledoesitplay?SurelytheaEgumentdoesnotrequlreit,forglVenthatweonlygrasponeform,the
merefact【ha[wegraspcognltionwi[hfo皿ise・10ugh[oestablish[hatwedonotgraspanobjectthatis
SeParatefromcognLtion・Andifwegraspcognltion,【henwemustgraspcogn】【ionwi[hform・TTLatmay
allbeso,bu[[hepolntOfJayanta’sargumen[sforcognltionofanobjec【requlrlngaPnOrCOgnltionof
thecognltionisthattheysupportthecon[en[iontha[wegraspcognltion.Muchweigh[hangsoJl血s
COn[ention:theargumentfails-infac【doesno[evengetofftheground,wi[hou[i[・Henceinorderfor
theVfttik5ra’sargumenttobestrengthened,hisconten[ionthatcog・1itionisgrasped(praEyak?aCanO
buddIzib)neededtobes[reng[herled_
Tha[cog・1itionflrS[graspSitselfandth6nanObjectisnotac[uallytheViJ再論av豆din,sownview.Given
【ha【forhim
l)theobjec【isnothingother【hancogJli【ion
2)wedonotperceivetwoforms
【hereissimul[anel【yin[hegrasplngOfobJeCtandcognl【ion.
ねd′・如“′乃かJんαm丘J勅ッβツddf曲Fr〃叩可丘ッdJビl
抽油姐ビCdツαみdr血∫J坤正昭甲′哩αJ叫叫川
44 wewerehelpedinouTinterpretationof[hesetwoversesbyTaber(for【hccrming),Whodrew
Oura[[en[ion[OUmbeka,sdivisionof[hefea[uresof[herenec[ionin[0[wo,OneyieldingonecoTIClu-
Sion,andlheotheryieldingtheother・ 45 Ⅰ【migh[beobjec[ed【ha[Dign亘gain[endedhisconclusionofcogni[ionhaving[wOforms[o
followfromthefactthattheoriginalexperiencewasofbo[hanobjec[aJldcogni[ion.Bu[thiswould
beaninsubs[antialargument=【hefac[[hatanexperienceisofano叫ectdoesJlO[en[ailtha[i[hasthat
ObjectasafoTTnwithinitself・Dign豆gadoesno[glVerequiredsupportlngargumen[sthatwouldiJldi-
Ca【e[his[obehisin[en[ioJl.
46 nleargument【husmovesfromthefacttha[COgnl【ionisawareofitselftotheconclusionthat
COgnl【jonhasform,andfromthere[othedenialoftheexistenceofextemalobjects.Formoreonthe
rela[ionshipbe[weenthefirstof[hesetwo,SVaS叩VedaTZaandsakaravada,SeeWatson(forthcoming:
SeC【ion3).
17 の・′ん‘画乃りの「反肋口柚ビ血甲叩βね柚加ロムg・叩′y殖丘c…0如dd柚.血∫ねd抽研αm
〝血血卸叩≠加昭一山巾通底呵岬殉励頑(∫ゐ口rβ占/ゆツβ28,14-16).
叩血即血叩釦〆加叩り茄m函血祝融加汀最凝血濾刷ゆ肌如1丘c叫ノnnn耶y血反ソnm
akarah・LBecauseacognl【ionappearsbeforegrasplnganObJeCt,andbecause[hereisJIOdetermiLllng
Ofitasdevoidofform,[hisformbelongs[ocognltionalotle,,
ー 310 - - 311-
The Vi5再豆nav云din here anticIPateS and rqects[he Naiy岳yika view that sinee cognltion’s objectq
SpeCificitycanbeaccountedforbythefactthatitiscausedbyitsparticularobject,Wedonotneedto
resorttotheassumptlOnOfformwithinit.
TTle Naiy盃yikas conceptualized the Telationship between object and cognltlOn aS that ofproducer
Uanaka)andproducedUanya).TTlebackgroundmodelisthatoftheGrammarians,aCCOrdingtowhich
theactiondenotedbyaver♭‥inthiscase血eactionofcognltiondenQtedby‘cQgnlZe’-isbIOughtabout
bykarakas,thevariouscausalfactorsthattogetheTPrOdueeanaction.DharmakittianBuddhismop-
POSedthisapproachbydenyingthatanyactionisinvoIvedincognltionandmaintainlngthattheobject
andtheso-Called‘means’ofcognltion,farfrompfe-eXistlngthecognitionandcauslnglttOCOmeinto
being,OCCurSimultaneous】ywithitandaTenOtSePaTatefromit・RatherthancognltlOnbeingadynamic
PrOCeSSbeginnlngwithmeansaJldobjectandendingwithresult,namelycognltionofthatobject,itisa
Static(最nヮapara)state.Itisprecededandfo1lowedbysimilarstaticstates,butineachonethereis
SimultaneltyOf‘means’,reSul(andobject-form.
Whatallowscognltiontobeobject-SPeC摘cisthusnotthatitisbroughtintoexistencebyapre-eXistlng
object,butsimplythatitariseswithi【sobjec[aSitsfoml.TTlerelationbetweeno叫ectandcognltion,
ratherthaJlbeingQtleOfproducerandproduce・dismerdyQneOfspecifier(vyavasEILaPaたa)andspecified
(vッdVd∫痛点クツd)・
ItwasDharmakirti’scommentatorDharmottarawhointroducedthepreciseteTminologyofvyavasEha・
pyavyEZVaSLIzL5pakabhava(relationofspecifierandspecified),COntraStingitwithjanyqianakabhava(re-
lationofproducerandproduced)・51ItispossiblethatJayatlta・saccountinthissection(33)andthe
COrreSPOnding refutationin section4.g,in which heuses expressions such aspraEikarmav)昭VaSEha
(threetimes)andJl訂aviFayatVaYyaVaSEhd,hasbeeninnuencedbyDhalLmOttara.Kataoka(2009)has
ShownthatJayan[aknewDharmottara’swrihng,WhichwasalreadysuggestedbythefactthatJayanta
glVeSthenameDharmottarato亡heBuddhist-mOnkcharacterinhisplay,Agamadambanz,andisnot
SufPrlSinggiventhatDharmottaTatOOkover丘omDharm豆karadatta=Arcata(ca.730-790)astheforeq
mostcQrnmentatQrOnDharmak貢rtiinJayanta,sareaofresidence,Kashmir・52
3.3.3Conclusion:Havingablueo句ectiscausedbyhavingablueform・
Thereforeitis[cognition’s]possessionofablueform-nOOthercause-thatexplains【its]
particulardistinguishingfeatureofhavingablueob]eCt.And[Dharmakfrti]says=53
Acognition[focused]on that[blueobject](Eatra),havingasimilarnature[to
Othercognitionsofothero叫ects]intermsofitbeing[likethem]acognition,muSt
haveanaturebyvirtueofwhichitisdifferentiatedinaccordancewithitso切ect.
Thenecess吋ofcognitionbeinggraspedfLrStisanunwantedconseqllenCe(クraSaTiga)thatresultsfrom
【heNaiy豆yikandfm豆耶akapresuppos[ionthatobjec[SareOfadifferentnaturethancognition;49itis]uSt
a【emporarystageinanargumen【thatisfollowedby:WeOnlyperCeiveoneform,thereforelet’sforget
aboutanextemalobjec【.rmeV匝已nav豆dinsidd7zdntaistha【thereisnotemporaldifference,butthatif
therewereanex[emalobjec[,i[WOuldhave[Obeperceivedlater.
3・3Becausecognl(ionscouldnotbeobject-SpeC抗ciftheylackedform
33.1Aformiesscognltioncouldnotbefocusedononeparticularobject・
Forthefo1lowingreasontoocognitionhasform:becauseifitlackedform,【it]couldnot
bedifferentiatedwithrespecttoitsobjects.50
Itwouldbeimpossibleforonecognltiontobeofblueandano[herofyellow,etC.Allcognl【ionswould
be【hesamc.
Evenif[you]postulateanex[emalobject,【you]wi11[anyway]necessarilyhavetoteach
thatacognitionhasforrninordertoestablishthatitislimitedbyitsobjec【[andthusdis-
tinguishablefrom cognitions ofotherobjects].Forhow【ifitlackedform]could this
COgnitionofblue,arisingin thepresenceofmany[things],become(-1amavalambeta)
attachedtobluealonebye叉Cludingallofthethingsotherthanblue(Eadilara);for[its]
beingacognitionbynaturedoesnotvarywithrespecttoal1【ofitsobjects】.?Y
Giventhatcognltionarisesinthepresenceofrnanythings,thefact【hatithasaparticularintentionality
CanOnlybeexplainedbyi[havingapar(icularform.ForifitsnatureconsistedmerelyinbeingafQrm-
1esscognl【ion,i【WOulds[andinthesamerela[iontoallthe[hingsinwhosepresenceitarose;nOthing
WOuldlinkittoitsspecificintentionalobjectandexcludeitfromotherobjectsonwhichitisnotfo-
CuSed.
Andhowcould(heactivltyOfthosewho actjudiciouslyYlbeproperlyfocusedonthat [blueobject]alone?
No[Onlycognl[ion,bu[alsoac(ivlty,COuldnotbefocusedonparticulardistinctobjectsifthecognltions
Of[hoseob)eC[sdidno[have[heirform.
3,3.2Merelyt〉eingcallSedt〉yan〈申jectwiilllOtSu筑ce.
Anditwouldnotberighttosaythatbeingcausedbybluedoesproducethis[required】
limitationonacognitionofblue(1adadhigali),becausegiventhefactthat[thecognition】
is\alsocausedbyothercausalfactors(kかaka)suchaslightandeyes,VLlitwouldundesira-
blyfollowthatithadthoseasitsobjects[tooL 5Isee,丘omDharmottara,sNyiiyabindzLE詑叙nacaEraカnyqianakabhavanibaTld/t郁ahsadtlya-
sLidha〝abhavab.‖aPiLzLりaVaSE/14pyav)′aVaSLhapakabhLiveT7a(citedatTosaki1979:397,nOte7)L
52JayaJltauSeStheexpressionpraElkarmavyavasE/.aasthoughitwereatechnicaltehndesplteit
notoccumnginDha皿akT11i.Dharmak‡rtidoesusevyavasLhaTlainthiscontexthoweverinPramii一
叩止血玩耶1:37=PJⅥ椚申“vかJJ池】3:30g・ 5ユ p′・β川中αVか招血3:302.Seeaユsof,′・α′痺αVf乃f血りⅥadl:34,P.31,←5:J“/血〟帥“vβ椚融r叩
∫αdr応血8仰ノ舷旭∫yα∫α川α【闇払rJⅣけl=e,1虚血ml丘♭た卯血vyαm.ツど円かツgddmi上り〃ⅥJ撤汀椚αV伽“-
ルdJg.
19 Thisprasa,iga-na【ureismos[Clearlyindicatedby,in[he5tokavかLEika.verse21(givenin
わ0【note25),andin【his【exいhc玩【SCnten9COり・ユ・l・ 50 neargumen[of[hissectioncomes魚・0皿Dharmakilti,SeePra′嘩aviJZiicayal:34「37and
PraTIJ申ava7・(〟ka3:301-319;Jayan[aCites3:302belowin3.33,
- 313 _ - 312 -
Jayanta,【oisola亡eoneof[hemas[he‘mos【effec[ive’,grVenLhatifanyoneofthemisremovedthere-
sultwouldnotcomeabou[
3.3.5EveneveIγdayusageat[es[s[ocognl[ionhavingform・
Andevenworldly,eVerydayutterarlCeSeXistthatattesttocognltionhavingform・And
(ca)5-peoplespeakinthefollowingway,‘Thisisablueobjectbecausein[mymind]a
COgnltionwiththatformhasarisen’.
33・6Conclusion:Theonlywaycognltioncouldbeddimitedwithrespecttoits
Objectsisbyhavingform・
Thereforecognl(ionmustnecessari1yhaveformY■11becauseotherwiseitwouldbeimpos-
Sibleforittobedelimitedwithrespecttoi[sobjects.
¶1uSeVenifanextemalobjectexists,aformwithincognltionmustbepostulated・
Soitisbettertostoprightthere,beingsatisfied[withcognitionalone].58
Ifthena[uresofcogni【ionswererestricted[oJuSt[hefact【hat[heyarecognitions,anddidno【include
Whattheyarecognltionsof.theywoulda11bealikeandsoacognl[ionofbluewouldbeindistinguish-
ablefromacognl【ionofyellow.
3・3・4Consequence:Justificationofthelabelpram申a
Forthisveryreason,54cognitionalone,aSthemosteffective[factor】(SadhakaEama),Can
Liustly]becomeameansofvalidknowledge(卸Ⅶm句皿),55glVenthat(saEi)whenthisvery
taking on offorTnis resorted to asits preeminerlCC(aEiiaya)[overotherfactors],【he
meaningoftheword‘most’(-Eamab)becomesjusti缶ed.
Forsome[hing【Obeapramdrzaitmustbethemosteffectivefactorthatbringsaboutavalidcognltion・
Andforsomething[obe[hemos[effectivefac[Ori[musthavesomepreeminencetha[[heotherfac[ors
lack・Ifweacceptthatcognltiontakesonform[henwecanregardthatasj【spreeminence,Settlngit
_5‘ apartfromo[herfac[01・S,andwe[hushavesomeJuS【ifica[iorlfori[andnotthembeingapramaTta.
Forotherwise,Since wewouldfindnopreeminencein[any]causalfactor(kかaka),it
WOuldbehardtojustifythat【anycausalfactor](EaE)isthemosteffectiveone.
1fcognl【ionwereno【capableoftakinginform,nOneOf[hekLilYZkas,Whe[hercognl[iondevoidof[he
abili[y[0【akeonfo11n,OrO[hersputforwardbyotherschooIsasthemosteffec[ivecausalfactorand
[husas[hemeansofproducingknowledge(forexampleilldriyarE/zasannikalずa,COn[aCtbetweensense-
facul[yandobjec(,putforwardbytheNaiy豆yikas)wo111dhaveanypreeminence.Hencetherewo111dbe
noJuS[ificationforanyofthembeing[he‘mos[effectiveone’,hence[herewouldbenoJuS[incationfor
anyof【hembeingthemeansofknowledge.
Thereason[hatJayan【aputs[hispolntin[0【hemouthofhisVii員盃nav豆dinopponentmaybe[ha[hein
fac[agreestha[thereisnoJuS[iLica[ionforanys】nglekarakabeing[hemosteffectiveone.Thisargu-
men【[husgiveshimahookon[owhichhecanhanghisresponseinthesiddhanEasection(4.8.4)Lhatthe
meansofknowledgeisnotanyslnglek6Tuka,bu[thewholecausalcomplex.Itmakesnosense,for
3.4TheVij転navadinRefutationoftheSautr瓦ntikaView
3.4.1TheSautr瓦ntikaViewthattheexternalobjec[canbeinferred
Therearethose59who[argueasfollows]・LX Becausecognitionhasa[ransparentnatureof
itself,theappearance[init]ofblue,yellowandthelikemusthavesomethingotherthan
[cognition]asthecauseofitsparticulari[y(upadhi),jus[1ikelacorsomeother[redthing
Placedbehindacrystal]implantsrednessintothecrys[al
ItmaylookliketheredrleSSbelongstothecrystal,butitisactuallylmplan[edtherebysome[hingo[her
【hanit.Simila∫lyl【mayseemliketheforrnsweperCeivebelongtoourcognl[ions,bu[sincecognltion
istranspa∫en[byna[ure.theymus[beimplan[edtherebysome[hingother[hanit 51 I・e・becausecognl[ioncanhaveapardcularfom-andthusgraspapa∫ticularform・
55 Grammariansdefineaninstrumen[asthemos[effectivefactorinbringingaboutanac(ion(See
Aダ/ddIzyay[l・4.42=SddhakaLdmaEvLiEkar叩L2m).Debatesinphilosophicaltextsoverwhatbeinga
pmmapaconsis[Sinoftenappealtoi【sbeingthemosteffectivefac[or(inbiingingaboutknowledge)
asaresultQfbeinganinstrument.KelLner(forthcomingA)suggeststhattheeadies[ins[anCeOf[his
mayロCノY)′dγdV〟rJJ-臨b,/ⅠⅠ.adi.1.1.
5‘secprd川∂叩Vか′Jjたd=11(andTosaki1979:404):
∫〝rVビデ加叩dγ∂geセ‘臨αた中点坤かfy∂甲ク用/り
ッ〟d朗ウ叩帥e血叫7=“ツ∂∫上山∫∂〟王血/d′′叩〝∽Jdmll
Althoughallcausalfaetorscontributetoanac[ion,【hemosteffectiveoneisheld
[Obethelastandtheonethatparticularizes(bhedakaTn)[he[action].
Dha∫makTrtimen[ionstwocondi[ionstha[mus[beme[forsome[hingtoqualifyas[hemos[ef-
fec[ivefac[Orandhenceasthemeansofvalidknowledge(pr(lm丘rla).1)Itmustcomelastinthe
[ime-1inebefore[hearislngOf[heresultingaction,nOtSeparatedfromitbyanylnterVenlngObstacle
(Seevyavadll融αin3:310);2)itmustpaTticuIarizetheresul[ingcogni[ion,de[ermining[ha[i[jsof
blueandnotofyellow,forexample.Possessionoftheformoftheobject(seemeyarQフロELiin3:306
andviざL2yabh∂saEainPralfJLi!ZaSamlLCCayal:9c)is[heonlyLhingtha【meetsthesetwoconditions.
57 Thecamakesli[[1esensehere;′liwouldbemoreapproprla[e・TheSEokaval・(EikdVerSeOn
Whichthisisbased(S血yavada30)includesaca二
vd如かd∫c∂〆みウd〃/evd由′痴〃か血占“ddJゆl
‘一′-恥■〃山一-.、叩..、・‘-J(-川ど’什‘-仙Jr如(り‘盲ⅦJ川‘〟〃∫‥U
ItispossiblethatLhishasinfLuencedJayaJlta. 58 Asimi1arexpressionisfoundinthej6barab/za?a(Vrt[ik亘ra.scommentaryonl.1.5,p.52,6-
7)=EaEo噌fialZELeVaPari(uFya(avELLyevavirall(umarha∫i.‘Thereforeyoushouldres[con[en[With
COgnl【ion山oneands【opattha【pOlnt・, 5ワ NamelySaut血tikas.
- 315 - - 314 -
山er.HowdoestheSau[ran[ika thinkthatthenegativeconcomitancecanbeknown?Probablyno[
山rough.as[hisversechafaC[ehzesi[,perCeivlngaCOgnltiotlwithoutformwhennoobjectisthere,but
ratherthrough山ehypothe[icalconsidera[iontha[iftherewerenoobjec[[herewouldbenocognl[ion
withform.
Withregardtolacandcrystalandthelike,Ontheotherhand,itisappropriate[toviewthe
si【uation]inthatway,65because[inthatcase]weseethatthechunkofcrystalisreddened
by(he[1ac].XInthiscase[ofanobjectandcognition]however:
Itisobvio11S(khalu)thatwedonothaveexperienceofcognitionascolouredby
some[extemal]object660raSlackingfotmbynature,67inthewaythat【wedoex-
perience]acrystal[tobecoIouredbyanobject,namely]1ac[andtobetransparent
byna【ure】.68
Therefore,eVenthoughanex【emalobjectisnotexperiencedseparately,60i【isinfe∬ed
becausewithoutittheappearanceofacognitionwithacertainform(sdkarqfiiana)would
beimpossible.
Weexperiencevariousimages・ThesecouldbeprQducedintwodifferentways=bycognltionitselfor
byobjec[sexternal【ocognl【ion・Theformerisruledou[bydlefac[[ha[cognltionistransparentby
nature・Thereforeex(ernalobjec[SmuS[beinfeTredas[heonlypossibleexplana[ion.
Inprevioussec[ions[heVijii云nav5dinhasbeenargulngagalnS[[heNaiy豆yikaposi【iontha‖heformswe
perCeivebelongtoex【ernalobjec[s・Hehasalmedsimplyates[ablishing[ha【theformsweperceive
belongtocognltion,forestabLishingthatmucht]nderminestheNaiy豆yikaposition.13u(i[doesno[un-
derminetheSau[一云n[ikapositiotl,WhichfordlatreaSOnnOWneedstobeaddressed;for[hela[[erholds
山a[even山oughcogni【ionhasforms,eX【ernalobjec[saretobeinferredasthecausesofdlOSeforms.
As[Dharmak‡rti]hassaid:61
Ex【ernal【0りjects]canbees(ablishedfromnegativeconcomitance.
Ⅰ・e・fromthefact[ha【whenthereistlOeXternalobjectthereisnointemalimage,JuS[as,in[hecaseof
dleCryS[al,When[hereisnoredobjec[thereisnoredrleSSaPPeanngindleCryStal.
3・4・2Cognitionisnotanalogoustoacrystall
【Vij己豆nav豆din:】This[inference]isimpossible,becauseonecannotapprehendthepositive
COnCOml【ance.
I息【hefac([ha【whenanex【ernalobjec[isthere,aCOgni【ionhavinganimageof[ha[objec(appears.
Wecannotde[emine[ha【,becauseweneverseeanex【ernalobjec[alongsidebu[separa[efromcognlT
tion・inthewaythatwedoseefirealongsidebu【separa【efromsmoke.
Forwheredidtheproponentof(heviewthat山eextemaloりjectcanonlyeverbe
inferredobservecognltionwithaformwhenanoqec(ispresent62andwithouta formwhenthe[object]hasgone6〕?64
TheVijii5nav亘din’smainpoln[seems[obe[ha[thepositiveconcomitancecannotbeknown,forthatis
howheiIl【roduced【heverse・Bu[ini【heclaims[hatthenega[iveconcomi【ancecanno[beknownei一
65 The[WOmOS[Plausiblecandida[esforinterpreting‘irLthatway,(EaEha)arel)‘ashavingposi-
【iveconcomi[anCe[ha[isperceived’,COn[ras[ingwi[haT7VaydlMPalabdhebbefore[heverse;and2)
‘ashavingbothposi(iveandnega[iveconcomitancethatareperCeived.con[1▲aS[ingwi山theverse・
Theres[ofthesen[ence(whichrnen[ionsonlywha[isrelevan[[0[heposi【iveconcomi[ance)weighs
infavourofthefirst.Butinfavourof[hesecondis揖k?ay∂spha!ikaqzya(hLia[(heendof[henex[
verse,Whichimpliesreference[obo【h[hepositiveandnegativeconcomita・1Ce(See[he[ranSla[ionof
i[below),aJldwhichseems[Ohaveanexac[lypara11elroletQthe[aETtahere.Ofcourseitmakeslittle
differencewhichisin[ended.
6bBecausewecanno[seebeyond【hecognl【ion[oanyex[emalobjec[.
67Thisexpression一朝irakdr叩nisargaLtzhjeSemblessvaIahsvacchasvablzava-′・havinga[rans-
parentnatureofitself’,above・Bt]tnOte[ha[[heVi)il亘nav互din,aSbecomesclearbelow(3・4・4・2),aC-
cep[stha[cognltionissvaぬhsvacchasvabllaVa・Howcanthatbereconciledwiththepresen[poin[?
Twodifferen[possibili[iessuggest山emselves・
1)Hereheemphasizes山efac[dla[wedono[eJtPerieT7CeCOgni【ion[olackformbyna[ureLHe
knowsi[[odo so[hroughscrlP[ureor[houghhypo[he[icalconsidera[ions.On(hisviewhisdis-
agreemen[wi[htheSau[r豆n[ikaconcemlng[henega[iveconcomi【anCeCanbeseen[obesligh[;aJld
thismayexplainwhyheintroducesthefirs[VerSeaSaSSer[1ngdisagreemen[regaIding[hepositive
concomitancealone.
2)Aithoughbo血hcand亡heSautr云n[ikaagree[ha[cogni[ionissvatalLSVaCCTLaSVabTLaVa,their
disagreemen[COnCemlng the nega【ive concomi[anceis considerable・TheSau[r豆n[ikaholds[ha[
whennoobjec[is(here.cognl[ionlacksform.TheVり示豆nav豆dinholdsno[Onlythat[hiscanno[be
experienced,bu[alsotha[i[isno[[rue;forhimevenwhennoex[emalobjec[isthere,COgnl[ionhas
fomcausedbylatentimpressions.Soforhimcogni【ion’shavinga[ransparen[nature(SVaCChasva-
bhava)means[ha[[heseLaterLtimpressionsdonotformpartofitsnature;itdoesnotmeantha[i【
1acksformwhennoex[ernalobjec[is[here.Toanswer[hequestiorLthenofhow,On[hisview,【he
presen[claimisl・econcilablewi[hhisla[erclaim[ha[cognl[ionis[ransparen[byna[ure:hereheis
denylng[ha[absenceofex[emalobjec[meansabsenceofaformincognl【ion;[hereheisassertlng
thatla[en[impressionsafeOnlyast]rfacemud[ha[doesno[affec[cognltion’s[ransparen[na【ure・
68wecanseethecrys【al[Obecolouredbythelac,becausei[ispossible[oseethelacsepafa[ely
ifweremovei[frombehindthecrystal;aJldwecanseethatthecrystalistransparentbynatureby
【aking[helacaway.
60 ButonlyviaacognltionhaYingltSfom・
61prdIゆロリf〃J∫cdツdl:5往c,d. 62 Thisistheposi【iveconcomi[ance・Wearedealingherewithcausal,ratherthanloglCal,COn-
COmi[ance;inotherwords山eanalogousposi【iveconcomi[anCein山ecaseofEireaJldsmokeisnot
lwhen[hereissmoke.thereisfire’,bu[‘when[hereisfire,thereissmoke,.
Onceacausalrela[ionhasbeenes[ablishedbycausalconcomi【ance,【helogicalconcomi[ance
Canbeknown・Forexactlyhowacausalrela【ionises[ablishedaccording[ODharmakTr[i,SeeInami
(1999).
6ユ Thisisthenega[iveconcomi[ance.
64 Jayan[ahasalreadygiven[hisversein[hehrs[dl”Zika(Vol.Ⅰ,p・41.14-15),in[hecontextof
Sakarqfiid,ZaVadabeingpu[foIWardasawayofes[ablishingtha【thepra]rZ申apIzalaisno[differen[
fromtheJ,rd椚中ロ.
- 317 - - 316 -
3.4・4Theinferenceofanexternalo句ectisnotwaNanted・
Andeven71pos[ula[ing[he[formoftheobjec[]on[hegrounds[ha[[theappearanceof
imagesincogni[ion】wouldbeimpossiblewithou[i(2isno[appropriate.Fori【isnota
royaldecreethatano句ectmus[haveform.Whatcrimewouldresultifi[werecognl[ion
alonethathadblueandthelikeasitsforms?
3・4.4.1Disagreementofnameonly
【Sautr亘n【ika:]Because[whatweexperience]isconnectedwithformss11Chasbl11e,itis
theo句ect.
TheSautrantikahereabandonstheposi[iontha[WeeXPeriencetwofomlS,aCCeP[s[har彿ecxpetience
Onlyone,bu[preferstolabelthepossessorofthatformastheobjecしWhenweinteractwith山eforms
WePerCeivewe[hinkweaTein[erac[1ngWithobjects.notwi(hourowncognltion,SOWhycanwenot
t)Se[heword‘objec[’for【hepossessorof[heformsweexperience?
[Vij丘豆nav豆din:=nthatcasethedisagreement[betweenus]concernsnames[only],aSI
havesaid,73for[webo【haccep[[ha【】【hereisnosecond【form].
lnsection2・2.2山eVij邑豆navadins[a[ed【hatifonlyoneformappears,[henthecruCialissueiswhe[herit
belongs[0[heobjec【ortocognltion.Ifdleformer,thentheVij邑瓦nav豆dinlosesthedebate・lsthatnot
con[radic[edbyhisatti[udehere[hattherewouldbenosubstantialdifferencebetweenhisownposition
andtha[offomlbelonglng[o‘【heob)eC亡’?No,becausetheSautr弘【ika-typeviewthatisbeiJlgPu[for-
w云∫dhereacceptsthatl【heottiect’whichhasformdoesnotfa1lou[sidecognition.
3.4・4.2Explicabilitywiththehelpoflatentimpressions
[Sautr云n[ika=]Becausecognitionistransparent,i【s‘dirt,74mus[becausedbysomething
else.
【V垂加av5din:]I[canbecausedbylaten[impressionsofigrLOrarLCe.Cognition,although
【ransparen[ofi[self,beingweigheddownbytheforceofbeginnlnglessla[erL[impressiorLS
ofignoranceXllJappearsasifi【sbodywerecontaminatedby[hemudofmanyforms・Xiv Andbecausethesuccessionofthevariouscognl【ionsand【hesuccessionofthevarious
[corTeSPOfLdiilgjiatentimpressionsXYare,JuStlikesproutsandseeds,beginnlngless,[here
isnooccasion[oask,‘Fromwheredoesthelatentimpressionarise’?
Doesthisversesayany【hingtha[hasno【beensaidin【hepreviousverseand【heintervenlngPrOSe?The
Only possible difference we can discemis(ha[,Since the subjec【Of the previous verseis[he
NityむIumeyab弘yarthavadin,i.e.theSautr加tika,andthesubjec【of血isoneis‘we’,Whichcouldbe
【akenas‘weVij呂血av5dins’,Jayan[amayhavein[endedthepreviousverseasakindofprasangafol-
lowlngfromtheSau[一云n[jkaview[ha[[heex【ernalobjec【CanOnlybeinferred,neVereXperienced,and
thisoneass[a[1ng【heVij貢豆nav亘dins’owrlview:山eSautr豆n[ikas,aSaresultof[heirownpresupposi-
tionsIShouldno【beabletoexperience[heposi[iveornega【iveconcomi[ance;andnei[hercanweexpe-
dence山em.
3・4・3Theappearanceoftwoseparateforms
【Wedono【experiencetheposi[iveconcomi[ance]foraswehavealreadysaid6?twodif-
feren[formsdono【appear.
Ifaswellasexpedenclnganimagewi[hincogIll【ion,Wehadasecondpercep【10nOfthecxtemalobject
directly,WeWOuldhavegroundsforasser【1ng【heposi【iveconcomi[ance.Thusal[hough[heSau[【豆n【ika
hasれOtPreviouslypu[forward【heideaof[wosepaTa[eforms.oneof[heobjec[direc【1yandonebelong-
1ng【OCOgnition.theVij貢豆nav豆dinarguesagainstsuchaviewhere,and【heSautr豆n【ikadefendsitla[er
in山issec【ion.
Orif[twoforms]wereaccepted,itwouldbedifficul[toreplytothecri[iquethatinfinite
regress[results]・Ifoneteachesthattheformoftheobjectisdirectlyperceptible,andthe
fomlOf[he cognition,CauSedby that[object]isalsoperceptible,then[[hefollowing
Chainofreasoningisunavoidable].Thefomoftheobject,firstofall,isgraspedbya
cognl[ionwithform・Nowthefomofthecognltionalso,Sincei【isgrasped,70mus[be
graspedbysomefur[hercognitionwithform.nt]S[hereisanin伍niteregress(aniF!ha).Xl
【Sautr豆ntika:]Le[[hecogni【ionwithform[tha[grasps[heobject]beheld tobeself,
illumina[lng,thenitwi11notdependonafurthercognltion,SOtherewi11benoinfinite
regreSS・
TheSautrantikadefends[heposi【ion[ha[wehave[wocognltlOnS,OneOf[heformof[heobjec【andone
OftheformwithincognltlOnL Butthesecondcognltiondoesno【requlrea[hirdcogr11【10ninorderforit
tobe cognized fori【is cognized byi[SelfdlrOughself-illumination.Hence・theinfiniteregressis
averted,butthesepaTa[eexperienceof[heformof[heobjec[ispreserved.
[Vij己豆nav云din:]In[ha[caseweshouldjustaccepttheselfTill11minating}orTn-CO弛in主ng
COgnltionalone,forthereisnoappearanceofaformoftheobjectseparatefromthat.X.L
Now[tha【youareaccep[ingtha【theform-COn[ainingcognitionisselfTilluminating],for
Wha【reason[doweneed】asecondformbelonging[0【heobject?
Thefirstofthetwocognltions,thatoftheformoftheobject,isredundarl[,for【hesecondcognltion
COntainswithini【self[heformoftheobjec[.
71Thefunc【ionof・even▼(api)istomaTk[hecon【ras【between[hepreviot)SSentenCeSrejecting
tha[aformof[heobjec【separatefromtheformofcognL[ion卿eaTnOuS,and【hissentencerqect-
inBthatsuchaformoftheobjectcanbeiftferred.
72AstheSau[一瓦ntikadidabovein3.4.1:alahprl]zagananub7L房yamano,pEb6hyo,rt7zabsakara-
ノ舶〃丘Vd占力丘∫血プロ′Jl伽叩叩α/り伽J踊吋α′e.
73Insec[ion3・1・2anopponen[putforwaTdthesamekindofviewas[heSau[一豆皿【ikaadvances
here,andtheVij雨nav豆dinmain[ained,aShere,tha[Whatresultedwasadisagreemen[abou[nameS
Only. 74 Forexampkbluen巳SS・
69seesec【ion2.2.1. 70 Tha[itEsgraspedfo1lowss(raigh[forwardlyfrom山eopponent・sclaimthatwegraspnotonly
theformof(heobjec【bu[also[heformof[hecogni(ion(akaT・advEZyaPl・EZtibh6sa).
_ 319 - - 318 -
Since[heVij示豆nav豆dinasslgnS[01a[en[impressionsfu11responsibili【yforexplaininghowformsoccur
incogni[ionevenwithou[atlyeXtemalobjects,i【isna[ural【oaskwherela【entimpressionscomefrom・
ButforlheVij再anav瓦dinla[en[impressionsaLldcognl【ionsareanalogollS[osprou[sandseeds,OrChick-
ensandeggs;al】【ha[canbesaidis[ha[[heycomefromeachotherandhavedonesobeginnlnglessly・
Sobecauseitispossiblethatthevarietyof[formsin】cognitionarecreatedbythevariety
Ofbeginnlnglesslatentimpressions,1et’sbedonewithanextemalobjec[,eVenOnethatis
[only]inferable.Thusitisestablishedthatthisformbelongstocognitionalone・
3・5Becauseano切ectisnecessarilyperceivedtoge[herwithcognltion
ForthefollowlngreaSOntOOitistocognltionthat[hisformbelongs、
3.5.1Becauseofpositiveandnegativeconcomi[ance
Forwithoutcognitionnothingofthena[ureofanobject(arlhardpa)isexperiencedany-
Where,Butcognitionisclearlyexperiencedevenwhenthereisno[extemal]object[but
thereisaperCeivedfom]asinthecaseofmirages,75illusionsetc・Thusweknowthat
formbelongstocognltionalsothroughpositiveandnegativeconcomitance・
Thenegativeconcomi[ancewascxpressedin[hefirs[sentenCe:When[hereisnocognl【ion,thereisno
experienceofanyform.Thenex【Sen[enCeimpliedtheposi【iveconcomi【anCe:Whencognl【ionisthere,
formsareperceived.nequalifier Levenwhen[hereisnoextemalobjec[’serves[OeXCludethepossi-
bility【ha【itisnotcognltion,butanex[emalobjec【,【owhich[heformsof[hemirageand【helikebe-
long.Againwearedealingwi【hcausal,nO[loglCalconcomi[ance.
3.5.20切ectandcognltionarenon-different・
Andifanobjecthadanaturethatexistedseparatelyfromcognltion,thenitwouldbeex-
Periencedevenwi(houtacognltion.Butthisisnotthecase.Thereforecognitionandob-
jectarenon-different.As[Dharmakirti]hassaid:76
Blueandi【s cognltion arenon-different,becausethey arenecessarilyperceived
together.
Viewrefuted earlieris tha【theserepreserl[a[jonalformsbelong no[exclusivelytocogrution,leavlng
externalobjec[sasmerelyirlferable,butjointlytoboththecogrll[iorlandtheex[ernalobject.Rather
【han beingloca[ed wi[hin consciousness,they arelocated a[themeetlng-POln[Ofconsciousness and
extemalobjec【・
Forifwe匝rst]experiencedseparately an objectwithoutformandcognitionwithout
form,andthenexperiencedthecognltionandtheobject,Whenincontact,tOhaveform,
thenfromthatwecouldacceptthisformtobean[emergent]propertyofthecontact・But
thissequence[ofexperiences]doesnotexisL
Furthermore,Wehavealreadysaidthatcognltionssuchasrememberinganddreamingdo
haveform,eVenthoughtheylacka【correspondingextemal】object.77sohowcouldform bean【emergent]propertyofcontact.
Ifformrequiredcontacttoemerge,WeWOuldnotbeable[oeXPlaini[seXis[enCeindreamsandthelike,
WherecognltionisnotirlCOn[ac[wi(harlyObjec【.
3・7Contradictoryproperties
3・7.1Cannotcohabi[insingleobiects
Moreover,howcanmutuallycontradictorygenderscohabitinasingleobject[denotedby
thewords】搾αた押rαm,かαた如搾d中ソαタ?
Thethreewordsare,reSPeCtively,neu[er,feminineandmasculine,aTLdyettheycanallbeused【Orefer
【oS【a∫S.
Andforawanderingmendicant,amaleloverandadog,howcanaslnglething,namely
WOman,become theobjectofthreedifferentperceptlOnS:aCOrPSe,afemaleloverand
food?
The exampleisan01d orleand commonlyused.See thecitatiorlSfromtheSloktlVarEEika,PTVm申a・
VarElikaLfVaVrEEi,SarvadarianasaTigrahaande】sewherein theNyL5yamE7TyarZ,glVenbyKataokain the
appara[uS【otheedi[ion・Itisno[ClearwhetherthewomaniserlVisagedasbeirlgdeadoralive.Thefac【
tha[thedogreg旦rd$herasfoc・dst]ggeSis亡hatsheisdead.PeThapsihe托1eildic云iliismediiatlrlgOrlher
COrpSeinordertodeepenhissenseofthetrarlSj【oriness andunsatisfactorinessof∫a?ZJaT-LcexisterlCe.
Perhaps【herecerltneSS OfherdeathexplairlSWhythemans[illseesherashislover、Altematively,
【houghsheisalive,themendican[mayseeherasacorpseinorder【oenharlCehisdispassion(vairagya);
and【hedogmayseeherasapoterLtialgiveroffood.
3.6Rejec[ionof[heSautrantikaviewthatformresultsfromcontact
Andformcannotbean[emergent]propertyofthecontactbetweencognitionandobject・
nisisaSau[【亘n(ikaview,advancedin[heSlokavdrEtika,aCCOrding【owhichweexperiencerepresenta-
【ions[hat arisefromobjec[Sand cognl【ioncomlngln[OCOn[act.Thedifferencefrom[heSau[r豆n[ika
77 wha【heac[ually、said(in3・5・1)wastha[cogni[ionsofthingssuchasmirage-【ownsandi11u-
Sionshaveform,eVen[hough[heylackacorrespondingexternalobjecL hspeakinghereofremem-
beringanddreamingheisdrawlrlgOnS由IyaVada5lcd:Lf′nrELsvapnadLbod/zec(一S頑dalZakdraEaEava
lいAndforyoumemoriesanddream-COgnitionsshouldbedevoidofform[sinceyouholdformto
arisefromcon[actbe[weerlCOgrli[iorlarldobjec[,andthereisrlOSuChcontac[inthosecases]/
75Theword(ganE”laTVal上agam)ac[ual1yrefersonly【OOnekindofsuperiormirage,namelyFa【a
Morgana.
7も什ロm融即f′王J血(叩1:54ab.
- 321- ー 320 -
edge[asresultris[all】completedwithinasingleentity,namelycogni(ionalone・80Forits
havingtheformofanobjectisthe‘objectofknowledge’.i(Shavingtheformof(heper-
ceiveris the‘means ofknowledge,and self-COgni(ionis the result・As[Dign瓦ga】
Laught:81
The appearanCe that[cogni【ion]has(yaddbhdsam)is[he objec(Ofcogni亡ion
brαmeya).Andcognition’smeans(pram申a)andresultO>hala)arerespectively
(hefomof(heperceiverand[self-]cogni(ion.TTlerefore,(hesethree(i・e・COgniq
tion’sobject,meanSandresult)arenotseparatefromoneanother・
Thereforei亡isthiscogni亡ionalonewhich-Sincei(SSeelngOfi(SeSSenCeisover(urnedby
thecoque[ry(ソilasa)1Yliofla(entimpressionsofbeginninglessignoranceXYiiLislooked
uponasifitisdividedintoperCeiver,perCeivedandpercept10n・ButoncelgnOranCehas ceased,itbecornesabsolutely(ransparen(・Ornothing[islef(]・82
Thishasbeensaid[byDharmak‡rti]:
Thereisnothingelse[0【herthanthecognitionitself=hatisexperierLCedbyacog-
nition.83T鮎experiencingof(hat[cognition]isnotanother[cognition],because
oftheabsenceofanobject tobegrasped andagrasping subject[intha(CaSe
【00】、XtTILaloneshineshrthbyitself.糾
Althoughthenatureofcognitionisurldivided,itisexperiencedbythosewhose
seelnglSmis(akenasthoughitweredividedin(OPerCeivedIPerCeiverandpercep-
tion.85
The[hreestandforgTiihyakdra,grahakdkLiraandsvas叩ZViEli-[heobject,meanSaJldresul[ofcognition
(pr(lmeγd,即馴呵叩∬dク「(抑申呼九dJ叶
Howcanasingleindividualwomanbecomethereferentofamasculinepluralforminthe CaSeOfdarab(’awoman7)?Andhowcan things besingularandoffemininegender,
when theyare[elsewhere]pluralandofadifferentgender7Basin(hecaseofざaP-
ヴdgdr了9?
And[fina11y]howcanOneOfthetwoforms‘short’and‘long’,Whicharegraspedrelative
toeachother,belocatedasrealina〔single]0りject?
T[makesnosense(OCallanobjec[longperse,because[herewi11besomeobjec[sincomparisonto
whichi[isshort.
Wehavehadthreekindsofcase:WOrdsofcontradic[orygenderandnumberseemlnglyrefemng[0[he
SameObject;Wjdelydivergen[perCep[10nSSeemlnglyof[hesameobjec[;arldpalrSOfcon[radictorya[-
tTibu(esapplying【oaslngJeob)eC[,in[ha[incomparisontosomethingsitisone,andincomparison[0
0thersitistheo[her.Thecontradictorywords,PerCeptionsandattributescannot,andthusdono[,be-
long[00rrefertooneand[hesameobjec[for[heVij貢豆nav豆din,Eoronea爪dthesamethingca爪nO【have
COntradic[oryproperties.
3・7・2】〕uttheycanresideindifferentcognitions
In[hecaseofcognltions,however,thereisnocontradiction,because(heyaredifferent
[frorneachother],arisinginaccordancewiththevariousdifferentlatentimpressionsthat
havetheroleoftheirco-OPeratlngCauSeS.
TheTeisnocontradictionin thesensetha[[hecontradictoryproper[jesnolongerbelong[0[hesame
【hing・Theybelong[Odifferen(COgnl[ions・Andwhyshouldno【COgnLtionsbedifferentglVenthatthey
arecondi【ionedbydifferentla[en[impressions?
ThewordsnaksaLram.EarakdarldLL?yalzarehecon[entsof,andsigni凸erswi[hin,Separa[ecognl[ions;
theydono[al1denoteoneand[hesameobjec[.naksa[ramappearsinonecognitionandEかaたainan-
OtheTbecause[hosetwocognl[ionshavedifferen[la[en[impressionsconditionlng[heirarislng・
Thefactthatthemendicant,theloverand[hedogal1perceivethewoman’sbodysodifferen[lywould
bepuzzlingif[henatureoftheirpercep【10nSWerede[erminedby[heselfsameexLtemalobject.Itbe-
COmeSeaSilyexplicableiftheformstheyperceivebelongno[[00neand[hesameobjec[bu[to[heir
individualcognltions,eaChofwhichwillbeshapedbydifferentlaten[impressions・
Theidea■short’arisesfromsomeone’ssubjectivejudgmen[,i[isno[aproper[y[ha【belongstoaninde-
pendentlYeXistingex【ernaユobjec[}c・T呈r!舶亡(呈Tlfac【nOri-eXis【eri【)locusitwouidbeconiradictecLDy
OpPOSi【eproperti已S.
3・8ConclusionofthePdrvapak亭a
Thereforethis[worldthatweexperience]isnothingbutcognition,Whichappearsevery-
Whereinadifferentway・Otherthanitthereisnosuchthingasanobject.Andthiseve-
rydayinteractioninvoIvingXYi’meansofknowledge,,Lobjec(Ofknowledge,,and・knowl-
80TheVi]縞nav豆dinisheredelibera【elydisagreeingwi[htheviewputbyV豆【Sy盃yanaat[hebe-
glnnlng Of[heNydyabhd?ya,anddefendedbyJayan【aearlierin[his[ex[,【ha[al1of[hese[hree
bram申a,Prameya,Prami[i)plus[heagen[ofknowledge(pramdL!・)aresepara[elyexis[ingcatego-
fieswhichtogetherdonotformaslngleentLty,andwhichareallrequiredforeverydaylnteraCtion
(vyuvLlizdra),Formorede【ailontheNyEiyabh申yapassage,andJayan[a’scommen[aryoni[,See
endllOteXVi.
8-♪rd′坤d∫βm【‘CαりⅥ1:10
82Jayantaof[enmentions[hese[wOpOSSibili[iesas[hetwoconcep【10nSOfnilV卸a[ha[Bud-
dhistsoffered.SeeforexampleNyayama4iarFⅡp.439,4-5:TZilVdrzLidipaddk/zyeyamapavargapIzL
Suga[abJsanFaLy“CC/LedamicchanEi・SVaCC極vaJHdnasa,uadml(tTheBuddhis[shold[hateman-
cIPa[ion,Which(heydenotewi[hwordssuchasnLrv申a.isei[her[hecessationofthestream【of
cogni[ions]or【he[becoming]pure[ofthatlstre・amOfcognitions:SeealsoAgama4ambara44,1-5・
Schmi[hausen(2007=205)mentions[WOViewsrega如ngwha[happenS[oalayavU斤a,LaWhenArhat-
shipisat[ained=[ha[i【ceasesal[ogether,and【ha[itispreservedbu【‘emptiedofunwholesomeseeds’・ 83 l.e.,in[heterminologyofourtex[,formbelongs[ocognl[ionnottoanobject,
り血呵山繭郎1:38.Cf.Tosaki(1985‥10-11). gj prd〝痍IdVfnfgcβydl:44=アナⅥⅢ卸dVかJJj厄3:353.Cf.Tos止i(1985:40一叫1).
78Namelyneuter(′↓叩「叫).
79・Six【ownS・二缶minine,Slngular.
- 323 - - 322 -
Jayantanowconcludes[heexpositionofVij氏加av豆dawithaverseofhisowncomposition:
Someonewhointhisway(iEi)seesthat(lti)this[wholeworld]isindeedmerely
COnSCiousnessdevoidofanythingof[henatureofanobjectquitstheseriesofsuf-
ftringsandattainsaftarlessniT・VdT7a.
4.1.2EvenBuddhistsassumethedifftrenceofperceiverandperceived・
Furthermore,yOuaCCeP[tha[cognltionis[hepolntOfreferenceforthesenseofself,isof
thenatureofblissandthelike,89andisasifactivetowardsitsobject.90Anobject,Onthe
otherhand,doesno[havesuchanature.91Thereforehowcould[hesetwobeidentical?
4.1.3Forms叩PeartOuSaSO句ec[sofillumination,nO[asilluminators・
Eventhoughi【isrlOt【hecase[hat【woformsappearalongthelinesof‘TTlisisacognl-
tion,and’misisanobject,,92neverthelessthisform,thoughsingle,Whenitappears,aP-
PearSaSanilluminatedo叫ectandno【asanillumina【or.In[[hecogni【ion]‘thisisblue’,
theformoftheperceivedobject【bl11e]appearscomple[elysepara[edfrom[its]perceiver;
itiscertainlynotthecase[hat[it]appearsasidenticalwiththe[perceiver],i・e・aS‘Iam
blue’.
4Siddh豆nta
Tothisitisreplied[asfollows].
4・1Thereisnonon-diffbrencebe[weenperceiverandperceived・
4・1・1Becausecontradictorypropertiescanno【exis[toge[her
Asyouknow(khalu)・86[hena[ureofacognition,XXbeingsingle,CannO【bebothperCeiver
andperCeivedbynature・becausethenaturesoftheperCeiverandtheperceived,being
mutuallydissimilar,CannOtCOhabitinoneandthesamelocus.
Jayanta[urnsbackontheBuddhistthesamealgumentthatthela【terusedinsec[ion3・7,namely[ha[
dissimilarpropertiesmus[belong【Odifferen[[hings・
Toexplain,beingacognitioninnature(bodhar卸atd),remainingasitdoesthroughotlt
【suchasequenceas]‘cogni【ionofblue’,‘cogni[ionofye1low’,‘cognitionofwhi【e,,de-
SPitethearislngandceaslngOfblue,yellowetc・,isdeterminedtobedistinct丘omblue
etc・throughpositiveandnegativeconcomitance,87
ThesensehereofalrVaya(posi[iveconcomi[ance)andvya(iT・ekn(nega【iveconcomi[anCe)differsfrom
【hewaylnWhichthetermswereusedinsections3・4and3・5,Whichwas[heirmoreusualmeanlng・As
WePaSSfromcogni[ionofblue,tOCOgni【ionofyelLow,【hereisanvayaofthecognition(Or,Strictly
SPeaking,Of[hebod/zarL;J”La,[hefac[Ofbeingcogni【ionbyna[ure)in[hesense[ha【i【‘continues,(anu-
i),butthereisvyalirekaoftheyellow,becausei【‘supercedes,(tl-aLi-ric),i.e.appearsins[eadof.the
b,ue・椚sincethecognl【ion-na[urecon[inues,bu[theobjectsareconstantlYSuperCeded,COgnltionand
Objectmus[bemu[ual1ydissimi1aTandcanno[benon-different.
4.2ThegrasplngOfanobjectrequlreSaperCeiver;bu[thatdoesno[meanthatthe
perceiverisitselfgrasped・
Moreover,i[isindeedcorrect【hatthegrasplngOfanilluminatedobjectsuchasbluede-
pendsonanillumirla[lngXXIcognltion・93Buti【is[obeconsideredbywha[[hecognl【ion
grasping[hat[objec[]isgraspeda[tha[[ime.
Tbese[WOSen[encescOn[ainadistinc[ioncruCial[oJayaLl[a’sovercomlngOf[heVi]丘加av岳din’sargu-
men【s.True,illumina[ionrequlreSanillumina[or;ifweexperienceanobjec[,WeCanbesure[ha[SOme
COgnl[ionmus[havebroughtthatabout・ButthedependenceofthegrasplngOfanobjectoncognl【iorl
doesno[en[ailtha[thecognl【ionmus[begraspedinorderfor【heobjec[[Obegrasped.
B9 ForNy云yai【isno[infac[COgJli[ion(ノ方ana),bu[ra【herpleasure(Suk]m),【ha[isof[hena[ureof
bliss(SeeⅣy∂yamaiUal・TⅡp.276,11:dna/ldadisvab/laVaPPraSlddhamevasukhadeh).Pleasure,1ike
COgnl【ion,isaquali[yOf[heself,bu[i[isno【akindofcognition.ForB11ddhism,bycontrast,pleas-
ureisof[hena[ureOfcogni[io几U方anaLma).
90cf,Pramarzavinikayal:37=Pram申avarLLika3:308(【hefirs[halfofwhichis ci【ed a【
∧り丘y〟/〃α亘わrrIp・40,12)(Cf.Tosaki1979:400-401):
∫αけ申かdmfv∂加点〟v〆ゅかeワα∫Vα血r′n叩fl
Jαdvα露JJαdりdVd∫J/融点ddた丘mたdmαPi∫γαツ“椚II
Dharmakhtiis[hereprobablybasinghimselfonPl・am申asamuccayal:$cd:SaVyaParaPra(ilaNa(Pra-
m申叩P]laLa(TteVaSal.Kellner(forthcomingA)translatesthisas:L[Cognition],thoughi[isac[ual1y
【heresul【,is[metaphoricallyreferred【OaS][hemeaJISOfvalidcogni【ionbecausei【isheld【operforman
ac【ivl【y.’
9■0叫ec[Sdonothaveasenseofself,feelblissorcognlZeO[herobjec[s. 92 5eesec【ions2.2.1,3.2.4.2and3.4.3.
9ユI.e.■tha[muChlgran[you,.1Bu[,([hissenseisimpliedby[hefo1lowingsen[ence)Lyoucon-
Clude[00muChfromi【’.Wheredid【heBuddhis[say[ha[[hegrasplng,i.e.illumina[ion,Ofobjec[s
dependsoncognltion asilluminator?Itis anideathatwaseitherimplicitorexplici[a[SeVeral
places:3.1.1,3.2.1,3.2.2,3.2.3and3.5.1.
ForyouhavejuStuSedthiswayofargulnglnSeC[ion3.7.
87cf・Ag“mα血血rα町1-3=板=烏〃愉一叩托打叫∂揖「叫α托ソロy叩α血たゐ九陶叫∫ツαgOrV貞一
dEvadbodhardJ”ルanavadhar叩ddiLE・■Bu[formssuchasblueareno[cognl【ion,fortheyareno[deq
terminedbypositiveandnega[iveconcomi[ance[ohave[henatureofcogni[ionintheway[ha[[indi-
Vidualcowsarees[ablishedbyposi【iveandnegativeconcomitancetohave]cowness., 88 Forthismeaningofa”VayaandlツaLireka.seeStaal(1960:54-55);S[aal(1966:648)andCar-
dona(1967-イほ).
- 325 - ー 324 -
【Thegraspingof(hecogni[ion]isno【basedonye[anothercogni【ion,becausetha(WOuld
leadto[heundesirableconsequenceofaninnni【eregress.
Asargued・byyouyourselvesin3・2・2・lnfac[Jayan[a’sownposi[ionis[ha[[hecognl[ionofLheobjec[
is・OratLeastcanbe・graSpedbyano[hercogni[ion・Noinnni【eregressresuL[sforhim,becausehedoes
no(hold(heview[ha[[hecognl[ionmus[begraspedinorderfor[heobjec[tobegrasped.Heis[hus
adoptingaVij雨nav已dinpresupposi[ionhereinordertoargueagains[theVi]示豆nav瓦din.
Norisacognl[ionself-illuminatlng,becauseitdoesnotappearintheform・Iamblue,一
Assta[eda[theendoftheprevioussec[ion;ratheri[appearsin[heform.EIzisisblue,.
Whywouldi【have[Obeexperiencedin【heform‘Iamblue,?Jayan[a▼sargumen[hereseemselliptical・
Wearedealinga[[hispoln[withthegrasplngOf[hecognlt10n,nO[thegrasplrLgOftheobject.Ifthe
ObiecEweresaid[obegraspedbyi[self,then[heap[nessofthechargethatwedonotexperience‘Iam
blue’wouldbeeasilyunders[00d・Bu[i[isno[obviouswhy[hegrasplngOfcognltionbyitselfshould
beexperiencedin[heform‘Iamblue,.
Somefurthercondi[ionrLeedstob巳added,aSCahadharase巳mSLohavebeenaware,forhepoin[SOutat
[hisjunc[ure[ha[[heVi西山av5dinaccep[s(ha[theperCeiverhasformssuchasblueand[helike.94
When[hisconsidera[ionisbomeinmindlthenitfo110WSthattheperceiver・sgrasplngOfitselfshould
appearin[heform‘Iamblue,・Thepertinen【cOndi[ion[ha[1ayan[ahasinmindherecouldequallybe
thenon-differenceofobjectandcognition,Sincethishasbeenthetopicoftheprevioussectio皿(4.1).95
EitherwayltSeernSClear[ha[jus[as[heo[herhomof[hedilemma,infini[eregress.onlyresul[edfroma
Vij氏諷nav豆dinpresuppositionnotacceptedbytheNaiy云yika,thesameis[rueof[hishomoEthedilemma
thatweshouldexperience‘Iamblue’.
4・2・10bjection=Theappearanceoftheperceiver」uStis
[heappearanceof[heobjec[,
[V単五nav瓦din:]Because(asissta[edin3.5.2)theperceiverand[heperCeivedareno[dif-
ferent[fromeachother],96whatyouaccep[as[heappearanCeOfaperCeivedobjectis
nothingbu((heappearanceofaperceiver.
7lowdoes(hisVij再論av豆dinobjectionrelateto【heprecedingNaiy豆yikaargument?Itcouldbeseento
respond[oanyoftheNaiy豆yikaspointssofar,
Ⅰ[isaresponse[04・1・1insofarasitsaystha[PerCeiverandperceivedarenotmutual1ydissimilar・Itisa
responseto4・1・2insofarasitchallengestheoppositionbetweer)insentient,inertmatterandsclf-aWa∫e・
Sen[ientandseemlnglyactivecognltion・ltisaresponseto4.1.3insofhrasitadmitsthatformsappear
to11Sa且Objectsofilhmination(♪rL7kLiSya),b11tdeniesthatthatisenoughtoru1eoutthattheyareofthe
SamenatureaSthesubJeC[ofillumina[ion(卯沌誠血).
Butitisalsointended[orespondspecifical1ytotheimmediatelyprecedingsection,4・2・neNaiy豆yika
S[ance[herewasaccep[anCeOfthegrasplngOfaJlObJeCt,butdenialofthepossibilityofgraspingthe
COgnitionthatillumina[eStha[object(クraka血kagTtZh叩a/bod/zagTTZhapa)・TheVi3翫nav5dinresponse
hereamoun[s[0:graSPingofanobjec[jus[isagraspingofcognition/of[hepe[Ceiver(SeeyO’y叩I
gra7LyaVab]LaS坤’’iELb7LaVaE丘bhyupagaEaれsaevagrahakavabhasafz),for[heobjectisnotsomething
insentien[.but one aspeCtOfcognltion・nerefore,COntrary tO yOuraSSertionsin4・2,COgnltionis
grasped;anditis grasped by the second of the possible means mentioned[here,namely self-
i】1umination.
How[hisisrela[ed[otheVij良知av云din’smainargumen[becomesclearintheremalnderofthissection:
ifeognl[ionjsgrasped,i[doesTlOtlackform;ifi[hasform,Whatneedistheretopostulateanexternal
ObJCCt?
ForaperCeivedobject,Wereitdifferentfromaperceiver,WOuldbeinsentien[inna[ure・
Aperceiver,On[heotherhand,isof[hena[ureofanillumination,JuStbecausei[isaper-
ceiver・Andithasalreadybeens[a[edtha[thereareno【twoappearanCeS・97In【ha[case
([a[ra),given[ha[oneof(he[woappears[[heques[ionarisesasto]whichofthetwo,【he
insentiententi【yor[heillumination,istheappropria(e[candida[e][oappear・XXiiconsider-
1ng【his,Obviouslyl[istheilluminationthatappearsandnottheinsentiententlty・Andan
illumina[iondoesno【appearwithoutafoml・98TTlerefore,glVen[ha[itappearstoge[her
withaform,Whatistheneedofaninsen【ien[objec[whidhisdifferen[fromthat【form-
COn【ainingillumina[ion]?
Theargumen[is summarizedin footnote96.Itresembles,bu[differs Erom,theargument thatthe
Vij氏豆nav已dingaveinsection3.2.4.
94 seegr飢血∫沖i∫∂転「ローv∂靭叩αgdmか(Gr口和助加輌。22叩).
95 Tha[Cakradharacorrec[1yiden[ifiedthecondi[ionthaりaya醸hadinmid,however,ispeT-
hapssuggestedbythefollowingsentencein[heAgaTna4ambaTu(78,8-12)=SakiTnaElnanabpraL
叫叩町混血M叩叩沈勘融叩崩加納押血町血涙恒頭領両脚血血涙血繭明血
Paralra De2・S6(2005)[ranSla[es:‘【D】oesi[rnakemanifes[i[sownform,Or[heformofsome(hing
else?Thereisnocognl[ionintheformof‘1ambll-e=;rather,thiscognl[ionoftheotherthingasdiト
ferent・namely“thatり,agreeSwiththefac[s,・Thus,[herea[1eas[,[hepoln[[ha【wedono[experience
‘Iamblue’followsaconsidera[ionofforlnra【her[hanaconsiderationofnon-differenee.
96Itmightseemstrangetha[[heVり示云navadinheresimplyreasserts(henon-difftrenceofper-
Ceiverandperceivedwhenthishasjus[beenreJeC[edin4.1.But[heassertionofnon-difftrencea[
thebeginningofthissection(4.2.1)occursno[as[hes[ar[ingpoin[OEalineofargumentbu[Tather
itsendpoin[・Forin[herestof[hissec[ion[heVi]丘亘nav豆dinglVeS[heargumen[[ha[suppollSthe
nonqdifference,namelythatiftheobjec[Weredifferen[fromcognl[ionitwouldbeinsentien[byna-
【ure・Bu[sincebo[hyouNaiy豆yikasandweVij硫nav豆dinsagreetha[onlyoneformshinesforth
uw・akaia[e),Wehavetomakeachoicebetwcen[hetwo.Cleadycognltion,beingoftheverynature
ofilluminationbrakd5a)isabe[tercandidate(becausepraka血タprakdhEe).Oncewethusaccept
[ha[eogni[ionappears,andthereforehassomeform,thepostulationofanextemalobject,inserLtient
bynature,becomesredundan[.RatherthatwhichweperCCive(thegl・ahya)isof[henatureofcogni-
tion,i.e.isno[different丘■Omtheperceiver. 97 seesecti。nS2.2.1and3.4.3.
98 Whyno[?Perhaps[heideaisthatifitlackedformitwouldbeeompletelytrarLSParentandwe
WOuldseerigh[throughit.nisstepintheargumentdoesnotseemstrictlynecessary,fortheap-
PearanCe/formisalready[here;WeareJuS[consideringwhe[heritisofthenatureofanittsentienten-
[1[yOrOfpraka血nusJayan[amayflOthaveintendedthisasageneralpolnteXCludingthepossibil-
itytha[prak虚血caneverappearwithou[form;hemayhaveintendedbyitluStthatinthisparticular
cascprakd血isclearlyappearlngWiththeformbecauseaLlinsentiententltylSnOt,}Inwhichcaseit
wouldbebe[[ertotransla[easLAndtheilluminationdoesnotappearwithoutaねrm’.
- 326 - - 327 -
SpeCtively,【heVti舶nav5dinandtheNaiy云yika.1[isasthoughtwodifferen[iJlferencesareintheback-
groundof[he[extin[hesesec[ions:l)Cognitionisperceived,becauselikealigh[itisanillumination
byna[ure;2)Cogni[ionisno[perceived,becauselikeaJleyei【isameansofbringingabou[perCeption.
ThlユSWeCanSeeWhyherein4.2.3[heVija5nav5dinwants[OaSSert[ha【theeyeisno[agOOdanalogy
forcogni【ion.Hedisassocia(es[hetwoin[woways:1)cognitionisofthena[ureofaJlilluminatiotland
【heeyeisno(;2)farfromthembothbeiflgmeanSOn[hesamelevel,COgJlitionisac[ual1yproducedby
theeye.
Wi[hhisfinalpoint【ha[anillumifla【iontha[isnotgraspedcanno[illuminateanything,heimpliesthe
fo】lowlng SpeCificdisanalogy:Whilean eye,nOtbeing aJlillumina【ionbyna[ure,eJlablesus[ograsp
ObJeCtSwithoutitselfbeinggrasped,COgnltion,beingani11umiLla[ionbynature,enablesus[ograSpOb-
JeCtSOnlywheni【isitselfgrasped.
4・2.4Reply‥Anilluminationisanillminationofanobject,
notofanillumination.
【Naiy豆yika:]True,Whatwetermcognitionisanilluminationproducedbytheeye.But
tha[illumina【ionisanilluminationofanobjectsuchasacolour,nOtanilluminationofan
illumina[ion・100Forwhatisillumina[edbyaneyeisnotani11umina[ion,butra[heracol-
Our.
If,aSyOuVij元加av巨dinjustsaid,illumina[ionisproducedbytheeye,i[shouldbeaJlilluminationof
Whattheeyeiscapableofilluminatlng,namelyacoLour,nOtaTli11umination.
In[thesentence’colourisillllminatedbytheeye’]wha【isexpressedby‘colour’isan
ob)eCt【obegrasped.[nleaCtion]tha[isexpressedby’isiuuminated,,XX)昆ontheother
hand,isi11umina[ion,[morespecifically]graspingcogni【ion.
WhydoesJayantaincludethis?Howdoesthiscon[entiondifferentia[ehispositionfromtheBuddhis[
posi【ion?TTlepOintis[ha[,forhim,i11umina【ionisthegrasper(grdhaka)andanob」eC[suChascolouris
【hegrasped(grdhya);Whereasfor[heVi3貢豆nav豆ditlilluminatiott/cogrLitiorLisboththegrasperandthe
grasped・
Andthecolourbecomesi11umina[edbyamerearisingof[he[cognition].nereforean
illuminationdoesnotrequlretObegrasped.
箭IeeyeprOducesacognition.BythemerearislngOf[ha【cogni【ion,COlourisilluminated.neveTy
natureofthecognltionconsistsinilluminat-ngthecolour;itdoesnotrequlreany[hingfurthersuchasa
graspingofi【self・Thus[heVij示云nav云din’scontentionintheprevioussection(4.2.3)thataJlillumina-
【ionmus[begraspedinorder[OgraSpaJlObjec[isfalse.
TTleargumentin3,2.4s[artedfromtheconsidera[ion[ha[cogf11tionmus[begraspedbeforeanoりject
Caflbegrasped(since[hishadbeenes[ablishedin[hethreeprevioussec[ions).Sincei【isgrasped,i【
musthavesomeform・Sinceonlッoneformappearstous,WemuS[OnlyexperieflCeCOgrll【ion・There-
foreanex[emal0叫ectbecomesredundafl[.
Thisargumen[S[artsfrom[heconsideration[ha[onlyonefomappearS,TTluSindecjding[owha[tha【
formbelongswehavetochooseoneoutofthe[wocaJldidates:aninsentien[objec[Orillumina[1ngCOg-
nition・SinceanilluminationisobviouslysomethingthatappearSO)eCauSePrak6血中prakaia[e),Weare
COmPelledtochoosetha[,Thereforeaninsentient,eXtemalobjectisredundant.
4.2・2Reply:Cognltion,1iketheeye,isameans;
meansdonotmakethetargetredundant,
【Naiy豆yika:]TTlisisnotclever,foronecannOtdenyatarge[throughthemeans[ofreach-
ingi[]・Toexplain(/zi),aneyeis[themeans]whichillumina[esacolour[asi(S[arge[];
〔and]onecannOtdenyacoloursayingthataneyealoneshollldappear.niscognitionis
[themeans]whichillumina[esanobjectwhosena【ureisspecifiedbyproper[iessuchas
materiali【y,fluidi【y,hardnessand[helike,[whereas[hecogni[ionis]transparen[inna[ure
instarkcontras[[0【hose[proper[ies],[merefore]itisnomorethecasethat【cognition]
(lat)i【selfcouldappearin也atway,thanitisthataneye[couldappearascolo血].
Wesho-11dnotsacriflCethetargctforthesakeofthemeans.TheveTypOlrltOfuslngmeanSistoreacha
【arge[・Norcouldwedoawaywitha[arge[suChasacolouredobJeC[byassumlngthati【ismerely a
mafljfes[a[iof10foneofitsmeaTIS,Cognl【iofl.havingana【urequltCCOntraTy[0[ha[Of[heo叫ect,isno
be[[erCaJldidateforappearlngaSthecolouredobjectthantheeyeis.
4・230句ection=Eyeandcognltionaredisanalogous.
【Vij盲豆nav豆din=]Cognition[【houghameans]isnotameansinthesameway【ha【【heeye
tisameans],because[unlike[heeye]i[isofthenatureofanillumination,99Forwha【We
temcognltionistheso-Cal1edilluminationthatisproducedbytheeye.Andanillumina-
tion【ha【isnotgraspeddoesno【illuminateanobjec[ofillumina【ion.
In4・2・1【heVij責豆nav豆difl,bys[ressingtha【cognitionisof[henatureofaniuuminationbr凸ka血svar
bhava),i・e・tha[i【resemblesligh[,WaSabletoreachtheconclusioTttha[cognitionaloneappears,nOtan
Obiect・nuSJ量ツ姐一旦’srebt!t亡aleftb主s主n4.2.2stressed出ekij血ipofcognl亡10nnOttO山gmt,bu【【oan
eye・These[woexamples,1ightandaneye,areSuitableforrenderingplausibletheconclusionsof,re-
99 Itis[rue[hattheSanskri【herecouldjustmean・Cogni【ionisnotameans,unlike[heeye
[whichisameans]’.TTlefollowingsen[encewouldalsobcconsis[efl[Withsuch乱nin[erpre[ation:
COgnl【ion,ra[herthanbeiTZgameanS,1SPT・OdLLCedbyameans,namelytheeye・
Bu[l)theVij示孟nav豆din’sargumen[a[[hisstageof11yrequires[ha[COgni【ionisno[akin[othe
eyes,andthatpointcanbernadewithou[havingto‘denythatcogni【ioflisameans;and2)for[he
Vij再瓦nav豆dincognl【ionisameans.Seethefo1lowlngargumentattributed【ohimat【hebeginnlngOf
SeC【jon4・3:叩盃ッdルみノ砲王d叩叩占ル叩gJ■d/l叩β肌
ThltSWeprefertointerpretthissentenceasmeanlrlgthatalthoughcognl【ionisamearlS,i[isun・
1iketheeyein[ha[i【isaflilluminationbyna[ure. 】00 cf.Agdmd血㍍lぬrd78,21一之ヱ‥prdた叫叩用た丘goノーブd∫8叩用た細れ〃叩′1αた抽即Ⅵた∂血evd.
一 329 - - 328 -
4.3Theins打umentali亡yofcognition
Asfor[your]claim-becauseitisameans,COgnitionisgraspedfirstlOしthatisinconclu-
Sivebecauseofsuch[means]astheeye,aSWehavesaid.
miscontinuestherefu[ationof[heposi[iontha【cOgnltionneedstobeperceived,butfocuseson[he
specificarglユmentthatcognl【ion,becauseitisameans,muS[beperceivedpnorto山eobjec[・Where
has山ispar[icularargumen[beenstated?meclosest【hing[Oi[thattheVij雨nav云dinhassaidishis
claimat【hebeginnlngOfsection3.2:jiidnaqlhiprakahkamapnzkdiasyかEha叩abhavadbhfrabhyLLPa-
gEZmyaEe,EaEaicd,・EhdEpraE/lamaEararTtaSyagrah叩enabl”VLEavyam・Thisseemstobetheonlycandi-
da【eforwha[JayantaisrefelTlngback【oherewi[hyaE.”uCyaEe.Buttwodifficultiesneedtobeno[ed・
1)Thegist山ercis not precisely岬卸抽毎薄加叩Ⅵ画血叩g血叫刷,butra【he=冊紘緑加頑
j方anasyapdrv叩grahEZpEZm.2)TTleneXtSeCtion(4.4)isclearlyarefu[ationof(hebeginningDf3・2,
refemngtoita【i【sOutSe【:ブロd叩叩相た丘血ル可β血叫y叩rα抑αVαJク加叩g′Ⅵ/叩dm〟たね仇,出ddクー
vy∂khyeyam・If[hebeginnlngOf3・2iscleaflywha【isrefutedin[henex[SeC[ion,isitLikelyalsotobe
wha【isrefu[edin[hissec[ion?
Wedonothaveacompletelysatisfac[OrySOlutiontothisproblem,bu【itisno【eworthy[hatKum豆ユila
【00grVeS[WOSePara【erefutationsinhis3iddhdnEa,directed【oWardsargumen[sfromupayaEVaandpra-
kLi5akaEva・Isi[possible(ha[Jayan[aissimplyfo]lowingKum豆ri1a,ssLddhdnEaandforge[[ingthathe
didnotmentionanargumentfromupayEZEvainhisownpz7rvapakFaSeCtion?lnfactKum豆ri1aalsodoes
notclearlypresenttwosepara[eargumen[sinhispLirvapakFaSeCtion,butwhenstatlng[heargument
fromprakaiakaEvEt.heclarifiespraka5akamwithupayasEZPmalam.So【heideaofcognltionbeinga
meansispresen[inthesourceofJayan[a.spLlrvapak?EZPreSenta【ionoftheprakL2血kaEvaargumen[・He
didnotreflec[tha[inhisownpEirvapakFaPreSen[ation,bu【herefers[OithereinhissiddhalZEa・
TheremaybesomeslgnificanceinthefactthatJayantausestLCyaEeheretorefertotheLLP丘yatvaargu-
men[.bu[ukEaminthenextsectjontorefer[0【heprakaSEZkaEVaargumen【:wi[hukEEZmherefers[0【he
argumentthatwasactuallystated;wihucyaEeherefers[0山esimi1arbutdis[inguishableargumen[tha【
COuldbeimplied,tha【implicationhavingbeenmadesomewhatexplicitinthesourceforhispresenta-
【ion,thoughno【inhisown.
JayantarespondsheretotheargumentbypolntlngOutthat,aShehasalreadystated,itisitlCOnClusive
(anaikiinEika),becausetheeyesandtheothersense-facul【iesaremeansbu【arenO【perCeived・Hemus[
berefemngback[04.2.2-4,for[hatistheonlyplacewherehehasmen[ionedtheeyes・liedidnotac-
【ua11yusetheword Linconclusivel(anaikd]1tika)there,nOrdidherefertoanargumentbasedonthe
loglCalreason‘becausei【isameans’,but【heinconclusivenessofsuchanargumentwasimpliedtothe
ex【en[[ha【hisreasoningthere(in4.2.2)res[edontheeyesnotbeingpercep【ible.
Andif[youmaintainthat】acogniEion,[only]whengrasped,Canbringaboutthe
illuminationofanobject,thenyouneedtostate[asacorroboratingexampleofa
meansthat,Onlywhengrasped,Canbringabouttheilluminationofo叫ects]‘1ike
smoke[inbringingaboutinferentialknowledgeoffire]’or‘1ikealamp【inbring-
ingaboutperception ofcolour]’.If[you optfor]‘1ikesmoke’,thentheobject
WOuldbesomethinginferred.Andyouyourselvescriticizedthis[viewthatob-
jectscanbeinferred].XXVi
4・2・50切ection‥Toseeanobject,COgnltionitselfmustbegrasped.
[Vij雨nav云din‥]Butashasalreadybeenstated(byusin3.2.2):101
Whenacognitionisnotperceived,anObjectdoesnotappeal・init(aLra).
Seeinganobjectcannotbeaccomplishedforsomeonewhosecognition[oftheob-
ject]isimperceptible,
4・2.6Reply:TheseelngOfanobjectisthemerearislngOfcognltion,
notthegrasplngOfcognltion.
【Naiy豆yika:]Thatisincorrect・Seeinganobject,Onthecontrary,Canbeaccomplished
Onlyforsomeonewhosecognition【oftheobject]isimperceptible.Theseeingofanob-
xxiv JeCtlSJuSttheoccurrenceofacognltion,nOttheseelngOfthecognltion.
4・2・70bjection:ThenthepresenceorabserlCeOfthecognltion
WOuldmakenodifference.
[Vij丘豆navadin‥]Surelyifthecognitionisnotgrasped,therewouldbenodifferencebeT
tweenitsoccurTenCeOrnOn-OCCurrenCe・Henceanobjectwouldbeperceptibleevenfor
SOmeOneWhosecognition[oftheobject]doesnotoccur.Soitwouldundesirablyfollow
thateveryonewouldbeomniscient.
4・2・8Reply:ItmakesadifferencebecausetheseelngOfanobject
JuStistheoccurrenceofacognltiorl・
tNaiy盃yika‥]Tha【iswonderfu11yexpressed!Asyouknow,COgnjtionbyitsverynatureis
theilluminationofanobjecL Howcouldthat,Whennon二occurrent,nOtbedistinguished
fromwhenitisoccurrent?
Forwheni[isno[occurrentthereisnoilluminationofanobjec[;SO【ha【isveryeasilydis[inguishable
fromwheni[isoccurren[,When,bydefini【ion,thereisaniltumina[ionofanobjec【.
Thereforebecauseacognltionhasasitsnaturethemakingperceptibleofanobject,the Ob)eCt’sbeingperceptibleisnothingmorethantheoccurrenceofthe[cogr!皇血n】,XXVnot
thegraspingofthat[cognition]・Soitiscorrectthatcognition,uTPerCeived,illuminates
ano句ect.
101 Infactonly【hesecondhalfoEthisverse,WhichisPl・am申avわl血yal:54cd,WaSStatedearT
lier・nefirsthnlfhasbeencomposedbyJayan[aandaddedhereasanaccompanimen[[oDharmaT
kて由’shalf-YerSe. LO1 I.e.prlOr【0【heobjec[beinggrasped.
- 331- - 330 -
Inyourrefu[a[ionof(heSautf独【ikasinsec[ion3・4・rIbeVij璃nav豆djn[hereaTguedagalnS[theview
tha[ex[ernalobjec[scouldbeinEen・edfromformswi[hincognl【ion.Bu[theVij丘論av5dinwouldbe
COmmittinghimself[oJuS[suchaviewifhewere[oclaimheretha[cognl【ion,likesmok£.bybein呂
direc[1yperceived,allowsone[oinEer[heexis[enceofanobjec([ha[isotherthanitandtha[onedoes
no【direc[lyperceive.
Noris[acognition】‘1ikealamp’,becausethereisnoawarenessoftwoforms.
【Toexplain:inthecaseofalamp]thereisanawarenessofboth[potandlamp】in
SuChawayas‘Iamlookingatapo【bymeansofalamp,・Bu[itisnotthecase
thatwegraspboth[acognitionanditsobjec[]insuchawayas‘Iamperceivinga
COgnizedobjectbymeansofacognltion.
Wewouldno【describeourexperiencein[ha[way,becauseweexperienceluSttheobject,nOtalsosome
SePara[emeansofi11umina【1ngl【,namelycognltion・Thisisno[analogous[othecaseofalamp)for
therewecanexperiencethelampassomethingseparatefromtheobjec=ha[i[illuminales.
4・4Cognition’sability【oilluminate
4・4・lInterpretationsof’becausei[isanillmination’
Astowha[[you]claimed(insec【ion3t2、1)-thatacognitionisgraspedfirstbecauseitis
anillumina[ion(クrakaiatvat)1ikealamp-[hatalsoneeds[Obescrutinized:Whatisthe
【precise]meaningof‘becauseitisani11umination’brakaiatvat)?
4.4.l.1Causal:becauseitmakesmanlfes[
【Vij丘豆nav亘din‥]Anillumination(ク′■akaiab)iswhatmakes[something]manifestbra-
ka5ayati)・Itsnature(bhava)is‘beinganillumination,@rakdiatvam).
【Naiy豆yika:=Ifthatisthecase,then]this[beinganillumination],aShasalreadybeen
Sta[ed(in4・2・2and4・3),isinconclusivebecauseofeyesandsuchlike.
Theeyesand【heo[hersense-facul[iesmake[hingsmanifest,yettheyarenotgraspedatall,le[alone
firsL Sotheymakethelogicalreason‘becausei[isanillumina[ion,unders[00das‘becausei【makes
【hingsmallifest7inconclusiveasareasonfor[hepropertytobeproved,▲beinggraspedfirs[,・
4・4・1・2Inh■anSitive:beingmanifest
Ifani11umirlation(クrakaiab)istheprocessofbeingmanifestbrakdianam),then’be-
CauSei[isanillumination,isanunes[ablishedloglCalreason・103Foracognl【ionisnot
manifes[a[thetimewhenitgraspsanobject.
Attha[timeonlytheobjectappears,aCCOrdingtotheNaiy豆yikas,nOtCOgnltionalso.
4.4.1.3Synonym:beingacognltion
lftheword‘illumination’ismerelyasynonymof’cognltionl,inotherwordsif’because
itis anillumination’means’becauseitisacognitioninnature’,then山eexample〔‘a
lamP’]lacksthereason[’beingacognitioninnature’】・Foralampisnotacognitionin
nature.
Alogicalreason(heEu)mus[beperVadedbytheproperty[Obeproved(sddhya),muS[bepr巳Sen[in[he
prooE-S叫ectbakFa),andmus[bepresen[in[heexample・TTlefu・S[Ofthesecondi[ionsisno【me[if
p7uk丘iatv丘′mearlS‘becausei[makesmanifes[,;thesecondisno【me[ifi【meanS‘becauseitismani-
fest’;【he[hirdisnotmetifitmeans‘becauseitiscognltioninnature’.
4.4.2Thereisnothingself-illumina[1ng・
Forthefo1lowingreasontoo,theself-aWareneSSdoctrineisinapproprlate;becausewedo
notfindanythingatallthatisselfqilluminatlng.
4.4.2.10bjection=Threeself-illuminatlngenti【ies
[Vij丘瓦nav豆din:][Bhartfhari]saysthat threeilluminations,i・e・COgnition,SpeeCh,and
lamps,illuminate[both]themselvesandotherthings・104
4.41.2Reply:ThethreerequlreeXternalfactors・
【Naiy瓦yika:】Thisisnotright,becausespeeChandlampsdependonextemalcausalcom-
plexesinordertobegraspedthemselvesandinordertoilluminateobjects・Speechde-
PendsontheleamlngOflingulSticconventioninordertoi11uminateanobject,andonan earin。rdert。illuminateitself.XXVii
Unlesslknow[helanguagetha[isbeingspoken,itsconventioElalconnec[ionsbetweenwordsand【heir
meanlngS,SPeeChwi1lappear[OmeaS)uS[SOmuChsoundtwithou[glVlngrlSeinmetocognLtionsofthe
objec[si[is[alkiElgabout.AndifIamdeaf.[henwhetherIknow[helanguagetha【isbeingspokel10r
not,8peCChwillnoteYenprOVOk£inmecognltionsofsound・
Alamp,tOO,Onlyindependenceuponaneyeandthelike,isgraspedand.enablesanob-
jecttobegrasped÷Bu[触reis山ismuchdifference:iElgraSPingaPO【andihelike,aneye
operatesindependenceonlight;butingraspinglightit【0perateS]withoutdepending[on
light].[Butit does not follow】from this much[difference that]alampis self-
】04cf.Agdmd血m占口和78,2ヨー24‥拍dl血αm,血ッ殖prαたお白丸∫叩nr叩ra近古品,址
Both[ha[and oursen[enCeSeem[Obeinexac[quo【a[ionsofVabapadiyasvavrEEiadl‥12(p・
4〕,1」l):混用郎拍刷和中叫画り和独鱒Ⅷ畑中叩肌而四叩Ⅶ怖か佃呵.Jαdッd班d,プロ’叩甲
ノα血Vど誼ッd∫cdク〟r岬ざV加JβrdぞIpm厄血ッβ∫cdク「口々丘應クrd〟d血ッ〝タpr〟た丘血yfJ丘血ム壷妨γdぞzク川一
kLiShh.’Inthisworld【herearethreeligh【s,[hreeillumina【ionstha[reVealbo[h【heirownEormand
theformsofthingsotherthanthemselves,nam巳Iy:fire,theiLluminationwithinpeople(i・e・COgni-
【ion),andspeech,【thelas[ofthesebeing】theillumina[ion【ha[illumina[eSboth[【hethree]illumina-
【ionsandnon-illumina[ions/ 10】 unes[ablishedin[heproof-SubjectO,ak?a),namelycognition.
- 333 - ー 332 -
illuminating・LO5Andifitdid・thenabsolutelyallpotsandother[visibleobjects]wouldbe
Self-illuminatlng血・OmtheviewpolntOftheeyesofnoctumalcreaturessuchascats.
Theplausibilityoftheideathatlightisself-illuminatlngderivesfromadistinc[ionbetweenlightand
ex[ernalobjects・Thisdistinctionischaracterizedbythosewhowant[ouseLighLasanexampleof
SOme[hingself-illumina[1ngaSthatwhenweperceivelight,i[i】1uminatesitself,butwhenweperceive
anobjec[,itrequiresi11uminationbysomethingotherthanitself.Butthedistinctioncanbemoreaccu-
ra[elycharac[erizedasthatourpercep[ユOnOflightdoesnotdependonlight,Whel・easourpercep[10nOf
Objectsdoesdependonlight・rnlatathing’snon-dependenceonlightforbeingpercejvedisno[equlVa-
1ent[oitbeingself-reVealirlglSmadeclearfrom[hefact[hatcatsandthelikecanperceiveevenpo[s andslユChlikewi【houtlight.
No(etha[thisargumen[ismoresophisticatedthaJl[hesimplepolntthatlightisperceivednotbyitself
bu[bysomethingotherthaJlitself・Ofcourse[heonlythingevenpo[entiallycapableofrevealingltSelf
LoiLseqiseognition,andthatistheproof-Subjectsoitcannotserveasanexample.Todismisstheex-
ampleoflightmerelyonthegroundstha[itisperceivedbysome[hingotherthani[self,aSthoughitfell
intoexaetlythesamecampaspots,WOuldbetoneglectanimportaJl[differencebetweenthetwo・Jayq
an[a’sargumenttakes[heexamplemoreseriouslythanthat;itidentifiesthefeaturesoflightthatmakeit
looklikeaplausibleins[anceofsomethingself-reVealing,andthenre-eXPlainsthem・
Thereisasenseinwhich.unlikepotsthatareincapableofrevealingthemselvestohumaneyes,1ightis
CaPableofrevealingltSelf[ohumaneyes・Bu[eventha[revealingofi[selfLL70Lhersisdependenton
Otherfactors・Soevenifwedono[gethunguponthefac[thatlightdoesnotrevealitselftoitself,and
allow[hatitdoeshaveaslgnificantfeahlre,itsabiJitytorevealitself[00thers,neVerthelessi[isrLOt
evencapableofbringingaboutLhaLfeatureELse坑becausei[dependsonotherfactors.
Asforcognltion・Ontheotherhand,itisseentohavethepropertyofilluminatlngOther
thingsalone,nOtthepropertyofilluminatingitself,becauseithasbeenexplained(in
4・4・1・2)tha(it[itself]isnotmanife!tatthetimewhenitilluminatesanobjecL
HavingdealtwithspeechaJldlamps,hecomesnow[Othe[hirdofthe[do,eOgnltion,thepnncIPal[opIC
Ofdispu[e▲ThestandardexampleusedbytheVi匝nav豆dintorendercognltion,sself-1uminosltyPlauT
Sible・namelyligh[Aampshasbeenshownafterallnottobeself-illuminatlng;andnei[hercouldspeech
[akei[splaceasacorrobora[1ngeXamPle・Bu[i[isatleastpossiblethatcognitionistheoneaJldonly
thingintheuniverse[ha[isself-illumina[1ng;1ackofo[herexaLnPlesisno[i[selfdecisive.Tlmshe
glVeShereanindependentreasonforcognltionnotbeingselfLillumina[ing.
InhisanalysisofspeechandlampsJayantamentionedtheirself-graSPing/self-illumina[ion(svagraha-
f!ZZ,LWaprakahfiL3)・Bu herehedeniestha[anequivaIentthingcanhappen[OCOgnltion.Thecaseof
COgnltionthusturnSOuttOCOmeeVenlessclosethanlightandspeechtobeing[rulyself-illumina[lng;at
leasttheyarecapableofrevealingthemselves[00[hers(eveniftheydependono[herfac[OrStOdoso).
CognltioniscapableneitherofrevealingltSelf[00thers,nOrOfrevealingltSelftoi【self・Allitiscapable
Ofisrevealingo[herthings(クarqPmkLiiaLvam)・
4.4.2.3Conclusion
Thereforeitisstatedqultefalselythatthesethreeilluminationsnamedlamp,COg-
nitionandspeecharecapableofilluminatlngboththemselvesandthingsother thanthemselves-they[infact]reveal[otherthings]andare[themselves】revealed
(abhive4ya)throughexternalcausalcomplexes.XXViii
4・43PerceptlOnOftheselfisnotacaseofself-illmination・
Forthe[Mimarpsaka]adherents[oftheview]thataselfisperceptible,Ontheotherhand,
therecertainlyexistsadistinctionbetweenthepar【ofitthatistheperceiverandthepart
ofitthatisperceived,inaccordanCeWiththedifferenceofitsstates・Thereforecognltion
isinnowayself-illuminatlng・
Thetextisslightlyellip[1eal、ThecontextintheSLokavarLLikasourceofJayaT.ta’sremarkhereisas
follows.Kum5rilahasbeenargulngagalnStthepossibilityofcognl[ionbeingself-illuminatlng・Partly
onthegroundsthatone[hingcannotbebothperceiverandperceived・TheVij舶れaV豆dinob)eCtS[hat
surelyforKum豆rilaone[hingisbothperceiverandperceived,namelytheself;howelsecouldKumarila
explainhispositiontha[theselfispercep[ible?Kum豆rilaappealstohisviewtha[[heself・[houghone,
ispluralto[heex[en[thatithasapluralityofs[ates・Itssubstance-natureisdifferentfromitscognltion,
oneofitsproperties・Whentheselfperceivesitselfitisnotacaseofself-illumination,becauseone
aspectofi[,namelyitscognit10n,istheperceiver,aJldad炉ren(aSPeC[ofitself,namelyitssubstance-
nature,isthepercciYCむ106
JayantathusimagllleSthathisVi弼nav云dinopponentmaylikewisepoln[ou‖hatevenJayaJlta’sfellow
Brahmins,theMim吋Sakas,aCCeP[thatonething,theself,isseIf-illuminatlng,a・1diftheself,Whynot
alsocognltion?JayaJltapOlntSOut,followingKum豆rila,thatinthecaseofperceptLOnOftheselfitisnot
one[hingperceivingitself,bu[oneaspec[(叩血)ors[ate(avasLhd)oftheselfperceivingano[heraspect
orstateoftheself.Thereisthusdifference,nOtnOn-difference,betweenperCeiverandperceived・
Jayanta,sphraseLadherentsoftheviewthataselfisperceptible,couldreferalsoto[hoseofJayan[a’s
fellowNaiy豆yikaswhohold[heself[obepercep[ible,bu[i[islikely[oreferprlmaTily[otheKaumirila
MTm叫Sakas,becauseadifferenceofperceiverandperceivedwithin[heselfbasedonadifferenceof
!とSS[a【es!SaSPeCi貞callyKaum恕主1anYleW・
108血〝ydV∂血67cd-j8:
托dnV血丘gr丘Jl血}gr丘砂0柚dV凸励Jlツ岬聯椚ツd‘etl
如上/1叩Cfd動αr′”dr坤叩β抽〝柁αル点上叩ウdツ“ツ♂JdJl
g′融α慮油叩み/上dVβ川崎gr叫叩dmγyddfc加d柁捌
〔Vi錘云nav豆din:]SureLyyotEholdthattheselfisbothperceiverandperceived・
【M了m亘甲Saka:]Thenatureofbeingaperceiver(LaLgrdhakaEvam)wi[hregard[o
thetself](LaLra)canbelongtocogni[ionbTuLyayasya),because[cognition],aSa
propefty(dharlna),issomehowdifferent【fromitslocus];WhatisperCeivedisthe
selrs[na[ureas]subs[anCeetC.
IOI 一】ere・JayantadeniesthatalampISSVaPrak6血andin[hefirstandlas[sen[enceof【hissection
(4・4・2)denies[hatanythingatallissvapTYlka血Neverthelesshespokeaboveofspeech,ssvapraka5-
ana,COntraStlngtha[wi[hitsarLhaprak丘iana・Theapparentcon[radictioncaJlberemovedin[wo
WayS:1)wecaninterpret∫VaPraka血1aWhenhedoesnotdenyitas■revealingofitself[toothersr,
andwhenhedoesdenyitasLrevealingofi[self[[oitselEr.2)His[alkofspeech,ssvapl・akEi血nawas
apreliminarycharacteri2:ation・butonfur【heTanalysisevenspeech,ssupposedLrevealingofitself,to
O(hers[umsouttodependono[herfactors,SOisnotca血edoutbyitselfalone,SOisnottruly ∫ソ叩「(l福血.
ー 334 - ■ 一 335 -
And thereis no awareJleSS Of a qual漬ed【hing whose qualifierhas no[been
grasped.[Tbereforecognitionmusthavebeengrasped・]
Up[Othispointhehasshown,throughakindofinference,thatwemusthavegraspedcognltion・Now heresponds[oanimaginedobjec[ionfromaMim卸Sakaopponentwhoaccep(Sthatwemustindeed havegraspedcognition,b一ユtholdsthatthatgrasplnglSinferential,nOtPerCePtual・
Norisitthecasethatoneexperiencesthecogni[ionwhichde[ermines[apreced-
ingcognition]11Linthewayabovemen[ioned(ittham)・
Ⅰ.e,aSCOnSis[1ngOfaJlirlferentialprocess.
【Ra【heronedetermines【heearliercognitiondirectlywi[houtaninferen[ialproc-
ess.]Foronedoesnotgraspthe[inferential]process(kramagra7zat)・
TheelliptlCallasthalf-VerSeWOuldhavebeenextremelydimculttoconstruewereitnotforKataoka (2006:83,nOte60)havingspottedthefollowingparallelargument(withregard【O山eperceptibilityof
theselfasopposedtotheperceptibilityofcognition):1F2
Theau[horoftheBh5!ya(i.e.V豆tsyayana)hashimselfshownthathereisindeed
agraspingofanobjectqualifiedbythecognizer’scognition[insuchcasesas‘the
objectwasgraspedbyme’],a・1dhowcoulditbeappropriatetodisregard山at?
Itishddthatthereisnocognitionofsome山ingqualifiedwhosequalifierhasnot
beengrasped・Neitherisatnemoryofsomethingthathasnotbeenexperienced
earlierpossible.
And wedo nothaveacognitionofanobjectqualifiedbythetself]af[erfirst
knowing山eself[hroughinferenceasthequalifier,becausewedonotdetermine
SuChan[inferential1sequence.
ThereforetheselfisdirectlyperCeived.
Jus[as■[heobject was cognized’indicates that cognltionmusthavebeen grasped earlierthrough
EZnuYyaVaSaya/anus4yadhi;SO‘theobjectwascognizedbyme’indicates血a【theselfmusthavebeen
graspedearlierthro-ユgh〝血αJ叩/叫両軸・
CouldtheearliergrasplngOfcognltionandselfnotbeinferentia17No,becausewehavenoconscious-
nessofanysuchinferentialprocess・andwewouldhaveifaJlinferencehadbeencaLTiedout・
4・5Refutationof:’cognl【ionisgraspedassoonasitarises,
becauseitdoesnotdependonanyfurtherillumination,
andbecausetherecanbenoobstruC【ion,
4・5・1AcausalcomplexisrequiredforcognlZlngaCOgnltion・
Andasforwha[youclaimed(in3.2、2)-
Acognl[ion,merelybyarislng,1SgraSPedatthatverylnStant,becausei[doesr10t
dependon[someo【herillumination]107andbecausetherecouldbenothingthat
obstruC[s[itsbeinggrasped];1080therwise(i・e・ifitwerenotgraspedat[hatvery
instant),itcouldnever[begrasped]JOし
thattooisno[right・Forinthemoment[whenacognitionarises]thereisnocausalcom-
plex[thatenablesone]tograspi【.
Acognitionca・1PO[en[iallybegraspedsubsequen[1y[hroughanuvyavasaya(aperceptualdeterminingof
aprecedingcogni[ion),aCCOrding[0[heNaiy豆yika,bu[山ecausestha[enableanLLYyaVaSaya,SuChasa
Certainqualityofatten[ionandacer【ainconnec[ionbetween[heselfandthein[ernalorgan,arenO[pre-
Sen[a【themomen[whenthecognltionarises.
Anditisnotthecasethatacognl【ionisapprehendedowlng[0[hemereabsence
OfobstruCtion・【For]asaresultoftheabsenceofthemeans[ofitsbeinggrasped]
also,110acognitionisno【graspeda[tha[timet
Theabsenceofanobstructionisnecessary,butitisnotenough;Wealsoneed[hepresenceofsome-
thing,11amely[hemearlSthroughwhichcogni[ionisgrasped.
4・5・2ThedifferencebetweenMim豆rps豆andNy豆yaconcerningthewayinwhicha
COgnltionisgrasped
AndunlikethefollowersofJaimini,Wedono[insis[thatacognltionisneverperCeptiblet
Foronecan experiencethe graspingofan objectqua榔edbya[cognition]after[[hat
COgni[ion]intheform’thisobjec[wascognizedbyme/
Justasinthecognition‘thcc王c・thiswhite’,ihe[cio[nHaSau)appearsasqualified
bythat[colourwhite】,SOinthecogni【ion’theobjecthasbeencognized’,theob-
JeCtaPpearSaSqualifiedbyacognition. 111anusL5yadll{isusedhereasasynonymofanuYyaソaSLiya・ ■■- 坤dッd′柁α可βrrⅢp.277,2-8=
凪叫涙雨涼坤如一柳αJ王叩叩抽抽∂押中り
∫Vαツ叩♪r丘d坤血山CCαた中川∂ツ“旭川叩殖仙川Il
帝吻適血肋血k血血沈弛張加壷押ゆl
画血叩l血肌蹴血叩冊酬叩町血沈画材
M血朋如拙拘れ叫弼加減加町焼印冊
血仙秘計血血劫坤明血hm叫ゆ刷扉/▲か叩か”
Jd∫m∂J♪J・αウαた叩∂血∂・
107 seein3.2.2〃βC叩rdた∂お血・卸殖叩′”.
川8 seein3・2・2ノ肋王叩“′坤α〃乃叩d∫α′川α払∫cfdgⅢ′呵叩用′∫ム“乃伽加わ.
109 seein3・2・2ッd血血∫叩坤叡山れ加∫β血grα′叩d桝dV叩叩抽の・e′・〃d弼捕加加り川d
∫)・l汀
110 Thesenseofthe▲also,is:aSareSul[Oftheabsenceof山emeansilEadditEolltOaSareSultof
anobstmction.
- 337 - - 336 -
earlier・Jayarltadoesr10tSPellouthowpreciselyheisreJeCtlngthatargumenthe,e・Weunderstarldhis
assertion[hattheargumerLtholdsonlylnSOmeCaSeSaSfollows▲
Cognltior10faLlObjectmustbeprecededbycognitionofthecognltlOnnOtalways,butonlyinthose
casessuchasreflec【iorlS(avamaTia)[hatinvoIvegrasping anobjectashavingbeencognized,i・e・aS
qualifledbyanearliercognltion・ThesedoindeedpresupposeaneadiergrasplrlgOfthecognl[10n7bu【
s[aLldardcognltionsofo叫ectsdozlOt.negraSPlngOfcognltionpresupposedin(hehstcase.further-
more,takestheformノofaTZuVyaVaSaya,SOmethingthat【akesplacea氏er,nOtbeforeandno(Simul【arleOuS
with,theorlglnalcognltic)nOftheobject.
Havirlgr10Wrefutedallof[heargumen【sforcogrLltiotlbeinggraspedbeforeitgraspsanobJeCt,Jayanta
concll】des:
Therefore[yourargumentin3.2.4]L
BecauseacognltionappearsbeforegrasplnganObjec【,andbecaJISethereisnode-
temliningofitasdevoidofform,thisformbelongstocognitionalone‖5-
ismerechatoutofvainhopebythered-Cloth-Wearing[Buddhistsl・
4.7Responsetotheclaimoflesspostulation
Nowyousaid(in3.1)thatthereislesspostulationifweaccepttheviewthatitiscogni-
tionthathasform.
4.7.1AnexternalobjectisnotpostulatedbutdirectlyperCeived・
Regardingthis(Latra),XXIXgiventhatintheabove-mentionedmannerL16theformofanob- JeCtisapprehendedbydirectperceptlOnaSSOmethingextemaltobegrasped7howcan 【you]sayitispostulated?Orinwhatwayisthe[postulation]1essormore?
Itmakesnosense[osay【hatanextemalobjectispostulated,Sinceitisseen;SOi[makesnoserLSetOSay
thatacceptlngaLleXterr)alobjec[iJIVOIvesmore,OreVenless,POStuLatio,L
4・7・2Responsetotheclaimthatcognltionisestablishedforbothofus
Andwithregardtowhat[you]saidofcognition(in3.1.3),namelythati[isestablishedfor
both[partiesinthisdebate]:ifthereckoningofanentityisdependentuponmeansof
validcognltion,anOりjecttooiscertainlyestablishedforboth・Butif,Ontheotherhand,
thereckoningofanentltyisdependentupondesireoraversion,howcanacognltion,for
itspart,beestablishedforboth?Thereforethis[pointofyours]amountstonothing・
IfuleBuddhis[isfreetoassertthenorl-eStablishmentofexternalobjectssimplyonthebasisofhisowrl
aversion,thenJayantzLisfreetodothesamewithregardtocognlt10n・
AndacognltionwhichisalwaysimperCePtiblecannotevenbeinferred;Ihavealready
elabora[edthattoo.1E3Enoughofthis(alk!Whya[presentdowe[haveto]attackaBrahL
mirl[colleague】,1ettingaBuddhistoffthehook?
4t6Responsetotheargumentfromreflectiononanearliercognition(avamaria)
Anditisforthatreason(aEafl)l14thatyourclaim(in3.2.3)-
Graspinganobjectmustbeprecededbygraspingthecognition[itself],because
Wefindthat[subsequently]wereflect(avamarfa)tonthatobject]assubsequent
【ocognl【ion-
doesno〔holdineverycase・Ratheritisadmitted(taLhabhyupagamyaLe)onlyinsome
CaSeS,because[irlSuChcases]wehaveanawarenessofanobjectqualifiedbyacognition.
TheVij翫nav5din’sargumen[maintainedthatsincerefLectionsonobjectsashaviTlgbeencognizedin-
VOIveamemoryr10【Onlyoftheobject,butaJsoofthecognltion,thecogni【ionmus[havebeengrasped
= 坤丘γdmロ帥rrIp、53,←7:ツαdf化叫叩ar壇Dノ舶けり丘pかβ九,∫β加′-iprα′混〃助軸「ロJlα一
EladEZruLITZaLLLmEZPinahkya!2・Andiftheac[ionofthecognizer(i.e.cogrlition)werealwaysimper-
CeP[ible,theni【COuldnoteverlbeinferred,becausenologicalconnectioncouldbegrasped.’ J14 Allo【herinstancesofataicainthispassagepointforward(LAndfor(hefo1lowingreason,),
notback・Bu[hereitisunlikelytobepoJZltlngforwaTdbecausethereisnothingforittopolntfoト
Ward【0,andtherearethirlgSi[couldpoizl[back[O.
Whereastheotherinstancesofatalca,Whichpolntforward,arefollowedeitherbyanablative
Orahi,herei【isfollowedbyasta[emen[=apih・・=abhyupagamyate(WhichisitselFsupportedbyan
abla[ive)・Thentha【itis[heendof[hesectiorl:[hereisnothingaf[erthattowhichitcouldpoint.
Theabla[ive[hatsupportsab]zyLLPagE”}lyE7teU元iiTIErVi5車iil・1)laS叩Vedanai)isunlikelytobethe[arget
Ofaphrasemeanlng‘Andforthefo1lowlngreaSOn’,nOtOnlybeeauseitisglVlngareaSOnforsome-
【hingelse,butalsobecausei【doesno【makeanewpolnt;thepolntitmakeshasjus[beenexplained
atlengthintheprevioussection:Seeladviiislarthagra7L叩adar3EZllatandthefollowirlg血・eehalf-
VerSeS.
Wetakei[[ha[aEaScaherepoir)[sbacktotheargumer!tC)fthepreviGuSSCCtion(4.5)血ieogni-
tionisnotalwaysgraspedsincetheTneanSforitbeinggraspedarenotalwaysthere(4.5.1),butthatit
CanbegraspedasevidencedbyourabiJity[ohaveacognltior10farlObjec【qualinedbyacognltion
(4・5・2)・nereforetheargumen[[hat【hegraspingofanobjectdependsonthegraspingofthecogrli-
tiondoesnotholdineverycase(nasiirvatrEka,n),bu【ratheronlyoccasiona11y(加肌・EdevE7).
Thereason[ha【Jayantadecided【oinsertsec[ior14.5.2.whichisparen(heticalinthatitdigresses
fromhisVi]雨nav云da-refu[a【ion,[husseems[Obeno【Onlyt)eCauSeOfi【SCOnneC[ionwi【h4.5.1,but
alsobecauseofitspreflgurlngOFthissec【ior14.6.TherefutationoftheavamaJ血argumerlt,i.e.the
topicofthis sec[ion4・6,Star[S[oemergein4.5.2irlSOfaraswegettherei)adiscussionofj雨Lo
mayayEZmart/1ゆ(WhichishowJayan[aarticulates[heavaTnaJ二ねinthep虎IVaPa桓a),ii)themaxim
aboutqualifierandqualined,Whichwasused【osupport【heavamaT血argumentin[hepz了TVaPa垣a,
andiii)amen[ion ofjiidnEZViii?16rt]zagra]叩a,Whichis thewayinwhichJayantacharacterizes
m′d川口J滋Iin4.6.
115seein3.2.3」:加m∂d叩Jpかγ叩庫和昭rβ/叩dmJ/f∫Jdd/一肌.庫rl叩Cロgr∂んγロ川和叩
丘ょかロrβ/血りgrd/l助け〃“血慮ッ“m‡JJムβJ∂J∫d転化mビ∨βねdgm/血∨ツ〟m・
L16Itisnotobviouswhatheisreferrlng10;mOS(likelyoneormoreof(hefollowlng‥2・l,4・1・3,
4.2,4,4.2.6,4.2.8.
- 339 - - 338 一
4息2Therestrictionisbasedonthenatureofthings.
【V埴豆nav豆din:】Onwhatisthisrestric[ion[[ha[acogni【ionhasasi【sobjec[onlyi【sob-
jectcausalfactor]based?
【Naiy豆yikas:]Itisjustcausedbythena【ureof[hings・
Thissamequestionappliesequallytotheviewthat[cognitionhas]form・Inresponseto
【heques(ionofwhybluealoneistheobjectcausalfactororwhyacognltionhasasits conten[onlytheobject【andnotanyof[heothercausalfactors],Otlehas【nootherway
but](OrePlyby[resortingto】‘【hena[ureofthings’・Andequallyinresponse[0【heques-
tionofhowi【isthatacogni[ion,inreceivingaJbrm,Shouldreceive[[heform]onlyof[he
objectcausalfac(Orandnotofothercausalfactors,OneCOuldresor[0nly[0‘thena[ureof
【hings’.
4.8.3Proofthatcognltioniscausedbyanobject
Anditisknownthroughpositiveandnegativeconcomitance[ha[anObjectcausesacog- nitlOn.
Whenanobjectisthere,theTeisacognltion・Whenanqbjectisnot山eTe,thereisnocognltion・
Toexplain(hi):SomeonewishingtoseeDevadattavisitshishouse・Anddespite
havinggonethere,hedoesno【seehim[if]Devada【【a(enam)isnotthere・121
WhenDevadattacomesbacklater,hedoesseehim.112when[suchasequenceas thisoccurs],XXXoneseesinitthatcognitionofDevadatta(tadd71iyヰ)accordswith
hispresenceorabsence・血
AslongasDevada[tahadnotcomeback,COgnl[ionofDevada[[awasno【cauSed(Oarise・
Whenhecameback,itarose.Thus[he[cogni【ion】isde[ermirledtobeproducedbyhim onthegroundsthatitexistswhenheexis[s.Thisbeingthecase,【cognition’s]beingre-
strictedto【thatobjectaloner血iisestablishedbyitsbeingproducedby[ha[[objec[]・So
enoughofpostulatingaform[ofcognition]!
This[res[{ictiGnOfcognition亡OaPariicuiarobjectasaresul[ofbeingproducedbyi[]XズXiii
explains[why]humanactivity[00hasaparticularobjec【・123
4・8Response[0[heargument【hatcognl[ion’sobjecトSpeCi鎖citylmpliesthatithas
fbm
4.8.1Theobject-SpeCificitycanbeexplainedthroughcausal1ink.
Nowasforthisclaimtha【youmade(in3.3.1)-
Evenifoneaccep(SaneX【ernalobject,OneCannOtdenythatacognltionisunited
withaform,[forthatis(heonlyway](OeStablishtheobjecトSPeCificityOfcogni-
【ion[such(hatsometimesitis ofblue,forexample,andatothertimesofyel-
low]‖し
【histooisnotright,because[cognition’s】objecトSpeCincityisalsoexplicableinanother
Way・Althoughacognltionofbluedoesariseinthepresenceofmany things,andal-
【houghi(Sbeingacognitioninnaturedoesnotvarywithregardtoall【objects】,l18never-
【helessi(isproducedonlybybluealoneasitsobjec[causalfactor(たarmakaraたa),and
thereforei(S(andsasoriented【owardsbluealone.
For【heVij丘豆nav亘dintheonlythingcapableofexplainlngthatacognltionisofblueandnotofye1lowis
tha[i【hasblueasi[sform,TheNaiy豆yikahereprovidesanaltemativeexplana【ion,namelythatbecause
blueis(heobjcctcausalfac[or(karmakdraka)Lha[producesthecognition,itariseswithblueasitsob-
JeC[,despi[e not having blue asits form.Whereas thc V扉血av豆din’s explanation of(he object-
SPeCificityofcognitionisladakarata(itshavingtha[objec[asitsfo皿),theNaiy亘yika’sistqUanyaEva7n
(i[sbeingproducedbythatobject).
【VO員豆navadin:][AsIsaidin3.3.2]119itisproducedalsobyeyes[andlight]etc.[and
thereforei(Shouldhavethemasobjec(S(00].
[Naiy豆yika:]Itis【ruethatitisproduced【byeyesetc.],butnotby[them]asanobject.■20
Itisproducedbyblueasanobject,Ontheotherhand.Thereforei(hasnothingotherthan
thataloneasitscon(en(.
Seein3.3・1払わβγiル亘〆占∂/l)′βm drJんαmαソロ中ロm丘たかdV‘コ侮座元丘柁α∫yαVi甲yα招けαmか
山肌叩抑止叫匝
118nesewerethetwofactsadducedbytheV弾navadintosuppo11hisargumen【・Seeil13,3.1:
凡打可砧n叩九址削α托βたd∫飢乃idJ血β∫α仰伊可丘γβm丘乃叩たd〟拍md拙JJα/d血dm♪ddか//叫Pαrfムか叩α
たどvdk相打加‘ねg′1dJ加αソロJβm占βね,占8dんαぶ∨αい1かαJ卸申路m加pr叫αV王嘩′dル丘J.
Our cons【rualofbodharL2patvamafeFaS6dhdr叩am derives from taking LttO beparallelto
ぬ批加地血血函恒即血サ呵膵棚卸両. L19 sc…αCα乃打‘画地加れα叩′d血d′Ⅰ如′坤αmαJ′∫抽ムdγ血刑血dm.dbb加8月丘dト
たかdた由1加如血加叫殉最混血血坤甲山叩Ⅷ郎紳. 】つO Manyfactorsgointotheproductionofthecognltion・thisisblue,,butal1exceptbluebelong
tosomeca[egoEyOfcausalfac[orother[hanobject(kaJ・椚a).rITleeyeSandlightaremeans.
1ZINegativeconcomitance・
lユつpositiveconcomitance. 113 Thiswasanadditionalpointthat(heVt7己anav5dinclaimedtobeimpossibleunlesscognltion
hadfor叫Se叩mV叩汀叩亡preたゅか∨αたかi聾丘りたα血り加geた丘Vi叩ブαivd∫y点描・3・1)t
- 341- - 340 一
BlueanditscognitionarenotdifEerent【fromeachother】,becausetheyarenecessarily
perCeivedtogether(SahqpalambhaniyamLiE)-
thattooseems[ouslikeinfants’talk.Forthemeaningof[theword]‘together’isinap-
PrOPriateif[theyare]identical.
‘Together.isarelational[ermtha【expresseSaCOnneC[ionbe[ween[woormoreiLems.
4.9・2Theyarenotapprehendedbythesamecognltion.
Orifyouintendthemeaningofthelogicalreason(i.e.sa7LqPalambhaniyamdL)tobeLbe-
CauSe they are necessari1y perceivedbythe same[cognitionl(ekopalambhaniyamat)’,
thenthisisanunestablishedloglCalreason・128
If[hemeanlngOf[he]oglCaJreasonislbecausetheyarenecessarilyperCeived[Oge[her’,i【isno【capable
Ofestablishingidentity.1f,inzLna[temp[[OaVOidthisproblem,i[smeaLtlnglSaSSerted[obetbecause
【heyarenecessarilyperceivedbythesamecognl[ion’adifferen[loglCalproblemarises、[hatofnon-
es[ablishmen[intheproof-Subjec[,namelyblueanditscognl[ion.
ForatthemomentofperCeivlngtheperceivedobjectsuchasblue,Wedonotperceiveits perCeiver(i・e・COgnition)・Ithasalreadybeenexplainedl19thatthesetcognitions]suchas
‘nlisis blue’arenothing but theappearanceofmerely anexternalperCeivedobject,
4・8・4Thewholecausalcomplexisthemosteffectivefactor.
Asfor山echaracterofbeingthemosteffectivefactor,ithasalreadybeendemonstrated,
in[thechapteron]thedefinitionofpra机申aingeneral,124thatitbelongs[othecausal
COmplexasawhole[andnottojustoneofthevariouscausalfactors].
Inthesec【ion(3.3.4)ofthepGTVaPakぎa[oWhichthissec[ionresponds,theVij再血av5dinclaimedthatif
COgni(iottdidno[havefom,nOneOfthecausalfactors(karakas)wouldhavepreeminenceovel.[heoth-
ers,SOnOneOf[hemwouldbethemos[effec[iveone.Herehereplies[ha[indeednoindividualcausal
factoristhemosteffec[iveone;aShehasalreadyshowninthefirs【∂hnikaof[hetex【,themos[effec[ive
fac【or,i,e.【hepram郎a,is(hewholecausalcomplex,i.e.[hetotalityofallthecausalfactors,Aftera11,
ifanyoneof(hecausalfac[ors,Whetheragen【,Objec[,locusoro【her,Weretakenaway,[hentheresult
WOuldnotbeproduced.Thereforeone,OrSOme,CannO[beisola[edfromtheo【hersasthemos[effec-
tiYe.
4・8.5ConventionalExpressions
Asfoieverydaylinguisticusage,Which[you]adduced(in33・5),T25ittoodeviates・126Ⅰ【is
notthecasethatpeopleneverXXXiYalsosayasfollows:‘Thisisablueobject,becausea
COgnitionwiththat【bluething]asitsobjecthasarisen’.
TheV串如avadinadducesexpressionslikeLacognitionhavingthatasi[sform(LadakGraTn)hasarisen’;
theNaiy豆yikaadducesexpressionslike‘acogni【ionhavingtha【asi【SObjec[(Ladviざayam)hasa∫isen’・
Whatisthesignifican[difference?Thela[terimpliestheexistenceofsomethingoutsideofi【self・
TTlereforetheassertion[hatafoJTn-POSSeSSingcognitioElmuStbeacceptedevenifan[ex-
temal]objectexistsisnotappropriate.L27
4.9Responsetothenecessaryco-perCePtlOnargument
4.9.1Iftwothingsareactual1yone,howcantheybeLtogether’?
Andasforwha=you]said(in3.5.2)一
12S貞豆n[araksi【a,thoughhedoesno[use[heexpressionekppalaTnbhaniyaTTZLZ,in[eTPretSthesaho一
画血舶血両脚MⅧ脚m8ntinthisway(Tb〟v凸∫βねgr8わα2029-2030):
γdJ∫叩Ved飢dmピソα∫γ丘dy叩α∫叩Ve血〃叩dゐnルαml
皮相「′”丘ddVyd輔如叩JdJJ抽V如αV伽ゆβJeJl
押舶瀬肋裾押恒血油川血舛雨樋血〔-▲rf)αタI
ni7adhn)edanap cedap ni7akLirasya vedanam[vedanaTn BBS edi【ion、Tib∴桓
89a7;γer血「′l∂/GOSedi【ionlll
Whe7ZEIzeeユperiellCedAisnecessarilyL71eeギ)erienceqfB,thenAisno[differ-
en[fromB,OrCannO【besepara[edfromi[,JuS[like[heownna[ureofacognl[ion
Ofblue匝om【h如COgn損onoFb!ue]eりuS王比ethes己COndmoGn匝om流eむ珂.
血d仙叩erfence呼αあJHeカmi∫〟はe甲gr血ceげ〟ほCOg加加げ抽e・
Ⅰ【alicsmarkexpressionsofthenecessL[yofbeingperceivedby[hesamecognition.Commen[1ng
On[his,Kama】aS7laac[ua11yusestheexpressionekopalambhaniyama([wice).Weareno[awareOf
atlyOthereYidence,howeYer,OfJayantaknowlngeitherS豆n[araksi[aorKamalaSfla・
KamalaEfla’scommen[aryOnthese[woversesreportstheviewofSubhagup[a[ha[ifLperCeived
【oge[her’rneans■perCeivedbythesame(eka)cogni[ion’,then thelogica】reasonisunes[ablished
(asiddha).Jayanta’sresponseto[heargumen[[husresembles≦ubhagupta,s.
1WHeisprobablyreferrLngbackprima∫ily[04.13:=idamnilam”iLlgrdhakadvIcchinnaeva
gr(王77yakL5ro’vab71aSate.0【her places wherehehas made rela[ed remarks are4.2.4,4,4.l.2and
4,4.22.And【herearepartsof[hetex[ou[Sideof[hispassage[ha[arere】evan[,forexample、from
加s【紬If加:l〃血J〃ねbm’浦舟f∫叩王VeめⅥ/g,nαク岬βわ■ク相中d桓αm fddJ柁’JJJ(〃y丘yβmd可αrrIp・
83,ll).LForwhatweexperienceis”thisisblue”,andnot“thisisaperCePtualcogni[ion”:
聞 物如抑殉加Ip.32,13-15=γdJαピソα∫占瓜‘-ね加聖摘蛸準動転児弊政鮎闇再利用鹿=
ワd血占ddれJαJdeソロ∫∂mdgry郎クrαm句氾ル叩ツlぬ御l一ねdvッαrireただれdたか良た加地reb8Cid呼lねm由一
arLhas叩l岬al・SdnupapaEEeb,■Preciselybecause[hewordpram句叩deno[eStheins[rumen[,andthe
instrumentis[hemos[effec[ive[hing【inthebringingabou[ofaLtyaC[ion],【i[followsthat]i【isap-
PrOPriateforthewholecausalcomplex【ObethepraTn申a.becausei【isno【poSSiblethatany[indi-
Vidual]causalfac[orWha[SOeVerapar【fromthe[wholecausalcomplex]havecon[aCtwiththemean-
ing■‘mos【”【effectiYel.’
■25 Insec[ion33.5theVi匝navadinadducedasevidenceforcogn▲【ionhavingfoLTnSuChevery-
dayexpressionsas■rnLisisablueobjec[becauseinmymindacognl【ionwiththa[forrnhasarisen’.
126Ⅰ・e・i【maysome[imessupportyou,butitsometimessupportsus・ 127 section3.3bo【hbegaLtandendedwi[h【hecon[en[iontha【evenifanexternalobjec[existed,
OneWOuldstillhave[OPOS[ula[eafombelonglng【OCOgnl【ion,forotherwisetheobjecL.speCificity
OfcognJ(ioncouldno[beexplained.
ー343 - - 342 一
Whichlackspenetrationby(heformofitsperceiver,andwhichisdis(inctfromthat(per-
Ceiver).
Andinsomecasesweevenexperiencethatwereflectontheperceiveralone(i・e・COgni-
(ion)・SeParatedfromtheformof[heperCeived,insuchawayas・Idono(remember;
SOmeObjectwasgraspedbymeattha=ime.,
Oneisawareofapastcognl【ionbutno[oftheobjec(COgnized.
SobecausewearethusawareoftheformofacognltionandtheforTnOfanobjectin SeParaLionfromeacholher,howcanyousaythat:
Blueanditscognltionarenotdifferent,becausetheyarenecessarilyperCeivedby(he
Same[cognition].
4・9・3V単元navadinsalsoacceptthedifference.
Anditisthisverydistinctionthatyoutoorefertowhenyousay’blueanditscognl- 110n,.130
【Vi声色nav豆din‥】Thisisamerereferencetotheopponen(,sview.
[Naiy豆yika:】[Thatis]not[so],foriftheywereiden[ical,theycouldnotevenbereferred
(OSeParately・Forthisreasontoo,thisformdoesnotbelongtoacogn⊥tion・
乃乃け∂Joたα Sh豆S【正,M・K・(ed・)・乃e乃乃J而わたdげ舶/血dソロg岬JdW油
cクmme乃JdJツあッ月毎血αたαカッαrαJんd.1匂血∽化アニ血刀fたβ∫Jか一
丁2・召ombay1924.
Iyengar,H・R・R・(ed、)・mrたα抽射たαα托d侮血班1α托αげ
〟0た∫厄たαrαg岬Jαd乃dノブねr画血Mysore1944.
Shastri,D・(ed・)・乃肋d∫〃乃grα/王αげ五かブロざん血Jdr垂加
W油J/ほCク椚me乃ねけ‘P頑止∂’げ∫かざ助mdJd∫J血.2Vol-
umes・BauddhaBhafatiSeriesl,2.Vir豆zJaSi1981-1982.
XdshnamaCharya,E.(ed.)、Thttvasa沌grahaqfSantarak?ita:
WiththeCommentaTyげKamaZaii7a.2Volumes.Gaekwad,s
Orien(alSeries30,31.Baroda1926、
Seerb〟ソα∫αカgrαんα.
Shastri,ML K・(ed.)・肋reivaraparikざdげSa4yqiyoEis wiEh
J/ほ」円血坂元 C〃朋紙価叩y qr尺血仙南明血.Delhi19g9
(0riginalEdition5rfnagar1926).
nakur,A・(ed・)t Gα〃ねmウα乃ツ∂yddd〟α乃dW油β毎ダブαげ
VdEsydyana.Ny豆yaca(urgranthik豆1.NewDelhi,1997.
Varadacharya,K・SL(ed・).N)dyama*ar[dJayantabllaHa,
-血わ拘甲叩-一叫∂y鮎α〃rd抽dあyJJ王e且由or.2Volumes.
Mys()re1969and1983.
Sukla,S・N.(ed・).乃e叫∂ッαmα亘わr吋克ッα血凱叫声.2
Volumes・KashiSanskrit SerieslO6,Nyaya section,15・
Benares,1934-1936.
nakur,A・(ed・)L坤∂yabh申yavdl・ttikaげBharad咋ia thL-
dyotakara.NewDelhi1997.
Tosaki,H.(ed・).Prα∽申αソかJJiたαJ〟.β〃批ブロー扇血流托正の=配
転戒カ[*∫J〃d∫e∫f乃助d助山勘最emoわgッ】.2Volumes.
Tokyo:Dai(OShuppansha1979and1985.
Gnoli,RL(ed・)・771ePram申avat・ttikamげDharmak[rti:tlle
FirsEChqpEerwiththeAutocommentaTy.Roma:ls(i(utoltal-
ianoperilMedioedEstremoOriente1960.
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ChapterTland2・Vienna,Beijing:Austrian Academy of
Sciences,ChinaTibe(0logyResearchCen(re2007.
乃「たαあん∂∫∂
7bJルα∫αカgrα力α
乃加肌殉叩血(GO5)
乃〃ソα∫αカgrαJ王叩α煎転
〃ムregソαr呼dr和申rαた∂∫α
叫7占yα地中ソロ
叫呵脚血郎肝
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αnd凱d助iJJ∫拍dfe∫54(3),33-41.
Mami,H.(2006)
Wa[SOn,A・(forthcoming)
Oberhammer・G・(1962),■OnthesourcesinJayan[aBh哩aandUddyo[akara.・一昭e一
円er左血cん頑押dfe肋托de∫最-1i乃dO∫ね∫盲e乃∫6,9ト150. Wezler,A.(1975)
- 348 _ - 349 -
Keywords: Jayan[a,Vij丘豆nav云da,Ny豆ya.Dharmakirti,Yog豆c豆ra,
Ny亘yama6jarf,Kum豆ri1a 占/血肌伽ゆ押叩り叩血加山浦明政明叫(】わクα仙伽融∂塩川姐〟押d′nαmdノd∫叩IVi〝′戒血頑JJI8m
(p・42一拍).
II since[hepolntispresumably[ha[[hereisabeginnlnglesschainofcognltion,1atentimpresT
Sion,COgni[ion,1a[en[impression,e[c.[hedualendingof∫anEd,layO!zisslightlyawkward・Asingular
endin呂idicatlngaSlnglestreamconsistlngOfbothwouldsufnce.Weat【emp[[omakesenseof[he
【ransmi[[edreadingbyinser[ingL[corresponding]’. rvi ourtransla[ion‘invoIvlng,asarenderingof[hecompoundrela[ionshipbe[weenpram申apTu-
meyapramiEi-andvyavahdraわisvag11e:itcouldcoverlocative(‘withregardto’),instrumental(‘by
meansof’),OrVarioussensesof[hegeni【ive(e.g.‘rela[ed【0’).
Ass[a[edinfootno[e80,Pa^of[hebackgroundofthisrerrlarkisadiscussionat【hebeginnlngOf
the〃γ丘γ〟地中γd=/8加yd∫γ叩∫みfん∂∫卸J・叩血8∫y叩rdVrJ仙∫叩相川丘呵∫αye而血α甲prα椚如fi′d′
クr‘m申βm,γP’血8わクr8m中ロJe上皿J夕闇meγβm,γddαr班αV耶8〃叩∫dクrαm拍動cdJd叩‖Cαル叩-
Vf肋虎ぶ“fα一偏甲tVadant:〟r〃相加仙叩1タロ′・ねαm如γβJe(l,13-15).
N豆rayaDakan[haco爪men[lngOrL坤geTtdraEantra,VidyabLi(la2.13wri[es,yaddhadkざaPddah.
‘caEasrダTLCaivapvidhdsu∫arVO bLvyava/1かa!lParisamapyaEe’.Thushemus[haveknownaversion
Ofthelas[sen[enceoftheNyayabha!yapaSSageglVenabovethatreadinsteadofLa肋叩IParlsa,Tt-
apyaEe,VyaVahaTTZbparisamapyaEe,Whichiswha[wehavein【heN)句′amaiyar[sen[enceunderdis-
CuSSlOn.
Jayan[aknew[heversionwithEaEtvampa,,LsamdpyaEe:eV叩ICayaducyaEeLpramLiE6pram郎叩l
クr‘lmeγ叩叩rdmi〟r招c〟J郎ⅣJ川fdわ∂∫lJ招〟v叩りフ〟ri∫8J和郎γdお■,∫Jf招dv)′∂/lαnブdJe(叫・∂γdmα帥rrI,
p・うZ,ト7)・Bu【血乱the山oknewtheversionwithvγdVαJ通r〟わクdr血m申γαJgisplausiblegiven山e
followlng Sen[encefromhiscommen[aryon thepassage:Eadayamihapram申叩PramaEaPra・
′ney叩PramiEiriEtcaturvaT?aeVa*vyavahalⅥbparisam句フyaLe(Vol.1,38,8-9).Sohisfomlula[ion
Of[hepresen[Sen[enceinourpassageseemstohavebeeninfluencedbytheNyiiyab71申yadiscussion.
*TheMysoreedi[ionreadscaEurvaT?aeVa,[heKSSeditioncaEl‘rVa,Tgeワaiva,Theloca[iveis
SupPOrted by the reading of[he Lucknow MS,CaEurvEZT?e eVa,Where[he reason for the non-
applica[ionofsandhiwasprobably[odisambigua[etheloca[ivefromthenominative.TohaYePari-
SaTTlaPyaEe here connec【edwith aloca[ivewould,知一[hermore,make[his sentenceconsis[entwi[h
bQth theNy丘yabltaざya(CaEasTざu CaivapviElhasu)and the presen[Sen[enCeiTl[he叫・ayama可ar[
U宛融 . oneof[hemo[ivesforfilling[hecompoundou[wi[hunrequiredex[rawordssuchasvila∫ais
【healli【era【ion:dn丘dy‘ルゆ丘v丘∫α′l加rJ由dV如ry由血ね肋α血「血門地ツ虎.
XVi■■ onthecompoundanadyavi(&iivdsand-SeenO[exiii.rlerewein[erPl・e[thea17adLasqualify-
1ngaVidyiibecauseoftheavidyaviraEa,iEILa[thebeginnlngOf[henex[sen[ence,
” EvidenceforvaidhuTydEgivingareasonforjusttheclaimof[hesecondpada(ratherthanfor
tha[of the nrs[two or for[ha[of[he four[h)is provided by:1)【he au[oNCOmmen[ary[0[he
Pm仇点て旭Vinfgc‘ly‘ユVerSe(sce∫d行中王gr丘Jlyαgr点Jl〟たαJαたぎ叩αV〟jd加ノブ融);2)【he fact山at山e flrS【
PLidais)uS[concluding[he[opICOf[heprevioussec[ionof[hePramapavinikaya-づnlyfrom[he
SeCOndpadaonisanewpoin【made;3)[heparallelversein[hePram申avaTIEfka(3:327):
1=抽叫β∫Je〝虎∫JfJ叩8〃血〃ムんd仰,匹「坤l叫郎旬料両断而加綱岬…叫血血如
LThereisno[hingelsetha[isexperiencedbytha[[cogni[ion]:[hereisnoo[herexperienceofi[[eiT
ther],because[hat[experierLCe][00issuscep[ible[othesamerefu[a[ion[ashasjustbeenusedagainst
theex[emalobjec[]・Therefore(EaE)i[(i・e.COgni[ion)(EaE)shinesforthbyitself:Althoughthethird
PLidareadsdifferen[ly,1[isclear[ha【it[ooglVeSareaSOn)uS[for[heclaimof[hesecondpdda.We
thankBirgi【Kcllnerbrthisinねmation.OnthereadingJ〟J∫V〟γ叩J〟JクJⅥ福血Jebr∫Vαγ〟JJりαfv〟
PTTZka血Ee,[hereadingof[heedi[ions,SeeKellner(2009:196L198).
】TheEZyamisawkwa∫d・Ⅰ【isno【inallwi[nesses,bu[wehavere[ainedi【Par[1ybecausewehave
truStedCLhere・Ourbes[manuscrip[・Perhapstheintentionis,‘Ifthisform[ha【appearSis」uS[one
‖wehavelef[thehiuntransla[ed,Sincei[isdifncul【[oseehow[orenderi【wi[hou[Lovertrans-
la11ng’・TheVi匝瓦nav豆dinusesittointroduceane7KPlanationofwhyhehasjus[responded[0[heop-
ponen[wi[hasarcasticinsul[.
Mvaidhu]ツaattheendofcompoundsoccurscommonly,1nCludingin[he坤dyama和一rいn[he
SenSeOfLabsenceof’一bu[i[clearlyca皿nOtmeanthathere・Forthissenseof‘inconveniencedby,see
坤ayamaqiar[Ip・272,3-l,Wherehallucinationsofalovedo=Tlissedwoman,arislngfromrepea[ed
ineulcationofloveorgrief,a[eSaid[obei11usorybecausethey/thepersonhaving[hemisinconven・
iencedbyasubsequen[refu[er(bddhaka)of[hehallucina[iorL:kdmEZ血kadibhavan丘bhyasabhzLVa甲
卵油血涙涌恒血伽払血肋叫庖旬涙雨和叩減血両面照【aoka2006:75,nO【e19).
AlthoughinhisoriginaleditionKataoka(2003:128)optedfor[hereadingpmEibandhEZVaidhLL,・-
yat.by【he(imeofhisJapanesetransla【ion(2006:75,nO[e19)hesawmoreevidenceinfavourof
PTTZtLbaTZd7LakavaidhtLTツaL Thereisthepara11elbadl・EZkavaidhLLTy丘din[hejus[ci【edpassage,thefac[
【hat‘incoveniencedby’sugges[s anagen【,thefactthattheSEokav5rEEika‘source,verseherereads
PratibaTtdhqkayogdt・thefac[[ha[[hebes[of[hemanuscriptscolla[ed,CL,readspraEibaTZdhaka-a【
thisplace,andthefactthatin[henextsen[enCepratibaTtdhakoiswella[tes[ed・A[tha[Placehow-
ever,theonewitnesswhichdoesno【readpraEibandhEZkoisCL,WhichreadspnzELbandho.SQWe
CannOtuSebothofthelas[of[hese[WOPOln[sasevidenceforpraEibandhakaL.
ivAlthoughthereadi皿gOfMandN,8T71yam申am,issimpler,thecausa【ivegrahy(Lm申amis
Wella[[es[edintheo【herwi[nesses,SOWea[[emp[[OglVei[sensewi[hthis[ransla[ion‘beingneces-
Sarilygrasped’・i・e・beingcaused/forced【obegraspedby[heforceof[heprecedingarguments・
YNotetheal1itera[ivepa[[emsinkaEhamakltiLaEadiEarapadart(taparularerIakevaEan{1
Jdm8ソαJ8mムeJβ.
Y■preた?aPLirvEl.rnOreliteral1y,Lafter[propet]consideration,. Yii -
YliL
Notetheal1itera[ionin[hecompoundalokEZlocaTtddikaTTZkalZtarajaniEEZtVEZSya.
Weleavetheevaun[ransla[edbecauseweseenoo【herop[iontha[WOuldnotbeanovertrans-
la【io・
rXTheSanskritissligh[]yawkward,in[ha[yeEtLisno[pickedupsubsequen[1ybyaco-rela[ive;
【hechangeofspeakercomesa[thebeginnlngOf3.4.2wi[htaddamEZ
INo【e山ealliterationin-d肋r8比叩/l呼払血払拍vdわ払托点上.
tい
Literal1y,‘anon-COmple[ion’,Lanon-termina[ion’
Wct水c加toTeferto∫V叩mた∂Jd∫∂払・可斤丘〝d liii Jayan[ausesthecompoundanadyavidyavasanLi-[Wicein[hispassageanda[1eas[[woother
timeselsewherein[he叫・ayamaitjarLI【makesli【[1edifferencewhe[herwein[ell)re[[heaTtddi-aS
qualifyingavidydorvasaTla,forboththeignorance・andthelatentimpressionsarebeginnLngless・
JayantaelsewhereusesbothanddyEZVidyaandaniidivasana・Herewetakei[asqualifyingvasandbe-
CauSeWehave)uS[hadavidyavdsaTZaaSOneuni[in[heprevioussen[ence,andbecauseinhissum-
maryofthispassageatthebeginnlngOfthenex[ParagraPhheusesJ11Stan丘d【v丘sma-・ 由 ThemonkintheAgamadambara,WhenexplainingVi揮nav豆da,uSeSaSen[encewithmuch
thes且mCVOCabula叩aSthisone:See如け血J叫売血β′71∂Jrβmピソed8刑ん叩dVJ∫∂‘J丘dγd〃e払「申dJ中卜
血nβ〃丘dわ「ロムdn動叩rdV〃ねV最J′ⅥV由d′血′一元血肌抑血痕血加舟山融血≠/ほddⅢ抑=~∂′血「血刀yd‘Jト
- 350 - - 351-
メス wepreferno[[oin[erpre[[hiscompoundasabalutvr汀1L Althoughcompoundsendinglna[-
manarefarmorecommonlybahLLvl・i7zLs[haJlta[pLErLEざaS,Dharma虹rtisometimesusesthemastatr
puruダaS.Seeforexamplebuddhyd[mainPramapavinLkayal:44(=PTum申avarEEika3:353),Which
Jayantahasjus【ci【edaboveinsec[ion3.8,andwhich[husmayhaveinf]uencedhisformula【ionhere・
SeealsothePramdrzavdrE[LkasvaYr[[iadl:43(p.26,4)whereDhannakfrticommen[sonthephrasein
hisverseekasydrt/zasvab/zava叩awi[h【hesentenceekohyarthatma.TTla【artha血道isa[a砂LrLLぎais
Clearfromthefact【ha[[hereisnoo[herwordwi【hwhichi【isaBreelng. 川 TTla[prakii5akEZbodlza-isakarmadharayaisimpliedbybodh叫′atZL[adgTtfhakasyaiz)[he
nextsentence(fromthesense血erei[iscIeartha[[hegeni【ivesare∫amanadhjkanz!1a)・Furthermore
if[hecompoundmeant‘cognltionof[heillumina[or’【hemeanlngherewouldbeabsolu[elycontrary
toJayanta’sintention:hewantstode17ythatgrasplnganOb)eC[dependsoncognlZlngl【silluminator・
ⅩX■■ThereisnoneedtoconJeCnユreadifferentreadinglnWhichwehave[henomina[ivekataTu[
insteadofka(arasya;kata,’aSyaVabhiis油T71yuklamisTlOtgrammaticallyincorrec[・ XXi】l Al[houghpTYLk6Sateisbetterattested,WePreferp}・akaiyate,thereadingoftheBHUmanu-
SCrlP[,forwesee[hissen[ertceasanaly血gthel句フ叩Pr‘lka]yatementionedintheprevioussen-
【enCe.
XXY ThatupahmbhoLp6da(Pre-Sandhi)isanomina[ive,nOtalocative,issuggestedbythenomi-
na【ive岬dね門地βdr#f力1a【erin血esen【ence.
XZYTTla[tadlLLpdda(pre-Sandhi)isanomina[ive,nO[aloca[ive,issugges[edbythenominative
Ladgra/zapalnlaterin[hesen[ence・ 1XYl yatLvayaEVaCadz7siLamisawkward.Wi【hou[theca,[heyaEwOuldbefine.With[heca,i【
WOuldbesmoo[herifwereadta[,nO[ya[.Wearereluc[arlt【0glossovertheproblembysimply
adop[1ng[hetatthatisfoundinMandCl,forya(isthereadingnotonlyof[hem叫Orl【yof[hewi[-
nesses.butalsoof[heGrant7zib7zanga.Al山oughi【ispossiblethattheedi【orof[heGralZ[hibhahga
didnotaccuratelyfollowhismanuscrip[here,itseems[ousJuS(aspossible[ha[[a[isasecondary
‘correctlOn’.
W” LuthoughJayantaClearly11Sedprakti3mainsection4A.1.2above[oconveyanon-CauSative,
intransitivemeaning(‘shiningforth’,‘appearing’,‘beingmanifest’),infac[precisely[ocon[ra∫/Wi【h
acausativemeaning(‘illuminatingsomething’,Lmakingsomethingmanifest’),hehasusedtheword
threetimesinthelasttwosen[encesinacausativcsense. XXY■l■ nlemetreisUpendravajr云,bu[(helastpadaisunmetncal.1tshouLdhaveeLevensyllables,
endingshor[,long,long,buti【has[welve.endingshort,long,Short,long;1tSPenultimatesy11ableis
SuPerfluous. XXx Althoughwehavedecided【OuSehereasepara【eEnglishsen[ence,′atTuintheSanskritis
Obviouslythecoqrela[iveoftheyLIL
Xllwetakeyadda【【hebeginnlngOf[hefirs[half-VerSeaSCOrrela【1ngwi[htatrain[helas[・ IXIJ weconstrue[hesen[enceas[a[∫adasa[NeJla[addh&as[a[hdLva11.i(ive[[i:’oneknows[he
lat7Edtvamofcognltionofhim”.’ m肛 wetaketatlTZnLya,naSiE揖hi-[obesynonymouswi【h[heearlierusedexpressionpra[ikarma一
叩卯耶抽細流抽-(4.S.1),SO【ha【Jd什d=/d∫血〃〃の・J/Ie.
XX又1■■ w亡びei両e中一etlngg加βaS′wα〃γd加乃‘川~ツ〃mα∫idd几ッ∂・
m■Y TTlernaJOntyOfwitnessesdonotcontainthedouble叫butj【jshard【oderiveasa[isfactory
SenSeWithoutit.
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