Beyond a Conceivable Doubt: The Quest for a Fair and Constitutional Standard of Proof in Death Penalty Cases

8/12/2019 Beyond a Conceivable Doubt: The Quest for a Fair and Constitutional Standard of Proof in Death Penalty Cases

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2/67

HARDAWAYMACRO 3/6/2014 3/6/2014

222 CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CONFINEMENT o'$ 34=221Be "at-+(-ed$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$20

B$ Ca+e+ -) W,-*, t,e "ta)dard o( Rea+o)ab'e Dobt #+"at-+(-ed$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$22

C$ Ca+e+ -) W,-*, t,e "ta)dard o( Rea+o)ab'e Dobt Wa+

"at-+(-ed> a)d t,e #))o*e)t Were !ear'y &t To Deat,$ $2#F$ CO!CL%"#O!$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$29


3/67


200G BEYOND A CONCEIVABLE DOUBT 223

Beyond a Conceivable Doubt: The Quest

for a Fair and Constitutional Standard of

Proof in Death Penalty Cases

TG,e e?e*t-o) o( a 'ea''y a)d (a*ta''y -))o*e)t ;er+o) wo'd be a

*o)+t-tt-o)a''y -)to'erab'e ee)t$1

#$ #!TROD%CT#O!

T,e deat, ;e)a'ty re.a-)+ t,e .o+t *o)te)t-o+ -++e -) *r-.-)a' 'awr-+;rde)*e> a)d *o)t-)e+ to be *,a''e)ed o) bot, *o)+t-tt-o)a' a)d.ora' ro)d+$2W,at -+ .o+t re.ar5ab'e abot A.er-*a) deat, ;e)a'tyr-+;rde)*e -+ t,at -t ,a+ trad-t-o)a''y (o*+ed o) ;re'y te*,)-*a' a)d

;ro*edra' a+;e*t+ o( t,e -.;o+-t-o) o( t,e deat, ;e)a'ty>3

de+;-te t,e (a*tt,at t,e .o+t ')erab'e ;'a)5 -) t,e ar+e)a' o( deat, ;e)a'ty de(e)der+ -+e-de)*e t,at -))o*e)t ;eo;'e ,ae bee)> a)d w-'' *o)t-)e to be>e?e*ted$4

1 $ Herrera $ Co''-)+> 06 %$"$ 390> 419 I1993J IOCo))or> 7$> *o)*rr-)J$2 . See, e.g.> "a. @a.-) K 7e((rey 7$ &o5ora5> Death Qualificati! a!" T#ue

Bifu#cati!$ Buil"i!g ! the Ma%%achu%ett% &'e#!#(% Cu!cil(% )#*> 0 #!D$ L$7$ 131

I200J 7a.e+ "$ L-eb.a)> 7e((ery aa)> a'er-e We+t K 7o)at,a) L'oyd> Ca+ital

Att#iti!$ E### Rate% i! Ca+ital Ca%e%, -/0--1> O! the A3liti! f Ma!$ A Di%cu%%i! f the M#al a!"

Legal I%%ue% Su##u!"i!g the Death 6e!alt2> 44 CLE$ "T$ L$ RE$ 23> 24 I1996J$3 . SeeRo;er $ "-..o)+> 43 %$"$ 1 I200J I*,a''e)-) t,e deat, ;e)a'ty ba+ed;o) ae o( t,e de(e)da)tJ At5-)+ $ -r-)-a> 36 %$"$ 304 I2002J I*,a''e)-) t,e deat,

;e)a'ty ba+ed ;o) t,e .e)ta' retardat-o) o( t,e de(e)da)tJ "ta)(ord $ @e)t*5y> 492 %$"$

361 I199J I*,a''e)-) t,e deat, ;e)a'ty ba+ed ;o) +tat+ o( de(e)da)t+ a+ e)-'e

o((e)der+J &e)ry $ Ly)a,> 492 %$"$ 302 I199J I*,a''e)-) deat, +e)te)*e ba+ed ;o)

t,e .e)ta' -'')e++ or -)*a;a*-ty o( t,e de(e)da)tJ M*C'e+5ey $ @e.;> 41 %$"$ 2 4 42 %$"$ 20 I19 42 %$"$ 13 I19

40 %$"$ 23 I19


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224 CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CONFINEMENT o'$ 34=221&er,a;+ )o 'ea' ;r-)*-;'e -+ .ore d-((-*'t to e?;'a-) to t,e 'ay.a) or

(-r+tyear 'aw +tde)t t,a) t,at o( a'' t,e ;a)o;'y o( te*,)-*a'> ;ro*edra'>*o)+t-tt-o)a'> a)d ot,er 'ea' ro)d+ t,at .ay be +et (ort, -) a;;ea'+ o(deat, ;e)a'ty *a+e+> a*ta' -))o*e)*e -+ )ot o)e o( t,e.$ T,e %$"$ ";re.e

Cort *o)(-r.ed t,-+ to be a bedro*5 ;r-)*-;'e o( A.er-*a) deat, ;e)a'tyr-+;rde)*e -)9e##e#a '. Clli!%> -) w,-*, t,e Cort ,e'd t,at *G'a-.+o( a*ta' -))o*e)*e ba+ed o) )ew'y d-+*oered e-de)*e ,ae )eer bee),e'd to +tate a ro)d (or (edera' ha3ea% c#+u% re'-e( ab+e)t a)-)de;e)de)t *o)+t-tt-o)a' -o'at-o) o**rr-) -) t,e )der'y-) +tate*r-.-)a' ;ro*eed-)$

!eert,e'e++> +o.e *o..e)tator+ ,ae (o)d +e+t-o)+ tre)d-)toward+ a )ew *o)+t-tt-o)a' +ta)dard e)*o.;a++-) -))o*e)*e -) t,e*o)*rr-) a)d d-++e)t-) o;-)-o)+ o( (-e +t-*e+ -)9e##e#aw,o a++ertedt,at t,e e?e*t-o) o( a) -))o*e)t ;er+o) d-d -)deed ra-+e *o)+t-tt-o)a'-++e+$6T,-+ -)*'ded t,e *o)*rr-) o;-)-o) o( 7+t-*e OCo))or w-t,7+t-*e @e))edy o-)-)> a)d (rt,er,e'd t,at eG?e*t-o) o( t,e -))o*e)t -+ e8a''y o((e)+-e to t,e De&ro*e++ C'a+e o( t,e ortee)t, A.e)d.e)t$

%)(ort)ate'y> (or t,o+e w,o +ee t,e+e o;-)-o)+ a+ ;orte)d-) +*, atre)d> a *'o+er a)a'y+-+ o( t,e OCo))or a)d @e))edy *o)*rre)*e reea'+t,at t,e 5ey to a)y (tre ado;t-o) o( a *o)+t-tt-o)a' +ta)darde)*o.;a++-) a) a*ta' -))o*e)*e *o.;o)e)t w-'' '-e -) t,e de(-)-t-o) o(a*ta' -))o*e)*e$ #) Herrera+ *a+e> (or e?a.;'e> OCo))or *-te+ w-t,a;;roa' t,e .aor-ty+ (-)d-) t,at ;et-t-o)er -+ )ot -))o*e)t -) t,e eye+o( t,e 'aw be*a+e> -) or +y+te. o( +t-*e> t,e tr-a' -+ t,e ;ara.o)tee)t (or deter.-)-) t,e -'t or -))o*e)*e o( t,e de(e)da)t$ 9OCo))ort,e) *o)*'de+ by +tat-) t,at t,e -++e be(ore + -+ )ot w,et,er a +tate *a)e?e*te t,e -))o*e)t$ #t -+ $ $ $ w,et,er a (a-r'y *o)-*ted a)d t,ere(ore'ea''y -'ty ;er+o) -+ *o)+t-tt-o)a''y e)t-t'ed to yet a)ot,er d-*-a';ro*eed-) -) w,-*, to add-*ate ,-+ -'t $ $ $ $10

7&uilt8G M-*,ae' L$ Rade'et> W-''-a. "$ Lo(8-+t K Ho Ada. Beda> 6#i%!e#%

Relea%e" f#: Death R4% Si!ce -; Becau%e f Du3t% A3ut Thei# &uilt> 13 T$M$

COOLEYL$ RE$ 90< I1996J R-*,ard A$ Ro+e)>I!!ce!ce a!" Death> 2 !$C$L$ RE$ 61

I2003J Tara L$ "wa((ord> Re%+!"i!g t Herrera $ Co''-)+$ E!%u#i!g that I!!ce!t% a#e

Nt E 7$> d-++e)t-)J$9 . I".at 419 IOCo))or> 7$> *o)*rr-)J I8ot-) Re,)8-+t> C7$> .aor-ty at 416J$10 . I".at 420$ T,e Cort e?;'a-)+ t,at a de(e)da)t w,o .a5e+ a ;ro;er +,ow-) o(

actual i!!ce!ce .ay ,ae ,-+ (edera' *o)+t-tt-o)a' *'a-. *o)+-dered o) t,e .er-t+

,oweer> tG,-+ r'e $ $ $ -+ ro)ded -) t,e e8-tab'e d-+*ret-o) o( t,e ,abea+ *ort+ to +ee


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200G BEYOND A CONCEIVABLE DOUBT 22#) ot,er word+> by e8at-) a*ta' -))o*e)*e w-t, 'ea' -))o*e)*e>

OCo))or -.;'-*-t'y ree*t+ a)y (-)d-) o( -))o*e)*e .ade -)de;e)de)t'yo( t,e (a*t (-)der+ at t,e tr-a' *ort$ T,-+ -ew +ee.+ e)t-re'y -) a**ord w-t,t,e trad-t-o)a' -ew )der w,-*, *'a-.+ o( -))o*e)*e> -)de;e)de)t o( a)y

te*,)-*a' or ;ro*edra' error+> do )ot *o)+t-tte a *o)+t-tt-o)a' ro)d (ora;;ea'> or at 'ea+t (or ha3ea% c#+u%re-ew$

T,+> t,ere a;;ear+ to be ery '-tt'e ba+-+ ;o) w,-*, to ;red-*t w,et,era)y d-*-a''y*reated *o)+t-tt-o)a' +ta)dard w-'' +oo) e.ere addre++-)t,e .o+t ')erab'e a+;e*t o( t,e deat, ;e)a'tyN)a.e'y> t,e da)er t,ata) -))o*e)t ;er+o) .ay be *o)-*ted ee) -) a tr-a' deo-d o( te*,)-*a'>;ro*edra'> or *o)+t-tt-o)a' error+$

Addre++-) t,at ')erab-'-ty ,a+ t,ere(ore bee) 'e(t to t,e 'e-+'at-ea)d e?e*t-e bra)*,e+ o( +tate a)d (edera' oer).e)t$ A) e?a.;'e o( t,e(or.er .ay be (o)d -) t,e +o*a''ed Ro.)ey B-''> w,-*, wa+ ;e)d-) -)t,e Ma++a*,+ett+ 'e-+'atre -) 200 t,-+ b-'' wo'd re8-ret,at a ry -) a deat, ;e)a'ty *a+e (-)d t,at t,ere -+ )o dobt abot ade(e)da)t+ -'t o( *a;-ta' .rder> a)d re8-re t,at a ry (-)d t,at t,ere -+*o)*'+-e +*-e)t-(-* ;,y+-*a' or ot,er a++o*-at-e e-de)*e rea*,-) a,-, 'ee' o( +*-e)t-(-* *erta-)ty$12#) add-t-o)> t,e Mode' &e)a' Code ,a+ado;ted a ;ro;o+ed ;ro-+-o) t,at wo'd ;er.-t -.;o+-t-o) o( t,e deat,;e)a'ty o)'y -( t,e e-de)*e doe+ )ot (ore*'o+e a'' dobt o( t,ede(e)da)t+ -'t$13T,+ (ar> )o +tate ,a+ ado;ted t,-+ ;ro-+-o)> 14)or ,a+Ma++a*,+ett+ ;a++ed t,e Ro.)ey B-''$1E?a.;'e+ o( t,e 'atter -)*'de=#''-)o-+ :oer)or :eore Rya)+ .orator-. o) e?e*t-o)+ e((e*t-e7a)ary 31> 2000> ba+ed o) a) e?e*t-e (-)d-) t,at t,e ;ro*edre+ (or-.;o+-) t,e deat, ;e)a'ty were ()da.e)ta''y ('awed -) t,at +tate16

-r-)-a :oer)or Mar5 War)er+ order o( a *o.;'ete ad-t o( t,e *r-.e'aboratory -) t,at +tate1 a *'a-. o( a*ta'

-))o*e)*e -+ )ot -t+e'( a *o)+t-tt-o)a' *'a-.> bt -)+tead a ateway t,ro, w,-*, a ,abea+

;et-t-o)er .+t ;a++ to ,ae ,-+ ot,erw-+e barred *o)+t-tt-o)a' *'a-. *o)+-dered o) t,e

.er-t+$I".11 $ H$R$ 111> 1t, Le$ IMa$ 200 Le-+'at-e Tra*5-)

"y+te. I200 ,tt;=//www$.a++$o/'e-+/1 ,-+tory/,0111$,t.$16 $ C,ar'e+ "$ La)-er K 7a.e+ R$ A*5er> Ca+ital 6u!i%h:e!t, the M#at#iu:

M'e:e!t, a!" E:+i#ical Que%ti!%$ L*i!g Be2!" I!!ce!ce, Race, a!" Ba" La42e#i!g

i! Death 6e!alt2 Ca%e%> 10 &"YCHOL$ &%B$ &OLYL$


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226 CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CONFINEMENT o'$ 34=221Ca;-ta' &)-+,.e)t> w,-*, +et (ort, a ;ro;o+ed brde) o( +,ow-) t,eab+e)*e o( a)y '-)er-) or re+-da' dobt -) deat, ;e)a'ty *a+e+$1

Mea)w,-'e> t,ere ,a+ bee) a ('rry -) re*e)t year+ o( +*,o'ar'y art-*'e+a)d *o..-++-o) ;ro;o+a'+ ado*at-) a ,e-,te)ed +ta)dard o( ;roo( -)

deat, ;e)a'ty *a+e+> ra)-) (ro. E'-abet, 7).a)+ ;ro;o+ed beyo)da'' dobt>197de Leo)ard "a)d+ beyo)d a'' ;o++-b'e dobt>20 to t,eaboe .e)t-o)ed Ma++a*,+ett+ :oer)or+ Co)*-' o) Ca;-ta'&)-+,.e)t$21T,at +*, ;ro;o+a'+ (or e),a)*ed brde)+ o( ;roo( -) deat,;e)a'ty *a+e+ .ay -)deed be +er-) to b')t t,e .o+t -r'e)t *,a''e)e+to t,e deat, ;e)a'ty -t+e'( o) *o)+t-tt-o)a'> .ora'> a)d et,-*a' ro)d+ -+e-de)*ed by re*e)t ,eated> +*,o'ar'y ba*5'a+, to t,e+e ;ro;o+a'+$ T,-+;r;ort+ to +,ow t,e (a''a*y o( a (oo';roo( +y+te.> *o)te)d-) t,at awor5ab'e )o dobt or (oo';roo( +y+te. -+ a) -''+-o) $ $ $ -.;o++-b'ye?;e)+-e a)d a ,o;e'e++ brde) o) ;ro+e*tor+$22

or e?a.;'e> :reta &ro*tor ;er+a+-e'y *-te+ a ).ber o( *a+e+ -)w,-*, +;;o+ed'y -rre(tab'e +*-e)t-(-* e-de)*e> -)*'d-) D!A e-de)*e>

wa+ 'ater +,ow) to ,ae 'ead to -)*orre*t (a*ta' *o)*'+-o)+ or de(-ed t,ee?;ert+ o;-)-o)+ o( a) ade)t-t-o+ ID!AJ .at*, a+ o)e -) 3$ b-''-o)$ 23

&ro*tor a++ert+ t,at )Go e-de)*e -+ (oo';roo($ $ $ $ -G)e-tab'y> ee) t,e.o+t )(a-'-) +*-e)t-(-* e-de)*e (a-'+ +o.e o( t,e t-.e$24or t,at rea+o)>&ro*tor *o)*'de+> t,at ;er,a;+ we .+t +-.;'y -e ; o) t,e deat,;e)a'ty e?;er-.e)t a'toet,er a)d tG,e ;rob'e.+ -),ere)t -) *a;-ta';)-+,.e)t are )ot re+o'ab'e t,ro, a)y re(or.+$2

W,-'e -t -+ )dobted'y tre> +tr-*t'y +;ea5-)> t,at )o e-de)*e -+

S2%te:, the Fcu% ! Ref#:, a!" the I!te#!ati!al Fact#> 42 :O!$ L$ RE$ 211> 24

I200 #!AL RE&ORT 22

I2004J> ,tt;=//www$'aw'-b$+tate$.a$+/do*+/304:oer)or+re;ort*a;-ta';)-+,.e)t$;d($19

$ 7).a)>%u+#a )ote 6> at 10991$20 $ Leo)ard B$ "a)d K Da)-e''e L$ Ro+e>Rei!'ig#ati!g the 5u#2$ 6#f Be2!" All

6%%i3le Du3t$ I% The#e a Nee" f# a 9ighe# Bu#"e! f 6#f )he! the Se!te!ce Ma2 3e

Death=> 13%u+#a )ote 1> at 22$22 $ :reta &ro*tor> Ree'aluati!g Ca+ital 6u!i%h:e!t$ The Fallac2 f a Fl+#f

S2%te:, the Fcu% ! Ref#:, a!" the I!te#!ati!al Fact#> 42 :O!$ L$ RE$ 211> 24049

I200


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200G BEYOND A CONCEIVABLE DOUBT 22 +*, a+ '-(e -) ;r-+o)$ #) t,-+ reard> -t -+ -)+tr*t-e tota5e )ote o( a ;et-t-o) +-)ed -) May 200< by 310 '-(er+ -) t,e #ta'-a);r-+o) +y+te. w,o ;re(erred t,e ;e)a'ty o( deat, oer '-(e -) ;r-+o) a)dde.a)ded t,at t,e deat, ;e)a'ty be re-)trod*ed a+ a) a'ter)at-e to w,att,ey *o)+-dered to be t,e .*, .ore +eere a)d *re' +e)te)*e o( '-(e -);r-+o)$26

Add-t-o)a''y> +o.e w,o o;;o+e a ,-,er brde) o( ;roo( -) deat,;e)a'ty *a+e+ .ay ,ae a ,-dde) ae)da o( o;;o+-) t,e deat, ;e)a'ty -)a)y (or.$ &re+.ab'y> +*, o;;o+-t-o) re+t+ o) t,e t,eory t,at by+;;ort-) a)y atte.;t to e),a)*e -t+ (a-r)e++> t,ey )der.-)e t,e-rar.e)t (or tota' abo'-t-o)$ A'ter)at-e'y> -t .ay be rea+o)ab'e to ++;e*tt,at t,o+e w,o +;;ort a ,-,er brde) o( ;roo( ,ae a ,-dde) ae)da o(.a-)ta-)-) t,e deat, ;e)a'ty by addre++-) -t+ *,-e( ')erab-'-ty a)dt,ereby .a5-) -t .ore ;a'atab'e$

Debate w-'' *o)t-)e to rae -) t,-+ *o)try oer w,et,er t,e deat,;e)a'ty +,o'd eer be -.;o+ed>2 bt*o)de.)+ t,e ;ra*t-*e a+ )wort,y o( a)y *--'-ed +o*-ety$2!eert,e'e++>t,ere ,a+ a'way+ bee) a 'are ;er*e)tae o( t,e A.er-*a) e'e*torate w,obe'-ee t,at t,e deat, ;e)a'ty -+ t,e o)'y +t a)d a;;ro;r-ate ;)-+,.e)t(or t,e .o+t ,e-)o+ o( *r-.e+$ T,e *a+e o( State '. B#g"!29 -''+trate+t,-+ -ew$ #) t,at *a+e> t,e de(e)da)t+ 5-d)a;;ed a yo) -r' a)d too5 ,erto a 'eee w,ere t,ey re;eated'y ra;ed ,er> (or*ed ,er to ;er(or. ora' +e?>

a)d *o)t-)a''y beat ,er w-t, t,e-r (-+t+$ T,e *ort *,ara*ter-ed t,e *r-.ea+ o)e o( );ara''e'ed +aaery a)d brta'-ty$30 T,e yo) -r' ,ad;'eaded (or ,er '-(e a)d (o,t ba*5 re;eated'y dr-) t,e atta*5$Ee)ta''y t,e de(e)da)t ,-t t,e yo) -r' -) t,e ,ead w-t, a br-*5 )t-' ,ebe'-eed +,e wa+ dead$31W,-'e t,ere w-'' a'way+ be t,o+e w,o be'-ee t,ata) a;;ro;r-ate ;)-+,.e)t (or +*, a *r-.e -+ a ter. o( -)*ar*erat-o)>

26 $ C,r-+t-a) ra+er>Ital2 I!:ate% See* Death 6e!alt2> BBC !EW"IROMEJ> May 31>

200 ,tt;=//)ew+$bb*$*o$5/o/;(/(r//2/,-/ero;e/6


8/67


22 CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CONFINEMENT o'$ 34=221t,ere *o)t-)e+ to be a body o( o;-)-o) t,at +t-*e re8-re+ +o.et,-).ore -) ter.+ o( -)d-*at-o) (or a *--'-ed +o*-ety$32

#t -+ t,e ;r;o+e o( t,-+ art-*'e to .a-)ta-) a )etra' +ta)*e o) w,et,ert,e deat, ;e)a'ty a+ ;re+e)t'y -.;o+ed -+ et,-*a'> .ora'> or ee)

*o)+t-tt-o)a'$ Rat,er> -t ;ro*eed+ o) t,e a++.;t-o) t,at t,e deat, ;e)a'ty-+ a (a*t -) t,-rty+-? +tate+>33a)d t,at a+ 'o) a+ -t -+ be-) -.;o+ed> t,ere -+a .ora' -.;erat-e to .a5e -t+ -.;o+-t-o) a+ (a-r a+ ;o++-b'eNreard'e++ o(w,et,er .a5-) -t .ore (a-r wo'd a((e*t a)y ;o'-t-*a' ae)da (or.a-)te)a)*e or abo'-t-o)$ T,e body o( deat, ;e)a'ty r-+;rde)*e -+re;'ete w-t, *o)+-derat-o) o( +*, (a-r)e++ (a*tor+ a+ arb-trar-)e++>34

e)-'e +tat+>3.e)ta' -'')e++ a)d retardat-o)>36 d-+*r-.-)at-o)>33 a)d ry-.;art-a'-ty$39Howeer> t,e (o*+ o( t,-+ art-*'e -+ to a)a'ye t,e ;ro;o+ed+ta)dard+ o( ;roo( -) deat, ;e)a'ty *a+e+ w-t, a (o*+ o) (-)d-) t,e (a-re+ta)d .o+t wor5ab'e +ta)dard$

A(ter a *o.;re,e)+-e re-ew o( t,e ,-+tory o( t,e deat, ;e)a'ty -) &art

##> t,e rat-o)a'e+ (or -t+ -.;o+-t-o) -) &art ###> a br-e( +rey o( -t+*o)+t-tt-o)a' a)d 'e-+'at-e ,-+tory -) &art+ # a)d > a)d a *o.;ar-+o)o( t,e .yr-ad brde)+ o( ;er+a+-o) a;;'-ed -) %$"$ *ort+ -) ;art+ # a)d##> -t -+ ;ro;o+ed t,at a +ta)dard o( beyo)d a *o)*e-ab'e dobt;ro-de+ t,e (a-re+t a)d .o+t wor5ab'e +ta)dard o( ;roo( -) deat, ;e)a'ty*a+e+$

Ree*ted a+ )wor5ab'e a)d -.;ra*t-*ab'e are +*, ;ro;o+ed +ta)dard+

32 . See Robert "te-)b*,> Ref#:i!g Fe"e#al Death 6e!alt2 6#ce"u#e%$ Fu#

M"e%t 6#+%al% t I:+#'e the A":i!i%t#ati! f the Ulti:ate 6e!alt2 > 40 #!D$ L$ RE$9 999 I*-t-) Ca++ R$ ")+te-) K Adr-a) er.e'e> I% Ca+ital 6u!i%h:e!t M#all2

Re>ui#e"= Act%, O:i%%i!%, a!" Life0Life T#a"eff%> "TA!$ L$ RE$ ACT" ABO%T THE DEATH &E!ALTY 1 I200J>

,tt;=//www$deat,;e)a'ty-)(o$or/a*t",eet$;d( ,ere-)a(ter ACT" ABO%T THE DEATH

&E!ALTYG$34 . See, e.g.> Co5er $ :eor-a> 433 %$"$ 4 I19 43 %$"$ 1 I200J At5-)+ $ -r-)-a> 36 %$"$

304 I2002J "ta)(ord $ @e)t*5y> 492 %$"$ 361 I199J$36 . See, e.g.>At*i!%> 36 %$"$ 304 &e)ry $ Ly)a,> 492 %$"$ 302 I199J ord $

Wa-)wr-,t> 4 46 %$"$ 44< I194J &ro((-tt $ 'or-da> 42 %$"$

242 I19


9/67


200G BEYOND A CONCEIVABLE DOUBT 229a+ beyo)d a)y dobt>40beyo)d a'' dobt>41re+-da' dobt>42beyo)da'' ;o++-b'e dobt>43;roo( to a .ora' *erta-)ty> 44 a)d t,e-r ).ero+;ro;o+ed ar-at-o)+> o) ro)d+ t,at )o de*-+-o) eer rea*,ed by ,.a)be-)+ *a) eer .eet +*, a +ta)dard$

Br-a) a)-*, ,a+ +et (ort, t,ree rea+o)+ w,y t,e ;re.-+e o( ry*erta-)ty> ;o) w,-*, t,e )odobt +ta)dard a)d -t+ ).ero+ ;ro;o+edar-at-o)+ are ba+ed> -+ (a'ty=

-r+t> by de+-)> ror+ do )ot ,ear a'' t,e re'ea)t e-de)*e at tr-a'$ T,e

R'e+ o( E-de)*e> (or e?a.;'e> e?*'de ot,erw-+e re'ea)t e-de)*e

t,at t,e tr-a' *ort dee.+ )(a-r'y ;red-*-a'$ "e*o)d> t,e e-de)*e t,at

r-e+ do ,ear> ;art-*'ar'y -) *a;-ta' *a+e+> -+ )ot a'way+ re'-ab'e$ a'+e

*o)(e++-o)+ are )ot )*o..o) a)d ;erry by ;ro+e*t-o) w-t)e++e+ -+

t,e 'ead-) *a+e o( error -) deat, ;e)a'ty *a+e+$ T,-rd> ;eo;'e w-t,

(-r+t,a)d 5)ow'ede o( t,e (a*t+> +*, a+ t,e de(e)da)t a)d

eyew-t)e++e+ to t,e *r-.e> *a) ob-o+'y )ot +ere a+ ror+$4

a)-*, a++ert+ t,at a'' +*, ,e-,te)ed +ta)dard+ o( ;roo( -) deat,

;e)a'ty *a+e+ are t,ere(ore -)e((e*t-e> ar-) t,at aG d-+trb-)'y 'are).ber o( ror+ do )ot ee) )der+ta)d t,e ;rea-'-) rea+o)ab'e dobt+ta)dard>46 a)d wo'd be ee) .ore *o)(+ed -( ;re+e)ted w-t, two

40 . See Marery Ma'5-) @oo+ed> A'e#ti!g Mi%ta*e! E 11 "%OL@ 7$ TR#ALK

A&&$ ADOC$ 221> 229 )$49 I2006JJ I;ro;o+-) t,ree erd-*t+= )ot -'ty> -'ty beyo)d a

rea+o)ab'e dobt> a)d -'ty by ;roo( beyo)d a'' dobt t,e 'a+t be-) re8-red (or a

+e)te)*e o( deat,J$41 . SeeCra- M$ Brad'ey> A ?&e!ui!el2@ M"e%t 6#+%al C!ce#!i!g the Death

6e!alt2> < 2 #!D$ L$7$ 2> 2 %u+#a )ote 40 at 230 )$9J

I;ro;o+-) t,e a;;'-*at-o) o( a )odobt +ta)dard o)'y w,e) t,e de(e)da)t .a-)ta-)+ ,-+-))o*e)*e$ Rea+o)ab'e dobt wo'd be a;;'-ed -( t,e de(e)da)t .a-)ta-)ed t,at ,e wa+ o)'y

-'ty o( a 'e++er o((e)+eJ$42 . MA""$ :OER!OR" CO%!C#L O! CATAL &%!#"HME!T> %u+#a )ote 1> at 22

I;ro;o+-) t,at r-e+ .+t ,ae )o '-)er-) or re+-da' dobt+ o( a de(e)da)t+ -'t

be(ore +e)te)*-) ,-. to deat,J$43 . See ge!e#all2 Leo)ard B$ "a)d K Da)-e''e L$ Ro+e> "y.;o+-.= #>

Rei!'ig#ati!g the 5u#2$ 6#f Be2!" All 6%%i3le Du3t$ I% The#e a Nee" f# a 9ighe#

Bu#"e! f 6#f )he! the Se!te!ce Ma2 3e Death=>


10/67


230 CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CONFINEMENT o'$ 34=221d-((ere)t +ta)dard+No)e (or -'t a)d a)ot,er (or ;)-+,.e)t$ He t,ere(ore*o)*'de+ t,at G't-.ate'y t,e be)e(-t+ o( *a;-ta' ;)-+,.e)t otwe-,t,e .-)-+*'e r-+5 o( e?e*t-) a) -))o*e)t ;er+o)> w,-*, -+ w,y t,e deat,;e)a'ty +,o'd )ot be +be*t to a ,-,er +ta)dard o( ;roo($4 a'' bt e'-.-)at-) t,e *,a)*e t,at a)-))o*e)t ;er+o) .-,t be *o)-*ted$

&art ### a)a'ye+ a)d *,art+ a ).ber o( ,-,;ro(-'e deat, ;e)a'ty*a+e+ -) order to -''+trate ,ow t,e ar-o+ ;ro;o+ed brde)+ o( ;roo( .-,t,ae a((e*ted t,e ot*o.e -) t,o+e *a+e+$ or e?a.;'e> t,e "+a) ".-t,*a+e -+ ;ro-ded a+ a) e?a.;'e o( a *a+e -) w,-*, t,e e-de)*e wo'd ,ae+at-+(-ed a brde) )ot o)'y o( beyo)d a rea+o)ab'e dobt bt a'+o o(beyo)d a *o)*e-ab'e dobt ,oweer> -t wo'd )ot ,ae +at-+(-ed abrde) o( beyo)d a'' dobt$

#) t,at *a+e> "+a) ".-t, wa+ *,ared w-t, .rder-) ,er two yo)+o)+ by 'o*5-) t,e. -) ,er *ar a)d t,e) +e)d-) t,e *ar -)to a 'a5e w,eret,e +o)+ d-ed w,-'e +tra;;ed -)to t,e-r *ar +eat+$ A(ter a) e?te)+-e-)e+t-at-o) a)d +ear*, +,owed )o +-)+ o( t,e *ar> "+a) ".-t, (-)a''y*o)(e++ed t,at +,e ,ad *o..-tted t,e *r-.e a)d d-re*ted t,e +ear*, to t,ee?a*t 'o*at-o) -) t,e 'a5e w,ere t,e *ar +a)5$ O)'y t,e) were t,e ;o'-*eab'e to 'o*ate t,e *ar a)d t,e bod-e+ o( t,e two yo) boy+$4

T,e e-de)*e *o)(-r.-) ,er *o)(e++-o) wa+ t,e (a*t t,at o)'y +,e 5)ewt,e e?a*t 'o*at-o) o( t,e *ar -) t,e 'a5e> w,-*, ,ad a'ready bee) e?te)+-e'y+ear*,ed by ;o'-*e w-t, )o +**e++$ T,-+ *'ear'y +;;orted a (-)d-) o(-'t beyo)d a rea+o)ab'e dobt$ #t -+ +b.-tted t,at +*, e-de)*e wo'da'+o ,ae +;;orted a (-)d-) o( ;roo( beyo)d a *o)*e-ab'e dobt-)a+.*, a+> a'o) w-t, ot,er *o)(-r.atory e-de)*e> t,e 'o*at-o) o( t,e*ar wa+ +o d-((-*'t to (-)d t,at o)'y t,e ;er;etrator> or o)e *o.;'-*-t w-t, a;er;etrator> *o'd 5)ow t,e e?a*t 'o*at-o)$

Howeer> +*, e-de)*e *o'd )ot e'-.-)ate t,e o)e-)ab-''-o) *,a)*et,at +;a*e a'-e)+ ,ad +e)t "+a) .e++ae+ (ro. oter +;a*e -)(or.-) ,er

Juror Comprehension Project, 23 U. MICH. J. L. REFORM 401, 414(1990)).A +tdy (ro. Wyo.-) (o)d t,at oer 1S o( ror+ be'-eed t,at t,ey +,o'd*o)-*t w,e) t,ere wa+ a better t,a) 00 *,a)*e o( t,e de(e)da)t+ -'t$ I". I*-t-)

Brad'ey "a?to)> o! "ell Do Jurors Understand Jury Instructions? A#ield $est Using Real Juries and Real $rials in "yoming, 33 LAND&WATER L. REV. 59, 99 (1998)).Ha'( o( t,e +be*t+ o( a 'or-da +tdy d-d )ot)der+ta)d w,o ,ad t,e brde) o( ;roo(> be'-e-) de(e)da)t wa+ re8-red to ;roe ,-+

-))o*e)*e$I".I*-t-) Da-d %$ "traw) K Ray.o)d W$ B*,a)a)>Jury Confusion% A

$hreat to Justice?, 59 JUDICATURE48, 481 (19!)).4< $ a)-*,>%u+#a)ote 40> at 239$4 . La42e# Sa2% Mthe# )ill Face Death 6e!alt2 i! D#4!i!g f S!%> !$Y$ T#ME">

7a)$ 16> 199> at 10$


11/67


200G BEYOND A CONCEIVABLE DOUBT 231o( t,e 'o*at-o) o( t,e *ar> or t,at *o)+;-rator+ ,ad *o)+tr*ted a) e?a*tre;'-*a o( t,e *ar *o.;'ete w-t, *'o)e+ o( t,e dead boy+ a)d de;o+-ted t,e.at t,at e?a*t 'o*at-o) -) t,e 'a5e -) order to (ra.e ,er$ Beyo)d all dobt-+ +-.;'y a) -.;o++-b'e +ta)dard to a*,-ee$

T,e 5-''-) o( Lee Harey O+wa'd by 7a*5 Rby>

49

w-t)e++ed by.-''-o)+ o( A.er-*a)+ o) '-e te'e-+-o) -) 1963> -+ a +-tat-o) -) w,-*,>,ad t,e *a+e o)e to tr-a'> t,e e-de)*e wo'd +re'y ,ae +at-+(-ed abrde) o( bot, beyo)d a rea+o)ab'e dobt a)d beyo)d a *o)*e-ab'edobt$ Ee) -) t,at *a+e> ,oweer> t,e e-de)*e *o'd )ot ,ae .et abrde) o( beyo)d all dobt -)a+.*, a+ -t *o'd )ot ;re*'de t,e;o++-b'e t,o, )'-5e'y ee)t t,at t,e -deo o( t,e 5-''-) wa+ -) (a*t+taed -) order to (ra.e Rby> a)d t,at a a+t *o)+;-ra*y o( Da''a+ ;o'-*eo((-*er+ a)d oer).e)t o((-*-a'+ or*,e+trated t,e (ra.e$

#)deed> t,o+e w,o .-,t ;ro(e++ t,at at 'ea+t t,-+ o)e *a+e .-,t .eet a+ta)dard o( beyo)d a'' dobt .-,t *o)+-der t,e (a*t t,at a 'are ).bero( A.er-*a)+ ;er+-+t -) be'-e-) t,at t,e -deo ta;e+ o( t,e .oo) 'a)d-)were (a5e+> a)d t,at )o o)e -) (a*t 'a)ded o) t,e .oo)$ 0 By way o(a)a'oy> -t .-,t be +a-d t,at -t -+ beyo)d a *o)*e-ab'e dobt t,atA.er-*a)+ 'a)ded o) t,e .oo)> bt )ot beyo)d a'' dobt$

L-5ew-+e> t,e *a+e o( Br)o Ha;t.a))>1 t,e .a) *,ared w-t, t,e5-d)a;;-) o( a-ator C,ar'e+ L-)dber,+ baby> -+ e?a.-)ed a+ a)-''+trat-o) o( a *a+e -) w,-*, t,e +ta)dard o( beyo)d a rea+o)ab'e dobtwa+ rea+o)ab'y +at-+(-ed It,o, ;er,a;+ o)'y bare'yJ> bt w,ere a+ta)dard o( beyo)d a *o)*e-ab'e dobt ,ad -t bee) a;;'-ed> wo'da'.o+t +re'y ,ae re+'ted -) a '-(e +e)te)*e rat,er t,a) deat,$

-)a''y> &art ### +et+ (ort, ;ro;o+ed +ta)dard+ a)d ;ro*edre+ (ora;;'y-) a +ta)dard o( beyo)d a *o)*e-ab'e dobt -) deat, ;e)a'ty*a+e+$

##$ H#"TORYOTHEDEATH&E!ALTY

A$ Ear'y Re(ere)*e+ to t,e Deat, &e)a'ty

T,e ear'-e+t re*orded re(ere)*e+ to t,e deat, ;e)a'ty are (o)d -) t,eA)*-e)t Law+ o( C,-)a a)d a+ (ar ba*5 a+ t,e e-,tee)t, *e)try B$C$ a)dt,e Code o( @-) Ha..rab- o( Baby'o)$ 2T,e o'de+t re*orded deat,

49 $ Rbe)+te-) $ "tate> 40< "$W$2d Bad A+tro)o.y> o? T a)d t,e A;o''o Moo) Hoa?>

,tt;=//www$bada+tro)o.y$*o./bad/t/(o?a;o''o$,t.' I'a+t .od-(-ed A$ > 200 ,tt;=//www$(o+a'-e)+$*o$5/ *o+.-*a;o''o$,t.' I'a+t ;dated "e;t$

12> 2006J Wa+ T,e A;o''o Moo) La)d-) a5eQ> ,tt;=//www$a;()$or/a;()/.oo)$,t. I'a+t

;dated May 13> 200 199


12/67


232 CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CONFINEMENT o'$ 34=221+e)te)*e -) Ey;t -+ +o.e 100 year+ be(ore C,r-+t$3A'+o re*orded -+ t,at-)+tead o( bry-) e?e*ted *r-.-)a'+ t,e Ey;t-a)+ ae t,e-r bod-e+ to t,ebea+t+$4 #) t,e (-(t, *e)try t,e Ro.a) Re;b'-* re*o)-ed +eera'*r-.e+> ;r+a)t to t,e Twe'e Tab'et+> w,-*, warra)ted t,e deat, ;e)a'ty$

T,e+e *r-.e+ -)*'ded ;erry> 5)ow-)'y or .a'-*-o+'y br)-) a ,o+e>a)d t,e w-''(' .rder o( a (ree .a)$ T,e .et,od+ o( -)('-*t-) deat,were o(te) *re' t,e .et,od+ -)*'ded *r*-(-?-o)> drow)-) *r-.-)a'+ at+ea> a)d br-a' a'-e> a.o) ot,er .et,od+$6

B$ T,e Deat, &e)a'ty -) A.er-*a

T,e E)'-+, ;r-.ar-'y -)('e)*ed ear'y A.er-*a) *r-.-)a' 'aw$ t,e E)'-+, 'aw ;re+*r-bed t,e deat, ;e)a'ty(or e-,t .aor *a;-ta' *r-.e+ -)*'d-)G trea+o)> ;etty trea+o) I5-''-) a;er+o) w-t, .a'-*eJ> .rder> 'ar*e)y> robbery> br'ary> ra;e> a)d ar+o)$

#) t,-+ reard> Br-ta-) -)('e)*ed A.er-*a+ +e o( t,e deat, ;e)a'ty.ore t,a) a)y ot,er *o)try$9#) Br-ta-)> t,e ).ber o( *a;-ta' o((e)+e+

-)*rea+ed )t-' t,e 1 deat, wa+ o)'y ;re+*r-bed (or;re.ed-tated .rder> +odo.y> w-t*,*ra(t> ad'tery> -do'atry> b'a+;,e.y>a++a't -) a)er> ra;e> +tattory ra;e> .a)+tea'-)> ;erry -) a *a;-ta' tr-a'>rebe''-o)> .a)+'a,ter> ;o-+o)-) a)d be+t-a'-ty$61 T,e (-r+t re*ordede?e*t-o) -) t,e $ $ $ *o'o)-e+ o**rred -) 160$62

Trad-t-o)a''y> )der E)'-+, 'aw> deat, ;e)a't-e+ were .a)datory$63T,eA.er-*a) *o'o)-e+ ree*ted t,e .a)datory deat, ;e)a'ty -) (aor o( a )ew

3 . I".4 $ 7OH!LA%RE!CE> A H#"TORYOCATAL&%!#"HME!T2 I1963J$

. I".at 3$ #) 4140B

$C

$ t,e (o''ow-) were re*o)-ed a+ *r-.e+ to be ;)-+,edby deat,= ;b'-+,-) '-be'+ a)d -)+'t-) +o)+> (rt-e'y *tt-) or *a+-) to be raed

*ro;+ ra-+ed by ;'ow-)> t,e(t by a +'ae w,o -+ ta5e) -) t,e a*t> *,eat-) by a ;atro) o( ,-+

*'-e)t> w-''(' .rder o( a ;are)t> a)d .a5-) d-+trba)*e+ -) t,e *-ty at )-,t$ I".Dr-)

t,e Re;b'-*> deat, wa+ e)a*ted (or ee) .ore *r-.e+$ T,e deat, ;e)a'ty wa+ abo'-+,ed (or

*-t-e)+ -) 299 B$C$> o)'y to be re+tored aa-) 'ater$I".6 $ "OC#ETY" #!AL "OL%T#O!> %u+#a )ote 2> at 1$ T,e .o+t )otor-o+ deat,

e?e*t-o) -) t,-+ era o**rred -) 399 B$C$ w,e) t,e :ree5 ;,-'o+o;,er "o*rate+ wa+

re8-red to dr-)5 ;o-+o) (or ,ere+y a)d *orr;t-o) o( yot,$ I".at 2$< $ H%:OADAMBEDA%> THEDEATH&E!ALTY #!AMER#CA6 IHo Ada. Beda>

3d ed$ 192J$ $ r.a) $ :eor-a> 40 %$"$ 23> 334 I19 7$> *o)*rr-)J$9 $ "OC#ETY"#!AL"OL%T#O!>%u+#a)ote 2> at 2$60 . I". at 3$61 . I".62 . I". IO((-*-a'+ e?e*ted :eore @e)da'' o( -r-)-a (or +;;o+ed'y ;'ott-) to

betray t,e Br-t-+, to t,e ";a)-+,$J$63 . I".at 10$


13/67


200G BEYOND A CONCEIVABLE DOUBT 233;ra*t-*e d--d-) .rder -)to deree+ o( +er-o+)e++ a)d ra)t-) r-e++o.e +e)te)*-) d-+*ret-o) -) *a;-ta' *a+e+$64 #) 1 t,e d--+-o) o(.rder wa+ (-r+t ;ro;o+ed by t,e Attor)ey :e)era' o( &e))+y'a)-a>W-''-a. Brad(ord> w,o +t-;'ated t,at o)'y (-r+tderee .rder +,o'd be

;)-+,ab'e by deat,$

6

T,+> &e))+y'a)-a )ot o)'y -)trod*ed t,e )ot-o)o( deree+ o( .rder> bt a'+o we)t beyo)d t,e E)'-+, de(-)-t-o) o( t,-+ter. a)d -)*'ded t,e *ateory o( (-r+tderee .rder$66 -r+tderee.rder wa+ de(-)ed a+ -)*'d-) a'' ,o.-*-de+ *o..-tted -) t,e;er;etrat-o) or atte.;t to ;er;etate ar+o)> ra;e> robbery> orbr'ary $ $ $ $6 .o+t +tate+ (o''owed t,ee?a.;'e o( &e))+y'a)-a a)d ado;ted deree+ o( .rder> w-t, t,e deat,;e)a'ty re+ered o)'y (or .rder o( t,e (-r+t deree$6

T,e )-)etee)t, *e)try w-t)e++ed a rowt, -) t,e a)t-deat, ;e)a'ty+e)t-.e)t -) t,e %)-ted "tate+$ ro. 130140 a +er-o+ abo'-t-o)-+t*a.;a-) dee'o;ed -) ;art+ o( t,e !ort,$69Dr-) t,-+ t-.e> t,ree +tate+abo'-+,ed t,e deat, ;e)a'ty$ ra;e a)d

ar+o)> bt )ot ,o.-*-de$I".ro. 160 )t-' 190> twe)ty +tate+ a)d t,e (edera' oer).e)t

ado;ted +-.-'ar ;ra*t-*e+$I".6 . I"$ at 4$66 . I"$6< . I"$ T,-+ -+ 5)ow) a+ t,e (e'o)y .rder r'e$ W-''-a. Brad(ord> t,e Attor)ey

:e)era' o( &e))+y'a)-a> +tated=

A'' .rder> w,-*, +,a'' be ;er;etated by .ea)+ o( ;o-+o)> or by 'y-) -) wa-t> or

by a)y ot,er 5-)d+ o( w-'('> de'-berate a)d ;re.ed-tated 5-''-)> or w,-*, +,a'' be

*o..-tted -) t,e ;er;etrat-o) or atte.;t to ;er;etate ar+o)> ra;e> robbery orbr'ary +,a'' be dee.ed .rder o( t,e (-r+t deree a)d a'' ot,er 5-)d+ o( .rder

+,a'' be dee.ed .rder -) t,e +e*o)d deree$

I".6 . I"$69 . I". at 21$%u+#a)ote 2> at 6$


14/67


234 CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CONFINEMENT o'$ 34=221&e))+y'a)-a wa+ t,e (-r+t +tate to abo'-+, ;b'-* e?e*t-o)+ by ,a)-) -)134$ eery +tate -) !ew E)'a)d a'+o abo'-+,ed;b'-* e?e*t-o)+$%u+#a)ote 2> at 6$ Wa+,-)to) I1913J> Oreo) I1914J> "ot, Da5ota

I191J> !ort, Da5ota I191J> Te))e++ee I191J> Ar-o)a I1916J> M-++or- I191%u+#a)ote at 9$


15/67


200G BEYOND A CONCEIVABLE DOUBT 23Wor'd War 'ed to (-e o( t,e +-? +tate+ re-)+tat-) t,e deat, ;e)a'ty by1920$ Betwee) 191< a)d 19 t,e deat, ;e)a'ty abo'-t-o) .oe.e)t+'owed$

T,ree +tate+ re-)+tated *a;-ta' ;)-+,.e)t (ro. 1919 to 1920$ 6Dr-)

t,-+ t-.e t,ere wa+ a re+re)*e o( t,e +e o( t,e deat, ;e)a'ty$ A.er-*a)+were +((er-) t,ro, t,e :reat De;re++-o) a)d &ro,-b-t-o)$ At t,-+ t-.e.a)y *r-.-)o'o-+t+ be'-eed t,e deat, ;e)a'ty wa+ a )e*e++ary +o*-a'.ea+re$ t,e +e)te)*e o( deat, wa+ -.;o+ed (or trea+o) aa-)+t t,e%)-ted "tate+> (or ;-ra*y> a)d (or .rder w-t,-) t,e (edera' r-+d-*t-o)$

Betwee) 192< a)d 1963 t,e %)-ted "tate+ e?e*ted t,-rty(or ;eo;'e>-)*'d-) two wo.e)$9 #) 1963> -*tor eer+ wa+ ,a)ed (or5-d)a;;-) -) #owa$90"-)*e 1963> o)'y t,ree (edera' e?e*t-o)+ ,ae bee)*arr-ed ot )der t,e edera' Deat, &e)a'ty A*t$91

T,e (re8e)*y o( t,e deat, ;e)a'ty wa+ reate+t betwee) 1930 a)d194092-)deed> 193 +aw a re*ord ).ber o( e?e*t-o)+ w-t, o)e ,)dred)-)etyo)e$93Dr-) t,-+ year> t,ere wa+ a) e?e*t-o) -) t,e %)-ted "tate+a'.o+t eery ot,er day$94A(ter t,e 1930+> t,e deat, ;e)a'ty wa+ e)era''y+ed (or o)'y (-e o((e)+e+= .rder> ra;e> ar.ed robbery> 5-d)a;;-)> a)dbr'ary$9 A't,o, at t,-+ t-.e t,e deat, ;e)a'ty wa+ )ot o) .o+t;eo;'e+ .-)d+> t,e tr-a' o( Et,e' a)d 7'-+ Ro+e)ber ;ro.;ted -t+Gretr) $ $ $ to t,e (ore(ro)t o( ;b'-* atte)t-o)$96

T,e Ro+e)ber tr-a' a)d *o)-*t-o)+ ;ro.;ted a re+re)*e o( debate

. I"$6 . I"$ I+tat-) t,at t,e t,ree +tate+ t,at re-)+tated t,e deat, ;e)a'ty= Wa+,-)to)>

Ar-o)a> a)d Oreo)J$< . 9i%t#2 f the Death 6e!alt2>%u+#a)ote 2$

$ Rory @$ L-tt'e> The Fe"e#al Death 6e!alt2$ 9i%t#2 a!" S:e Thught% A3ut theDe+a#t:e!t f 5u%tice(% Rle> 26 ORDHAM%RB$ L$ 7$ 34 at 36263 I1999J$9 . I". at 1 %$"$ DE&T O 7%"T#CE> CATAL &%!#"HME!T> 200> at 10

I2006J> ,tt;=//www$o;$+do$o/b+/;b/;d(/*;0$;d($93 . I".94 . I".9 $ H%:O ADAM BEDA%> @#LL#!: A" &%!#"HME!T= RELECT#O!" O! THE DEATH

&E!ALTY#!AMER#CA< I2004J$96 . See A)drea ",a;-ro> U!e>ual Bef#e the La4$ Me!, ):e!, a!" the Death

6e!alt2> AM$ %$ 7$ :E!DER"OC$ &OLYK L$ 42 43 I2000J$


16/67


236 CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CONFINEMENT o'$ 34=221oer t,e deat, ;e)a'ty$9 Do*.e)t 46= Te+t-) t,e Deat, &e)a'ty 1961> i!CATAL

&%!#"HME!T#!THE%!#TED"TATE"12023 IBrya) -'a a)d Cy)t,-a Morr-+ ed+$> 199 30 I199J I(-)d-) )ot,-) to (orb-d t,e

-.;o+-t-o) o( t,e deat, +e)te)*e o) o)e w,o -+ +-?tee) or +ee)tee) year+ o'd at t,e t-.e o(

t,e .rderJ &e)ry$ Ly)a,> 492 %$"$ 302> 340 I199J I,o'd-) t,at a ry *o'd *o)+-der

t,e .e)ta' -)*a;a*-ty a+ a .-t-at-) (a*tor a)d t,at t,-+ wa+ e)o, to ;rote*t t,e r-,t+ o(

a de(e)da)t w,o +((ered (ro. .e)ta' -'')e++ or -)*a;a*-tyJ T,o.;+o) $ O5'a,o.a> 4 600 I19


17/67


200G BEYOND A CONCEIVABLE DOUBT 23 be*a+e o(-t+ (-)a'-ty> -+ .ore (eared t,a) -.;r-+o).e)t$104T,e ;)-+,.e)t -+ .ea)tto deter ;ro+;e*t-e .rderer+ w,o are )ot deterred by t,e t,o,t o( '-(e-) ;r-+o)$ Deterre)*e -+ a*,-eed w,e) t,e (ear o( ;)-+,.e)t ;ree)t+t,eG *r-.e$ A**ord-) to t,-+ t,eory> a rat-o)a' ;er+o)> a(ter *o)+-der-)t,e '-5e'-,ood o( a;;re,e)+-o)> t,e +eer-ty o( t,e ;)-+,.e)t> $ $ $ a)d t,e+w-(t)e++ o( -.;o+-) t,e 't-.ate ;e)a'ty> w-'' *,oo+e )ot to e)ae -) t,e*r-.-)a' be,a-or$10

T,ere are two 5-)d+ o( deterre)*e> e)era' a)d +;e*-(-*$ :e)era'deterre)*e -+ +ed to +e+t t,at e?e*t-) .rderer+ w-'' de*rea+e t,e

,o.-*-de rate by *a+-) ot,er ;ote)t-a' .rderer+ )ot to *o..-t .rder(or (ear o( be-) e?e*ted t,e.+e'e+$106 :e)era' deterre)*e -+ t,ere'at-) (or*e t,at t,e t,reat o( ;)-+,.e)t ,a+ o) a'' o( +o*-ety$ 10 The Rle a!" C!%e>ue!ce% f the

Death 6e!alt2 i! A:e#ica! 6litic%> 1 !$Y$%$ RE$ L$ K "OC$ CHA!:E %u+#a )ote 102> at 43 Ie?a.-)-) t,e e*o)o.-* -++e++rro)d-) t,e deat, ;e)a'ty a)d deterre)*eJ$10< . SeeAaro)+>%u+#a)ote 10> at 192$10 . I".


18/67


23 CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CONFINEMENT o'$ 34=221deat, ;e)a'ty .ay +ere a+ a e)era' deterre)t to *r-.e -( a ;ote)t-a'o((e)der 5)ow+ t,at t,e *o)te.;'ated o((e)+e -+ a *a;-ta' *r-.e a)d> de tot,e *erta-)ty o( e?e*t-o)> -+ )w-''-) to e)ae -) t,at *r-.-)a'a*t--ty$109";e*-(-* deterre)*e re'ate+ to t,e (a*t t,at t,e .rderer w,o -+

e?e*ted *a))ot 5-'' aa-)$"-)-(-*a)t'y> t,e ";re.e Cort ,a+ +tated t,at *a;-ta' ;)-+,.e)t *a)be ba+ed o) deterre)*e$ #) egg '. &e#gia> t,e ";re.e Cortdeter.-)ed t,at t,e *o)+t-tt-o)a'-ty o( t,e deat, ;e)a'ty 'are'y re'-e+ o)two obe*t-e+= t,e (-r+t -+ t,e ra.er+ -)te)t> a)d t,e +e*o)d -+ t,e ;b'-*oa'+ o( retr-bt-o) a)d deterre)*e$1107+t-*e W,-te ,a+ ared -) d-++e)tt,at a .a)datory deat, ;e)a'ty -+ a read-'y e((e*t-e way o( a*,-e-)e)era' deterre)*e$111

#) *o)tra+t> 7+t-*e "tee)+> d-++e)t-) -) S+aia! '. Fl#i"aa)d -) t,e;'ra'-ty o;-)-o) o( Th:+%! '. O*lah:a> .a-)ta-)ed t,at deterre)*e*o)+-derat-o)+ a'o)e were )ot a +((-*-e)t ba+-+ (or *arry-) ot a)e?e*t-o)$112He ared t,at t,e +e)te)*er .+t *o)+-der w,et,er t,ere are

.-t-at-) *-r*.+ta)*e+ -) (aor o( a +e)te)*e 'e++ t,a) deat,> a)d t,at t,e+e)te)*er .+t (-)d t,e de(e)da)t .ora''y b'a.ewort,y be(ore -.;o+-) adeat, +e)te)*e$113 7+t-*e "tee)+ +ee.+ to re8-re t,at deat, +e)te)*e++at-+(y +o.e .ea+re o( bot, deterre)*e a)d retr-bt-o)$

Howeer> 7+t-*e+ Bre))a) a)d Mar+,a'' ,ae *o)+-+te)t'y o;;o+ed*a;-ta' ;)-+,.e)t$1147+t-*e Mar+,a'' be'-ee+ t,at t,e deat, ;e)a'ty -+ )o.ore o( a deterre)t to *r-.e t,a) '-(e -.;r-+o).e)t$11He ared t,at t,ere-+ -)+((-*-e)t e.;-r-*a' e-de)*e to ;roe t,at *a;-ta' ;)-+,.e)t -+ abetter deterre)t t,a) ot,er (or.+ o( ;)-+,.e)t$116

Ot,er 7+t-*e+ ,ae ared t,at t,e deterre)t a'e o( *a;-ta' ;)-+,.e)t-+ d-.-)-+,ed w-t,ot a +w-(t -.;o+-t-o) o( ;)-+,.e)t$ 11 46

%$"$ 44 4 46 %$"$ at 4 42 %$"$ at 22 7$> d-++e)t-)J i".at 23141 IMar+,a''>

7$> d-++e)t-)J r.a) $ :eor-a> 40 %$"$ 23> 2 *o)*rr-)J

i".at 314 7$> *o)*rr-)J$ or a) e?te)+-e *o)+-derat-o) o( 7+t-*e+ Bre))a)+

a)d Mar+,a''+ deat, ;e)a'ty r-+;rde)*e a)d t,e ro'e o( -oro+ d-++e)t+> %eeM#CHAEL

MELLO> A:A#!"TTHEDEATH&E!ALTY= THERELE!TLE""D#""E!T"O7%"T#CE"BRE!!A!

A!DMAR"HALLI1996J$11 . Fu#:a!> 40 %$"$ at 3429 IMar+,a''> 7$> *o)*rr-)J$116 . I".11< $ Co;;ede $ %)-ted "tate+> 369 %$"$ 43> 449 I1962J$


19/67


200G BEYOND A CONCEIVABLE DOUBT 239+t-*e +y+te.$11T,e ";re.e Cort ,a+ (o)d t,at t,e deterre)t a'e o(a)y ;)-+,.e)t de;e)d+ o) t,e +;eed w-t, w,-*, t,e +tate ad.-)-+ter+ a+e)te)*e$1197+t-*e "tee)+ deter.-)ed t,at t,e deterre)t e((e*t ,-)e+ o)t,e ;ro.;t)e++ w-t, w,-*, t,e +tate -)('-*t+ t,e ;)-+,.e)t$120De'ay -) t,e

(-)a' d.e)t o( *o)-*t-o)> -)*'d-) a;;e''ate re-ew> )8e+t-o)ab'yerode+ t,e e((-*a*y o( 'aw e)(or*e.e)t$121Howeer> t,e deterre)t a'e o(ee) a +;eed-'y -.;o+ed deat, ;e)a'ty -+ debatab'e$122

#)9a##i% '. Ala3a:a> t,e Cort )oted t,at re+ear*, +td-e+ (a-' to +,owt,at t,e deat, ;e)a'ty ,a+ a deterre)t e((e*t$123T,e Cort (rt,er ;o-)tedot +td-e+ to +,ow *a;-ta' ;)-+,.e)t a*ta''y -)*rea+e+ 'ee'+ o(-o'e)*e$124 #) (a*t> a (-(ty+-? year *o)tro''ed +tdy *o)d*ted -) !ewYor5 reea'ed t,at a) aerae o( two add-t-o)a' ,o.-*-de+ o**rred -) t,e.o)t, (o''ow-) a) e?e*t-o)$12 Ma)y o;;o)e)t+ ;ro;o+e t,e deat,;e)a'ty ,a+ )o deterre)t e((e*t be*a+e -t -+ -.;o+ed +o -)(re8e)t'y a)d+o (rea5-+,'y$126

T,e ";re.e Cort -) egge.;,a+-ed t,at deterre)*e -+ a) -++e (or'e-+'atre+ rat,er t,a) *ort+ a)d r-e+=

T,e a'e o( *a;-ta' ;)-+,.e)t a+ a deterre)t o( *r-.e -+ a *o.;'e?

(a*ta' -++e> t,e re+o't-o) o( w,-*, ;ro;er'y re+t+ w-t, t,e 'e-+'atre+>

w,-*, *a) ea'ate t,e re+'t+ o( +tat-+t-*a' +td-e+ -) ter.+ o( t,e-r ow)

'o*a' *o)d-t-o)+ a)d w-t, a ('e?-b-'-ty o( a;;roa*, t,at -+ )ot aa-'ab'e

to t,e *ort+$12 .a)y ;ro;o)e)t+ (ee' t,e deat, ;e)a'ty -+ )o 'o)er a deterre)t to*r-.e> bt rat,er a +t ;)-+,.e)t -) re*e)t year+> t,e a;;ea' o(deterre)*e ,a+ bee) +;;'a)ted by a (ra)5 de+-re (or w,at +o*-etyG +ee+ a++t e)ea)*e$12

11 . See 7+t-*e Lew-+ &owe''> C::e!ta#2$ Ca+ital 6u!i%h:e!t> 102 HAR$ L$ RE$

103> 103 I199J$119 $ Co'e.a) $ Ba'5*o)> 41 %$"$ 949> 92 I191J$120 . C++e"ge> 369 %$"$ at 449$121 . I".122 $ Harr-+ $ A'aba.a> 13 %$"$ 04> 23 )$9 I199J$123 . I".124 . I".12 . SeeW-''-a. 7$ Bower+ K :'e)) L$ &-er*e> Dete##e!ce # B#utaliati!$ )hat I%

the Effect f E 26 CR#MEDEL#!U$ 43> 41 I190J$126 $ A'e? @o-)+5 K "et, :a''ae,er-> Death$ The Ulti:ate Ru!0O! Se!te!ce> 46

CA"EW$ RE"$ L$ RE$ 1> 2 I199J$12< . :re $ :eor-a> 42 %$" 13> 16 I19 40 %$"$

23> 4030 I19 Ca+ital 6u!i%h:e!t &ai!i!g Fa'# A% 6u3lic See*% Ret#i3uti! >

CORRECT#O!"TODAY> A$ 1990> 1 1


20/67


240 CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CONFINEMENT o'$ 34=221B$ Retr-bt-o)

T,e ;r-)*-;'e o( retr-bt-o) +e+t+ t,at a .rderer +,o'd be e?e*tedbe*a+e ,e or +,e de+ere+ or ,a+ ear)ed t,e +e)te)*e o( deat,$129or+o.e> retr-bt-o) -+ +t-*e (or t,e *r-.e+ t,at were )ot deterred=

Retr-bt-o) $ $ $ -+ a*,-eed w,e) t,e o((e)der re*e-e+ ;)-+,.e)t -)

;ro;ort-o) to t,e ,ar. t,at t,ey ,ae *a+ed$ Ad,ere)t+ to t,e

retr-bt-e t,eory o( ;)-+,.e)t *o)te)d t,at +o*-ety ,a+ a) -)tere+t -)

e)+r-) t,e ;)-+,.e)t o( o((e)der+$ T,e obe*t-e o( retr-bt-o) -+ to

re+tore ;ea*e o( .-)d to +o*-ety a)d to e'-.-)ate ;r-ate e)ea)*e$ $ $ $

A) add-t-o)a' rat-o)a'e (or t,e t,eory o( retr-bt-o) -+ t,at -) 5-''-)

a)ot,er> t,e .rderer ,a+ (or(e-ted ,-+ r-,t to *o)t-)e '--)$ T,e

deat, ;e)a'ty a*,-ee+ -t+ retr-bt-e ()*t-o) by -.;o+-) t,e 't-.ate

;)-+,.e)t (or t,e 't-.ate -o'at-o) o( a ;er+o)$130

T,ere are two *ateor-e+ o( retr-bt-o)= t,e (-r+t e8ate+ t,e *r-.e w-t,t,e ;)-+,.e)t> t,e +e*o)d ,a+ a ;)-+,.e)t -) d-re*t ;ro;ort-o) to t,e

*r-.e$

131

T,e (-r+t *ateory ,a+ -t+ ba+e -) +*, re'--o+ a'e+ a+ le .ore *o..o)'y 5)ow) a+ a) eye (or a) eye$G132&ro;o)e)t+ o(t,-+ t,eory (ee' -t -+ .ore tra-* (or t,e -))o*e)t to 'o+e t,e-r '-(e t,a) (ort,e +tate to ta5e t,e '-(e o( a *r-.-)a' *o)-*ted o( a *a;-ta' o((e)+e$ 133

Bot, t,e O'd Te+ta.e)t a)d t,e !ew Te+ta.e)t 8ote t,e Lord a+ +ay-)>e)ea)*e -+ .-)e> # w-'' re;ay$134T,-+ *o'd read a+ t,o, t,e Lordw-'' -)('-*t t,e ;)-+,.e)t> bt t,e !ew Te+ta.e)t a''ow+ t,e +tate toe?e*te *r-.-)a'+ -) t,e )a.e o( :od> +tat-)> #G( yo do wro) be a(ra-d>(or t,e at,or-tyG doe+ )ot bear t,e +word -) a-) ,e -+ t,e +era)t o( :odto e?e*te ,-+ wrat, o) t,e wro)doer$13 A**ord-) to t,e B-b'e> t,eat,or-ty to ;)-+, *o.e+ (ro. :od$136T,e +e*o)d *ateory> ;ro;ort-o)a'retr-bt-o)> re8-re+ t,at t,e +eer-ty o( ;)-+,.e)t be ;ro;ort-o)a' to t,e+eer-ty o( t,e *r-.e$13 C!fe%%i!% f a Ret#i3uti%t> "OC$ ACT#O! K THE LAW9> 161%u+#a )ote 10> at 19293$131 $ O)e ob+erer ,a+ +e+ted t,at t,ere are )-)e ;,-'o+o;,-*a' +t-(-*at-o)+ t,at are

-)*'ded w-t,-) t,e *o)*e;t o( retr-bt-o)$ See ge!e#all2 7o,) Cott-),a.> Va#ietie% f

Ret#i3uti!> 29 &H#L$ U$ 23 I19 A!EYEORA!EYEQ THEMORAL#TYO&%!#"H#!:

BYDEATH 12 %$ BR#T$ COL%M$ L$ RE$ 29> 31016 I19%u+#a)ote Error= Re(ere)*e +or*e )ot (o)d>at 30$134 . R:a!% 12=19%ee al% Deute#!:232=3 ITo .e be'o)et, e)ea)*e a)d

re*o.;e)*e $ $ $ $J$13 . R:a!%13=1$136 . I".13< . SeeAaro)+>%u+#a)ote 10> at 193$


21/67


200G BEYOND A CONCEIVABLE DOUBT 241a)d t,e-r at,or-ed ;)-+,.e)t+$13

T,e ";re.e Cort -) egg(o)d t,at w,-'e retr-bt-o) -+ )o 'o)ert,e ;r-.ary obe*t-e o( t,e *r-.-)a' 'aw> -t -+ )ot a (orb-dde) obe*t-e$ 139

T,e Cort (e't t,at *a;-ta' ;)-+,.e)t .-,t be t,e a;;ro;r-ate +a)*t-o) -)

e?tre.e *a+e+ be*a+e -t -+ a) e?;re++-o) o( t,e *o..)-ty+ be'-e( t,at*erta-) *r-.e+ are t,e.+e'e+ +o r-eo+ t,at t,e o)'y ade8ate re+;o)+e.ay be t,e ;e)a'ty o( deat,$140Howeer> o;;o)e)t+ are t,at a 'e)t,ya)d +eere -)*ar*erat-o) (o''owed by e?e*t-o) o( a deat, +e)te)*e .ay beoer'y retr-bt-e$141 A't,o, retr-bt-o) -+ ('(-''ed> t,e deterre)t (a*torra-+e+ +o.e 8e+t-o)+$

T,e Cort (o)d t,at a)y add-t-o)a' deterre)t a'e o( a +ee)tee)yearde'ay (o''owed by e?e*t-o)> a+ *o.;ared w-t, a +ee)tee)year de'ay(o''owed by '-(e -.;r-+o).e)t> +ee.ed .-)-.a'$142#) *o)tra+t> t,e Cort -)Fu#:a! deter.-)ed t,at t,e oerw,e'.-) ).ber o( *r-.-)a'+ w,o*o..-t *a;-ta' *r-.e+ a)d o to ;r-+o) doe+ )ot .ea) t,at deat, +ere+ t,e;r;o+e o( retr-bt-o) .ore e((e*t-e'y t,a) '-(e -.;r-+o).e)t$143

O;;o+-t-o) to t,e t,eory o( retr-bt-o) -+ ba+ed o) .ora' ro)d+$

144

O;;o)e)t+ are t,at '-(e -+ +a*red a)d 5-''-) -+ a'way+ wro)> w,et,er -t-+ do)e by t,eG -)d--da' or by t,e +tate$14 #t doe+ +o.et,-) a'.o+twor+e t,a) 'ower-) t,e +tate to t,e .ora' 'ee' o( t,e *r-.-)a'= -t ra-+e+ t,e*r-.-)a' to .ora' e8a'-ty w-t, t,e +o*-a' order$146T,e A.er-*a) C--'L-bert-e+ %)-o) aree+> +tat-)> *a;-ta' ;)-+,.e)t -+ a barbar-* re.)a)to( )*--'-ed +o*-ety$ #t -+ -..ora' -) ;r-)*-;'e> a)d )(a-r> ra*-+t a)dd-+*r-.-)atory -) ;ra*t-*e$ A+ a re.edy (or *r-.e -t ,a+ )o ;r;o+e a)d )oe((e*t$14 C#uel 6u!i%h:e!t a!" Re%+ect f# 6e#%!%$ Su+e# Due

6#ce%% f# Death> 3 "$ CAL$ L$ RE$ 1143> 11669 I190J$ Mararet 7a)e Rad-) ,a+

+-.-'ar'y d--ded retr-bt-o) -)to ;rote*t-e retr-bt-o) a)d a++a't-e retr-bt-o)$ See

i". &rote*t-e retr-bt-o) -+ .o+t a)a'oo+ to ;ro;ort-o)a' retr-bt-o)> w,-'e a++a't-e

retr-bt-o) e.;,a+-e+ t,e le< tali!i%a+;e*t o( retr-bt-o)$ See i".139 $ :re $ :eor-a> 42 %$"$ 13> 13 I19 104 )V I199J I"tee)+> 7$> re+;e*t-) de)-a' o(

*ert-orar-J I*-t-) &eo;'e $ A)der+o)> 493 &$2d 0> 94 ICa'$ 19 304 I19


22/67


242 CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CONFINEMENT o'$ 34=221T,e ";re.e Cort -)9e##e#a '. Clli!%)oted t,at *G'a-.+ o( a*ta'

-))o*e)*e ba+ed o) )ew'y d-+*oered e-de)*e ,ae )eer bee) ,e'd to+tate a ro)d (or (edera' ,abea+ *or;+ re'-e( ab+e)t a) -)de;e)de)t*o)+t-tt-o)a' -o'at-o) o**rr-) -) t,e )der'y-) +tate *r-.-)a'

;ro*eed-)$

14

T,-+ ob+erat-o) -+ *o)(-r.ed by t,e data (o)d -) (-re 2be'ow> w,-*, +,ow+ t,e .o+t *o..o) ba+e+ (or t,e reer+a' o( deat,;e)a'ty *a+e+$

T,e deat, ;e)a'ty -+ a) -rreo*ab'e +e)te)*e$ T,ere -+ +o.e e-de)*et,at .-+ta5e+ ,ae bee) .ade w,e) ;eo;'e ,ae bee) +e)te)*ed todeat,$149 A**ord-) to t,e Deat, &e)a'ty #)(or.at-o) Ce)ter> (ortytwo;eo;'e ,ae bee) (o)d -))o*e)t a)d re'ea+ed (ro. deat, row +-)*e"e;te.ber 2000$10Howeer> t,-+ ).ber doe+ )ot d-((ere)t-ate betwee)t,o+e w,o are a*ta''y -))o*e)t a)d t,o+e w,o are 'ea''y -))o*e)t$ 11

!or do t,e+e (-re+> ee) -( a'-d> rebt t,e (a*t t,at t,e a+t .aor-ty o(deat, ;e)a'ty *a+e+ t,at are retr-ed re+'t -) -'ty erd-*t+$

#:%RE 2

12

&ro;o)e)t+ are t,at t,e *'a-.+ o( -))o*e)*e by t,o+e w,o ,ae bee)re'ea+ed (ro. deat, row are ba+ed o) 'ea' te*,)-*a'-t-e+> a)d )ot a*ta'-))o*e)*e$13T,ey (ee' t,e+e ,y;ot,et-*a' *'a-.+ o( -))o*e)*e are .ere'y

14 $ Herrera $ Co''-)+> 06 %$"$ 390> 400 I1993J$149 $ Deat, &e)a'ty #)(o$ Ctr$> E 200 A#gu:e!t% f# a!" Agai!%t the

Death 6e!alt2> 2000> ,tt;=//deat,;e)a'ty*rr-*'.$or/tea*,er/*/abot/ar.e)t+/ar.e


23/67


200G BEYOND A CONCEIVABLE DOUBT 243de'ay ta*t-*+ to ;t o(( e?e*t-o) a+ 'o) a+ ;o++-b'e$ 14Howeer> w-t, t,eway or *ort +y+te. o;erate+ today> t,ere are .a)y +a(ety )et+ -) t,e (or.o( a;;ea'+ I+ee *,art be'owJ$ A+ ,a+ bee) ob+ered> -G.;r-+o)-)-))o*e)t ;eo;'e -+ a'+o wro)> bt we *a))ot e.;ty t,e ;r-+o)+ be*a+e o(

t,-+ .-)-.a' r-+5$

1

#:%RE 316

#:%RE 41 4 7%D#CAT%RE

64> 6< I2000J$


24/67


244 CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CONFINEMENT o'$ 34=221

D$ T,e "a(ety o( "o*-ety

T,e ";re.e Cort -)Fu#:a! '. &e#gia+tated t,at t,e deat, ;e)a'ty+ere+ to .a)-(e+t t,e *o..)-ty+ otrae at t,e *o..-++-o) o( t,e*r-.e$1T,e deat, ;e)a'ty e?ert+ a w-de+;read .ora'--) -)('e)*e ;o)*o..)-ty a'e+$19

#t -+ a'+o +ee) a+ +at-+(y-) t,e ;o;'ar de.a)d (or r-eo+*o)de.)at-o) o( ab,orre)t *r-.e+ a)d t,+ ;ree)t+ d-+order> 'y)*,-)>a)d atte.;t+ by ;r-ate *-t-e)+ to ta5e t,e 'aw -)to t,e-r ow) ,a)d+$ 160

T,-+ (ee'-) wa+ aa-) ado;ted -) t,e eggde*-+-o)$161T,e Cort +tatedt,at *a;-ta' ;)-+,.e)t -+ a) e?;re++-o) o( +o*-ety+ .ora' otrae at;art-*'ar'y o((e)+-e *o)d*t$162A't,o, t,-+ ()*t-o) .ay be +ee) a+)a;;ea'-)> -t -+ e++e)t-a' -) a) ordered +o*-ety t,at a+5+ -t+ *-t-e)+ to re'yo) 'ea' ;ro*e++e+ rat,er t,a) +e'(,e'; to -)d-*ate t,e-r wro)+$163 T,e

+tate ,a+ t,e at,or-ty to de(e)d -t+ *-t-e)+ (ro. -o'e)*e a)d *r-.e$ #t+.-++-o) -+ to ;ro.ote +t-*e a)d t,e ood o( -t+ ;eo;'e$ #t doe+ t,-+ by;)-+,-) t,e *r-.-)a'$

#$ %$"$ CO!"T#T%T#O!AL7%R#"&R%DE!CE

A$ E-,t, A.e)d.e)t

#) 1 Co)re++ rat-(-ed t,e E-,t, A.e)d.e)t to t,e %)-ted "tate+Co)+t-tt-o) a)d t,ereby *od-(-ed t,e ;ro,-b-t-o) aa-)+t *re' a)d )+a'

1 $ r.a) $ :eor-a> 40 %$"$ 23> 303 I19 :eor-a> 42 %$"$ 13> 13 I19


25/67


200G BEYOND A CONCEIVABLE DOUBT 24;)-+,.e)t$164T,e -dea be,-)d t,-+ ;ro,-b-t-o) or--)ated (ro. t,e E)'-+,B-'' o( R-,t+ o( 169$16A+ or--)a''y *o)*e-ed> t,e Cre' a)d %)+a'&)-+,.e)t C'a+e wa+ -)ter;reted d-((ere)t'y t,a) -t -+ today$ T,e C'a+ewa+ or--)a''y -)te)ded to ;rote*t ;eo;'e (ro. t,e .o+t barbar-* a)d

e?*e++-e (or.+ o( ;)-+,.e)t +*, a+ d-+e.bowe'.e)t> ;b'-*d-++e*t-o)> be,ead-) a)d br)-)$166 #t a'+o ;ro-ded ;rote*t-o) aa-)+ta'' ;)-+,.e)t+ w,-*,> by t,e-r 'e)t, or +eer-ty> were reat'yd-+;ro;ort-o)ate to t,e o((e)+e *,ared$16 t,e (-r+t d-*-a' o;-)-o) -) t,e %)-ted "tate+ o) t,e Cre' a)d%)+a' &)-+,.e)t C'a+e wa+ ,a)ded dow) by t,e ";re.e Cort o(Error -) Co))e*t-*t$16#) t,at *a+e> t,e *ort> (o''ow-) t,e de(e)da)t+*o)te)t-o) t,at t,e a**.'at-o) o( ;r-+o) t-.e wa+ -''ea' a)d *re'>ree*ted ,-+ ar.e)t$169 W,-'e t,ere were o)'y twe)ty ot,er re;ortedo;-)-o)+ dea'-) w-t, t,-+ *o)*e;t ;r-or to 1 t,e (a*t t,at t,ey were+*attered oer (ortee) d-((ere)t r-+d-*t-o)+ -+ e-de)*e t,at t,e;ro,-b-t-o) aa-)+t *re' a)d )+a' ;)-+,.e)t wa+ w-de'yre*o)-ed$1 a) E)'-+, trea+o) tr-a' -) 16$ I".at 34$ Dr-) t,-+ tr-a'> ,)dred+ o( ;eo;'e

were 5-''ed (or t,e-r a''eed trea+o)+> -)*'d-) .a)y w,o *'a-.ed t,ey were )ot -'ty$ I".166 . SeeMatt,ew 7$ :-a*obbe> C!%tituti!al La4Eighth A:e!":e!tA 6#i%!e#

Mu%t 6#'e That 6#i%! Official% Acte" )ith Deli3e#ate I!"iffe#e!ce t C!fi!e:e!t

C!"iti!% f# Such t C!%titute C#uel a!" U!u%ual 6u!i%h:e!tW-'+o) $ "e-ter> S.

Ct. / ?--@> 22 "ETO!HALLL$ RE$ 10> 10 I1992J$16< . See,e.g.> @r-+t-)a E$ Beard>Fi'e U!"e# the Eighth$ Meth"lg2 Re'ie4 a!" the

C#uel a!" U!u%ual 6u!i%h:e!t% Clau%e> 1 %$ M#AM#L$ RE$ 44> 4499 I199 THE CO!CE&T O CR%EL A!D %!%"%AL

&%!#"HME!T9 ID$C$ Heat, a)d Co.;a)y 19 32 %$"$ I< &et$J 469 I133J Barro) $

Ba't-.ore> 32 %$"$ I< &et$J 243 I133JJ$1 1011 I191J %,ba)5+ $

Ar.+tro)> 20 %$"$ 41> 4< I190J O!e-' $ er.o)t> 144 %$"$ 323> 332 I192J


26/67


246 CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CONFINEMENT o'$ 34=221";re.e Cort de*-+-o) to *o)+-der t,e re'at-o)+,-; betwee) t,e E-,t,a)d ortee)t, A.e)d.e)t+ wa+ I! #e e::le#de*-ded -) 190$1 ;ea*e> .ora'+> ed*at-o)> a)d ood order$1 t,e Cort d-d )ot -e -t .*, *o)+-derat-o)$1 t,e de(e)da)t +o,t to ;ree)t Lo-+-a)a (ro. a+e*o)d atte.;t to e'e*tro*te ,-.> a+ t,e (-r+t atte.;t ,ad bee))+**e++(' de to .e*,a)-*a' (a-'re$ 7+t-*e Reed> wr-t-) (or t,e.aor-ty> +tated t,at -o'at-o)+ o( E-,t, A.e)d.e)t wo'd be -o'at-eo( t,e De &ro*e++ C'a+e o( t,e ortee)t, A.e)d.e)t$10Two year+'ater> t,e Cort o( A;;ea'+ (or t,e T,-rd C-r*-t ,e'd t,at t,e Cre' a)d%)+a' &)-+,.e)t C'a+e wa+ -)*or;orated -)to t,e De &ro*e++C'a+e$11T,e *ort +tated> wGe are o( t,e o;-)-o) t,at t,e r-,t to be (ree(ro. *re' a)d )+a' ;)-+,.e)t at t,e ,a)d+ o( a "tate -+ a+ ba+-* a)d()da.e)ta' a o)e a+ t,e r-,t o( (reedo. o( +;ee*, or (reedo. o(re'--o)$12

#) 192> 7+t-*e Do'a+ +tated= t,e -)('-*t-o) o( *re' a)d )+a';)-+,.e)t+ aa-)+t t,e *o..a)d o( t,e E-,t, A.e)d.e)t -+ a -o'at-o)o( t,e De &ro*e++ C'a+e o( t,e ortee)t, A.e)d.e)t> w,et,er t,at*'a+e be *o)+tred a+ -)*or;orat-) t,e e)t-re B-'' o( R-,t+ or o)'y +o.eo( -t+ ara)t-e++-*G$13 T,+> -t *a.e a+ )o +,o*5 -) 1962 w,e) t,e

E-'e)be*5er $ &'y.ot, Co)ty> 134 %$"$ 31> 313 I190J &erear $ Co..o)wea't,> 4446 I190J$1 1 2 I3d C-r$ 1949J$12 . I".at 2$13 $ "wee)ey $ Wooda''> 344 %$"$ 6> 93 I192J IDo'a+> 7$> d-++e)t-)J$


27/67


200G BEYOND A CONCEIVABLE DOUBT 24 at

14> 14 IM-*,ae' 7$ Meyer K W-''-a. A$ &are)t+ ed+$> 1992J$ "o.e ";re.e Cort

7+t-*e+> -)*'d-) Ear' Warre) a)d W-''-a. Bre))a)> a**e;ted t,e -ew t,at t,e E-,t,

A.e)d.e)t *o)te.;'ate+ +o.e 5-)d o( ba+-* ,.a) d-)-ty$ I".at 14 +ee al% Tro; $

D''e+> 36 %$"$ 6> 100 I19J IT,e ba+-* *o)*e;t )der'y-) t,e E-,t, A.e)d.e)t -+

)ot,-) 'e++ t,a) t,e d-)-ty o( .a)$J$193 $ "tee) H$ 7;-ter> C!%tituti! Nt4ith%ta!"i!g$ The 6litical Illegiti:ac2 f the

Death 6e!alt2 i! A:e#ica! De:c#ac2> 23 ORDHAM%RB$ L$ 7$ 43 461 I1996J$


28/67


24 CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CONFINEMENT o'$ 34=221do*.e)t a)d re)der+ -t .ea)-)'e++$194 7+t-*e Bre))a) ared t,at-),.a)e ;)-+,.e)t+ are )*o)+t-tt-o)a' be*a+e t,ey are -)*o)+-+te)tw-t, t,e ()da.e)ta' ;re.-+e o( t,e E-,t, A.e)d.e)t t,at ee) t,e -'e+t*r-.-)a' re.a-)+ a ,.a) be-) ;o++e++ed o( *o..o) ,.a) d-)-ty$19

E-,t, A.e)d.e)t *,a''e)e+ to t,e deat, ;e)a'ty ,ae )ot bee)e?,a+ted$ T,e ;ra*t-*e o( *a;-ta' ;)-+,.e)t ,a+ )dero)e ).ero+*,a)e+ oer t,e *e)tr-e+$ #t ,a+ +ee) t,e +tr'e o( t,o+e w-+,-) toreta-) t,e deat, ;e)a'ty (or b-b'-*a'> retr-bt-e> or ot,er rea+o)+> a)d t,o+ewa)t-) to +ee -t abo'-+,ed o) ()da.e)ta' ,.a)-tar-a) ro)d+$196T,e.o+t +-)-(-*a)t *,a)e+> ,oweer> ,ae o**rred dr-) t,-+ *e)try$19 t,e Cort ,e'd t,e deat,;e)a'ty> a+ t,e) ad.-)-+tered> wa+ arb-trary a)d *a;r-*-o+> a)d -) -o'at-o)o( t,e E-,t, a)d ortee)t, A.e)d.e)t+$199T,e )re+tra-)ed d-+*ret-o)-) ad.-)-+ter-) t,e deat, +e)te)*e+ be*a.e )a**e;tab'e be*a+e o( -t+

arb-trar-)e++$ T,e Cort *o)+-dered a +e)te)*e o( deat, to be *re' a)d)+a' -(= I1J -t wa+ too +eere (or t,e *r-.e I2J -t wa+ arb-trary> .ea)-)t,at +o.e *r-.-)a'+ re*e-e t,e ;)-+,.e)t w,-'e ot,er+ do )ot I3J -to((e)d+ +o*-ety+ +e)+e o( +t-*e or I4J -t wa+ )ot .ore e((e*t-e t,a) a'e++ +eere ;e)a'ty$200 #) a (-e to (or de*-+-o)> t,e Cort (o)d t,e-.;o+-t-o) o( t,e deat, +e)te)*e to be )*o)+t-tt-o)a'$ 201T,e Cort wa++,ar;'y d--ded> a)d ab+e)*e o( aree.e)t a.o) t,e +t-*e+ re+'ted -) a;er *r-a. o;-)-o) (ro. t,e *ort w-t, ea*, +t-*e wr-t-) a +e;arateo;-)-o)$

O( t,e (-e +t-*e .aor-ty> o)'y 7+t-*e+ Bre))a) a)d Mar+,a'' be'-eet,e deat, ;e)a'ty -o'ate+ t,e E-,t, A.e)d.e)t -) a'' *-r*.+ta)*e+$202#),-+ o;-)-o)> 7+t-*e Bre))a) ared t,at> *o.;ared to a'' ot,er (or.+ o(;)-+,.e)t> dGeat, -+ a )-8e ;)-+,.e)t -) t,e %)-ted "tate+$203

Howeer> be*a+e -t ,a+ 'o)+ta)d-) +ae a)d a**e;ta)*e -) t,-+ *o)try>Bre))a) tr)ed o) ,-+ +e*o)d ;r-)*-;'e> t,at t,e +tate .ay )ot arb-trar-'y

194 . I".19 $ W-''-a. 7$ Bre))a)> 7r$> C!%tituti!al A"u"icati! a!" the Death 6e!alt2$ A

Vie4 F#: the Cu#t> 100 HAR$ L$ RE$ 313> 32930 I196J I8ot-) r.a) $ :eor-a>

40 %$"$ 23> 2 40 %$"$ 23 I19 *o)*rr-)JI". at 314 7$> *o)*rr-)J$203 . I".at 26 IBre))a)> 7$> *o)*rr-)J$


29/67


200G BEYOND A CONCEIVABLE DOUBT 249-)('-*t )+a''y +eere ;)-+,.e)t$ Bre))a) wrote> w,e) t,e ;)-+,.e)to( deat, -+ -)('-*ted -) a tr--a' ).ber o( *a+e+ -) w,-*, -t -+ 'ea''yaa-'ab'e> t,e *o)*'+-o) -+ -rta''y -)e+*a;ab'e t,at -t -+ be-) -)('-*tedarb-trar-'y$ #)deed> -t +.a*5+ o( '-tt'e .ore t,a) a 'ottery +y+te.$204

T,e t,ree .o+t -.;orta)t o;-)-o)+ -) Fu#:a! *a.e (ro. 7+t-*e+Do'a+> "tewart a)d W,-te$20T,e-r o;-)-o)+ e?;re++ a *o..o) t,e.e o(arb-trar-)e++ a)d d-+*r-.-)at-o)$206A'' t,ree (o)d (a't w-t, t,e deat,;e)a'ty a+ -t wa+ t,e) ad.-)-+tered$20 a+ d-d W,-te> t,at deat, -+ d-((ere)t (ro. a'' ot,er (or.+ o(;)-+,.e)t de to -t+ de;r-at-o) a)d (-)a'-ty$2107+t-*e W,-te e?;re++ed*o)*er) w-t, )br-d'ed d-+*ret-o) be*a+e -t e)ab'ed +*, -)(re8e)t-.;o+-t-o) o( t,e deat, ;e)a'ty t,at t,e t,reat o( e?e*t-o) -+ tooatte)ated to be o( +b+ta)t-a' +er-*e to *r-.-)a' +t-*e$211

#) 19 t,e ";re.e Cort r'ed aa-)+t !ort,Caro'-)a a)d de*'ared t,at .a)datory deat, +e)te)*e+ -o'ate t,e Cre' a)d

204 . I".at 293$20 . SeeRobert Wer+ber>De#egulati!g Death> 193 "%&$ CT$ RE$ 30> 31 I193J

I+tat-) t,at t,e -.;orta)t o;-)-o)+ -)Fu#:a!are t,o+e o( 7+t-*e+ "tewart> Do'a+>

a)d W,-te> w,-*, *o)d-t-o)a''y ++;e)d t,e deat, ;e)a'ty> a)d w,-*, are t,e +or*e o( t,eCort+ 'ater e((ort+ -) do*tr-)e.a5-)J$206 . I".20< . I".20 . I". at 2 IDo'a+> 7$> *o)*rr-)J$

T,e d-+*ret-o) o( de+ a)d r-e+ -) -.;o+-) t,e deat, ;e)a'ty e)ab'e+ t,e

;e)a'ty to be +e'e*t-e'y a;;'-ed> (eed-) ;red-*e+ aa-)+t t,e a**+ed -( ,e -+

;oor a)d de+;-+ed> a)d 'a*5-) ;o'-t-*a' *'ot> or -( ,e -+ a .e.ber o( a ++;e*t or

);o;'ar .-)or-ty> a)d +a-) t,o+e w,o by +o*-a' ;o+-t-o) .ay be -) a .ore

;rote*ted ;o+-t-o)$

I".209 . I".at 309$210 . I".at 306 I+tat-) a'+o -t -+ )-8e -) -t+ ree*t-o) o( re,ab-'-tat-o) o( t,e *o"#$%

' ' '$% *+*- -/ %$$"' +$%).211 . I".at 313 IW,-te> 7$> *o)*rr-)J$212 $ Wood+o) $ !ort, Caro'-)a> 42 %$"$ 20> 26 I19


30/67


20 CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CONFINEMENT o'$ 34=221%)+a' &)-+,.e)t C'a+e o( t,e E-,t, A.e)d.e)t$214T,e Cort (o)dt,at !ort, Caro'-)a+ .a)datory deat, ;e)a'ty +tatte (a-'ed )derFu#:a!>+tat-)> -tG ;ro-de+ )o +ta)dard+ to -de t,e ry -) -t+ -)e-tab'ee?er*-+e o( t,e ;ower to deter.-)e w,-*, (-r+tderee .rderer+ +,a'' '-e

a)d w,-*, +,a'' d-e$

21

Add-t-o)a''y> t,e Cort +tated t,at .a)datory+e)te)*e+ a'+o do )ot a''ow t,e d-*-ary to *,e*5 arb-trary a)d *a;r-*-o+e?er*-+e o( t,at ;ower t,ro, a re-ew o( deat, +e)te)*e+$216

%)der t,e E-,t, A.e)d.e)t> deat, e'--b'e de(e)da)t+ are to be treateda+ )-8e -)d--da'+$21t,e Cort (o)d a )eed (or re'-ab-'-ty -) t,e deter.-)at-o) t,at deat, -+ t,ea;;ro;r-ate ;)-+,.e)t -) a +;e*-(-* *a+e$ T,e Cort ,e'd t,at o)e o( t,e.o+t +-)-(-*a)t dee'o;.e)t+ -) or +o*-ety+ treat.e)t o( *a;-ta';)-+,.e)t ,a+ bee) t,e ree*t-o) o( t,e *o..o) 'aw ;ra*t-*e o(-)e?orab'y -.;o+-) a deat, +e)te)*e ;o) eery ;er+o) *o)-*ted o( a+;e*-(-ed o((e)+e$219T,e Cort (o)d t,at a ry w-+,-) to +,ow .er*ytoward+ a ;art-*'ar de(e)da)t wo'd ao-d -.;o+-) a deat, +e)te)*e by+-.;'y re(+-) to (-)d t,e de(e)da)t -'ty o( t,e )der'y-) o((e)+e$ 220

T,e Cort (o)d !ort, Caro'-)a+ .a)datory deat, +e)te)*-) +*,e.ede;arted (ro. *o)te.;orary +ta)dard+ re+;e*t-) t,e -.;o+-t-o) o( t,edeat, ;e)a'ty t,+> -t wa+ )ot *o)+-+te)t w-t, t,e E-,t, a)d ortee)t,A.e)d.e)t+$221T,e Cort *o)*'ded=

W,-'e a .a)datory deat, ;e)a'ty +tatte .ay rea+o)ab'y be e?;e*ted to

-)*rea+e t,e ).ber o( ;er+o)+ +e)te)*ed to deat,> -t doe+ )ot ('(-''

Fu#:a!(%ba+-* re8-re.e)t+ by re;'a*-) arb-trary a)d wa)to) ry

d-+*ret-o) w-t, obe*t-e +ta)dard+ to -de> re'ar-e> a)d .a5erat-o)a''y re-ewab'e t,e ;ro*e++ (or -.;o+-) a +e)te)*e o( deat,$222

214 . I". at 30 IT,-+ *o)*'+-o) re+t+ +8are'y o) t,e ;red-*ate t,at t,e ;e)a'ty o(

deat, -+ 8a'-tat-e'y d-((ere)t (ro. a +e)te)*e o( -.;r-+o).e)t> ,oweer 'o)$J$21 . Fu#:a!> 40 %$"$ at 23 IDo'a+> 7$> *o)*rr-)J$216 . )"%!> 42 %$"$ at 303$21< . I". at 304 I)ot-) t,at *Go)+-derat-o) o( t,e *,ara*ter a)d re*ord o( t,e

-)d--da' o((e)der a)d t,e *-r*.+ta)*e+ o( t,e ;art-*'ar o((e)+e> -+ a *o)+t-tt-o)a''y

-)d-+;e)+ab'e ;art o( a)y *a;-ta' ;)-+,.e)t +*,e.eJ$21 . I".at 304$219 . I".at 29293$220 . I".at 30203 I#) -ew o( t,e ,-+tor-* re*ord> -t -+ o)'y rea+o)ab'e to a++.e t,at

.a)y r-e+ )der .a)datory +tatte+ w-'' *o)t-)e to *o)+-der t,e rae *o)+e8e)*e+ o( a*o)-*t-o) -) rea*,-) a erd-*t$J$221 . I".at 303$222 . I".


31/67


200G BEYOND A CONCEIVABLE DOUBT 21B$ T,e De &ro*e++ C'a+e o( t,e ortee)t, A.e)d.e)t

#) re+;o)+e toFu#:a!> at 'ea+t t,-rty(-e +tate+ ,ae e)a*ted )ew deat,;e)a'ty +tatte+$223T,e+e +tate+ atte.;ted to addre++Fu#:a!+*o)*er)+ by-.;'e.e)t-) o)e o( two ty;e+ o( ;ro-+-o)+= I1J -ded d-+*ret-o) by

+;e*-(y-) t,e (a*tor+ to be we-,ed a)d t,e ;ro*edre+ to be (o''owed -)de*-d-) w,e) to -.;o+e a *a;-ta' +e)te)*e> or I2J .a5-) t,e deat,;e)a'ty .a)datory o)'y (or +;e*-(-ed *r-.e+$224Twe)tyo)e +tate+ e)a*ted-ded d-+*ret-o)> -)*'d-) :eor-a$22 T,e ot,er (ortee) deat, ;e)a'ty+tate+ e'-.-)ated +e)te)*-) d-+*ret-o) by -.;o+-) a .a)datory deat,+e)te)*e (or +;e*-(-* o((e)+e+$226

#) 19 (or year+ a(terFu#:a!wa+ de*-ded> t,e ";re.e Cort (a*edt,e 8e+t-o) o( w,et,er -ded d-+*ret-o) wa+ *o)+t-tt-o)a''y ;er.-++-b'e$#) egg '. &e#gia> t,e Cort ree*ted t,e -dea t,at t,e deat, ;e)a'ty -+;er +e )*o)+t-tt-o)a'$22 t,e Cort ,e'd t,att,e deat, ;e)a'ty *o'd be -.;o+ed ;ro-ded *erta-) ;ro*edra' +a(eard+were -.;'e.e)ted$22 T,e ;'ra'-ty o;-)-o) by 7+t-*e "tewart> o-)ed by

7+t-*e+ &owe'' a)d "tee)+> ,e'd=

TG,e *o)*er)+ e?;re++ed -) Fu#:a! t,at t,e ;e)a'ty o( deat, )ot be

-.;o+ed -) a) arb-trary or *a;r-*-o+ .a))er *a) be .et by a *are(''y

dra(ted +tatte t,at e)+re+ t,at t,e +e)te)*-) at,or-ty -+ -e)

ade8ate -)(or.at-o) a)d -da)*e$ A+ a e)era' ;ro;o+-t-o) t,e+e

*o)*er)+ are be+t .et by a +y+te. t,at ;ro-de+ (or a b-(r*ated

;ro*eed-) at w,-*, t,e +e)te)*-) at,or-ty -+ a;;r-+ed o( t,e

-)(or.at-o) re'ea)t to t,e -.;o+-t-o) o( +e)te)*e a)d ;ro-ded w-t,

+ta)dard+ to -de -t+ +e o( t,e -)(or.at-o)$229

T,e Cort+ o;-)-o) -) egg-+ *e)tra' to t,e *o)+t-tt-o)a' a'-d-ty o(-ded d-+*ret-o) +tatte+$230 "-)*e :eor-a +ed araat-) (a*tor+ to)arrow t,e *'a++ o( deat,e'--b'e o((e)der+> )o 'o)er *a) a :eor-a rydo a+Fu#:a!(%ry d-d= rea*, a (-)d-) o( t,e de(e)da)t+ -'t a)d t,e)>w-t,ot -da)*e or d-+*ret-o)> de*-de w,et,er ,e +,o'd '-e or d-e$ 231

223 $ :re $ :eor-a> 42 %$"$ 13> 1 42 %$"$ 13$231 . I".at 19< IA+ a re+'t $ $ $ t,e d-+*ret-o) to be e?er*-+ed -+ *o)tro''ed by *'ear

a)d obe*t-e +ta)dard+ +o a+ to ;rod*e )o)d-+*r-.-)atory a;;'-*at-o)$ I8ot-) Co'ey $

"tate, 204 "$E$ 2d 612> 61 I:a$ 19


32/67


22 CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CONFINEMENT o'$ 34=221:eor-a+ )ew deat, ;e)a'ty +tatte ;roed to be t,e .ode' (or .o+t'e-+'at-e ree)a*t.e)t+ o( t,e deat, ;e)a'ty$ 232 :eor-a ;ro-ded (or ab-(r*ated tr-a' w,ere-) t,e (-r+t ;,a+e deter.-)e+ t,e de(e)da)t+ -'t or-))o*e)*e$233

A(ter a erd-*t> t,e +e*o)d ;,a+e o( t,e tr-a' +ett'e+ t,e 8e+t-o) o(+e)te)*-)$234 Dr-) +e)te)*-)> :eor-a+ +tatte ;ro-ded t,at t,e tr-a'de or ry .+t (-)d> beyo)d a rea+o)ab'e dobt> o)e o( t,e te)araat-) *-r*.+ta)*e+ +;e*-(-ed -) t,e +tatte$23 E-de)*e o( t,e+earaat-) *-r*.+ta)*e+ -)*'de+ t,e re*ord o( a)y ;r-or *r-.-)a'*o)-*t-o)+ a)d ;'ea+ o( -'ty> or t,e ab+e)*e o( a)y ;r-or *o)-*t-o)+ a)d;'ea+$ Eery +e)te)*e o( deat, a)d *o)-*t-o) -+ t,e) ato.at-*a''yre-ewed by t,e +tate+ ,-,e+t *ort$236

A't,o, :eor-a ;ro-ded a .ode' (or ot,er *ort +y+te.+> t,e Cort(o)d t,at t,o+e ;ro*edre+ wo'd )ot be t,e o)'y ;er.-++-b'e ;ro*edre+)derFu#:a!$ #)+tead> t,e Cort +a-d t,at eery +e)te)*-) +y+te. .+tbe .et o) a) -)d--da' ba+-+$23 we ,ae e.bar5ed

;o) t,-+ e)era' e?;o+-t-o) to .a5e *'ear t,at -t -+ ;o++-b'e to *o)+tr*t*a;-ta'+e)te)*-) +y+te.+ *a;ab'e o( .eet-) Fu#:a!+ *o)+t-tt-o)a'*o)*er)+$23

#) 19 bt )ot (or t,e *r-.e o(ra;e$242

232 . I".at 19$233 . I".at 163$234 . I".23 . I".at 164 I(-)d-) *o)er+e'y> tG,e de(e)da)t -+ a**orded +b+ta)t-a' 'at-tde a+

to t,e ty;e+ o( e-de)*e t,at ,e .ay -)trod*e I*-t-) Brow) $ "tate>220 "$E$ 2d 922>

9226 I:a$ 19 433 %$"$ at 94

!Go)e o( t,e +ee) ot,er 'e-+'atre+ t,at to or 5)ow'ede ,ae a.e)ded or


33/67


200G BEYOND A CONCEIVABLE DOUBT 23:eor-a+ +tatte reta-)ed t,e deat, ;e)a'ty (or t,e *r-.e o( ra;e$243

Howeer> -) 19 43 %$"$ 6 I19

*o)+-der-) t,e )atre a)d *-r*.+ta)*e+ o( t,e o((e)+e a)d t,e ,-+tory>

*,ara*ter> a)d *o)d-t-o) o( t,e o((e)der> t,e +e)te)*-) de deter.-)e+ t,at at

'ea+t o)e o( t,e (o''ow-) .-t-at-) *-r*.+ta)*e+ -+ e+tab'-+,ed by a

;re;o)dera)*e o( t,e e-de)*e= I1J tG,e -*t-. o( t,e o((e)+e -)d*ed or

(a*-'-tated -t$ I2J #t -+ )'-5e'y t,at t,e o((e)+e wo'd ,ae bee) *o..-tted> bt (or

t,e (a*t t,at t,e o((e)der wa+ )der dre++> *oer*-o)> or +tro) ;roo*at-o)$ I3J

T,e o((e)+e wa+ ;r-.ar-'y t,e ;rod*t o( t,e o((e)der+ ;+y*,o+-+ or .e)ta'

de(-*-e)*y> t,o, +*, *o)d-t-o) -+ -)+((-*-e)t to e+tab'-+, t,e de(e)+e o(-)+a)-ty$

I".I8ot-) OH#ORE$ CODEA!!$ P 2929$04IBJ IWe+t 19


34/67


24 CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CONFINEMENT o'$ 34=221de(e)da)t to re*e-e -)d--da'-ed +e)te)*-) deter.-)at-o)+> +tate+ .ay)ot re+tra-) t,e +e)te)*er+ ab-'-ty to *o)+-der a+ .-t-at-) e-de)*e a)ya+;e*t o( a de(e)da)t+ *,ara*ter or re*ord a)d a)y o( t,e *-r*.+ta)*e+ o(t,e o((e)+e t,at t,e de(e)da)t ;ro((er+ a+ a ba+-+ (or a +e)te)*e 'e++ t,a)

deat,$

22

T,+> t,e +e)te)*er .ay *o)+t-tt-o)a''y -.;o+e t,e deat, ;e)a'ty $ $ $a+ a) e?er*-+e o( ,-+ )-ded d-+*ret-o) a(ter be-) ;re+e)ted w-t, a''*-r*.+ta)*e+ w,-*, t,e de(e)da)t .-,t be'-ee to be *o)*e-ab'yre'ea)t to t,e a;;ro;r-ate)e++ o( t,e ;e)a'ty (or t,e -)d--da'o((e)der$23Howeer 7+t-*e W,-te+ d-++e)t are+> t,e Cort ,a+ )ow*o.;'eted -t+ abot(a*e +-)*eFu#:a! $ $ $ $ to a t-.e w,ere t,e deat,;e)a'ty wa+ -.;o+ed errat-*a''y a)d +o -)(re8e)t'y t,at -t -+ *re' a)d)+a'$24

7+t-*e Re,)8-+t a'+o d-++e)ted> +tat-) -)d--da'-ed +e)te)*-)=

WG-'' )ot e'-.-)ate arb-trar-)e++ or (rea5-+,)e++ -) t,e -.;o+-t-o) o(

+e)te)*e+> bt w-'' *od-(y a)d -)+t-tt-o)a'-e -t$ By e)*ora-)

de(e)da)t+ -) *a;-ta' *a+e+> a)d ;re+.ab'y +e)te)*-) de+ a)dr-e+> to ta5e -)to *o)+-derat-o) a)yt,-) )der t,e +) a+ a .-t-at-)

*-r*.+ta)*e> -t w-'' )ot -de +e)te)*-) d-+*ret-o) bt w-'' tota''y

)'ea+, -t$2

E!:u!" '. Fl#i"a26 ,e'd t,at t,e E-,t, A.e)d.e)t (orb-d+ t,e-.;o+-t-o) o( t,e deat, ;e)a'ty o) o)e $ $ $ w,o a-d+ a)d abet+ a (e'o)y -)t,e *or+e o( w,-*, a .rder -+ *o..-tted by ot,er+ bt w,o doe+ )ot,-.+e'( 5-''> atte.;t to 5-''> or -)te)d t,at a 5-''-) ta5e ;'a*e or t,at 'et,a'(or*e w-'' be e.;'oyed$2 be(oret,e +tate .ay -.;o+e a +e)te)*e o( deat,> t,e +tate .+t (o*+ o) t,e;er+o)a' -)te)t a)d *';ab-'-ty o( t,e de(e)da)t ,-.+e'(> a)d )ot .ere'y

t,at o( a) a**o.;'-*e$29

T,e Cort +tated t,at t,e 'aw ,a+ 'o) *o)+-dered a de(e)da)t+-)te)t-o) a)d t,ere(ore ,-+ .ora' -'t to be ()da.e)ta' -) deter.-)-)t,e e?te)t o( ,-+ *';ab-'-ty$260T,e ;'ra'-ty ta5e+ t,e ;o+-t-o) t,at t,edeat, ;e)a'ty w-'' +ere a+ a deterre)t o)'y w,e) .rder -+ t,e re+'t o(

22 . I".at 604$23 . Lo*5ett $ O,-o> 43 %$"$ 621> 621 I19 631 I19 7$> d-++e)t-)J$26 $ E).)d $ 'or-da> 4 %$"$ 42 %$"$ 13> 1< I19


35/67


200G BEYOND A CONCEIVABLE DOUBT 2;re.ed-tat-o) a)d de'-berat-o)$261#( a ;er+o) doe+ )ot -)te)d to ta5e a '-(e>t,e ;o++-b-'-ty t,at t,e deat, ;e)a'ty w-'' be -.;o+ed a+ a ;)-+,.e)t w-'')ot e)ter -)to t,e *o'd *a'*'+ t,at ;re*ede+ t,e de*-+-o) to a*t$ 262

7+t-*e OCo))er> o-)ed by 7+t-*e+ Brer> &owe''> a)d Re,)8-+t>

d-++e)ted= t,e Cort +,o'd de*-de )ot o)'y w,et,er t,e ;et-t-o)er++e)te)*e o( deat, o((e)d+ *o)te.;orary +ta)dard+ a+ re('e*ted -) t,ere+;o)+e+ o( 'e-+'atre+ a)d r-e+> bt a'+o w,et,er -t -+ d-+;ro;ort-o)ateto t,e ,ar. t,at t,e ;et-t-o)er *a+ed a)d to t,e ;et-t-o)er+ -)o'e.e)t -)t,e *r-.e $ $ $ $263 T,e 'e++o) to be 'ear)ed (ro. C*e# -+ t,at;ro;ort-o)a'-ty a'+o re8-re+ t,at t,e deree o( ,ar. a)d t,e deree o( t,ede(e)da)t+ *';ab-'-ty +,o'd be re'ated to t,e ;)-+,.e)t -.;o+ed $264

Cort+ +,o'd *o)+-der t,e )-8e a)d *o.;'e? .-?tre o( t,ede(e)da)t+ .ot-e+> 5)ow'ede a)d ;art-*-;at-o) -) t,e (e'o)y$26

-e year+ 'ater> t,e -)te)t to 5-'' re8-re.e)t o( E!:u!"266 wa+.od-(-ed by t,e *a+e o( Ti%!'. A#i!a.26 a)d t,e +e*o)d *o)*er)+ t,e de(e)da)t+-)o'e.e)t -) t,e *r-.e *o..-tted$269 #) Ti%!, t,e Cort r'ed t,at adeat, +e)te)*e -+ )ot d-+;ro;ort-o)ate to t,e *r-.e *o..-tted -( t,ede(e)da)t ;art-*-;ated ,ea-'y or +b+ta)t-a''y -) a (e'o)y -)o'-) a,o.-*-de a)d a*ted w-t, re*5'e++ -)d-((ere)*e to t,e a'e o( ,.a) '-(e$2 B'a*5.)> a)d "tee)+ d-++e)ted(ro. t,e .aor-ty a)d deter.-)ed t,at E-,t, A.e)d.e)t r-+;rde)*edee.+ t,e deat, ;e)a'ty a d-+;ro;ort-o)ate ;e)a'ty (or de(e)da)t+ w,o do)ot ta5e a ,.a) '-(e$ T,-+ d-ere)*e (ro. ;re-o+ *ort de*-+-o)+ a)dt,e .aor-ty+ *o)*'+-o) de.o)+trate+ t,e ;ro(o)d ;rob'e.+ t,at e?-+t

261 . I".at 44 I1946J Ira)5(rter>

7$> d-++e)t-)JJ$262 . I".I*-t-) egg> 42 %$"$ at 16J$263 . I". at 16 IOCo))or> 7$> d-++e)t-)J$264 . I".at 141$26 . I".at 26$266 $ I".at 7$> .aor-tyJ$26< $ 41 %$"$ 13< I19


36/67


26 CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CONFINEMENT o'$ 34=221-) *a;-ta' +e)te)*-) *a+e+$2 t,e ";re.e Cort -) Th:+%! '. O*lah:a2 a)d deter.-)at-e ote> wa+ (ro. 7+t-*e OCo))orw,o *o)*rred w-t, t,e o;-)-o) o)'y be*a+e t,e O5'a,o.a *a;-ta';)-+,.e)t +tatte d-d )ot +;e*-(y a .-)-.. ae re8-re.e)t$2 'e++ ed*at-o)> 'e++ ;er*e;t-o)> 'e++ re+;o)+-b-'-ty (ort,e-r a*t-o)+> 'e++ a;t-tde to ea'ate t,e *o)+e8e)*e+> a)d .ore++*e;t-b-'-ty to ;eer ;re++re a)d e.ot-o)a' -)('e)*e+ t,a) ad't+$2 o)e year 'ater> -) Sta!f#" '. e!tuc*2>2a)d "tee)+ It,e (or 7+t-*e+ w,o ;art-*-;ated -) t,e ;'ra'-ty o;-)-o) -)Th:+%!J d-++e)ted -) Sta!f#"$20T,e d-++e)t ared two ;o-)t+$ -r+t>e)-'e+ 'a*5 t,e deree o( re+;o)+-b-'-ty (or t,e-r *r-.e+ t,at t,e E-,t,A.e)d.e)t re8-re+$21"e*o)d> t,at t,e e?e*t-o) o( e)-'e o((e)der+doe+ )ot (rt,er t,e +tated oa' o( *a;-ta' ;)-+,.e)t> deterre)*e$ 22T,-++e*o)d ar.e)t +te.+ (ro. t,e *';ab-'-ty ar.e)t art-*'ated -)E!:u!".23RGetr-bt-o) a+ a +t-(-*at-o) (or e?e*t-) o((e)der+G ery.*, de;e)d+ o) t,e deree o( t,e-rG *';ab-'-ty$G24 T,e Sta!f#"d-++e)t be'-eed t,at e)-'e+ 'a*5 t,e *';ab-'-ty t,at .a5e+ a *r-.ewarra)t t,e deat, ;e)a'ty$2

#) 199> t,e Cort (a*ed t,e -++e o( w,et,er a *o)-*t> w,o wa+ (o)d-'ty at tr-a' a)d w,o 'ater be*a.e -)+a)e w,e) t,e *a;-ta' +e)te)*e wa+ tobe -.;o+ed> *o'd be e?e*ted$ T,e (-e to (or de*-+-o) -) F#" '.

2 7$> d-++e)t-)J$


37/67


200G BEYOND A CONCEIVABLE DOUBT 2 ,e 'o+e+ ,-+ +e)+e+

be(ore d.e)t> d.e)t +,a'' )ot be ;ro)o)*ed a)d -(> a(ter d.e)t>,e be*o.e+ o( )o)+a)e .e.ory> e?e*t-o) +,a'' be +tayed$G2 "-rEdward Co5e e?;re++ed t,e +a.e -ew$ By -)te)d.e)t o( Law t,ee?e*t-o) o( t,e o((e)der -+ (or e?a.;'e> $ $ $ bt +o -t -+ )ot w,e) a .ad.a) -+ e?e*ted> bt +,o'd be a .-+erab'e +;e*ta*'e bot, aa-)+t 'aw> a)do( e?tre.eG -),.a)-ty a)d *re'ty> a)d *a) be )o e?a.;'e to ot,er+$29

T,e Cort are+ t,at -( a de(e)da)t doe+ )ot ;er*e-e a *o))e*t-o)betwee) t,e *r-.e a)d t,e ;)-+,.e)t> t,e retr-bt-e oa' o( t,e deat,;e)a'ty -+ )ot +at-+(-ed$290or today> )o 'e++ t,a) be(ore> we .ay +er-o+'y8e+t-o) t,e retr-bt-e a'e o( e?e*t-) a ;er+o) w,o ,a+ )o*o.;re,e)+-o) o( w,y ,e ,a+ bee) +-)'ed ot a)d +tr-;;ed o( ,-+()da.e)ta' r-,t to '-(e$291

#) a 4 de*-+-o)> t,e ";re.e Cort -)6e!#2 '. L2!aughr'ed -t doe+)ot -o'ate t,e E-,t, A.e)d.e)t to e?e*te +o.eo)e w,o -+ .-'d'y to.oderate'y retarded$292 T,e tr-a' *ort (o)d t,at t,e de(e)da)t wa+*o.;ete)t to +ta)d tr-a'> ee) t,o, ,e ,ad t,e rea+o)-) o( a +-? a)d a,a'( yearo'd$293T,e ry ree*ted t,e de(e)da)t+ -)+a)-ty de(e)+e$ 294O(t,e t,-rtye-,t +tate+ t,at a''ow t,e deat, ;e)a'ty> twe)ty+ee) bar t,ee?e*t-o) o( t,e .e)ta''y retarded> -)*'d-) t,e %)-ted "tate+ :oer).e)t(or (edera' -).ate+$29

#) 199> t,e ";re.e Cort r'ed t,at w,-'e e?e*t-) t,o+e w-t,

26 $ ord $ Wa-)wr-,t> 4 Co'orado> Co))e*t-*t> De'aware>

'or-da> :eor-a> #da,o> #''-)o-+> #)d-a)a> @a)+a+> @e)t*5y> Lo-+-a)a> Mary'a)d>

M-++or-> !ebra+5a> !eada> !ew Me?-*o> !ew Yor5> !ort, Caro'-)a> O,-o> "ot, Da5ota>

Te))e++ee> %ta,> -r-)-a> a)d Wa+,-)to)$ Me)ta' retardat-o) -+ a .-t-at-) (a*tor -)

"ot, Caro'-)a$ TRACY L$ "!ELL> %$"$ DE&T O 7%"T#CE> CATAL &%!#"HME!T 2006

"TAT#"T#CAL TABLE" tb'+$1> 2 I2006J> ,tt;=//www$o;$+do$o/b+/;b/,t.'/*;/2006/*;06

+t$;d($


38/67


2 CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CONFINEMENT o'$ 34=221d-.-)-+,ed .e)ta' *a;ab-'-t-e+ doe+ )ot -o'ate t,e Co)+t-tt-o)a' ba) o)*re' a)d )+a' ;)-+,.e)t> a de(e)da)t+ #U a)d e-de)*e o( .e)ta'retardat-o) are .-t-at-) (a*tor+ t,e tr-a' ry -+ e)t-t'ed to *o)+-der dr-);o+t *o)-*t-o) de'-berat-o)+ ;r-or to +e)te)*-)$296 T,e Cort wa+

re'*ta)t to +e .e)ta' ae to e?*';ate a de(e)da)t (ro. re+;o)+-b-'-ty$

29 re'-a)*e o) .e)ta' ae to .ea+re t,e *a;ab-'-t-e+ o( aretarded ;er+o) (or ;r;o+e+ o( t,e E-,t, A.e)d.e)t *o'd ,ae ad-+e.;ower-) e((e*t -( a;;'-ed -) ot,er area+ o( t,e 'aw$29A .e)ta''yretarded ;er+o) *o'd be de)-ed a)y ).ber o( r-,t+> +*, a+ .arr-ae (ore?a.;'e> be*a+e t,e ;er+o) ,a+ a .e)ta' ae o( a yo) ;er+o)$299

C. E8a' &rote*t-o) C'a+e

T,e ";re.e Cort ,a+ (a*ed +eera' *,a''e)-) -++e+ -) t,e debateoer t,e deat, ;e)a'ty$ #) 19 t,e Cort wa+ (a*ed w-t, t,e ;o++-b-'-tyt,at ra*e -)('e)*e+ t,e -)('-*t-o) o( t,e deat, ;e)a'ty$ #) McCle%*e2 '.e:+t,e Cort r'ed t,at a +tat-+t-*a' +tdy -) :eor-a> w,-*, reea'ed t,at

b'a*5 de(e)da)t+ w,o 5-''ed w,-te+ ,ae t,e reate+t '-5e'-,ood o(re*e--) t,e deat, ;e)a'ty> doe+ )ot ;roe d-+*r-.-)at-o) -) -o'at-o) o(t,e E-,t, A.e)d.e)t or t,e E8a' &rote*t-o) C'a+e$300 T,e -++e -)McCle%*e2reo'ed aro)d a *o.;'e? +tat-+t-*a' +tdy t,at -)d-*ated a r-+5t,at ra*-a' *o)+-derat-o) e)tered -)to *a;-ta' +e)te)*e deter.-)at-o)+$301

T,e +tat-+t-*a' e-de)*e *o)+-+ted o( t,e e?a.-)at-o) o( oer twot,o+a)d .rder *a+e+ t,at o**rred -) :eor-a dr-) t,e 19 41 %$"$ 2


39/67


200G BEYOND A CONCEIVABLE DOUBT 29t,at t,ere .+t be ;roo( o( ;r;o+e(' or -)te)t-o)a' d-+*r-.-)at-o)$303T,e.aor-ty o;-)-o) +tated (or rea+o)+ (or +,r-)5-) (ro. t,e -.;'-*at-o)+o( t,e de(e)da)t+ +tat-+t-*a' e-de)*e= I1J t,e de+-rab-'-ty o( d-+*ret-o) (ora*tor+ -) t,e *r-.-)a' +t-*e +y+te. I2J t,e e?-+te)*e o( +tattory

+a(eard+ aa-)+t ab+e o( t,at d-+*ret-o) I3J t,e ;ote)t-a' *o)+e8e)*e+(or broader *,a''e)e to *r-.-)a' +e)te)*e+ a)d I4J a) )der+ta)d-) o( t,e*o)tor+ o( t,e d-*-a' ro'e$304

T,e .aor-ty deter.-)ed t,at +tat-+t-*+ +,ow o)'y t,e '-5e'-,ood t,at a;art-*'ar (a*tor e)tered -)to +o.e de*-+-o)+$30 7ror+ br-) -)tode'-berat-o)+ 8a'-t-e+ o( ,.a) )atre a)d ar-et-e+ o( ,.a) e?;er-e)*e>t,e ra)e o( w,-*, -+ )5)ow) a)d ;er,a;+ )5)owab'e$ 306 7ror+ +et,e-r *o''e*t-e d.e)t ba+ed ;o) )-8e *,ara*ter-+t-*+ o( a ;art-*'ar*r-.-)a' de(e)da)t> w,-*, are d-((-*'t to e?;'a-)$30 o-)ed by 7+t-*e+ Mar+,a''> B'a*5.)>a)d "tee)+ are t,at t,e +tat-+t-*a' e-de)*e +,ow+ t,at t,ere -+ a r-+5 t,ata *a;-ta' +e)te)*e .ay be -)('e)*ed by ra*-a' *o)+-derat-o)+$30 T,eyare t,at t,e .aor-ty doe+ )ot ta5e -)to a**o)t ,-+tory a)d ,.a)e?;er-e)*e$309Co)+-der-) t,e ra*e o( a de(e)da)t or -*t-. -) de*-d-) -(t,e deat, ;e)a'ty +,o'd be -.;o+ed -+ *o.;'ete'y at odd+ w-t, t,-+*o)*er) t,at a) -)d--da' be ea'ated a+ a )-8e ,.a) be-)$310

$ C%RRE!TLE:#"LAT#O!A!DR%LE"

Crre)t'y> t,-rty+-? +tate+> t,e (edera' oer).e)t> a)d t,e .-'-tary ,aedeat, ;e)a'ty +tatte+$311E'ee) o( t,o+e +tate+ ;ro-de t,e deat, ;e)a'ty(or .ore *r-.e+ t,a) +t .rder> -)*'d-) trea+o)> tra-) wre*5-)> a-r*ra(t;-ra*y> a)d 5-d)a;;-)$312ortee) +tate+ a)d t,e D-+tr-*t o( Co'.b-a do)ot ,ae *a;-ta' ;)-+,.e)t$313

#) re+;o)+e toFu#:a!> deat, ;e)a'ty +tate+ ,ae dee'o;ed a ar-ety o(

+e)te)*-) +*,e.e+$ #) o)e ar-ety> t,e de(e)da)t+ tr-a' -+ b-(r*ated w-t,a +;e*-a' ;o+t*o)-*t-o) ;,a+e to addre++ +e)te)*-)$ B-(r*at-o) -+

303 . I".at 2949 7$> .aor-tyJ$306 . I".at 311 I8ot-) &eter+ $ @-((> 40< %$"$ 493> 03 I19 7$> d-++e)t-)J$309 . I".at 33$310 . I".at 336$311 $ ACT"ABO%TTHEDEATH&E!ALTY>%u+#a )ote 33> at 1%ee al%&b$ L$ 93366>

"tat$ 404> 41113> re;ea'ed by &b$ L$ 103322> P 60003IbJ> 10 "tat$ 19%u+#a )ote 33> at 1$ T,e +tate+ w-t, )o deat,

;e)a'ty are A'a+5a> Hawa--> #owa> Ma-)e> Ma++a*,+ett+> M-*,-a)> M-))e+ota> !ew 7er+ey>

!ew Yor5> !ort, Da5ota> R,ode #+'a)d> er.o)t> We+t -r-)-a> a)d W-+*o)+-)$I".


40/67


260 CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CONFINEMENT o'$ 34=221d--ded -)to two ;,a+e+Nt,e -'t +tae a)d t,e ;e)a'ty +tae$ T,e ;r;o+e-+ to a''ow t,e ry to *o)+-der .-t-at-) a)d araat-) e-de)*e at t,ea;;ro;r-ate t-.e+$ T,e ry re*o..e)d+ w,et,er t,e de(e)da)t +,o'dre*e-e t,e deat, ;e)a'ty ba+ed o) e-de)*e ;re+e)ted dr-) t,e

+e)te)*-) ;,a+e$

314

#) *erta-) *-r*.+ta)*e+ t,e de a)d ry *a) d-+aree a+ to t,ea;;ro;r-ate +e)te)*e$ #) O,-o a)d @e)t*5y> 31t,e de *a) o)'y red*e ary+ +e)te)*-) re*o..e)dat-o) (ro. deat, to '-(e> bt .ay )ot -)*rea+et,e +e)te)*e (ro. '-(e to deat,$316Ar-o)a> #da,o> a)d Mo)ta)a a''ow (or a+-)'e de to +e)te)*e t,e de(e)da)t to e-t,er '-(e -) ;r-+o) or deat,$ 31 Ta*i!g Ca'dwe'' $ M-++-++-;;- Se#iu%l2$ The

U!c!%tituti!alit2 f Ca+ital Statute% that Di'i"e Se!te!ci!g Re%+!%i3ilit2 Bet4ee! 5u"ge

a!" 5u#2> 30 B$C$ L$ RE$ 23> 24 )$3 I199J$

316 . I". at 24$31< . SeeAR#$ RE$ "TAT$ A!!$ P 13

P 19 21I3JIbJ I200 46 %$"$ 44 462 I194J$321 . SeeM-''+>%u+#a)ote 319> at 1!$322 . I".%ee al% &ro((-tt $ 'or-da> 42 %$"$ 242> 22 I19 -( a)yt,-)> to ee)

reater *o)+-+te)*y -) t,e -.;o+-t-o) at t,e tr-a' *ort 'ee' o( *a;-ta' ;)-+,.e)t>

+-)*e a tr-a' de -+ .ore e?;er-e)*ed -) +e)te)*-) t,a) a ry a)d t,ere(ore -+

better ab'e to -.;o+e +e)te)*e+ +-.-'ar to t,o+e -.;o+ed -) a)a'oo+ *a+e+$I".323 . SeeM-''+>%u+#a)ote 319> at 1!$324 . See ge!e#all2 S+aia!> 46 %$"$ 44


41/67


200G BEYOND A CONCEIVABLE DOUBT 261ar.e)t+> t,e de(e)da)t *,a''e)ed t,e *ort+ -.;o+-t-o) o( a deat,+e)te)*e oer t,e re*o..e)dat-o) o( t,e ry t,at ,e be +e)te)*ed to'-(e$32#) t,e 63 de*-+-o)> t,e Cort (o)d 'or-da+ ry oerr-de +*,e.eto be *o)+t-tt-o)a''y a'-d$326A(ter e?a.-)-) t,e )atre a)d t,e ;r;o+e

o( t,e deat, ;e)a'ty t,e .aor-ty *o)*'ded t,at t,ere wa+ )o *o)+t-tt-o)a'-o'at-o) -) a d-*-a' deat, +e)te)*e$32 t,e Cort ,e'd a+e)te)*-) by ry wa+ )ot re8-red )der t,e "-?t, A.e)d.e)t$32 !o*ort ,a+ ,e'd t,at t,e "-?t, A.e)d.e)t ara)tee+ a r-,t to a rydeter.-)at-o) o( +e)te)*-)$3297+t-*e "tee)+> o-)ed by 7+t-*e+ Bre))a)a)d Mar+,a'' d-++e)ted to t,e o;-)-o)$330T,ey ared t,at -t -+ t,e ry a)d)ot t,e de w,o .o+t a;t'y re;re+e)t+ a *o..)-ty+ +ta)dard+ w,-*,;'ay a *r*-a' ro'e -) deat, ;e)a'ty *a+e+ -)*'d-) t,e eo'-) +ta)dard+)der t,e E-,t, A.e)d.e)t$331

#) 1992> t,e ";re.e Cort (a*ed a)ot,er *,a''e)e reard-) ror+ -)*a;-ta' *a+e+$ #)M#ga! '. Illi!i%> t,e Cort r'ed t,at a de(e)da)t +,a''be -e) t,e +a.e o;;ort)-ty a+ t,e "tate to d-+.-++ (or *a+e a)y rorw,o wo'd ato.at-*a''y ote o)e way or t,e ot,er -) t,e ;)-+,.e)t o(deat, w-t,ot reard+ to t,e e-de)*e$332 T,e Cort ,e'd t,at a *a;-ta'o((e)der -+ e)t-t'ed to 8e+t-o) ;ro+;e*t-e ror+ to a+*erta-) -( t,eybe'-ee -) t,e ato.at-* -.;o+-t-o) o( t,e deat, ;e)a'ty ;o) *o)-*t-o) o(*a;-ta' .rder$333#) t,e 63 de*-+-o)> -t wa+ ,e'd t,at t,e re(+a' by t,e tr-a'*ort to -)8-re -)to w,et,er ;ote)t-a' ror+ wo'd ote o)e way or t,eot,er -o'ated t,e De &ro*e++ C'a+e o( t,e ortee)t, A.e)d.e)t$ 334

T,e Cort (o)d a ror w,o wo'd ato.at-*a''y -.;o+e t,e +e)te)*e o(deat, wo'd (a-' to *o)+-der e-de)*e o( araat-) a)d .-t-at-) (a*tor+a+ re8-red by +tate +tatte+ a)d t,e Cort+ -)+tr*t-o)+$33

32 . I". at 449$326

. I".32< . I".at 464$32 . I".

#) '-,t o( t,e (a*t+ t,at t,e "-?t, A.e)d.e)t doe+ )ot re8-re ry +e)te)*-)>

t,at t,e de.a)d+ o( (a-r)e++ a)d re'-ab-'-ty -) *a;-ta' *a+e+ do )ot re8-re -t> a)d

t,at )e-t,er t,e )atre o(> )or t,e ;r;o+e be,-)d> t,e deat, ;e)a'ty re8-re+ ry

+e)te)*-)> we *a))ot *o)*'de t,at ;'a*-) re+;o)+-b-'-ty o) t,e tr-a' de to

-.;o+e t,e +e)te)*e -) a *a;-ta' *a+e -+ )*o)+t-tt-o)a'$

I".329 . See i".at 49$ T,e "-?t, A.e)d.e)t )eer ,a+ bee) t,o,t to ara)tee a r-,t

to a ry deter.-)at-o) o( t,at -++e$I".330 . I".at 46 7$> d-++e)t-)J$

332 $ Mora) $ #''-)o-+> 04 %$"$


42/67


262 CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CONFINEMENT o'$ 34=221A$ T,e A;;ea'+ &ro*e++

#( a) -))o*e)t ;er+o) -+ *o)-*ted> t,ere -+ e)era''y '-tt'e t-.e to *o''e*ta)d ;re+e)t )ew e-de)*e$ #) Te?a+> t,e de(e)da)t o)'y ,a+ t,-rty day+a(ter t,e *o)-*t-o) to ;re+e)t a)y )ew e-de)*e$336&er,a;+ t,e +tate w-t,

t,e .o+t re+tr-*t-e r'e -) t,e %)-ted "tate+ -+ -r-)-a$33 -) 1996> &re+-de)t C'-)to) +-)ed -)to 'aw t,e A)t-Terror-+. a)d E((e*t-e Deat, &e)a'ty A*t w,-*, +,ar;'y '-.-t+ t,eaa-'ab-'-ty o( t,at wr-t$34T,-+ re*e)t )arrow-) re8-re+ t,e (edera' *ortto ree*t a'' *'a-.+ -( t,e de(e)da)t d-d )ot (o''ow t,e ;ro;er ;ro*edre+ -)+tate *ort$346or e?a.;'e> -( t,e *'a-. -+ )ot ra-+ed o) a de(e)da)t+ (-r+t,abea+ ;et-t-o)> t,e *'a-.> w-t, rare e?*e;t-o)+> -+ ato.at-*a''y ree*ted

336 $ TEF$ R$ A&&$ &$ 31IaJI1J I1992J$33< $ Ed-tor-a'> DA#LY&RE""> Mar$ 14> 2000> at 1$33

$ A

$ "%&

$ CT$ R$ 3A=1IbJ I1992J$339 $ Herrera $ Co''-)+> 06 %$"$ 390> 410 I1993J$

340 . I".341 . I".at 411$342 . SeeMrray $ :-arrata)o> 492 %$"$ 1> 6 10 I199J I,o'd-) t,at +tate+ are )ot

re8-red to ;ro-de *o)+e' to -)d-e)t deat, row ;r-+o)er+ a(ter d-re*t a;;ea'J$ Howeer>

(edera' 'aw a''ow+ (or t,e a;;o-)t.e)t o( *o)+e'> o)*e a *a+e .oe+ -)to (edera' ,abea+

'-t-at-o)> bt *r*-a' -++e+ .ay ,ae bee) wa-ed be(ore t,e)$343 . See ge!e#all2 &ia##ata!> 492 %$"$ 1$344 . E.g.>2 %$"$C$ PP 22412266$34 $ A)t-Terror-+. a)d E((e*t-e Deat, &e)a'ty A*t o( 1996> &b$ L$ !o$ 104132>

110 "tat$ 1214 I*od-(-ed a+ a.e)ded -) +*attered +e*t-o)+ o( 1 %$"$C$J$346 $ Barry Later> DEATH&E!ALTYCA"E"= LEAD#!:%$"$ "%&REMECO%RTCA"E"O!

CATAL&%!#"HME!T1011 I199J$ T,e A)t-Terror-+. a)d E((e*t-e Deat, &e)a'ty A*t

o( 1996 -.;o+e+ t-.e '-.-t+ (or (-'-) ,abea+ ;et-t-o)+ w,ere ;re-o+'y t,ere were )o

'-.-t+$ !ow a de(e)da)t .+t (-'e t,e ;et-t-o) w-t,-) o)e year o( t,e 'a+t d-re*t a;;ea'$ T,e

A*t a'+o bar+ .'t-;'e ,abea+ ;et-t-o)+ e?*e;t (or a '-.-ted ).ber o( e?*e;t-o)+ w,-*,

.+t be at,or-ed by t,e edera' Cort o( A;;ea'+$ I".


43/67


200G BEYOND A CONCEIVABLE DOUBT 263ee) -( t,e oer).e)t w-t,,e'd t,e e-de)*e t,e de(e)da)t )eeded$34 t,e *,-e( +tate ;ro+e*tor +-t+ o) t,e*'e.e)*y re-ew board$32 Te?a+ re8-re+ a board a;;o-)ted by t,eoer)or to re-ew a'' *'e.e)*y *a+e+$33T,e board -+ )ot re8-red to .eetor ,ear te+t-.o)y$34T,ere ,ae bee) )o ;ardo)+ ra)ted -) Te?a+ todate$3

#)e+t-) t,e *'e.e)*y ;ower -) t,e oer)or *a) be ;rob'e.at-*$ T,eoer)or -+ a) e'e*ted o((-*-a' a)d t,ere -+ rare'y a re-ew o( ,-+ *'e.e)*yde*-+-o)$36 T,ere(ore> t,ere -+ a da)er o( ;o'-t-*a' .ot-at-o)$ O( t,e*'e.e)*-e+ ra)ted -) (aor o( a de(e)da)t -) t,e ;a+t twe)ty year+> .a)ywere ra)ted by oer)or+ a+ t,ey were 'ea-) o((-*e$3 499 %$"$ 46 49 I1991J$34 $ "TA O HO%"E "%BCOMM$ #! C##L A!D CO!"T#T%T#O!AL R#:HT">

COMM#TTEE O! THE 7%D#C#ARY> 103D CO!:$> 1"T "E""$> I1993J> #!!OCE!CE A!D THE

DEATH&E!ALTY= A""E""#!:THEDA!:EROM#"TA@E"EFEC%T#O!" > a'aila3le atDEATH

&E!ALTY#!O$ CTR$> ,tt;=//www$deat,;e)a'ty-)(o$or/art-*'e$;,;Q+*-d4Kd-d3$349 . I".30 . I".31 . I".32 . I".33 . I".34 . I".3 . I".36 . I".3< . I".3 $ r.a) $ :eor-a> 40 %$"$ 23> 304 I19 7$> *o)*rr-)J ITG,e

(-r+t (edera' *r-.-)a' +tatte ;ro-ded a .a)datory deat, ;e)a'ty (or t,at *r-.e$ I*-t-) A*t

o( A;r-' 30> 1 P 14> 1> "tat$ 11JJ$39 $ :re $ :eor-a> 42 %$"$ 13> 1


44/67


264 CRIMINAL AND CIVIL CONFINEMENT o'$ 34=221'-.b $ $ $ )or be de;r-ed o( '-(e> '-berty or ;ro;erty> w-t,ot de

;ro*e++ o( 'aw $ $ $ $360

&r-or to Fu#:a!> (edera' r-e+ were -e) ;ra*t-*a''y )tra..e'edd-+*ret-o) -) de*-d-) w,et,er a de(e)da)t wo'd re*e-e a +e)te)*e o(

'-(e or deat,$361Howeer> (o''ow-) t,e ";re.e Cort+ r'-) -)Fu#:a!>Co)re++ e)a*ted a )ew ;ro*edre (or a-r*ra(t ;-ra*y -) 19 a '-+t o( .-t-at-)(a*tor+> a)d a '-+t o( araat-) (a*tor+$363 #) 19> Co)re++ ;a++ed -t++e*o)d ;o+tFu#:a!deat, ;e)a'ty 'e-+'at-o) a)d a.e)ded t,e %)-(or.Code o( M-'-tary 7+t-*e to a''ow *a;-ta' ;)-+,.e)t (or .-'-tary ;er+o))e'*o)-*ted o( *erta-) (or.+ o( araated e+;-o)ae$ 364 #) 19> Co)re++;a++ed t,e A)t-Dr Ab+e A*t$36 %)der t,-+ +tatte> Co)re++at,or-ed t,e +e o( t,e deat, ;e)a'ty a+ a +a)*t-o) (or a) o((e)der w,o-)te)t-o)a''y *a+e+ t,e deat, o( a ;er+o) w,-'e ;art-*-;at-) -) a drre'ated *r-.-)a' e)ter;r-+e or ot,er .aor (edera' dr o((e)+e$ 366T,-+ A*ta'+o ;ro-ded (or t,e +e)te)*e o( deat, (or a) o((e)der w,o -)te)t-o)a''y

*a+ed t,e deat, o( a 'aw e)(or*e.e)t o((-*er dr-) a (e'o)y dr-o'at-o)$36 w,-*,e?te)ded (edera' deat, ;e)a'ty ;ro*edre+ to oer (orty o((e)+e+$ 36 A)

360 $ %$"$ CO!"T$ a.e)d$ $361 . Fu#:a!> 40 %$"$ at 24 IDo'a+> 7$> *o)*rr-)J$362 $ &b$ L$ 93366> "tat$ 404> 411413> #e+eale" 32 &b$ L$ 103322> +e*$

60003IbJ> 10 "tat$ 19 "tat$ 409 #e+eale"32&b$ L$

103322> +e*$ 60003IbJ I1994J$364 $ 10 %$"$C$ P 2 I2000J$36 $ 21 %$"$C$ P 4 I19J$366 . I".P 4I*J$

A ;er+o) e)ae+ -) +*, e)ter;r-+e -( I1J t,e ;er+o) -o'ate+ a (e'o)y ;ro-+-o) o(

t,e (edera' dr 'aw+> a)d I2J t,e -o'at-o) -+ ;art o( a *o)t-)-) +er-e+ o(

-o'at-o)+ o( t,e (edera' dr 'aw+ )derta5e) by t,e ;er+o) -) *o)*ert w-t, (-e

or .ore ot,er ;er+o)+ reard-) w,o. t,e ;er+o) +ere+ a+ a) ora)-er>

+;er-+or or .a)aer a)d (ro. w,-*, t,at -)d--da' der-e+ +b+ta)t-a' -)*o.e

or re+or*e+$

I".36< . I".P 4IeJ I+tat-) -)te)t-o)a''y 5-''+ or *o)+e'+> *o..a)d+> -)d*e+> ;ro*re+

or *a+e+ t,e -)te)t-o)a' 5-''-) $ $ $ o( a)y edera'> "tate or 'o*a' 'aw e)(or*e.e)t o((-*er

e)aed -)> or o) a**o)t o(> t,e ;er(or.a)*e o( +*, o((-*er+ o((-*-a' dt-e+ a)d +*,

5-''-) re+'t+> -( t,e ;er+o) e)aed -) +*, *o)d*t dr-) t,e *o..-++-o) o(> -)

(rt,era)*e o(> or w,-'e atte.;t-) to ao-d a;;re,e)+-o)> ;ro+e*t-o) or +er-*e o( a ;r-or

+e)te)*e (or a (edera' (e'o)y dr -o'at-o)J$36 $ 1 %$"$C$ PP 391399 I2000J$


45/67


200G BEYOND A CONCEIVABLE DOUBT 26add-t-o)a' (or (edera' o((e)+e+ were added to t,-+ '-

Beyond a Conceivable Doubt: The Quest for a Fair and Constitutional Standard of Proof in Death Penalty Cases

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Beyond a Conceivable Doubt: The Quest for a Fair and Constitutional Standard of Proof in Death Penalty Cases