SEAFOOD
WWF-INDONESIA NATIONAL CAMPAIGN
S U S T A I N A B L E
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Phone +62 21 7829461
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WWF’s mission
To stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build
a future in which humans live in harmony with nature.
Better Management Practices
SEAWEED FARMING (Kappaphycus alvarezii), (Kappaphycus striatum),
(Eucheuma denticulatum)Cottonii Sacol and Spinosum
Manual for Small Scale Fishery
st1 Edition | June 2014© W
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SUSTAINABLESEAFOOD
ID
Better Management Practices
Manual for Small Scale Fishery
SEAWEED FARMING - Cottonii (Kappaphycus alvarezii),
Sacol (Kappaphycus striatum) and Spinosum (Eucheuma denticulatum)st1 Edition | June 2014
ISBN 978-979-1461-36-8
© WWF-Indonesia
ForewordThe greatest praise to The Almighty God for allowing us to complete Better
Management Practices (BMP) of seaweed farming -Cottonii (Kappaphycus
alvarezii), Sacol (Kappaphycus striatum), and Spinosum (Eucheuma
denticulatum). This document can be applied easily in practice without
neglecting environmental aspects while at the same time emphasizing both
sustainable and responsible farming activities.
This document was developed through several steps e.g.:literature review, field
data collection, internal review of WWF-Indonesia's aquaculture team and Focus
Group Discussion (FGD) together with seaweed farmers, expert as a part of the
external expert reviewer. This BMP is a living document which will continue to
be updated and revised based on the development of aquaculture activities and
inputs from the aquaculture actors and experts.
We would like to express our gratitude for the assistance, team work, input and
correction from all participants during the preparation of this BMP document:
Directorate General of Aquaculture, Mariculture Development Center (MDC)
Lombok-NTB, Mariculture Development Center Lampung, Brackish water
Aquaculture Research and Development Center Maros-South Sulawesi,
Laboratory of Takalar Center for Brackish water Aquaculture-Takalar-Sulawesi
Selatan, Marine and Fisheries Department Alor District-NTT,Local Development
Planning Agency-NTT, Marine and Fisheries Department NTB Province, Marine
and Fisheries Department Sumbawa District-NTB, Alor Seaweed Forum-NTT,
Jasuda-Makasar, ILO-NTT, Artha Wacana Christian University-Kupang,
Mataram University-NTB, Hasanuddin University-Makasar, UD Sentosa,
Celebes Seaweed Group, and Farmers Group Juku Ejaya-South Sulawesi.
We are open for any kind of constructive input for improvement of this
document. We do apologize if there is any mistake of the preparation and content
of this document.
June 2014 Redactor and editor team
WWF-Indonesia
Better Management Practices | BUDIDAYA RUMPUT LAUT - Kotoni, Sacol, dan Spinosum | i
Writer and Editor
Contributor
Ilustrator
Publisher
Credit
: AquacultureTeam WWF-Indonesia
: Anne Boucard Lechat, Niko Runtuboy, Helmy J. Maro,
Donny M. Bessie, Subair, Ernes Sau Sabu, Hanawi, Fahrul, Badrudin,
Rusman, Rajuddin Syam, Asdar Marzuki, Jelamu Ardu Marius,
Hasan Abdullah, Boedi Sardjana Julianto, Nasrul Efendi,
Salnida Yuniarti L., Nunik Cokrowati, Rahmat Hidayat, Darwis,
Darmawis Nur, Asfin, M. Zainuddin, Herlambang, Akmal, Andi Suryadi,
Ardanti Y.C. Sutarto
: Dwi Indarty
: WWF-Indonesia
: WWF-Indonesia
ii | Better Management Practices| SEAWEED FARMING - Kotoni, Sacol, and Spinosum
Desinfectant
Endemic
Eutrophication
Photosynthesis
Pure strain
Weeds
Herbivorous fish
Contaminant
Tissue culture
Macroalgae
Nitrate
Ice - Ice Disease
Phosphate
Pruning
Variety Selection
PE rope
: Compound used to kill or hamper the growth of bacteria.
: Organism found as native, restricted to a certain area and cannot
be found in other area.
: Excessive nutrients availability in environment which causes
uncontrolled growth of aquatic plant.
: The use of light energy by plants and other organisms to convert
carbondioxide and water into carbohydrate (chemical energy).
: Plants which are produced either from crossing or self
fertilization and possess identical characters with parental.
: Any plant that crowd out cultivated plants.
: Fishes that eat plant material.
: Unwanted compound or substance which makes impure the product
and reduces the quality of seaweed product.
: Growth of tissues on artificial media separate from organism.
: Macroscopic and multicellular algae.
: Nitrogenous compound which is found in aquatic environment
and plays a role as main nutrient for aquatic plant.
: A disease with recognized symptom is whitening mainly on the base
part of seaweed.
: Essential macro nutrient for aquatic plant and phytoplankton.
: Harvesting method of seaweed by pulling and cutting it from the
rope.
: Seaweed selection based on the best morphology characteristics
and the fastest growth rate.
: Plastic rope which is commonly used in aquaculture activity.
INDEX
Better Management Practices | - Kotoni, Sacol, and Spinosum | iiiSEAWEED FARMING
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Introduction
Seaweed: Uses and Utilization
Seaweed Farmer Group
Planning and Preparation of Seaweed Farming
A. Planning
B. Preparation of Seaweed Farming
Seaweed Farming Methods
A. Off-bottom Method
B. Longline and Floating Raft Method
Seaweed Seed
A. Characteristics of Good Seed
B. Transport and Handling
Planting and Maintenance
A. Preparation
B. Tying and Planting of Seedlings
C. Treatment/Handling of Seaweed
D. Pest and Disease in Seaweed Farming
Harvest and Post-harvest
A. Harvesting Procedure
B. Post-harvest Handling
Social Aspect of Seaweed Farming
Analysis of Seaweed Farming
Documentation of Farming Activity
Bibliography
Contents
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I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
Foreword
Contents
Index
I. INTRODUCTION
Seaweeds or macroalgae belong to aquatic
plant with big size and are visible by naked eye
without the aid of any instrument. They live
naturally either as benthic organism or grown
attach to substrate in marine ecosystem.
There are thousands of seaweed species in
marine ecosystem. According to FAO (2010),
33 species of seaweed are cultivated and
traded worldwide.
Seaweed production in Indonesia comes from
aquaculture both mariculture and brackish
water pond culture and wild harvest. The
production from natural harvesting is going
down and replaced by the production from
farming activity.
Some cultivated species in marine ecosystem
are Kappaphycus alvarezii (was known before
as Eucheuma cottonii), Kappaphycus
striatum and Eucheuma denticulatum.
Kappaphycus alvarezii and Kappaphycus
striatum are commercially known as Cottonii,
while Eucheuma denticulatum is
commercially known as Spinosum.
According to seaweed global production which
was reported by FAO in 2010, Indonesia led
production of Cottonii (63.37 % from world
total production) and was ranked as second
biggest producer of Gracilaria (30.02 % from
world total production). In national scale,
seaweed production in Indonesia is
dominated by Cottonii and Gracilaria.
Coastal communities dominate seaweed
farming in Indonesia, either as main or side
occupation. Several advantages of seaweed
farming are: 1) no high capital is necessarily
needed, 2) simple cultivation technology is
applied thus it is easily adapted by small
farmer communities, 3) time efficiency, 4)
short cycle, harvesting can be performed after
45 days, 5) can be conducted by anyone
including housewives.
In order to increase quality of seaweed
product and its productivity, several practical
aquaculture guidelines have been published as
reference for seaweed farmers.
Generally, these documents more focus on
technical aspects. Corresponding to its vision
and mission, WWF-Indonesia provides this
BMP document by considering not only
farming techniques but also social,
environmental and legal aspects. The
materials used for content were obtained from
technical guidelines which were published by
several institutions and enriched with field
data and input from stakeholders. We hope
this document can be used as a reference for
farmers to maintain the sustainability of
seaweed farming through responsible
cultivation practices.
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Source: , 2011.Directorate General of Aquaculture
Distribution Map of Seaweed Production in Indonesia
3
East Java;388,952 tonnes (9.96%)
10
Banten; 52,426 tonnes (1.34%)
1
South Sulawesi ; 1,245,771 tonnes (31.89%)
8
Bali;99,481 tonnes (2.55%)
7
West Nusa Tenggara;162,441 tonnes (4.16%)
5
2
Central Sulawesi;728,280 tonnes (18.64%)
9
Gorontalo;64,035 tonnes (1.64%)
6
Moluccas;260,155 tonnes (6.66%)
4
Southeast Sulawesi;348,981 tonnes (8.93%)
1. South Sulawesi (31.89%) Production = 1,245,771 tonnes
2. Central Sulawesi (18.64%) Production = 728,280 tonnes
3. East Java (9.96%) Production = 388,952 tonnes
4. Southeast Sulawesi (8.93%) Production = 348,981 tonnes
5. East Nusa Tenggara (8.9%) Production = 347,726 tonnes
6.
Moluccas (6.66%) Production = 260,155 tonnes
7. West Nusa Tenggara (4.16%) Production = 162,441 tonnes
8. Bali (2.55%) Production = 99,481 tonnes
9. Gorontalo (1.64%) Production = 64,035 tonnes
10.
Banten (1.34%) Production = 52,426 tonnes
East Nusa Tenggara;347,726 tonnes (8.90%)
Seaweed species which are commercially cultivated or harvested
from marine ecosystem in Indonesia are:
Kappaphycus alvarezii
(Red algae).
It was known before as
Eucheuma cottonii.
Local name:
Katoni, Tambalang, Rumput
Laut Kangkung
Gracilaria verrucosa
( ), Red algae
Local name:
Sango-sango
Kappaphycus striatum
( ), Red algae
Nama lokal:
Sacol ( )pronounced as Sakol
Sargassum spp.
( ),Brown algae
Local name:
-
Eucheuma denticulatum
It was known as
Eucheuma spinosum
Local name:
Spinosum, Safari
Turbinaria conoides
( ),Brown algae
Local name:
-
Halymenia durvillaea
( ), Red algae
Local name:
Rumput Laut Merah
Hypnea spp.
(Red Algae)
Local name:
-
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II. SEAWEED: USES AND UTILIZATION
Seaweed contains nutrients and compounds which are beneficial for many aspects in human life,
either for consumption or materials in industry, cosmetic, and medicine.
The uses and utilizations of seaweed related to its content are summarized in table below :
III. SEAWEED FARMER GROUP
In order to improve bargaining power, and
unity among farmers to be able to maintain
sustainability of seaweed farming activity, the
farmers are coordinated into certain forum or
group with following criteria:
1. The group/forum is legally accepted and
monitored by local Fisheries agency.
2. Consist of several farmers as member.
Ideally, each group consists of 10-25
people or even more (strong group
organization system is required). Women
are equally accepted as member.
3. Farmers are accompanied by extension
officer from local government.
4. Farmers have the same productive activity
which is seaweed farming.
5. Conduct routine meeting, at least once
every two weeks.
6. Has organization system which is elected
democratically, with a clear membership
and administration system. It is strongly
suggested to choose leader from the group.
7. The leader has good leadership skills
8. Attempt to build good relationship with
related stakeholders.
9. The group is formed based on region and
farming location (for practical
management).
Gracilaria
Gelidium
Eucheuma/
Kappaphycus
Hypnea
Spinosum
Sargassum
Turbinaria
Agars
Carrageenan
Alginate
Consumption:
Food, improves food texture, canning
industry of beef and fish, diet food.
Pharmacy/Medicines:
Tablet, pill, liquid medicine (Penicillin)
Cosmetics:
Soap, toothpaste, shampoo, lipstick,
hand body lotion, hair lotion.
Biotechnology:
As medium for tissue culture
Non-food:
Cattle/livestock feed, feed in
aquaculture (abalone, sea cucumber,
rabbit fish and fish pellet), ceramic
coating for automotive, paint solvent
adhesive yarn, dye for thread, film
paper and its coating, etc.
NO.
1
2
3
SEAWEED SPECIES CONTENT USAGE/PRODUCT
GROUP LEADERBETTER ISFARMERITSELF
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The increase of world seaweed production from year to year is trigerred by the increase of
demand and more varies seaweed utilization.
Table 1. Content and Usage of Several Seaweed Species
TO DETERMINE NUMBER OF MEMBERS IN EACH FARMER GROUP, IT IS STRONGLY RECOMMENDED TO
CONSIDER THE EASE OF MANAGEMENT OF SEAWEED BASED ON FARMING AREA AND COORDINATION
AMONG GROUP MEMBERS
Activities in farmer group:
1. Discussion of farming activities and any
problem that present, for example
finding solution to solve ice-ice disease
infection. Early warning mechanism of
disease infection in seaweed farming can
be organized in the group.
Sharing up to date information related to
price and recent technology available.
Collective sales which open possibility to
increase price in market.
Mediating conflict that may happen.
Planning seaweed farming activity in that
area.
Management of seedling nursery.
THE RECOMMENDED GROUP IN
THIS BMP IS A FORMAL GROUP
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Early warning mechanism of
disease infection in seaweed
farming can be prepared by
the group
IV. PLANNING AND PREPARATION OF SEAWEED FARMING
A. Planning
Develop a seedling nursery in one farming area (if
the available farming area is > 15 ha). High quality
seeds are obtained either from variety selection or
government
Planting and maintenance
Preparation of
seeds
Construction of
farming facilities
Harvesting,
Drying, &
Packing
Evaluation and
planning for further
farming activity
Legal aspect of
farming and site
selection
Determination of
farming/cultivation
method
Calculation of operational
cost and production
schedule
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B. Preparation of Seaweed Cultivation
Several aspects that have to be considered concerning site selection are:
1. Legal Aspect of the AquacultureActivity
Preparation of Site Selection
a. . Site selection is based on the regulation from the local government
Site is determined according to the regulation of aquaculture which is regulated in
Coastal and Small Islands Zonation Planning and/or spatial planning for land in
city/district or province level. Suitability of farming area is aimed to avoid conflict
with other utilization planning for that area such as housing, conservation, capture
fishery, tourism, industry, sailing, etc.
If these two mentioned documents are not available, it should be reported and
discussed with local authorities on the village, sub-district or district level thus the
area will be considered legally as farming area.
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Legal Permitb.
According to regulation issued by Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries
(MMAF) Number 49/Permen-KP/2014 related to aquaculture, any fish farming must
own lisence/permission (Surat izin Usaha Perikanan (SIUP) or Tanda Pencatatan
Usaha Pembudidayaan Ikan (TPUPI)).
Intermediate and big scale farmers are obliged to own SIUP which is issued by associated
fishery authorities.
Small scale farmer is obliged to own TPUPI but not SIUP. Regulations for small scale
farmer according to Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Number 49/Permen-
KP/2014 about fishery activity are:
Use simple technology in farming activity
Use less than 2 ha area
The following criterias of SIUP for fishery activity as conform to the regulation issued by
Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Number 3/2015 about legal permission for
fishery are:
Use capital from foreign country,
Located in the area above 12 miles measured from coastal line to seawater body,
Located in land on borderline of province,
Use super intensive technology.
Legal permit is issued with the recommendation from Ministry of Maritime Affairs
and Fisheries.
c. :Other regulations related to fishery activity in coastal area are
UU Number 27/2007 and its amendment, law No. 1/2014 about Coastal Area and
Small Islands Management which does not allow land and ecosystem conversion in
farming/fishery area to maintain sustainability of ecology function of coastal and
small islands area.
UU Number 31/2004 about fishery and PP Number 60/2007 about fishery source
conservation. These regulations allow the utilization of mangrove, seagrasss, coral
reef, and other ecosystems for fishery activity.
Tourism site
Site for capture fishery
Transportation site
Farming site
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b.
Water bottom composition should be sandy and rocky.
Bay for seaweed farming Protected shallow marine area for seaweed farming
Strait for seaweed farming Protected shallow marine area for sacol farming
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Water characteristic
For off-bottom method, farming site has to be free from any parasites and pests such
as sea urchins, sea cucumber, starfish and turtle. Pest handling has to be conducted in
such a way that does not cause any animal death.
Protected from strong wave that can destruct farming construction and seaweeds. It is
recommended to do farming in bay, strait and protected shallow marine area.
Muddy water bottom is less suitable because
the slow water flow will allow mud becomes
easily attached to seaweed and hamper the
.growth of seaweed
Eligibility of seaweed farming location is based on water characteristics, water
quality, and access to the farming area :
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Tabel 2. Optimum range of water quality parameters for seaweed farming
PARAMETERNO UNIT OPTIMUM RANGE1
Temperature
oC
26-32
2 Salinity ppt
27-34
3 pH 7- 8.5
4 Nitrate ppm 1-3
5 Phosphate ppm 0.01 - 0.021
Waste from household, fish ponds or
agriculture and industry may increase
nutrient content in water and leads to
uncontrolled growth of weeds/pest.
SELECT FARMING SITE WHICH IS FAR FROM POLLUTION/ WASTE
The presence of wild seaweed and or seagrass indicates
.that location/site is suitable for seaweed farming
CHOOSE FARMING
SITE WHERE
SEAWEED AND
SEAGRASS GROW
NATURALLY
WARNING! DO NOT DAMAGE SEAGRASS AND CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEM !
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Select location with water depth more than 5 m during the lowest tide,
Use long line method and keep a wide space between seeds and between
rope spans to allow sunlight penetration,
Keep minimum space between seeds at 50 cm, and space between rope
spans at 100 cm,
Put anchor carefully and keep it stable to avoid any damage of seaweed and
coral,
Maintenance of seaweed has to be performed using boat.
Stepping on coral is strictly prohibited,
AVOID SEAWEED FARMING IN CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEM!If there is not any choice :
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Water Quality
Water flow at rate of 0.5 m/s is required to distribute nutrients needed for seaweed
growth and help to clean any attached impurities on seaweed surface. Avoid too
strong water flow which may damage seaweed.
Water depth is determined according to farming system applied. Water depth in off-
bottom farming should not be less than 0.3 m, while water depth in longline farming
should not be less than 0.1 m during the lowest tide. Longline method can be
performed in deep water.
Longline method requires clear water with light penetration more than 5 m.
The wave is not too high (less than 1.0 m) to avoid any damage of seaweed and
farming facilities.
Avoid location which is too close to freshwater (estuary). Low salinity is not suitable
for seaweed growth.
Avoid location with too high nitrate and phosphate content that exceeds optimum
range. It indicates eutrophication which may give negative effect to the seaweed
growth.
a.
b.
c.
d.
f.
e.
Accessibility
Farm site has to be easily accessible for
maintenance and assurance of seaweed
development.
There are adequate facilities and
infrastructure in the farm site to support
farming, post-harvest handling and
marketing activities.
Farm site is located close to high quality
seeds. Otherwise, seed can be imported
from other areas following proper
handling and transporting procedures.
a.
b.
Legal Permit
According to Regulation of the Minister of
Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Number PER
12/MEN/2007 about Fishery Legal Permit,
farmers are obliged to own Surat Ijin Usaha
Perikanan (SIUP) which can be obtained from
from DKP or local fishery office. SIUP is not
obliged owend by small scale fishery with
certain criteria:
a. Off-bottom farming: maximum 8 units, 2size per unit is 100 x 5 m
b. Floating raft farming: maximum 20 units,
1 unit=20 floating bamboo raft (size of 2each raft is 5 x 2.5 m ,
c. Longline farming: maximum 2 units (size
of each unit is 1 ha)..
c.
Farmers who are not obliged to own SIUP has
to report their activity to the farmer group, for
further report to local marine and fishery
office to get TPKP (Tanda Pencatatan
Kegiatan Perikanan)
Apply the best farming method Cara
Budidaya Ikan yang Baik (CBIB) according
to Directorate General of Aquaculture and
technical guidelines.
ACQUIRE CBIB CERTIFICATE FOR YOUR SEAWEED FARMING ACTIVITY!
Contact local fisheries
agency for further
procedures.
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V. SEAWEED FARMING METHODS
There are several applicable farming methods with different terms used,
which are developed based on water condition, capital, availability of
facilities and infrastructures, and farmer skill. This BMP document
explain some commonly known methods namely: fixed off-bottom
system and floating system (longline and floating raft).
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A. Off-bottom Method
Prepare two wooden pegs with diameter of ± 5 cm and ± length of 1 m. Drive
both wooden pegs to the bottom 15 - 25 m apart in rows, parallel to water flow
direction.
Set other wooden pegs ± 50 cm in rows. Tie and connect each wooden peg with
PE rope (diameter 6 mm or 8 mm).
Set PE rope (diameter 2 mm) to tie seeds (tali coban) on rope span (diameter 4
mm) ± 20 cm apart.
Stretch out PE rope (diameter 4 mm) which is already planted with seeds on
both wooden pegs (from A to B).
Farming facilities can be constructed as follow:
Prepare two wooden pegs with diameter of ± 5 cm and ± length of 1 m. Drive
both wooden pegs to the bottom 20-40 m apart in rows, parallel to water flow
direction.
Every 3 m apart, set wooden pegs to hold 11 wooden on each side.
Connect each wooden peg with PE rope (diameter 8 mm).
Stretch out PE rope (diameter 4 mm) which is already planted with seeds on
both wooden pegs 1 m between ropes.
Alternativeof farming facilities can be constructed as follow :
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Height of wooden peg should not be >1 m.
The wooden peg can be made of lamtoro, tamate, or bitti (local name in Makasar).
Do not use mangrove as material for wooden peg, except when it fulfills the regulation issued by Forestry Department.
Wooden peg Plastic rope
PE rope with diameter of 2 mm
PE rope with diameter of 6 mm
Plastic rope
PE rope with diameter of 4 mm
Water flow direction
B. Floating Method (Longline and Raft)
Main ropes used are PE rope with diameter of 12 mm and 8 mm. PE rope
(diameter 12 mm) is set against water flow, while PE rope (diameter 8 mm) is set
parallel to water flow. Install these two main ropes to form rectangular shape
with size ± 25 x 50 m, or 50 x 50 m (can be adjusted according to available
materials).
Set 3 anchors (sack containing sand or rock) at every corner (10-15 kg, 20 kg
dan 10-15 kg) using PE rope (diameter 12 mm) outward direction to stretch out
ropes. Wooden peg can be used instead of anchor in seawater with muddy
bottom.
Anchor rope minimum 3 times of water depth.
Anchor 5-10 kg is set on the main ropes 7 m apart.
Set buoy (ball or plastic bottle volume 50 l) at every corner and buoy (ball or
plastic bottle volume 20 l) on the main ropes at every 10-15 m.
Set PE rope (diameter 4 mm) 50 cm apart on the main rope following water flow
direction.
Set PE rope (diameter 2 mm) to tie seeds (tali coban) on rope span with ± 20 cm
apart.
Set bottle buoy 500 ml on rope span 2 m apart between buoy.
The following are materials and method to install farming facilities using
longline method :
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There are three types of floating method namely longline, bamboo raft, and
combination of these two types. This document explains longline and
bamboo raft.
MATERIALS AND METHOD TO INSTALL FARMING FACILITIES USING LONGLINE METHOD
Tali PE diameter 4 mm
Tali PE diameter 8 mm
Rope Span PEWith diameter 4 mm
Buoy
Rope 12 mm
PE rope 1 mm
PE rope 8 mm
PE rope 4 mm Weight
Rope with diameter of 8 mm Rope with diameter of 12
m
m
Flow direction
Install round shaped bamboo (diameter ± 10 cm) to form rectangular
with size of ± 25 x 25 m.
Set anchor or weight ± 50 kg (sack containing sand or rock) at each
corner.
Set bamboo bar at every corner to keep the rectangular shape.
Tie PE rope (diameter 4 mm) 50 cm apart on the raft (rope span) parallel
to water flow direction.
Set PE rope with smaller diameter of 2 mm to tie seeds (tali coban) on
rope span with ± 20 cm apart.
Set bottle buoy 500 ml on rope span with 2 m apart between buoy.
Materials and method to install farming facilities using floating raft method :
MATERIALS AND METHOD TO INSTALL FARMING FACILITIES USING FLOATING RAFT METHOD
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Tali PE diameter 4 mm
Tali PE diameter 2 mm PE rope diameter 2 mm
PE rope diameter 1 mm
PE rope diameter 4 mm
PE rope No.2
Plastic bottle
Weight
Flow direction
50 cm
2 m
VI. SEAWEED SEEDS
Harvested after 25-30 days of cultivation.
Branches.
No spot and peel off found, not slimy.
Use seeds which are obtained from
selection. Renewal of seeds supply is
required to maintain good quality.
Seeds which are cultivated in seedling
nursery may be obtained from variety
selection or pure strain from research
center.
FARMER GROUP IN ONE FARMING AREA IS SUGGESTED TO ORGANIZE SEDDLING NURSERY TO PROVIDE SEED SUPPLY FOR ALL GROUP MEMBERS. SEED CAN BE CULTIVATED IN A FARM
WITH THE SIZE AROUND 10 % OF TOTAL FARMING SITE
A. Characteristics of Good Seeds
Two disadvantages of seeds obtained
from field are the age is unknown and
decrease in quality (due to senescence of
seaweed cell).
Seaweed seeds with young cells can be
produced by breeding or tissue culture.
Breeding to obtain new seeds need at least
one year.
Steps of seeds breeding are:
SEEDS RENEWAL BY PRODUCING PURE STRAIN
Take thallus ± 5 cm with Cystocarp
(sporophore), which is part of
thallus that develops spores.
Put the thallus on petri dish or glass
plate thallus is then put in a glass ,
jar containing seawater. Maintain
seawater quality in optimum range
for seaweed growth. Aeration is
provided to supply oxygen.
After 1-3 days, Cystocarp will produce
Carpospora (microthallus) which is
only visible under microscope.
Carpospora will grow become young
thallus after > 3 months.
Young thallus with size of at least 100 g can be planted as new seed.
This breeding can be multiplied and
then used as parental.
SEAWEED FARMER GROUP WHO WHIS TO DEVELOP SEED OBTAINED FROM TISSUE CULTURE/PURE STRAIN CAN CONTACT LOCAL DIRECTORATE OF
FISHERIES AND MARINE AFFAIRS OR MARICULTURE RESEARCH CENTER.
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Fresh and flexible
Healthy (uninfected by disease)
Smooth, no breakage or damage
Natural odor
No attached mosses or weeds/parasites
Has many thallus
Thallus of seaweed are shown by white
circle in the above picture
Firstly, some criteria are needed to
select good quality of seeds (25 day
old): faster growth, healthy (free
from parasites and damage), strong
thallus, big and bright color. Seeds
are cut on the main branch and
cultivated at separated area. After 25
days, further selection is conducted
by selecting 20-30 % of grown
population according to the above
criteria. F2 seeds are obtained from
this selection.
Plant the F2 seeds from the first
selection step for 25 days, harvest
and 20-30 % of them (qualified to
the selection criteria) are used as F3
seeds.
F3 seeds obtained from the second
selection are cultivated for 25 days,
harvest and 20-30 % of them
(qualified to the selection criteria)
are used as F4 seeds.
F4 seeds have relatively stable
quality. They are cultivated for 25
days and will produce high quality
seeds for seaweed farming. To
provide continous supply of seeds,
seeds are consistently harvested
after 25 days and cultivated even
though there is not any farmer in
the area needs new seeds for that
period.
Some parts of high quality seed are
cultivated to provide seeds for the
next farming period.
VARIETY SELECTION FOR SEEDS RENEWAL
The variety selection (step a-d) can be
repeated if quality of seeds goes down.
Use seeds from own farm or at least the closest farm.Two advantages: the
seeds are certainly suitable for that area and time efficiency for transporting
(less than 4 hours). Avoid direct sunlight and keep the seeds wet/moist during transport. Use
cover to protect them from sunlight and provide holes for air circulaton
(long distance transport).
Avoid contact with freshwater (cancel transport when it rains).
Better to transport seeds in the morning (for short distance) and then
followed immediately by planting the seeds to the rope.
While better to do long distance transport in the night therefore planting
can be conducted in the following morning.
B. Seeds Transporting and Handling
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Variety selecton is conducted by following steps :
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How to pack seaweeds for transporting >12 hours
VII. SEAWEED PLANTATION AND MAINTENANCE
Prepare farming site and facilities prior
to planting.
Clean rope span and tie rope from any
weeds/mosses or other parasites by drying
method. New ropes have to be soaked at
least one day prior to plantation to remove
any contaminants (impurities) which may
hamper seaweed growth.
A. Preparationa.
b.
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Prepare:- Styrofoam with the size of 40 x 60 m2
- Three mineral water bottle containing ice (volume of 500-600 ml)- Unused paper or thin sponge- Seeds (after 5 minutes draining)
st1 layer: Arrange bottle on the
bottom of syrofoam
nd2 layer: Put paper or
sponge on top of the
bottle.
rd3 layer: Put the seedlings
on top of the second layer
(without pressing)
th4 layer: Put paper or sponge Close and seal
styrofoam box
Avoid any action that can break/damage seeds.
Put the seeds under shaded area to keep them moist.
For short distance transport (maximum 4 hours), allow seeds under shaded
area for 30 minutes, then spray water and soak them in seawater prior
tying.
The seeds have to be closely packed if they are transported for >12 hours.
B. Binding of Seed and PlantingPrepare equipment for seed selection
(such as knife). Cutting the seed by hand
will leave unsmooth surface which allows
the attachment of parasite.
1.
Avoid the usage of seed which is obtained
from pruning. Releasing seeds one by one
from the rope is the best method.
2.
SELECTION AND CUTTING OF SEEDS HAS TO BE HANDLED BY DIFFERENT LABOR/FARMER TO MAINTAIN
SELECTIVITY.
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Use PE rope 2 mm or twisted plastic rope to tie the seeds.
Provide tying rope as long as ± 25 - 30 cm, and tied the rope to rope span
with ± 20 cm space.
The weight of each seed clump can be 50, 100, 150 or 200 g, but it is
suggested to homogenize the weight of seeds to obtain homogenous growth.
Select bud with many branches.
Tying has to be performed in a clean place
and free from any pollution matters.
Tie the seeds carefully, not too tight (avoid
breakage of branches) or too loose with
enough allowance for growth.
Seeds should be tied at the base/middle
part.
Tied seeds are then stored properly under
shaded area prior to plantation.
Carry the tied seeds carefully to the site.
Protect them from direct sunlight,
freshwater/rain or any friction.
Planting has to be performed immediately
after tying step (do not keep it overnight).
The sooner the better.
Tie the rope span strongly.
Buoy is tied to the rope.
3.
4.
5.
Avoid direct sunlight during tying process6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
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DO NOT USE INORGANIC/ORGANIC FERTILIZER WHICH IS NOT SPECIFIC FOR SEAWEED FARMING TO PREVENT EUTROPHICATION, POLLUTION AND
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C. Treatment/handling of Seaweeds
Control seaweed condition for 2-3 times/day during the first week of
cultivation (particularly when wave is strong).
Check the seedlings and replace loss or broken seedlings (only performed
in the first week of cultivation to avoid heterogenous growth).
Clean seedlings from any impurities such as natural seaweed Sargassum and
Ulva, mosses/weeds, sediment and mud. It can be performed by shaking the rope
span or removing the organisms directly.
Parasite organisms which are removed from seaweeds have to be collected
and disposed to trash bin in land to avoid any re-attachment of these
parasites in the future.
Specific for naturally grown seaweed with high market price such as
Sargassum are better to collect and harvest.
To avoid raise of seaweed to water surface, buoy position has to be set properly
and or fill only half of the bottle buoy.
One week after planting/cultivation, controlling can be performed once a day
or 3 times per week until harvesting.
1.
3.
2.
4.
5.
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Avoid diaposal of parasite in the sea
D. Pest and Disease in Seaweed Farming
Growth rate Measurement
Monitoring and sampling are performed
to measure seaweed growth rate. These
activities can be routinely conducted once
a week and during harvesting. The
measurement methods are:
Measure initial weight of sample and
determine how much seaweeds will
be sampled until harvesting. For
example 1% out of total seeds in one
unit
One sample = one clump of seaweeds
Take sample, weigh and keep the
record
Bind the sample after weighing and
tie it to the rope.
Monitoring form of growth rate
measurement is provided in attachment.
Farming Facilities Maintenance
Remove dirt, weed or other organism
that attach on the rope span.
After harvest, dry the moss/weed on
the rope span and remove it. The
clean rope can be reused for the next
cultivation. The rope can be used for 2
years.
Check wooden peg, rope, buoy and
anchor. Repair any damage.
a.
c.
b.
Keterangan :
X = unaffected
V = affected
a.
c.
b.
d.
Pests
Pest Symptomp/effectNo.
Method
Off- Bottom
Floating raft
Action
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
GreenTurtle
Fish : , Rabbit fish
Red parrot
Sea urchin
Snail
Sea cucumber
Starfish
Mermaid
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
X
X
X
X
V
Loss of seaweed (or broken)
Bitten by turtle
Loss of seaweed, or broken
Bitten by small or big fish
Bitten broken, .shrivelled
Bitten broken, shrivelled
.discoloration
Bitten broken, shrivelled
.discoloration
Bitten broken, shrivelleddiscoloration.
Loss of seaweeds
- Expel/catch the pests Move them to area which is far from farming site Do not kill turtle- Routine control of all farming units- Mass planting simultaneously
- Mass planting simustaneously in .certain area- Hang objects which produce sound or reflect light e.g.: empty bottle filled with marble/stone or unused VCD pieces- Routine control
Catch the pests and move them to other area
without killing them.
Catch the pests and move them to other area
without killing them.
Catch the pests and move them to other area
without killing them
Catch the pests and move them to other area
without killing them
Catch the pests and move them, to other area
without killing them
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THE BEST METHOD TO ANTICIPATE PEST/WEEDS IS BY MULTIPLYING THE POPULATION OF CULTIVATED SEAWEEDS AND SIMULTANEOUS CULTIVATIONIN ONE FARMING AREA.
SEAWEED LOSS WILL STIMULATE THE PRESENCE OF
WEEDS/PEST, THUS IT IS SUGGESTED TO COLLECT
SEAWEEDS WHICH FALL INTO BOTTOM OF FARMING AREA.
Disease/
Pest/weeds Symptom and effectNo.Method
FloatingAction
1. Disease:
ice-ice V V1. Change of water condition
drastically, mainly temperature
2. Slow growth, becomes pale
(discoloration), broken
3. White spots appear on the stem
(where seaweeds are tyed)
4. The infected seaweeds will be
slimy
5. Whitening is followed by
damaged of stem
Factors whic trigger ice-ice
disease infection are: dirt and
contaminant on rope, drastic
weather change, bad seed
quality.
Harvest immediately,
move farming location or
temporary stop farming
for a couple of months.
Disease and Pest
Off -Bottom
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2. Weeds: macroalgae
(Ulva spp.,Enteromorpha
spp., Cladophoraspp.)
V V- Attach and damage
. seaweeds
- Hamper growth
Avoid endemic location
of weed and clean the
seaweeds by shaking
.the rope regularly
Keterangan : X = V = unaffected affected
IF PEST, DISEASE INFECTION OF WEEDS ATTACT IN 10 DAYS,
IMMEDIATE HARVESTING IS RECCOMMENDED.
IF IT HAPPENS CONTINUOUSLY FOR 1 YEAR AND CAUSE SEED
DEATH OR SEAWEED DAMAGE, IT IS BETTER TO MOVE
FARMING LOCATION.
Ice-ice disease
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IF DISEASE INFECTION OR WEEDS PRESENT IN A CERTAIN FARMING AREA, IT IS BETTER TO PROVIDE EARLY WARNING. FOR EXAMPLE BY INSTALLING RED FLAG AT THE INFECTED AREA THUS OTHER FARMERS WILL NOTICE AND DO PREVENTIVE ACTION IMMEDIATELY.
WHEN A CHANGE OF SEASON OR CHANGE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
HAPPENS IN FARMING AREA WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY NO AIR,
WATER FLOW, HIGH TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY THAT SOFTEN THE
SEAWEEDS AND DIE ONLY IN 2 DAYS, IT IS SUGGESTED TO REGULATE
CULTIVATION TIMING AND LOCATION. THEREFORE, FARMING ACTIVITY
IN THAT AREA FINISH BEFORE ANY WORST CASE HAPPENS.
CALENDAR OF CULTIVATION SEASON IS HIGLY NEEDED.
VIII. HARVEST AND POST-HARVEST
Seaweeds are harvested after 45 days.
It is suggested to harvest in the morning and immediately followed by drying, or
during low tide for off-bottom method..
Shake off the seaweeds to remove any contaminant prior to harvesting.
A. Harvesting Method
a.
b.
c.
Harvest seaweeds properly to maintain good quality of seaweeds, by releasing
them one by one from rope span.
d.
DO NOT HARVEST SEAWEEDS FROM ROPE SPANS BY PRUNING BECAUSE IT WILL DECREASE THE QUALITY OF DRY SEAWEEDS
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Harvesting contaminated seaweeds
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e.
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Collect the harvested seaweeds in a boat, container, sack or carry them immediately. Do not
drag them to avoid contamination and damage.
f. Do not harvest when it rains to avoid decrease in quality of harvested seaweeds
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SPECIFIC FOR SPINOSUM, HARVEST CAN BE CONDUCTED AFTER 25-30 DAYS PLANTING, WHEN THE MOST OPTIMUM OF QUALITY AND CARRAGEENAN CONTENT ARE OBTAINED.
Carrageenan content which is
determined by species/origin of the
seaweeds (genetic), farming location,
harvesting, growth stage and drying
method.
Water content: maximum of 35 %. It is
determined by duration and drying
method. Good water content is indicated
by pricky feeling in our grasp. If it feels
sticky it means that water content is still
above 35 %.
B. Post-harvest Handling
a.
Factors determining seaweed are :
b.
Content of other materials (impurity):< 5
%, which is determined by farming
location, harvesting and drying method.
c.
Beside proximity to market, high quality of
seaweed also determines its price. Seaweed
quality can be controlled by conducting proper
farming, harvesting, and post-harvest
handling. The quality is adapted to National
Standard in Indonesia: SNI 2690.1:2009, SNI
2690.2:2009, and SNI 2690.3:2009.
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Seaweed harvesting using canoe/boat Seaweed harvesting by carrying them directly
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Drying
Try not to damage/break the thallus of
seaweed before drying to avoid loss of
carrageenan content.
Drying can be conducted by hanging or
putting the harvested seaweeds on loft as
drying platform. It takes 2-3 days until the
required level of dryness is obtained.
a.
b.
THE HARVESTING AND DRYING METHODS DESCRIBED ABOVE ARE CONDUCTED TO PRODUCE RAW MATERIALS FOR INDUSTRIAL PURPOSE
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c. Organize the depth of seaweed on the
drying platform at ± 10 cm and turn the
seaweeds at regular interval under the sun
to dry them evenly.
Always cover the harvested seaweeds on the
drying platform to protect them from rain.
During drying process, avoid contact with
freshwater.
e. Clean seaweeds from any contaminant such as weeds, fish, small shrimp, mollusk, leaves,
rope, shell, etc.
f. Pay attention the drying platform and avoid any livestock stepping or excreting on it.
Drying using hanging method
Drying on loft as platform
d.
During drying and packing, strictly prohibited:
Stepping on seaweeds
Smoking or disposing cigarette ash on seaweeds
Spitting on the drying patform
Packing and Storage
Dry seaweeds have to be cleaned from
any contaminant prior to packing. For
small scale activity, dry seaweed can be
packed simply by putting them in a
plastic bag.
Dry seaweed can also be sold and
delivered to whole saler without packing
prior to delivery.
If farmers want to keep the seaweed, they
should put it in a plastic sack and cover
properly. The storage room has to be dry
and clean. For storage more than 3 days,
do not put the plastic sack directly on the
floor to avoid dampness on the sack
bottom.
SEAWEED IS PACKED SEPARATELY BASED ON
SPECIES.
IX. SOSIAL ASPECT OF SEAWEED FARMING ACTIVITY
It is not allowed to hire children labour as
regulated by ILO and employment rules in
Indonesia.
The work has to be performed without any
force. Pay attention to timing according to
the rules.
Avoid labor discrimination.
Pay attention to labor safety and welfare.
Employees have right to participate in
organization such as local forum communities,
youth organization, etc.
Any discipline or sanction given to
employees who violate the rules of
agreement must go through the proper
mechanism.
Pay attention to socio-cultural aspect in order
to keep a good relationship with the society.
Perform coordination with all parties who use
the water space (farmer, tourists, etc) to
determine the correct location for seaweed
farming and minimize the possibility of social
conflict.
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X. . ANALYSIS OF SEAWEED FARMING
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Description Quantity Price per unit (Rp) Total (Rp)
Fixed costs
Wooden peg (unit) 80 2,000 160,000
Buoy (piece) 200 500 100,000
PE rope No.2 (roll) 6 55,000 330,000
PE rope No.4 (roll) 5 90,000 450,000
PE rope No.6 (kg) 1 75,000 75,000
Boat (unit) 1 500,000 500,000
Work equipment (package) 1 250,000 250,000
Drying platform 6 x 4 m (unit) 1 1,500,000 1,500,000
Total fixed costs 3,365,000
Variable cost
Seeds (kg) 500 5,000 2,500,000
Seed tying cost 100,000
Maintenance cost 100,000
Harvesting, drying and packing costs 100,000
Total variable costs 2,800,000
Total production costs 2,800,000
Total expenses 3,070,625
Revenue
Harvest (kg dry weight) 438 10,000 4,380,000
Profit 1,580,000
Analysis of seaweed farming using off-bottom method
Analysis of seaweed farming using long line method
Description Quantity Price per unit (Rp) Total (Rp)
Fixed costs
1. Anchor (unit) 20 150,000 3,000,000
2. PE rope 12 mm (kg) 40 35,000 1,400,000
3. PE rope 8 mm (kg) 30 35,000 1,050,000
4. PE rope 1 mm (kg) 10 35,000 350,000
5. Buoy (per bottle) 500 300 150,000
6. Buoy (per ball) 10 100,000 1,000,000
7. Boat 1 1,000,000 1,000,000
8. Work equipment (paket) 1 1,000,000 1,000,000
9. Drying platform 6 x 4 m (unit) 1 1,500,000 1,500,000
Sub Total 10,450,000
Variable costs
10. Seeds (kg) 2000 2,500 5,000,000
11. Seeds tying cost 300,000
12. Harvesting, drying and packing costs 500,000
13. Other costs for 1 cycle 1,000,000
Sub Total 6,800,000
TOTAL 17,250,000
Revenue
Dry kotoni sold (kg) 2000 11000 22,000,000
Wet weight harvest of 16 Ton = 2 Ton
dry weight
Revenue 4,750,000
Description
Notes: - The price of Kotoni seed used here is common price in Makassar - The analysis is performed based on the price in 2014 Notes: The price of Kotoni seed used here is common price in Makassar in 2014
XI. DOCUMENTATION OF FARMING ACTIVITIES
Proutine documentation of seaweed condition
and environmental condition will allow the
analysis of cause and effect between these two
factors. Then, it can be used in decision making
to solve problems which happens during seaweed
farming development.
The following table can be used as referene for
monitoring of seaweed condition can be
conducted using table below as reference :
Monitoring Table for Group
* Please tick in the available column
ConditionMonth
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Dry season
Rainy season
The east wind
The west wind
Average of daily temperature
Good growth of seaweed
Seaweed is fallen
out due to big waves
Discoloration of
seaweed
Ice-ice infection
Weeds infection
The presence of
herbivorous
Seawater becomes turbid
Efforts conducted by farmers
Current direction
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Analysis of seaweed farming using floating raft method
GÑŒŃǾÒŐPÒŎŌ Quantity Price per unit (Rp) Total (Rp)
Fixed costs
1. Anchor (unit) 12 150,000 1,800,000
2. PE rope12 mm (kg) 10 35,000 350,000
3. PE rope 8 mm (kg) 30 35,000 1,050,000
4. PE rope 1 mm (kg) 10 35,000 350,000
5. Buoy 500 300 150,000
6. Long raft bamboo 25 m (piece) 40 35,000 1,400,000
7. Boat 1 1,000,000 1,000,000
8. Work equipment 1 1,000,000 1,000,000
9. Drying platform 6 x 4 m (unit) 1 1,500,000 1,500,000
Sub Total 8,600,000
Variable costs
10. Seed cost (kg) 2000 2,500 5,000,000
11. Seed tying cost 300,000
12. Harvesting, drying and packing costs 500,000
13. Other cost for 1 cycle 1,000,000
Sub Total 6,800,000
TOTAL 15,400,000
Revenue (4 unitsfloating raft)
Dry Kotoni sold 2000 11000 22,000,000
Wet weight harvest of 16 Ton = 2 Ton dry weight
Profit 6,600,000
Uraian Kebutuhan
*
Notes: - The price of Kotoni seed used here is common price in Makassar- The analysis is performed based on the price in 2014
*) Please choose the unit which corresponds to the time of plantation
These two documented data have to be analysed by the fishery officer who accompany the farmers. The result
of analysis is then discussed together with the farmers to decide further action.
Monitoring Table for Each Farmer*
Type of seed Farmer's name
Weight (g) – Week
.............................
Source of seed Date of planting
Date of seed purchase Date of harvesting
Duration of transport Duration of drying .......... Hours
Total weight of tied seed ........... Kg Total dry weight ........... Kg
Growth rate measurementSeed 2 3 4 5 Harvest
RL in front of current
RL behind current
47 | Better Management Practices| SEAWEED FARMING - Kotoni, Sacol, and Spinosum
M. Yusuf, Fisheries Science and Training Coordinator.
He got his bachelor degree in Fishery and Environmental Management, Hasanuddin University,
Makassar. He has ac�vely par�cipated since 2000 in local non-governmental organiza�on of fishery
sector in Makassar, university diving club, valua�on of AMDAL (the Environmental Impact
Assessment), and seaweed export company. He joined WWF-Indonesia since February 2009 and
responsible for the development of all fishery guidance (BMP) and stakeholder capacity.
Nur Ahyani, Aquaculture officer.
She joined WWF-Indonesia since February 2013. Nur is responsible in aquaculture prac�ce
development based on Be�er Management Prac�ces (BMP) and Aquaculture Stewardship Council
(ASC) in the area of NTB, NTT and Bali. Before working in WWF-Indonesia, she ac�vely par�cipated
in strengthening coastal society and aquaculture in Aceh and Nias. She obtained her master degree
in Master of Science in Aquaculture, Ghent University, Belgium
Wahju Subachri, Senior Fisheries Officer.
Wahju studied Aquaculture in Hang Tuah University and joined WWF-Indonesia since November
2010. His main responsibility is development and implementa�on of Aquaculture Improvement
Program (AIP) in several priority areas of WWF-Indonesia. Before working in WWF-Indonesia, he
had worked in aquaculture company and aquaculture sector specialist for more than 15 years
Idham Malik, Aquaculture Officer
He has ac�vely involved in coastal environment issue since his study in Hasanuddin University, major
in Fishery. Idham joined WWF-Indonesia since May 2013 and is responsible for development and
implementa�on of BMP of Aquaculture and Fishery in South Sulawesi and involving several
stakeholder; small scale farmers, industry, researcher and government.
Candhika Yusuf, Na�onal Aquaculture Program Coordinator
He has involved in marine and fishery conserva�on ac�vity since his bachelor study major in Marine,
Diponegoro University, Semarang. He joined in WWF-Indonesia in 2009 as Fisheries Officer at Berau
and since 2011 he is func�oned as Na�onal Aquaculture Programme Coordinator. His responsibility is
the implementa�on of Aquaculture Improvement Program (AIP) for 11 priori�zed commodi�es
WWF-ID in Indonesia.
Get Other Manual Series – Aquaculture Practical Guidelines :
Beside practical guideline for aquaculture and fishery, WWF-Indonesia also publishes other documents related
to Capture Fishery, Bycatch Fishery, Marine Tourism, and Aquatic Environment Conservation.
For more detail information and to get electronic version of these documents, please
visit www.wwf.or.id
1. Tiger Shrimp Aquaculture (Penaeus monodon), Traditional and Semi-Intensive Pond
2. Vannamei Shrimp Aquaculture, Semi-Intensive with Wastewater Treatment Installation
3. Tiger Grouper Aquaculture, Floating Net Cage System
4. Tilapia Fish Aquaculture in Cage with Floating Net System
5. Seaweed Aquaculture of Cottonii (Kappaphycus alvarezii), Sacol (Kappaphycus striatum), and Spinosum (Eucheuma denticulatum)
6. Seaweed Aquaculture Gracilaria sp., in the Pond
7. Milkfish Aquaculture (Chanos chanos), in Environmental Friendly Fishpond
8. Asian Seabass Aquaculture (Lates calcarifer, Bloch) in Floating Net
9. Abalone Culture (Haliotis sp.)
10. Green Mussel Culture (Perna viridis)
11. Mangrove Cultivation in Traditional Shrimp Pond and Other Type of Shrimp Pond
FISHERY TEAM WWF- INDONESIAREDACTORS AND EDITORS OF BMPBIBLIOGRAPHY
Anggadiredja, J.T., A. Zatnika, H. Purwotodan S. Istini, 2006. Rumput laut: pembudidayaan, pengolahan, &pemasaran komoditas perikanan potensial. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta.
Aslan L.M., 2007. Rumput Laut. Kanisius. Yogyakarta..
FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, 2012. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2012. FAO of the UN, Rome.
Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, 2012. Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) Budidaya Air Payau dan Laut. Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan Budidaya – Direktorat Produksi, Jakarta.
Kementerian Kelautan Perikanan, 2012. Protokol Seleksi Varietas Bibit Unggul Rumput Laut. Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Budidaya Air Payau – Balitbang KP. Jakarta.
Parenrengi, A., R. Syah dan E. Suryati, 2011. Budidaya Rumput Laut. Balitbang KP (BRPBAP Maros). Jakarta. 54 hal.
Pusat Data, Statistik, dan Informasi – Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan, 2012. Buku Statistik 2012, Kalautan dan Perikanan. Jakarta.
SEAPlant.Net, 2008. Modul Materi Pelatihan Training of Farmer, Pemilihan Lokasi untuk Budidaya Rumput Laut. Rangkaian Materi Pelatihan Bisnis Rumput Laut untuk Usaha Kecil Menengah. The South East Asia Seaplant Network.
SEAPlant.Net, 2008. Modul Materi Pelatihan Training of Farmer, Penanganan Pasca Panen Budidaya Rumput Laut. Rangkaian Materi Pelatihan Bisnis Rumput Laut untuk Usaha Kecil Menengah. The South East Asia Seaplant Network.
SEAPlant.Net, 2008. Modul Materi Pelatihan Training of Farmer, Teknik Budidaya Rumput Laut. Rangkaian Materi Pelatihan Bisnis Rumput Laut untuk Usaha Kecil Menengah. The South East Asia Seaplant Network.
SNI 7579. 1: 2010. Produksi Rumput Laut Kotoni (Eucheuma Cottonii) Bagian 1: Metode Lepas Dasar. Badan Standar Nasional Indonesia.
SNI 7579. 2 : 2010. Produksi Rumput Laut Kotoni (Eucheuma Cottonii) Bagian 2: Metode Long-line. Badan Standar Nasional Indonesia.
SNI 7579. 3 : 2010. Produksi Rumput Laut Kotoni (Eucheuma Cottonii) Bagian 3: Metode Rakit Bambu. Badan Standar Nasional Indonesia.
Wesite Iptek.net.id (http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_alga/?mnu=2)
Website Pusat Penyuluhan BPSDM KP. (http://pusluh.kkp.go.id/index.php/arsip/c/654/TEKNIK-PENYEDIAAN-KEBUN-BIBIT-RUMPUT-LAUT/?category_id=5).