APUSH Content Review #1
Unit 1 (Colonies)Unit 2 (American Revolution-
Constitution)
Colonial History Review
Jamestown survived as the first permanent British settlement in America because of
1. the emergence of tobacco as a cash crop
2. the mild climate of Virginia 3. its use of Indian slaves as a labor
force 4. the religious convictions of its first
settlers
The Pilgrims were also known as Separatists because they:
1. wanted to separate Plymouth from the Massachusetts Bay colony
2. believed in the complete separation of church and state
3. broke all ties with the Church of England 4. tried to isolate the Native Americans
from white settlers
In founding the colony of Georgia, James Oglethorpe's primary purpose was to
1. provide a refuge for persecuted English Quakers
2. gain a base for launching English expeditions against Spanish Florida
3. provide a refuge for persecuted Christians from all parts of Europe
4. provide a refuge for English debtors
The Mayflower Compact could best be described as
1. a detailed frame of government 2. a complete constitution 3. a foundation for self-government 4. an list of the causes for leaving
England and coming to America
What was a proprietary colony?1. a colony like Virginia that was run
like a business 2. a colony like Pennsylvania that was
sponsored by a religious group3. a colony like Massachusetts that
was forced to acknowledge the king4. a colony like New Jersey that was
run as a privately owned estate
In the 17c, the Great Migration refers to the
1. settlement of the Puritans in Massachusetts and other colonies
2. immigration of Irish to the colonies3. expansion of white settlement
across the Appalachian Mountains 4. trade in slaves between West Africa
and the West Indies
The Virginia House of Burgesses and the New England town meetings were similar in that they
1. originated in a New England colony 2. were completely independent of
colonial governors 3. were both responsible to the
established church of the colony 4. represented colonial participation in
government
In the early 1600s, migrants to New England differed from those in the Chesapeake because
1. New England settlement was sponsored by individual proprietors
2. New Englanders immigrated in family groups
3. in the harsher climate of New England led to higher death tolls
4. New England immigrants tended to be motivated by a desire for wealth
The headright system adopted in Virginia1. determined the eligibility of a settler
for voting and holding office 2. toughened the laws applying to
indentured servants 3. prohibited the settlement of single
men and women in the colony 4. gave 50 acres to anyone who would
transport an indentured servant to the colony
Which of the following was NOT involved in the colonial Triangular Trade network?
1. rum 2. slaves 3. cotton 4. tobacco
The theory of mercantilism would be consistent with which statements?:
1. economies prosper most when trade is restricted as little as possible
2. colonies are of little economic importance to the mother country
3. it is vital that a country imports more than it exports
4. a government should direct the economy so as to maximize exports
The long-range purpose of the Albany Congress in 1754 was to
1. achieve colonial unity and common defense against the French threat
2. propose independence of the colonies from Britain
3. declare war on the Iroquois nation 4. prohibit New England and New York
from trading with the West Indies
Prior to 1763, the British policy of "salutary neglect“:
1. allowed royal colonies to elect their own governors
2. did not enforce the Navigation Acts 3. encouraged colonists to establish
their own parliament 4. withdrew British soldiers from North
America
Bacon's Rebellion was supported mainly by
1. the planter class of Virginia 2. young men frustrated by their
inability to acquire land 3. those protesting the increased
importation of African slaves 4. people from Jamestown only
What did the Great Awakening and inter-colonial trade have in common
1. they created disdain for England 2. they contributed to a growing sense
of shared American identity 3. they created a rebellious spirit in
America 4. they helped create imperial rivalry
between England and France
Voyages of European Exploration
Spanish French English
Purpose of Colonies/ Exploration
State Directed: Find W route to Asia Wealth (gold & silver) Religious conversion Expand the Spanish Empire
State Directed: Find NW passage to Asia Establish wealth (fur trade) Expand the French Empire
Individually Directed: Religious tolerance;
Religious purity Establish wealth (cash
crops); Avoid poverty Escape turmoil or jail
Geographic Region Colonized/ Explored
Central America, South America, present-day Mexico, Florida, SW North America
Canada, New Orleans, Haiti, northern Mississippi River region
Eastern coast of North America along Atlantic Ocean, Hudson Bay, & the Caribbean
Contacts &
Interactions with Native Americans
Some trade; mostly conquest: Taino, Aztecs, Incas,
SE & SW Indians Disease spread Intermarriage
Significant trade partners with Eastern Woodlands Indians
“Frontier of exclusion” Clash with Eastern Woodlands Indians (Powhattan) Assisted whites: Squanto in NE Pocahontas in Jamestown
Labor Systems
Native slave labor African slave labor in South
America & Caribbean Islands
Encomienda (Plantations)
Settlers did the work of hunting for pelts (coureur des bois)
Slave labor used in Haiti
Chesapeake: Yeoman farmers Indentured Servitude African Slavery
New England: Families/Yeoman
Loose or Strict Control by Mother
Country Strict control Strict control Loose control
(Salutary Neglect)
Degree of “Success” of Colonization/
Exploration
Gained great wealth from exploration, but failed to establish lasting colonies (which was never the goal)
Gained some wealth from Canada but never control a continuous colony down the Mississippi river; New Orleans excellent trade port
Some wealth from tobacco plantations; Success lies in permanence of colonies in America
Voyages of European Exploration
Chesapeake New England Middle Southern
Identify the Colonies
Virginia (Jamestown) Maryland
Plymouth Massachusetts Rhode Island Connecticut Others
New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware
North Carolina South Carolina Georgia
Initial Purpose
Joint-Stock Co to gain wealth for settlers & investors
Religious communities for persecuted Pilgrims & Puritans
Holy Experiment, Quakers
Proprietary (PA, NY)
Buffer between Spain & English colonies (GA)
Gain wealth
Economies & Labor Systems
Tobacco Lots of yeoman
farmers, Indentured servants, & slaves
Fishing, rum, ships Yeoman farming
villages with few slaves or servants
Intermediary shipping
Grain production Yeoman farmers
Plantations (rice, indigo)
Lots of yeomen servants, & slaves
Religion Mostly Anglican
settlers Catholics (MD)
Puritans (Mass Bay)
Pilgrims (Plymouth)
Great diversity of religions
Quakers (NJ, PA)
Mostly Anglican settlers
Society
Short life expectancy
Individualistic Few women House of Burgesses
Congregationalist Self-sacrificed Families & schools Grandparents Town hall meetings
Very diverse “Holy Experiment”
(PA) failed Royal governors
Diverse society Barbados Slave
Code Royal governors
Important People
• John Smith• John Rolfe • Bacon & Berkeley
John Winthrop Roger Williams &
Anne Hutchinson
William Penn James of York
James Oglethorpe (GA)
Immigration Patterns
Headright system Young single males African slaves
Great Puritan Migration
Families
Diverse: Recruited from England, Ireland, Germany
English settlers African slaves Imprisoned debtors
North America
after 1763
America in 1750 America in 1763
“Salutary Neglect” ?
“Parliamentary Sovereignty” ?
“Virtual Representation” ?
American Revolution Review
Which was NOT a result of the French and Indian War (Seven Years' War)?
1. France lost Canada 2. England incurred high war costs 3. England gained Louisiana 4. England made a decision to
reinvigorate the mercantile system
According to the Proclamation of 1763 1. colonial militiamen were required
to put down Pontiac's Rebellion 2. contact between colonials and
Indians was strictly forbidden 3. settlers were prohibited from
crossing the Appalachians 4. speculators could purchase land
from trans-Appalachian tribes
England passed the Stamp Act in 1765 to 1. punish Americans for protests to
the Sugar Act 2. raise money to reduce England's
national debt 3. allow for illegal search-and-
seizure of smugglers 4. allow Americans to settle the Ohio
River Valley
Thomas Paine's Common Sense:1. urged Americans to declare their
independence 2. was a call for the abolition of slavery 3. insisted that colonists be allowed to
elect representatives to Parliament 4. criticized the weaknesses of the
Articles of Confederation
The most important consequence of the Boston Tea Party was the
1. repeal of the tax on tea 2. failure of other colonies to support
Boston's action 3. opening of negotiations between
Britain and Massachusetts 4. enactment by Parliament of the
Coercive (Intolerable) Acts
The British response to the American claim of “no taxation without representation” was 1. colonial assemblies would be
permitted to vote on all new taxes 2. taxes were used for internal
improvements in the colonies 3. members of Parliament represented
the interests of all British citizens 4. Parliament ended the majority of its
taxes on the colonies
During the 1760s and 1770s the most effective tactic in gaining the repeal of the
Stamp and Townshend Acts was 1. tarring & feathering British tax agents 2. sending petitions to the king and
Parliament 3. boycotting British goods 4. destroying private property, such as
tea, on which a tax to be levied
Which of the following contributed most to the American victory in the Revolution?
1. French military and financial assistance after Saratoga
2. the failure of Loyalists to participate in military action
3. a major American military victory at Valley Forge
4. the British failure to capture Philadelphia
What was the role of African-Americans in the American Revolution?
1. as the war dragged on, southern blacks were welcomed to enlist
2. Americans generally avoided arming blacks, but the British recruited slaves
3. though slaves, they rallied around the revolutionary ideas of freedom
4. Many slaves escaped and were welcomed in the North and Canada
Britain enjoyed all of the following advantages in the Revolution EXCEPT
1. the greatest navy and best-equipped army in the world
2. superior industrial resources 3. greater commitment to the conflict 4. a coherent structure of command
The Treaty of Paris in 1783 stipulated all of the following EXCEPT:
1. British recognition of American independence
2. boundaries of the USA to the Mississippi River
3. Americans allow British collection of prewar debts from colonists
4. Americans gained Florida from Spain
North America after the Treaty
of Paris, 1783
“Critical Period” & Early National Period
Review
Women emerged from the American Revolution with the new responsibility of:
1. enjoying the vote 2. serving in local political office 3. becoming public school teachers 4. raising sons and daughters as good
republican citizens
The Land Ordinance of 1785 established what precedent for new territories ?
1. town hall meetings 2. fair treatment of Indians 3. popular sovereignty 4. public funds for education
The Judiciary Act of 1789 created
1. a system of lower federal courts 2. elections for federal judges 3. the possibility of impeachment of
federal officials 4. state courts
Which best reflects the economic hardships of the "Critical Period"?
1. the Stamp Act Congress 2. the Northwest Ordinance 3. the Embargo Act of 1807 4. Shay's Rebellion
During the 1790s, Federalists and Republicans disagreed over all of the following EXCEPT
1. the Bank of the United States 2. foreign policy toward England and
France 3. Hamilton’s funding & assumption
plan 4. democracy versus republicanism
Three Branches of Government
The supremacy clause establishes the Constitution (not the states) as the
"the supreme law of the land"
Federalism—state gov’ts & the national gov’t both have power
A state law cannot contradict a national law
Colonial Governments1607-1781
Articles of Confederation1781-1789
Constitution1789-present
Taxes
Taxes imposed by British crown & enforced by royal governors & tax collectors; County-courts could determine local tax rates
Left up to the individual states; central gov’t did not have power to tax but can request funds from states
Both the federal gov’t and the states have the power to tax (Federalism!)
Legislative Authority
Salutary neglect led to formation of colonial assemblies; Real authority rested with governor & king
Unicameral legislature; Each state has one vote in Congress but Congress is intentionally weak to leave most legislative decisions to the states
Bicameral legislature with House & Senate; States make laws too (Federalism!)
Executive Authority
Royal governors & king enforced laws; Governor’s councils advised the governor
No president; no authority has veto power over the states; State governors are powerless as well
President determined by Electoral College; Has veto power over Congress; Can make judicial appointments
Judicial Authority
Royal courts & county-courts; Judges chosen by royal governor
Judicial authority left up to state courts; Central gov’t has authority to handle disputes between states
Supreme Court established; Federal Courts given power to enforce federal law; State courts still in place
Advantages Provided for regional differences
Sovereign states; no tyrannical oppression
More powerful central gov’t and sovereign states; Federalism!
DisadvantagesColonies gradually lost ability to make local decisions (Parliamentary Sovereignty)
No power to tax, no national leadership, Difficult to amend constitution or pass laws
States cannot act in ways that conflict with national laws
Washington’s Cabinet Henry Knox, Secretary of War
Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury
Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State
George Washington, President
Edmund Randolph, Attorney General
Hamilton (Federalist) Jefferson (Democratic-Republican)
Role of Government
A strong national gov’t is necessary; the “elite” should rule over the masses
The states should have power to protect the yeoman farmers from potential tyrants
Payment of National & State
DebtsThe national gov’t should “assume” all state
debts & should “fund” debts at full value;
States like Virginia who paid off their debts should not have to help more negligible
states pay off their debts
Tariffs The U.S. gov’t should tax imported goods to generate revenue to pay off debts
The states should not be subject to national taxes; Import taxes hurt yeoman farmers
by making products more expensive
The U.S. Economy
U.S. gov’t should support build infrastructure to support manufacturing
U.S. is a land dominated by yeoman farmers whose interests need to be protected
Creating a National Bank
America needs a BUS to regulate currency & interest rates
The BUS is unconstitutional & places too much power in the hands of the elite
Interpretation of the Constitution
The elastic clause allows for a loose interpretation of the Constitution to fit the
needs of the nation
The national gov’t can only operate under the powers clearly expressed in the
Constitution
Whiskey Rebellion
The national gov’t can issue taxes to raise revenue; The Whiskey Rebellion is a
Republican plot to promote states’ rights
The national gov’t should npt taxes the states; The gov’t used the army to stifle
legitimate opposition to an unfair tax.
French Revolution
The U.S. should support England, not France, due to England’s superior
economic system
The U.S. should support France due to its conviction to liberty & assistance during
the American Revolution
ConstitutionReview
The group most likely to approve of the Articles of Confederation would be
1. former Continental army officers2. those who feared strong central
government 3. bankers, merchants, and financiers 4. those who feared the dangers of
unrestrained democracy
In order to become a law, a bill in Congress must
1. receive a 2/3 majority of the votes in Congress
2. receive a 3/4 majority of the votes in each house of Congress
3. receive a 2/3 majority of votes in each house of Congress
4. pass both houses of Congress in identical form
Which amendment was NOT part of the Bill of Rights?:
1. freedoms of speech, press, religion2. trial by jury 3. protection against illegal search 4. direct election of senators
Under the Constitution, the status of the Indian tribes in the west was
1. not clearly defined 2. that of conquered nations 3. that of independent nations 4. the same as states
All were weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation government EXCEPT
1. it lacked the power to levy taxes 2. it lacked the power to regulate trade 3. it lacked the power to borrow money 4. it lacked a strong executive
The central compromise of the Constitutional Convention involved the
1. balance of powers among the 3 branches of the federal government
2. relationship of state & federal powers 3. abandonment of the Articles of
Confederation 4. representation of large & small states
The first amendments to the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, were added to protect
1. the states from the power of the federal government
2. individual citizens from the power of the federal and state governments
3. minorities from the majority 4. individual citizens from the power of
the federal government
The fact that the Constitution provided for federalism and checks and balances suggests 1. the original thirteen states sought to
dominate the national government 2. the writers desired the national
government to rule over the states 3. the American people at that time
supported a military government 4. its writers feared a concentration of
political power
Both the Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution provided for
1. a Congress with legislative powers 2. a Supreme Court with judicial power3. president with executive powers 4. local governments with veto powers
According to the U. S. Constitution, revenue bills must originate with
1. the House of Representatives 2. the Senate 3. either house of Congress 4. the president
In Constitution, each may be accomplished by a simple majority vote EXCEPT
1. Congress declares war 2. Congress passes a law 3. the Senate ratifies a treaty 4. the electoral college must
select a president
The “father of the Constitution” drafted the plan to replace the Articles of Confederation
and developed the “Great Compromise” 1. Alexander Hamilton2. Thomas Jefferson3. James Madison4. James Monroe
This part of the Constitution gives Congress the power to pass laws that are
"necessary and proper"1. Habeas Corpus 2. Elastic Clause 3. Federalism 4. Due Process
A Constitutional guarantee that persons under legal investigation receive fair treatment from government officials
1. Double Jeopardy 2. Self Incrimination3. Due Process of Law4. Habeas Corpus
The belief that the national government can exercise only those powers that are
specifically stated by the Constitution 1. Elastic Clause2. Strict Construction3. Loose Construction4. Original Jurisdiction
A form of government in which power is shared by different political levels, as
between states and the national government1. Separation of Powers2. Democracy 3. Republicanism 4. Federalism
This plan called for a national government with a bicameral legislature with members
proportional to each state’s population1. Virginia Plan2. New Jersey Plan3. Albany Plan4. Crittenden Plan
Any power given to the national government based on the "elastic clause" and is not
directly stated in the Constitution is called a
1. Delegated power2. Implied Power3. Reserved Power4. Enumerated Power
Which of the following best describes the impact of Shay’s Rebellion?
1. Revision of the Articles of Confederation2. A call for stronger central authority3. The movement toward state’s rights 4. The Tories still in America to strengthen their
position