Applications of Ecological Economics 1: Growth and International Dependence
Bernardo Aguilar-González
Prescott College
GNP: The Problem of Missing Complexity
Costa Rica Panama
GNP/Capita $1460 $1512
Urban Unemployment 5.4% 16.8%
Foreign Debt Per Capita $1530 $2123
Population in Poverty 20% 525
Women in Labor Force 22.2 27.4
Deforestation Rate (of existing)
6.9% 0.9%
Area in Protected Areas 24% 17.3%
Progress?
The ISEW
The GPI
Are countries independent to develop?
Interdependence and Power.
Structural Adjustment Programs
• Reduce the size of the state.
• Deregulate the economy
• Emphasize the role of investment (capital), de-emphasize the role labor, the environment is seen in traditional or utilitarian way.
