Close reading and synthesizing sources
(Chapters 2 and 3)
Close reading – analysis of a text Colloquialisms – expression; conversational
style Trope – artful diction (diction is word choice) Scheme – artful syntax (syntax is word order) Periodic sentence – sentence where main
point or clause is held until the end Declarative sentence – makes a statement Anaphora – the repetition of a word or phrase
at the beginning of successive phrases.
Hortative sentence – languages that urges or calls to action
Archaic diction – old-fashioned or outdated choice of words
Metonymy – using a single feature to represent the whole
Parallelism – similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words
Annotation – reading with pen in hand; identify main ideas, key points, allusions, and figures of speech
Inversion – inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order of a typical sentence)
1. Cite an anecdote – a brief story or reference that illustrates the main point
2. Cite facts and accurate details – information that is verifiable in general sources
3. Cite quantitative data – statistical information (more than just numbers)
4. Cite expert testimony – use evidence from experts in the field of study or professionals
1. Identify the issue and engage your audience (present your position as reasonable and informed)◦ Appeal to ethos, logos, and pathos◦ Anticipate objections to your position
2. Formulate your position◦ Reflect on the complexities of the topic◦ Create a thesis that captures your position
Develop your ideas◦ Do not just list facts, prove your thesis and main points◦ Elaborate on your ideas and focus on key issues of
your argument◦ Identify, explain, and refute the counter argument of
your issue (this helps establish credibility)◦ Vary your transitions, syntax, diction and structure◦ Use figurative language in an appropriate manner
Incorporate sources◦ Paraphrase and quote sources to support your ideas◦ DO NOT MERELY SUMMARIZE OR LIST FACTS!
REMEMBER, LITERAL SUMMARY IS METAPHORICAL DEATH ON THE AP TEST!
◦ Cite evidence from sources using parenthetical citations and create a works cited page to avoid plagiarism