An Overview of Coffee Research in Ethiopia
IPFRI and EDRI Organized Conference on
Ethiopia’s Coffee Value Chain: Evidence towards improved investments and policies,
September 15th, 2015, Hilton Hotel, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Taye Kufa
Senior Coffee Researcher-Agronomist
EIAR, Jimma Agricultural Research Center
[email protected], Cell phone: +251-912 03 29
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Presentation outline
1. Introduction
2. Opportunities & challenges
3. Coffee germplasm conservation
4. Coffee Research
5. Technology transfer
6. Coffee research strategic plan
7. Concluding remarks
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1. Introduction: Ethiopian coffee sector
• Ethiopia = coffee home
• About 20 million people (25%) for livelihood.
• Four broad coffee production systems
• A total of 4.7 million small-holders (90 %)
• Estimated total coffee area = 561,761.82 ha
• Annual total production = 419,980,156 kg (productivity = 748 kg/ha).
• A leading export crop (60-70%, reduced to 22 - 35%)
• Share of total value traded coffees (unwashed 59 % & washed 41%)
• The 5th largest global exporter & leading arabica producer in Africa.
• Exports green coffees to 58 countries, European markets (53 %)
• National statistical coffee data lacking.
Sources: MoA 2013, CSA 2015
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1. Introduction:
Top ten producing countries 2010-2014
Country Species Total production
(000 bags)
% share of
world total
Brazil A/R 47380 33.55
Vietnam A/R 25300 17.89
Colombia A 10145 7.16
Indonesia R/A 10096 7.11
Ethiopia A 6737 4.79
Honduras A 5148 3.65
India R/A 5044 3.57
Peru A 4223 3.00
Mexico A 4141 2.94
Uganda R/A 3516 2.49
Source: ICO 2015
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1. Introduction: Compare Ethiopia & Brazil
Variable Ethiopia Brazil Difference in
folds
Total production (000 bags) 6,798 43,484 7
Domestic consumption (000 bags) 3,383 19,720 6
Per capita consumption (kg) 2.40 6.02 3
Export of green coffee (60-bags) 2,675, 381 30,141,034 11
Export of processed coffee (60-kg bags GBE) 38 3,366,479 88592
Gross stock at start of crop year (000 bags) 417 11,345 27
Value of export of all forms of coffee (mln US #) 822.76 8,715 11
Value of export of all merchandize (mln US #) 2,615 256,040 98
Value of coffee as % of all merchandize (mln US #) 31.5% 3.4%
Value of coffee as a percent of GDP 2.59% 0.35%
Focus on coffee technology, value-addition & promotion!
Source: ICO 2012
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Estimated data for Ethiopian coffee (CSA 2015)
Variable 2013/14 2014/15 Change
Total area (ha) 538,467 561,762 4.33
Production (tons) 392,006 419,980 7.14
Yield (kg/ha) 728 748 2.69
Below target: why?
Limited use of appropriate technologies
Weak linkage among stakeholders
No external projects to support field management
Price risks to farmers, producers & exporters.
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1. Introduction: Coffee Productivity (green bean, kg/ha) in Ethiopia- LOW
Conservation & managing forest coffee trees_ diversity, quality & premium prices Sustainable intensification_ High productivity at potential/cluster areas Encourage private sectors & scaling-up of farm management Financial access to coffee research, extension & farmers This would ensure genetic diversity, productivity, quality and economic return .
250 450
750 900
1550
2150
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Forest Semi-forest Garden Planation Research (on-farm)
Research (on-station)
National = 756 kg/ha
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Reduced coffee's share (%) from the
total export value due to export
diversification
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
Total production Total export
Domestc consumption
Production, export & local consumption
(thousand 60 kg bags)
1. Introduction: coffee trends in Ethiopia (ICO 2014)
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1. Introduction: Known coffee quality in Ethiopia
• Limmu = Winy
• Wellega = Fruity
• Harar = Mocha
• Sidama = Spicy
• Yirgacheffe = Floral
• Other areas = cup profiles ?
Why? Coffee genetics, Environment, processing?
Agro-ecology based management and use – Local landrace R4D strategy
Trade marked & licensed for the benefits
But, not attractive and benefit farmers & local community as expected
Facing cash & food risks – shifting to other crops like Khat.
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2. `Challenges & Opportunities
2.1 Opportunities
Genetic diversity & favorable environments
Farmers’ long standing coffee culture for their livelihood - coffee is life!
Shade-grown coffee landscape for sustainability components
Unique coffee production & ceremony .
Known coffee brands & cup profile to consumers
Participation of private sector & coffee unions/ cooperatives
Annual Coffee Day Celebration – Oromia Regional State & Federal MoA.
GoE priority to establish coffee sector institutional set-up, among others.
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2.2 Challenges
• Population pressure
• Deforestation land degradation
• Smallholding & traditional oriented system
• Little/no use of full package coffee technologies
• Limited funding access to producers and traders
• Risks of climate change and variability - timing
• Increasing disorders & pests – diseases, insects
• Crop replacement, more productive/profitable
• Reduced export coffee price- risks to producers & exporters
• Frequent structural change & weak linkages at all levels
Threats to coffee genetic resources & urgent collaborative actions .
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3. Coffee germplasm conservation In-situ
Coffee Natural Forests of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves
The Yayu Coffee Forest
The Kafa Coffee Forest
The Sheka Forest.
Three zones identified for development (transition, buffer & core).
Wildlife, diseases & insects, climate change, low return
Support for high productivity, diversification & promotion
Empowering farmers and local people to benefit more.
Ex-situ
Coffee germplasm collected and ex-situ conserved
Jimma Research Center & sub-centers
Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute
More potential areas remain unaddressed – due to limited capacity to collect & manage in field gene bank .
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4. Coffee Research In Ethiopia
Started before JARC-1966 • MoA & IAR signed 1958 • NCB established in 1952 • FAO, World Bank, EU Ten Coffee Research Centres Main Cener- Jimma Sub-centers Trial stations Adaptive sites EU-CIP financial supports. Representing diverse eco-zones Local adaption and cup profile Major Contributions: Safeguard coffee genetic resources from loss due to CBD Increased coffee production & productivity Conserving coffee genetic resources for research purpose Improved income & quality of life Increased coffee export & foreign currency.
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4.1 Coffee Research Capacity at JARC
# of coffee researchers Laboratory facilities
Plant pathology
Coffee processing & quality
Soils & plant analysis
Breeding & seed technology
Coffee physiology
Plant biotechnology
6
17 19
46
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1979 1989 1999 2015
Research Budget:
Source = Fully Government , Total Amount (ETB) = 7.3 million/year
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4.1 National Coffee Research Projects
Five coffee projects = specific target areas
Demand-driven and Export-oriented Coffee Technology Generation and
Promotion in ….. Ethiopia
Two Components:
Comp I: Technology generation + adaptation
Varieties, agronomic practices, post-harvest handling
Comp II: Technology promotion + evaluation
Seeds/seedlings, training services, FRG, capacitating experts, publications, demonstration sites, field days, etc
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4.1 COFFEE RESEARCH – key achievements
• 6,717 germplasm collected & maintained at research gene banks
• 37 coffee varieties (34 pure lines & 3 hybrids) released
• In 2010, 11 varieties for specialty areas (3 Sidama/Yirgachefe, 4 Wellega, 4 Harar)
• More promising genotypes identified for known areas
• Improved agronomic practices (nursery, forest, garden & plantation)
• Harvesting and processing methods developed
• Technology multiplication & quality seed
• Coffee tissue culture- protocol
• Coffee economics & extension research
• Coffee diversification technology options.
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4.1 COFFEE RESEARCH: Coffee varieties
Suitable area # of
variety
Clean coffee (kg/ha)
Research On-farm
Highland 7 1930 1340
Mid-highland 13 1753 853
Midland 9 1934 1349
Low-highland 2 1725 850
Low-midland 1 1820 1400
Lowland 5 1878 1098
Mean 1840 1148
Lowland = 1000 - 1550, Midland = 1550 - 1750, Highland = 1750 - 2100 m
Coffee technologies are agro-ecology/location specific
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600
1500
1200
2400 1700
2400 2400 2600
1150
1950 1800
2500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Selection Hybrid Selection Hybrid
On-farm Research
Min Max Mean
Hybrid variety = 39-70 % yield increase on research & on-farm, respectively.
4.1 COFFEE RESEARCH: yield performance (kg/ha)
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4.1 Coffee Research... achievements
Forest coffee management
Seed handling & nursery operations
Modern coffee cultivation
Ideal coffee shade trees (temporary & permanent)
Canopy classes & stem natures of coffee germplasms
Spacing & population density
Integrated soil fertility management
Tree management (pruning & training pratices)
Coffee processing & quality reseach findings
supply of basic coffee seeds =
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5. Technology transfer Demand-supply share of coffee seeds at JARC
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% 1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
To
tal
De
ma
nd
-su
pp
ly s
ha
re
Demand Supply
So far, JARC supplied = 243,600 kg & ten million seedlings.
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5.1 Technology transfer: established seed orchards
A total of 1235 producers (1227 farmers + 5 private + 3 others)
Producing basic coffee seeds, but need support and formal system
Goverment support to authorize them as basic seed producers .
Coffee area Research
center
Adaptive
site
Total
Limmu /Gera 3 7 10
Wellega 2 4 6
Harar 1 1 2
Sidama/Yirgachefe 2 2 4
Total 8 14 22
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6. Coffee Research Strategic Plan (2015-2030)
National strategic issues/directions-draft:
• Germplasm enhancement & variety development
• Molecular characterizations & tissue culture
• Crop protection (diseases, insects, weeds)
• Postharvest & quality management
• Agronomy/crop management
• Conservation agriculture, irrigation & plant nutrition
• Irrigation & conservation agriculture
• Seed technology
• Technology demonstration & dissemination
• Socio-economics, extension & gender research
• Capacity enhancement .
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Sustainable management & use of the unique coffee resources:
A key to food security & poverty alleviation in Ethiopia.
Capacity building to public & private institutions- research & development
ensuring source-sink balance (producer, trader, processor, consumers)
Generating & scaling-up of coffee technologies for sustainable intensification
Recognizing & promoting our unique coffee landscapes & cup profile by area: certification, sustainable tourism, geographical indicators, PES, etc.
Coffee training institutions & strong networking b/n local & global partners
Hence, transforming coffee sector for the benefits of ALL.
7. Concluding remarks
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Acknowledgements
IFPRI & Ethiopia Strategy Support Program for the invitation to share our experiences .
xmsGÂlh# Thank You!