0
An Introduction to New Testament Greek
copy Paul Pritchard February 2014
1
Session 1 The Greek Alphabet
Capital Lower case Name Pronunciation1 Transliteration
Α α alpha lardcup a
Β β beta bat b
Γ γ gamma goat g
Δ δ delta dog d
Ε ε epsilon bet e
Ζ ζ zeta wisdomlids z
Η η eta nag ē
Θ θ theta thin th
Ι ι iota bideat i
Κ κ kappa kit ck
Λ λ lambda lot l
Μ μ mu mat m
Ν ν nu not n
Ξ ξ xi axe x
Ο ο omicron log o
Π π pi pat p
Ρ ρ rho rot rhr
Σ σς2 sigma sit s
Τ τ tau top t
Υ υ upsilon Fr lune y
Φ φ phi fat ph
Χ χ chi loch chkh
Ψ ψ psi dypsomaniac ps
Ω ω omega raw ō
1 The suggested pronunciation represents a tricky compromise (to be explained in class)
2 The second form (ς) is used at the end of a word eg Σίσυφος Sisyphus
2
Diphthongs
αι aisle aiaee
αυ out au
ει ever (said long)1 eii
ευ e + oo euev
oι boy oi
ου tool1 u
υι quit ui
1 ει represents ε + ε ου represents ο + ο These are called spurious diphthongs (they are written as if
they were diphthongs but in fact represent pure vowels)
________________________________________________________
Other signs
1 Breathings There is no letter lsquohrsquo in Greek but some words have an h sound at the
beginning before a vowel If so the vowel has the sign ῾ over it eg ὁ ho This is
called the hard breathing If a word starts with a vowel without the h sound this is
marked with the sign ᾿ eg ὀ o This is called the soft breathing
Note that
1 Every word beginning with a vowel must have one or the other breathing
2 When a word begins with ρ this has a hard breathing eg ῥυθμός rhythmos
3 In a diphthong the breathing appears on the second element (eg αὐτός)
4 Breathings are placed before capital letters (eg Ἰξίων)
2 Accents There are three accents acute ´ grave ` and circumflex ῀ These represent a
tonal accent not a stress accent and we can ignore these signs except in those very
few cases when they help to distinguish two words (eg εἰ if εἶ you are)
3 Iota subscript When iota is the second element of a diphthong starting with a long
vowel it is written as a subscript under the long vowel This can only happen with α
η and ω so the forms to look out for are ᾳ ῃ and ῳ While you may for the most part
ignore accents you must not ignore the iota subscripts
3
Exercise 1
A Transliterate the following using the rules given above
(a) ψυχη
(b) πατηρ
(c) κοσμος
(d) ἀγγελος1
(e) οὐρανος
(f) γενος
(g) λογος
(h) νεος
(i) παλαιος
(j) εὐ
(k) γενεσις
(l) ἐξοδος
(m) νομος
(n) δευτερος
(o) ἀρχη
(p) ἀνθος
(q) πολις
(r) ἑξ
(s) πεντε
(t) αὐτος
(u) βιος
(v) ἀγρος
(w) δενδρον
(x) χρονος
B Transliterate into Greek letters
(a) theos
(b) evangelion
(c) thēsauros
(d) cardia
(e) anemos
(f) agathos
(g) thronos
(h) despotēs
(i) hippos
(j) potamos
(k) hodos
(l) ichthys
(m) phōnē
(n) topos
(o) ophthalmos
(p) sōma
(q) ochlos
(r) didaskalos
(s) anthrōpos
(t) mathētēs
(u) cleptēs
(v) parabolē
(w) hypnos
(x) tauros
C Write the following in Greek capital letters
(a) θυρα (b) ξενος (c) ἡμερα (d) οἰκος (e) ἀδελφος
(f) ζωη (g) ψαλμος (h) βαπτιζω (i) γυνη (j) χριστος
E Many English words are compounds of Greek words eg geology lt γῆ earth +
λόγος account rhinoceros lt ῥιν- nose + κέρας horn Write down as many English
words as you can which have any of the words in A as one of its parts
Note 1 -γγ = -ng (as in lsquobringrsquo)
4
Religious (and other) terms derived from Greek
Find the Greek words from which the underlined words derive
Peter the evangelical Presbyterian had no sympathy with the Catholic hermit monks who sang
hymns and anthems in the cathedral hebdomadally Stephen the Episcopalian deacon had no
enthusiasm for Peters psalms while the polyphony and antiphony of the anchorites made him
ecstatic Andrew the bishop was not so hedonistic but objected to Peters glossolalia which he
would sarcastically mock using Paulrsquos First Epistle to the Corinthians chapter 14 But Peters
theology was heterodox and his monophysitism was anathema to the eremites in their
monastery scepticism about orthodox dogmas concerning the paraclete and the eucharist was
considered unhygienic The diabolical machinations of the tyrannical archbishop George
caused chaos when his polemical articles roused such antipathy against the deacons schismatic
eschatology that he had to apologise and eat his commentary on Genesis and Exodus
ἀνάθεμα (-ματος) accursed thing
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant
δόγμα (-ματος) opinion
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἔξοδος (-ου) f a going out a way out
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος (-α -ον) other different
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
θεός (-ου) god
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λόγος (-ου) word speech
μηχανή (-ης) device
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
σάρξ (σαρκός) flesh
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
σχίσμα (-ματος) tear (in a garment)
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
φύσις (-εως) nature
χάος (-ους) n yawning gap
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
5
Session 2 Discovering Greek Grammar
1 ταῦρον ἵππος φεύγει A horse is fleeing a bull
2 φεύγει ταῦρος ὄνον A bull is fleeing an ass
3 ταῦρος ἵππον διώκει ___________ is chasing a horse
4 λύκος διώκει ὄνον A wolf __________________________
5 ταῦρος ὄνον διώκει _________________________________
6 λύκος φεύγει ὄνον _________________________________
7 ___________________________ An ass is chasing a wolf
8 ___________________________ A wolf is fleeing a bull
9 ταῦρον ἵπποι φεύγουσι Horses are fleeing a bull
10 ___________________________ Wolves are chasing a horse
11 ἀνθρώπους τρώγουσι ὄνοι ______________ eat humans
12 ___________________________ Wolves eat bulls
13 ἄγγελος λέγει μύθους ὄχλῳ A messenger tells stories to a crowd
14 κύριος φίλῳ ἵππους πέμπει A lord is sending ______ to a friend
15 ___________________________ A friend sends a bull to a lord
16 ταύρους θύουσιν θεοῖς γεωργοί Farmers sacrifice __________ to gods
17 ___________________________ A god tells a story to farmers
18 λύκοι δάκνουσι κυρίου ταῦρον Wolves are biting a lordrsquos bull
19 γεωργοῦ υἱὸς ἵππους ἔχει A farmerrsquos son has horses
20 ___________________________ Asses are eating a farmerrsquos son
21 φιλοῦσι γεωργῶν υἱοὶ ἵππους Farmersrsquo sons love horses
22 ___________________________ Sons of gods tell tales to humans
6
Table 1 Declension of o-stem masculinefeminine nouns
Singular Plural
Nominative ὁ λόγος οἱ λόγοι
Vocative ὦ λόγε ὦ λόγοι
Accusative τὸν λόγον τοὺς λόγους
Genitive τοῦ λόγου τῶν λόγων
Dative τῷ λόγῳ τοῖς λόγοις
________________________________
Some uses of the cases
Nominative
For the subject of the verb (ὁ ταῦρος φεύγει the bull flees)
Vocative
For addressing someone (ὦ Πέτρε μένε Peter wait)
Accusative
For the object of a verb (λύουσι τὸν ἵππον they are loosing the horse)
To express motion towards something (πρὸς τὸν Κόρινθον to Corinth)
Genitive
To express possession (ὁ τοῦ γεώργου υἱός the farmerrsquos son)
To express motion away from something (πρὸς τοῦ Κορίνθου from Corinth)
Dative
For the indirect object (θύει ἵππους τοῖς θεοῖς he is sacrificing horses to the gods)
For the instrument (λόγοις πείθει he persuades with words)
To express rest at a place (πρὸς τῷ Κορίνθῳ at Corinth)
7
Translation Exercise 1
1 Οἶνον οὐκ ἔχουσιν (John 23)
2 καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἰδοὺ ὁ ἄνθρωπος (John 195)
3 καὶ φέρουσιν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὸν Γολγοθὰν τόπον (Mark 1522)
4 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Ναί (Matthew 1351)
5 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Ναί κύριε (Matthew 928)
6 καὶ οὐδεὶς βάλλει οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς1 (Mark 222)
7 οὐδὲ βάλλουσιν οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς hellip ἀλλὰ
βάλλουσιν οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς καινούς (Matthew 917)
8 ἄνθρωπoς ὡσεὶ χόρτoς καὶ ἄνθoς τoῦ ἀγρoῦ (Psalm 10317)
9 Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 136)
10 Ἄγουσιν αὐτὸν πρὸς τοὺς Φαρισαίους τόν ποτε τυφλόν (John 913)
11 Λάζαρε δεῦρο ἔξω (John 1143)
Note
1 Adjectives agree in case and number with their nouns (see table 6 for forms)
Composition exercise 1
Translate into Greek
1 He says to the lamb of God lsquoYes lambrsquo
2 He doesnrsquot have a new wineskin
3 He is bringing Lazarus to the Pharisee
8
Table 2 Declension of o-stem neuter nouns
Singular Plural
Nominative τὸ ἔργον τὰ ἔργα
Vocative ὦ ἔργον ὦ ἔργα
Accusative τὸ ἔργον τὰ ἔργα
Genitive τοῦ ἔργου τῶν ἔργων
Dative τῷ ἔργῳ τοῖς ἔργοις
Note nominative vocative and accusative are always identical in neuter nouns
Table 3 Present indicative active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1st person λύω I loose λύομεν we loose
2nd person λύεις you loose λύετε you loose
3rd person λύει hesheit looses λύουσι(ν) they loose
Infinitive λύειν to loose
Note The 3rd person plural ends in ndashν before a vowel and at the end of a sentence
Table 4 Present indicative active of the verb to be (stem εσ-)
Singular Plural
1st person εἰμί I am ἐσμέν we are
2nd person εἶ you are ἐστέ you are
3rd person ἐστί(ν) hesheit is εἰσί(ν) they are
Infinitive εἶναι to be
Note The forms in ndashν are used before a vowel and at the end of a sentence
9
Translation Exercise 2
1 Ὁ σπόρος ἐστὶν ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ (Luke 811)
2 Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 Λέγει αὐτῷ Σίμων Πέτρος Κύριε ποῦ ὑπάγεις 1 (John 1336)
4 τὰ γὰρ ἔργα αὐτῶν ἀκολουθεῖ μετ᾽ αὐτῶν (Revelation 1413)
5 Αδαμ ποῦ εἶ (Genesis 39)
6 καὶ ἐν σαββάτῳ περιτέμνετε ἄνθρωπον (John 722)
7 λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι (John 185)
8 Πιστεύω κύριε (John 938)
9 νῦν δὲ2 λέγετε ὅτι Βλέπομεν (John 941)
10 καὶ ὁ λύκος ἁρπάζει αὐτὰ καὶ σκορπίζει (John 1012-13)
11 Κύριε ἤδη ὄζει τεταρταῖος γάρ2 ἐστιν (John 1139)
12 καὶ λέγει τῷ Ἰησοῦ3 Πόθεν εἶ σύ (John 199)
13 oὐρανός ἐστι θρόνoς τoῦ Θεoῦ (Matthew 534)
14 εὑρίσκει αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ (John 514)
15 ὁ καιρὸς γὰρ ἐγγύς ἐστιν (Revelation 2210)
Notes
1 The Greek question mark looks like the English semicolon
2 Many Greek connecting words appear second in their clause
3 This is declined as follows Nom Ἰησοῦς
Voc Ἰησοῦ
Acc Ἰησοῦν
Gen Ἰησοῦ
Dat Ἰησοῦ
10
Revision exercise sessions 1-2
A Translate into English
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ λέγει Κύριος ὁ θεός (Revelation 18)
2 λέγει οὖν αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ὁ καιρὸς ὁ ἐμὸς οὔπω πάρεστιν ὁ δὲ
καιρὸς ὁ ὑμέτερος πάντοτέ ἐστιν ἕτοιμος (John 76)
3 ὁ δὲ λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι (John 620)
4 ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου οὐκ εἰσὶν καθὼς ἐγὼ οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου (John
1716)
5 θεοῦ γάρ ἐσμεν συνεργοί θεοῦ γεώργιον θεοῦ οἰκοδομή ἐστε1 (1
Corinthians 39)
6 Τὰ ἀδύνατα παρὰ ἀνθρώποις δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστίν2 (Luke
1827)
Notes
1 is the Greek colonsemicolon
2 Neuter plurals frequently take singular verbs
B Translate into Greek
1 And God says to the world lsquoIt is mersquo
2 You are Godrsquos accomplice just as I am Jesusrsquos orchard
3 Impossible things in the world are possible in heaven
11
Session 3
Table 5 Declension of a-stem feminine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἐντολή αἱ ἐντολαί
Accusative τὴν ἐντολήν τὰς ἐντολάς
Genitive τῆς ἐντολῆς τῶν ἐντολῶν
Dative τῇ ἐντολῇ ταῖς ἐντολαῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἡμέρα αἱ ἡμέραι
Accusative τὴν ἡμέραν τὰς ἡμέρας
Genitive τῆς ἡμέρας τῶν ἡμερῶν
Dative τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταῖς ἡμέραις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Type 3
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ θάλασσα αἱ θάλασσαι
Accusative τὴν θάλασσαν τὰς θαλάσσας
Genitive τῆς θαλάσσης τῶν θαλασσῶν
Dative τῇ θαλάσσῃ ταῖς θαλάσσαις
Likewise all stems ending in λλ and σ (including the double consonants ζ ξ ψ)
Note in feminine a-stem nouns the vocative has the same form as the nominative
12
Translation Exercise 3
1 ἀρχὴ σοφίας φόβος Κυρίου (Proverbs 17)
2 ΑΡΧΗ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 11)
3 Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἄρτος τῆς ζωῆς (John 635)
4 ἐγὼ τὸ Ἀλφα καὶ τὸ Ω ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ
τέλος1 (Revelation 2213)
5 ᾿ΙΑΚΩΒΟΣ Θεοῦ καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χρίστου δοῦλος ταῖς δώδεκα
φυλαῖς ταῖς ἐν τῇ διασπορᾷ χαίρειν (Epistle of James 11)
6 τὰ ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας θάνατoς (Romans 623)
7 Δόξαν παρὰ ἀνθρώπων οὐ λαμβάνω (John 541)
8 Οὐχὶ δώδεκα ὧραί εἰσιν τῆς ἡμέρας (John 119)
9 ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐχ εὑρίσκω ἐν αὐτῷ αἰτίαν (John 196)
10 ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ παρὰ ἀνθρώπου τὴν μαρτυρίαν λαμβάνω (John 534)
Note 1 τὸ τέλος is a third declension neuter noun
Composition exercise 2
1 We get bread from a man
2 The servants find wisdom in Jesus Christ
3 Do you not find sin in them
13
Table 6 Declension of adjectives with three terminations
Masc Fem Neut
N καλός καλή καλόν
V καλέ καλή καλόν
A καλόν καλήν καλόν
Sing G καλοῦ καλῆς καλοῦ
D καλῷ καλῇ καλῷ
NV καλοί καλαί καλά
A καλούς καλάς καλά
Plur G καλῶν καλῶν καλῶν
D καλοῖς καλαῖς καλοῖς
Note the masculine and neuter endings are those of the o-stem nouns while the feminine endings are
those of the a-stem nouns In the latter case there will also be adjectives declined like χῶρα (table 5
type 2) eg πονηρός wicked fem πονηρά
Translation Exercise 4
1 ὁ λόγος ὁ σὸς ἀλήθειά ἐστιν (John 1717)
2 διὰ τί τὴν λαλιὰν τὴν ἐμήν οὐ γινώσκετε (John 843)
3 ἡ ἐντολὴ αὐτοῦ ζωὴ αἰώνιός1 ἐστιν (John 1250)
4 μακάριοι οἱ πτῶχοι ὅτι ὑμέτερα ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ (Luke
620)
5 νῦν δὲ ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐντεῦθεν (John 1836)
6 ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά2
καὶ ὁ πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά2 (Matthew 1235)
Notes 1 Many compound adjectives have no feminine forms using masculine forms to qualify
feminine nouns
2 ἀγαθά πονηρά are neuter plural forms of the adjective so this means good wicked things
14
Table 7 Declension of a-stem masculine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
N μαθητής μαθηταί
V μαθητά μαθηταί
A μαθητήν μαθητάς
G μαθητοῦ μαθητῶν
D μαθητῇ μαθηταῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
νεανίας νεανίαι
νεανία νεανίαι
νεανίαν νεανίας
νεανίου νεανιῶν
νεανίᾳ νεανίαις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Translation Exercise 5
1 Ἰωάνης μαρτυρεῖ περὶ αὐτοῦ (John 115)
2 Οὐκ ἔστιν μαθητὴς ὑπὲρ τὸν διδάσκαλον οὐδὲ δοῦλος ὑπὲρ
τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1024)
3 ἄξιος γὰρ ὁ ἐργάτης τοῦ μισθοῦ αὐτοῦ (Luke 107)
4 Ἄγουσιν οὖν τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ Καιάφα1 εἰς τὸ πραιτώριον
(John 1828)
5 Νῦν ἀπολύεις τὸν δοῦλόν σου δέσποτα (Luke 229)
6 τὸ δὲ κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου ἡ ἁμαρτία (1 Corinthians 1557)
Note 1 Some names ending in ndashας have their genitive sing in -α instead of ndash
ου
15
Session 4
Table 8 Personal Pronouns
1st person 2nd person
N ἐγώ σύ
A με ἐμέ σέ
Singular G μοῦ ἐμοῦ σοῦ
D μοί ἐμοί σοί
N ἡμεῖς ὑμεῖς
A ἡμᾶς ὑμᾶς
Plural G ἡμῶν ὑμῶν
D ἡμῖν ὑμῖν
3rd person
Masc Fem Neut
N αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό
A αὐτόν αὐτήν αὐτό
Sing G αὐτοῦ αὐτῆς αὐτοῦ
D αὐτῷ αὐτῇ αὐτῷ
N αὐτοί αὐταί αὐτά
A αὐτούς αὐτάς αὐτά
Plur G αὐτῶν αὐτῶν αὐτῶν
D αὐτοῖς αὐταῖς αὐτοῖς
Note The declension of αὐτός is like the declension of adjectives except in the
neuter nomacc singular
16
Translation Exercise 6
1 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 333)
2 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (Mark 111)
3 Σὺ εἶ Σίμων ὁ υἱὸς Ἰωάνου (John 142)
4 ὑμεῖς φίλοι μού ἐστε (John 1514)
5 Σὺ πιστεύεις εἰς τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (John 935)
6 ἐγὼ ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ σὺ ἐν ἐμοί (John 1723)
7 Μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τυφλοί ἐσμεν (John 940)
8 Ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου (John 2028)
9 ἡ ἁμαρτία ὑμῶν μένει (John 941)
10 οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐλεύθερoς οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος οὐ τὸ ἔργον μου
ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐν κυρίῳ (1 Corinthians 91)
11 σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 1127)
12 Ὁ διδάσκαλος πάρεστιν καὶ φωνεῖ σε (John 1128)
13 Ὑμεῖς ἐκ τῶν κάτω ἐστέ ἐγὼ ἐκ τῶν ἄνω εἰμί (John 823)
14 Περὶ καλοῦ ἔργου οὐ λιθάζομέν σε ἀλλὰ περὶ βλασφημίας
(John 1033)
15 Ἔτι χρόνον μικρὸν μεθ ὑμῶν εἰμι (John 733)
16 ἀδικία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν (John 718)
17 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἰησοῦς Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωή
(John 146)
18 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πειλᾶτος Τί ἐστιν ἀλήθεια (John 1838)
19 Διὰ τί ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλεῖς αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1310)
20 Σαούλ Σαούλ τί με διώκεις (Acts 94)
17
A third century copy of St Johnrsquos Gospel
(A transliteration is given in Appendix 2 below)
18
Sessions 1-4 Revision Exercise
1 λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ
πόρναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ
(Matthew 2131)
2 ὁ γὰρ ζυγός μου χρηστὸς καὶ τὸ φορτίον μου ἐλαφρόν ἐστιν
(Matthew 1130)
3 οὕτως πᾶν1 δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ποιεῖ τὸ δὲ
σαπρὸν δένδρον καρποὺς πονηροὺς ποιεῖ οὐ δύναται2
δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς πονηροὺς ἐνεγκεῖν3 οὐδὲ δένδρον
σαπρὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ἐνεγκεῖν (Matthew 717-8)
4 ἢ4 ποιήσατε5 τὸ δένδρον καλὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ καλόν
ἢ ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον σαπρὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ σαπρόν
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον γινώσκεται6 γεννήματα7
ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε8 ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες9 ἐκ γὰρ
τοῦ περισσεύματος10 τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα11 λαλεῖ ὁ ἀγαθὸς
ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά καὶ ὁ
πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά (Matthew 1233-5)
5 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος12 τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ δοκὸν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ οὐ κατανοεῖς (Luke 641)
6 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ δοκὸν οὐ κατανοεῖς (Matthew 73)
1 πᾶν (neuter sing adj) every
2 δύναται 3s lt δύναμαι be able
3 ἐνέγκειν infinitive of φέρω carry bear
4 ἤ ἤ either or
5 ποιήσατε 2plimperative lt ποιέω make
6 γινώσκεται 3spres passive lt γινώσκω
know
7 τὰ γεννήματα product offspring (3rd
declension)
8 δύνασθε 2pl lt δύναμαι be able
9 ὄντες being (nomplparticiple lt εἰμί)
10 περισσεύματος gens lt τὸ περίσσευμα
abundance (3rd declension)
11 τὸ στόμα mouth (3rd declension)
12 τὸ κάρφος chip (of wood) (3rd declension)
19
Session 5
Table 9 Third declension nouns
The basic endings are as follows
1 Masculinefeminine
Singular Plural
N -ς -ες
V - -ς -ες
A -ν -α1 -ας
G -ος -ων
D -ι -σι(ν)2
2 Neuter
Singular Plural
- -α
- -α
- -α
-ος -ων
-ι -σι(ν)2
Note 1 -ν after a vowel stem -α after a consonant stem
2 ν before a vowel or at the end of the sentence
eg
ὁ φύλαξ (stem φυλακ-)
Singular Plural
N φύλαξ φύλακες
V φύλαξ φύλακες
A φύλακα φύλακας
G φύλακος φυλάκων
D φύλακι φύλαξι(ν)
τὸ σῶμα (stem σωματ-)
Singular Plural
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σώματος σωμάτων
σώματι σώμασι(ν)
20
Translation Exercise 7
1 Σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ1 ἐσμεν (John 837)
2 ὁ λύχνoς τoῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός (Matthew 622)
3 Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου (Luke 1133)
4 τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ καὶ τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις (John
38)
5 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον (Mark 112)
6 ΜΑΚΑΡΙΟΙ οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία
τῶν οὐρανῶν (Matthew 53)
7 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ2 σε πονηρὲ δοῦλε (Luke
1922)
8 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα (John 155)
9 Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ
αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1357)
10 Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων (John 107)
11 στέφανoς γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων (Proverbs 176)
12 ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν
ἐμῶν τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς3 μου ἀκούουσιν κἀγὼ4
γινώσκω αὐτά καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι (John 1026-27)
Notes
1 Foreign (Hebrew or Aramaic) words are not declined if they end in a sound which cannot
end a Greek word Here Ἀβραάμ represents a genitive singular
2 κρινῶ future lt κρίνω (lt κρινέσω)
3 ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive case but compare this with no2
4 κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ
21
Table 10 Two other 3rd declension nouns
ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-πολε-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις
V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις
A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις
G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων
D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 8
1 ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με
τὰ ἐμά καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων (John 1014-15)
2 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ
(Matthew 11)
3 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν
(Matthew 45)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ
δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (Romans
1217)
5 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή (John 1125)
6 καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν (John 530)
Note 1 τίθημι I place (like εἰμί one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions
from verbs in ndashω in some tenses)
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
1
Session 1 The Greek Alphabet
Capital Lower case Name Pronunciation1 Transliteration
Α α alpha lardcup a
Β β beta bat b
Γ γ gamma goat g
Δ δ delta dog d
Ε ε epsilon bet e
Ζ ζ zeta wisdomlids z
Η η eta nag ē
Θ θ theta thin th
Ι ι iota bideat i
Κ κ kappa kit ck
Λ λ lambda lot l
Μ μ mu mat m
Ν ν nu not n
Ξ ξ xi axe x
Ο ο omicron log o
Π π pi pat p
Ρ ρ rho rot rhr
Σ σς2 sigma sit s
Τ τ tau top t
Υ υ upsilon Fr lune y
Φ φ phi fat ph
Χ χ chi loch chkh
Ψ ψ psi dypsomaniac ps
Ω ω omega raw ō
1 The suggested pronunciation represents a tricky compromise (to be explained in class)
2 The second form (ς) is used at the end of a word eg Σίσυφος Sisyphus
2
Diphthongs
αι aisle aiaee
αυ out au
ει ever (said long)1 eii
ευ e + oo euev
oι boy oi
ου tool1 u
υι quit ui
1 ει represents ε + ε ου represents ο + ο These are called spurious diphthongs (they are written as if
they were diphthongs but in fact represent pure vowels)
________________________________________________________
Other signs
1 Breathings There is no letter lsquohrsquo in Greek but some words have an h sound at the
beginning before a vowel If so the vowel has the sign ῾ over it eg ὁ ho This is
called the hard breathing If a word starts with a vowel without the h sound this is
marked with the sign ᾿ eg ὀ o This is called the soft breathing
Note that
1 Every word beginning with a vowel must have one or the other breathing
2 When a word begins with ρ this has a hard breathing eg ῥυθμός rhythmos
3 In a diphthong the breathing appears on the second element (eg αὐτός)
4 Breathings are placed before capital letters (eg Ἰξίων)
2 Accents There are three accents acute ´ grave ` and circumflex ῀ These represent a
tonal accent not a stress accent and we can ignore these signs except in those very
few cases when they help to distinguish two words (eg εἰ if εἶ you are)
3 Iota subscript When iota is the second element of a diphthong starting with a long
vowel it is written as a subscript under the long vowel This can only happen with α
η and ω so the forms to look out for are ᾳ ῃ and ῳ While you may for the most part
ignore accents you must not ignore the iota subscripts
3
Exercise 1
A Transliterate the following using the rules given above
(a) ψυχη
(b) πατηρ
(c) κοσμος
(d) ἀγγελος1
(e) οὐρανος
(f) γενος
(g) λογος
(h) νεος
(i) παλαιος
(j) εὐ
(k) γενεσις
(l) ἐξοδος
(m) νομος
(n) δευτερος
(o) ἀρχη
(p) ἀνθος
(q) πολις
(r) ἑξ
(s) πεντε
(t) αὐτος
(u) βιος
(v) ἀγρος
(w) δενδρον
(x) χρονος
B Transliterate into Greek letters
(a) theos
(b) evangelion
(c) thēsauros
(d) cardia
(e) anemos
(f) agathos
(g) thronos
(h) despotēs
(i) hippos
(j) potamos
(k) hodos
(l) ichthys
(m) phōnē
(n) topos
(o) ophthalmos
(p) sōma
(q) ochlos
(r) didaskalos
(s) anthrōpos
(t) mathētēs
(u) cleptēs
(v) parabolē
(w) hypnos
(x) tauros
C Write the following in Greek capital letters
(a) θυρα (b) ξενος (c) ἡμερα (d) οἰκος (e) ἀδελφος
(f) ζωη (g) ψαλμος (h) βαπτιζω (i) γυνη (j) χριστος
E Many English words are compounds of Greek words eg geology lt γῆ earth +
λόγος account rhinoceros lt ῥιν- nose + κέρας horn Write down as many English
words as you can which have any of the words in A as one of its parts
Note 1 -γγ = -ng (as in lsquobringrsquo)
4
Religious (and other) terms derived from Greek
Find the Greek words from which the underlined words derive
Peter the evangelical Presbyterian had no sympathy with the Catholic hermit monks who sang
hymns and anthems in the cathedral hebdomadally Stephen the Episcopalian deacon had no
enthusiasm for Peters psalms while the polyphony and antiphony of the anchorites made him
ecstatic Andrew the bishop was not so hedonistic but objected to Peters glossolalia which he
would sarcastically mock using Paulrsquos First Epistle to the Corinthians chapter 14 But Peters
theology was heterodox and his monophysitism was anathema to the eremites in their
monastery scepticism about orthodox dogmas concerning the paraclete and the eucharist was
considered unhygienic The diabolical machinations of the tyrannical archbishop George
caused chaos when his polemical articles roused such antipathy against the deacons schismatic
eschatology that he had to apologise and eat his commentary on Genesis and Exodus
ἀνάθεμα (-ματος) accursed thing
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant
δόγμα (-ματος) opinion
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἔξοδος (-ου) f a going out a way out
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος (-α -ον) other different
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
θεός (-ου) god
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λόγος (-ου) word speech
μηχανή (-ης) device
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
σάρξ (σαρκός) flesh
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
σχίσμα (-ματος) tear (in a garment)
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
φύσις (-εως) nature
χάος (-ους) n yawning gap
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
5
Session 2 Discovering Greek Grammar
1 ταῦρον ἵππος φεύγει A horse is fleeing a bull
2 φεύγει ταῦρος ὄνον A bull is fleeing an ass
3 ταῦρος ἵππον διώκει ___________ is chasing a horse
4 λύκος διώκει ὄνον A wolf __________________________
5 ταῦρος ὄνον διώκει _________________________________
6 λύκος φεύγει ὄνον _________________________________
7 ___________________________ An ass is chasing a wolf
8 ___________________________ A wolf is fleeing a bull
9 ταῦρον ἵπποι φεύγουσι Horses are fleeing a bull
10 ___________________________ Wolves are chasing a horse
11 ἀνθρώπους τρώγουσι ὄνοι ______________ eat humans
12 ___________________________ Wolves eat bulls
13 ἄγγελος λέγει μύθους ὄχλῳ A messenger tells stories to a crowd
14 κύριος φίλῳ ἵππους πέμπει A lord is sending ______ to a friend
15 ___________________________ A friend sends a bull to a lord
16 ταύρους θύουσιν θεοῖς γεωργοί Farmers sacrifice __________ to gods
17 ___________________________ A god tells a story to farmers
18 λύκοι δάκνουσι κυρίου ταῦρον Wolves are biting a lordrsquos bull
19 γεωργοῦ υἱὸς ἵππους ἔχει A farmerrsquos son has horses
20 ___________________________ Asses are eating a farmerrsquos son
21 φιλοῦσι γεωργῶν υἱοὶ ἵππους Farmersrsquo sons love horses
22 ___________________________ Sons of gods tell tales to humans
6
Table 1 Declension of o-stem masculinefeminine nouns
Singular Plural
Nominative ὁ λόγος οἱ λόγοι
Vocative ὦ λόγε ὦ λόγοι
Accusative τὸν λόγον τοὺς λόγους
Genitive τοῦ λόγου τῶν λόγων
Dative τῷ λόγῳ τοῖς λόγοις
________________________________
Some uses of the cases
Nominative
For the subject of the verb (ὁ ταῦρος φεύγει the bull flees)
Vocative
For addressing someone (ὦ Πέτρε μένε Peter wait)
Accusative
For the object of a verb (λύουσι τὸν ἵππον they are loosing the horse)
To express motion towards something (πρὸς τὸν Κόρινθον to Corinth)
Genitive
To express possession (ὁ τοῦ γεώργου υἱός the farmerrsquos son)
To express motion away from something (πρὸς τοῦ Κορίνθου from Corinth)
Dative
For the indirect object (θύει ἵππους τοῖς θεοῖς he is sacrificing horses to the gods)
For the instrument (λόγοις πείθει he persuades with words)
To express rest at a place (πρὸς τῷ Κορίνθῳ at Corinth)
7
Translation Exercise 1
1 Οἶνον οὐκ ἔχουσιν (John 23)
2 καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἰδοὺ ὁ ἄνθρωπος (John 195)
3 καὶ φέρουσιν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὸν Γολγοθὰν τόπον (Mark 1522)
4 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Ναί (Matthew 1351)
5 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Ναί κύριε (Matthew 928)
6 καὶ οὐδεὶς βάλλει οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς1 (Mark 222)
7 οὐδὲ βάλλουσιν οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς hellip ἀλλὰ
βάλλουσιν οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς καινούς (Matthew 917)
8 ἄνθρωπoς ὡσεὶ χόρτoς καὶ ἄνθoς τoῦ ἀγρoῦ (Psalm 10317)
9 Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 136)
10 Ἄγουσιν αὐτὸν πρὸς τοὺς Φαρισαίους τόν ποτε τυφλόν (John 913)
11 Λάζαρε δεῦρο ἔξω (John 1143)
Note
1 Adjectives agree in case and number with their nouns (see table 6 for forms)
Composition exercise 1
Translate into Greek
1 He says to the lamb of God lsquoYes lambrsquo
2 He doesnrsquot have a new wineskin
3 He is bringing Lazarus to the Pharisee
8
Table 2 Declension of o-stem neuter nouns
Singular Plural
Nominative τὸ ἔργον τὰ ἔργα
Vocative ὦ ἔργον ὦ ἔργα
Accusative τὸ ἔργον τὰ ἔργα
Genitive τοῦ ἔργου τῶν ἔργων
Dative τῷ ἔργῳ τοῖς ἔργοις
Note nominative vocative and accusative are always identical in neuter nouns
Table 3 Present indicative active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1st person λύω I loose λύομεν we loose
2nd person λύεις you loose λύετε you loose
3rd person λύει hesheit looses λύουσι(ν) they loose
Infinitive λύειν to loose
Note The 3rd person plural ends in ndashν before a vowel and at the end of a sentence
Table 4 Present indicative active of the verb to be (stem εσ-)
Singular Plural
1st person εἰμί I am ἐσμέν we are
2nd person εἶ you are ἐστέ you are
3rd person ἐστί(ν) hesheit is εἰσί(ν) they are
Infinitive εἶναι to be
Note The forms in ndashν are used before a vowel and at the end of a sentence
9
Translation Exercise 2
1 Ὁ σπόρος ἐστὶν ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ (Luke 811)
2 Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 Λέγει αὐτῷ Σίμων Πέτρος Κύριε ποῦ ὑπάγεις 1 (John 1336)
4 τὰ γὰρ ἔργα αὐτῶν ἀκολουθεῖ μετ᾽ αὐτῶν (Revelation 1413)
5 Αδαμ ποῦ εἶ (Genesis 39)
6 καὶ ἐν σαββάτῳ περιτέμνετε ἄνθρωπον (John 722)
7 λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι (John 185)
8 Πιστεύω κύριε (John 938)
9 νῦν δὲ2 λέγετε ὅτι Βλέπομεν (John 941)
10 καὶ ὁ λύκος ἁρπάζει αὐτὰ καὶ σκορπίζει (John 1012-13)
11 Κύριε ἤδη ὄζει τεταρταῖος γάρ2 ἐστιν (John 1139)
12 καὶ λέγει τῷ Ἰησοῦ3 Πόθεν εἶ σύ (John 199)
13 oὐρανός ἐστι θρόνoς τoῦ Θεoῦ (Matthew 534)
14 εὑρίσκει αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ (John 514)
15 ὁ καιρὸς γὰρ ἐγγύς ἐστιν (Revelation 2210)
Notes
1 The Greek question mark looks like the English semicolon
2 Many Greek connecting words appear second in their clause
3 This is declined as follows Nom Ἰησοῦς
Voc Ἰησοῦ
Acc Ἰησοῦν
Gen Ἰησοῦ
Dat Ἰησοῦ
10
Revision exercise sessions 1-2
A Translate into English
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ λέγει Κύριος ὁ θεός (Revelation 18)
2 λέγει οὖν αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ὁ καιρὸς ὁ ἐμὸς οὔπω πάρεστιν ὁ δὲ
καιρὸς ὁ ὑμέτερος πάντοτέ ἐστιν ἕτοιμος (John 76)
3 ὁ δὲ λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι (John 620)
4 ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου οὐκ εἰσὶν καθὼς ἐγὼ οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου (John
1716)
5 θεοῦ γάρ ἐσμεν συνεργοί θεοῦ γεώργιον θεοῦ οἰκοδομή ἐστε1 (1
Corinthians 39)
6 Τὰ ἀδύνατα παρὰ ἀνθρώποις δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστίν2 (Luke
1827)
Notes
1 is the Greek colonsemicolon
2 Neuter plurals frequently take singular verbs
B Translate into Greek
1 And God says to the world lsquoIt is mersquo
2 You are Godrsquos accomplice just as I am Jesusrsquos orchard
3 Impossible things in the world are possible in heaven
11
Session 3
Table 5 Declension of a-stem feminine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἐντολή αἱ ἐντολαί
Accusative τὴν ἐντολήν τὰς ἐντολάς
Genitive τῆς ἐντολῆς τῶν ἐντολῶν
Dative τῇ ἐντολῇ ταῖς ἐντολαῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἡμέρα αἱ ἡμέραι
Accusative τὴν ἡμέραν τὰς ἡμέρας
Genitive τῆς ἡμέρας τῶν ἡμερῶν
Dative τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταῖς ἡμέραις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Type 3
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ θάλασσα αἱ θάλασσαι
Accusative τὴν θάλασσαν τὰς θαλάσσας
Genitive τῆς θαλάσσης τῶν θαλασσῶν
Dative τῇ θαλάσσῃ ταῖς θαλάσσαις
Likewise all stems ending in λλ and σ (including the double consonants ζ ξ ψ)
Note in feminine a-stem nouns the vocative has the same form as the nominative
12
Translation Exercise 3
1 ἀρχὴ σοφίας φόβος Κυρίου (Proverbs 17)
2 ΑΡΧΗ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 11)
3 Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἄρτος τῆς ζωῆς (John 635)
4 ἐγὼ τὸ Ἀλφα καὶ τὸ Ω ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ
τέλος1 (Revelation 2213)
5 ᾿ΙΑΚΩΒΟΣ Θεοῦ καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χρίστου δοῦλος ταῖς δώδεκα
φυλαῖς ταῖς ἐν τῇ διασπορᾷ χαίρειν (Epistle of James 11)
6 τὰ ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας θάνατoς (Romans 623)
7 Δόξαν παρὰ ἀνθρώπων οὐ λαμβάνω (John 541)
8 Οὐχὶ δώδεκα ὧραί εἰσιν τῆς ἡμέρας (John 119)
9 ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐχ εὑρίσκω ἐν αὐτῷ αἰτίαν (John 196)
10 ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ παρὰ ἀνθρώπου τὴν μαρτυρίαν λαμβάνω (John 534)
Note 1 τὸ τέλος is a third declension neuter noun
Composition exercise 2
1 We get bread from a man
2 The servants find wisdom in Jesus Christ
3 Do you not find sin in them
13
Table 6 Declension of adjectives with three terminations
Masc Fem Neut
N καλός καλή καλόν
V καλέ καλή καλόν
A καλόν καλήν καλόν
Sing G καλοῦ καλῆς καλοῦ
D καλῷ καλῇ καλῷ
NV καλοί καλαί καλά
A καλούς καλάς καλά
Plur G καλῶν καλῶν καλῶν
D καλοῖς καλαῖς καλοῖς
Note the masculine and neuter endings are those of the o-stem nouns while the feminine endings are
those of the a-stem nouns In the latter case there will also be adjectives declined like χῶρα (table 5
type 2) eg πονηρός wicked fem πονηρά
Translation Exercise 4
1 ὁ λόγος ὁ σὸς ἀλήθειά ἐστιν (John 1717)
2 διὰ τί τὴν λαλιὰν τὴν ἐμήν οὐ γινώσκετε (John 843)
3 ἡ ἐντολὴ αὐτοῦ ζωὴ αἰώνιός1 ἐστιν (John 1250)
4 μακάριοι οἱ πτῶχοι ὅτι ὑμέτερα ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ (Luke
620)
5 νῦν δὲ ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐντεῦθεν (John 1836)
6 ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά2
καὶ ὁ πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά2 (Matthew 1235)
Notes 1 Many compound adjectives have no feminine forms using masculine forms to qualify
feminine nouns
2 ἀγαθά πονηρά are neuter plural forms of the adjective so this means good wicked things
14
Table 7 Declension of a-stem masculine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
N μαθητής μαθηταί
V μαθητά μαθηταί
A μαθητήν μαθητάς
G μαθητοῦ μαθητῶν
D μαθητῇ μαθηταῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
νεανίας νεανίαι
νεανία νεανίαι
νεανίαν νεανίας
νεανίου νεανιῶν
νεανίᾳ νεανίαις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Translation Exercise 5
1 Ἰωάνης μαρτυρεῖ περὶ αὐτοῦ (John 115)
2 Οὐκ ἔστιν μαθητὴς ὑπὲρ τὸν διδάσκαλον οὐδὲ δοῦλος ὑπὲρ
τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1024)
3 ἄξιος γὰρ ὁ ἐργάτης τοῦ μισθοῦ αὐτοῦ (Luke 107)
4 Ἄγουσιν οὖν τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ Καιάφα1 εἰς τὸ πραιτώριον
(John 1828)
5 Νῦν ἀπολύεις τὸν δοῦλόν σου δέσποτα (Luke 229)
6 τὸ δὲ κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου ἡ ἁμαρτία (1 Corinthians 1557)
Note 1 Some names ending in ndashας have their genitive sing in -α instead of ndash
ου
15
Session 4
Table 8 Personal Pronouns
1st person 2nd person
N ἐγώ σύ
A με ἐμέ σέ
Singular G μοῦ ἐμοῦ σοῦ
D μοί ἐμοί σοί
N ἡμεῖς ὑμεῖς
A ἡμᾶς ὑμᾶς
Plural G ἡμῶν ὑμῶν
D ἡμῖν ὑμῖν
3rd person
Masc Fem Neut
N αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό
A αὐτόν αὐτήν αὐτό
Sing G αὐτοῦ αὐτῆς αὐτοῦ
D αὐτῷ αὐτῇ αὐτῷ
N αὐτοί αὐταί αὐτά
A αὐτούς αὐτάς αὐτά
Plur G αὐτῶν αὐτῶν αὐτῶν
D αὐτοῖς αὐταῖς αὐτοῖς
Note The declension of αὐτός is like the declension of adjectives except in the
neuter nomacc singular
16
Translation Exercise 6
1 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 333)
2 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (Mark 111)
3 Σὺ εἶ Σίμων ὁ υἱὸς Ἰωάνου (John 142)
4 ὑμεῖς φίλοι μού ἐστε (John 1514)
5 Σὺ πιστεύεις εἰς τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (John 935)
6 ἐγὼ ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ σὺ ἐν ἐμοί (John 1723)
7 Μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τυφλοί ἐσμεν (John 940)
8 Ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου (John 2028)
9 ἡ ἁμαρτία ὑμῶν μένει (John 941)
10 οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐλεύθερoς οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος οὐ τὸ ἔργον μου
ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐν κυρίῳ (1 Corinthians 91)
11 σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 1127)
12 Ὁ διδάσκαλος πάρεστιν καὶ φωνεῖ σε (John 1128)
13 Ὑμεῖς ἐκ τῶν κάτω ἐστέ ἐγὼ ἐκ τῶν ἄνω εἰμί (John 823)
14 Περὶ καλοῦ ἔργου οὐ λιθάζομέν σε ἀλλὰ περὶ βλασφημίας
(John 1033)
15 Ἔτι χρόνον μικρὸν μεθ ὑμῶν εἰμι (John 733)
16 ἀδικία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν (John 718)
17 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἰησοῦς Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωή
(John 146)
18 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πειλᾶτος Τί ἐστιν ἀλήθεια (John 1838)
19 Διὰ τί ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλεῖς αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1310)
20 Σαούλ Σαούλ τί με διώκεις (Acts 94)
17
A third century copy of St Johnrsquos Gospel
(A transliteration is given in Appendix 2 below)
18
Sessions 1-4 Revision Exercise
1 λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ
πόρναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ
(Matthew 2131)
2 ὁ γὰρ ζυγός μου χρηστὸς καὶ τὸ φορτίον μου ἐλαφρόν ἐστιν
(Matthew 1130)
3 οὕτως πᾶν1 δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ποιεῖ τὸ δὲ
σαπρὸν δένδρον καρποὺς πονηροὺς ποιεῖ οὐ δύναται2
δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς πονηροὺς ἐνεγκεῖν3 οὐδὲ δένδρον
σαπρὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ἐνεγκεῖν (Matthew 717-8)
4 ἢ4 ποιήσατε5 τὸ δένδρον καλὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ καλόν
ἢ ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον σαπρὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ σαπρόν
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον γινώσκεται6 γεννήματα7
ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε8 ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες9 ἐκ γὰρ
τοῦ περισσεύματος10 τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα11 λαλεῖ ὁ ἀγαθὸς
ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά καὶ ὁ
πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά (Matthew 1233-5)
5 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος12 τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ δοκὸν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ οὐ κατανοεῖς (Luke 641)
6 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ δοκὸν οὐ κατανοεῖς (Matthew 73)
1 πᾶν (neuter sing adj) every
2 δύναται 3s lt δύναμαι be able
3 ἐνέγκειν infinitive of φέρω carry bear
4 ἤ ἤ either or
5 ποιήσατε 2plimperative lt ποιέω make
6 γινώσκεται 3spres passive lt γινώσκω
know
7 τὰ γεννήματα product offspring (3rd
declension)
8 δύνασθε 2pl lt δύναμαι be able
9 ὄντες being (nomplparticiple lt εἰμί)
10 περισσεύματος gens lt τὸ περίσσευμα
abundance (3rd declension)
11 τὸ στόμα mouth (3rd declension)
12 τὸ κάρφος chip (of wood) (3rd declension)
19
Session 5
Table 9 Third declension nouns
The basic endings are as follows
1 Masculinefeminine
Singular Plural
N -ς -ες
V - -ς -ες
A -ν -α1 -ας
G -ος -ων
D -ι -σι(ν)2
2 Neuter
Singular Plural
- -α
- -α
- -α
-ος -ων
-ι -σι(ν)2
Note 1 -ν after a vowel stem -α after a consonant stem
2 ν before a vowel or at the end of the sentence
eg
ὁ φύλαξ (stem φυλακ-)
Singular Plural
N φύλαξ φύλακες
V φύλαξ φύλακες
A φύλακα φύλακας
G φύλακος φυλάκων
D φύλακι φύλαξι(ν)
τὸ σῶμα (stem σωματ-)
Singular Plural
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σώματος σωμάτων
σώματι σώμασι(ν)
20
Translation Exercise 7
1 Σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ1 ἐσμεν (John 837)
2 ὁ λύχνoς τoῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός (Matthew 622)
3 Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου (Luke 1133)
4 τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ καὶ τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις (John
38)
5 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον (Mark 112)
6 ΜΑΚΑΡΙΟΙ οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία
τῶν οὐρανῶν (Matthew 53)
7 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ2 σε πονηρὲ δοῦλε (Luke
1922)
8 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα (John 155)
9 Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ
αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1357)
10 Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων (John 107)
11 στέφανoς γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων (Proverbs 176)
12 ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν
ἐμῶν τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς3 μου ἀκούουσιν κἀγὼ4
γινώσκω αὐτά καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι (John 1026-27)
Notes
1 Foreign (Hebrew or Aramaic) words are not declined if they end in a sound which cannot
end a Greek word Here Ἀβραάμ represents a genitive singular
2 κρινῶ future lt κρίνω (lt κρινέσω)
3 ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive case but compare this with no2
4 κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ
21
Table 10 Two other 3rd declension nouns
ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-πολε-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις
V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις
A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις
G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων
D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 8
1 ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με
τὰ ἐμά καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων (John 1014-15)
2 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ
(Matthew 11)
3 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν
(Matthew 45)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ
δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (Romans
1217)
5 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή (John 1125)
6 καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν (John 530)
Note 1 τίθημι I place (like εἰμί one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions
from verbs in ndashω in some tenses)
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
2
Diphthongs
αι aisle aiaee
αυ out au
ει ever (said long)1 eii
ευ e + oo euev
oι boy oi
ου tool1 u
υι quit ui
1 ει represents ε + ε ου represents ο + ο These are called spurious diphthongs (they are written as if
they were diphthongs but in fact represent pure vowels)
________________________________________________________
Other signs
1 Breathings There is no letter lsquohrsquo in Greek but some words have an h sound at the
beginning before a vowel If so the vowel has the sign ῾ over it eg ὁ ho This is
called the hard breathing If a word starts with a vowel without the h sound this is
marked with the sign ᾿ eg ὀ o This is called the soft breathing
Note that
1 Every word beginning with a vowel must have one or the other breathing
2 When a word begins with ρ this has a hard breathing eg ῥυθμός rhythmos
3 In a diphthong the breathing appears on the second element (eg αὐτός)
4 Breathings are placed before capital letters (eg Ἰξίων)
2 Accents There are three accents acute ´ grave ` and circumflex ῀ These represent a
tonal accent not a stress accent and we can ignore these signs except in those very
few cases when they help to distinguish two words (eg εἰ if εἶ you are)
3 Iota subscript When iota is the second element of a diphthong starting with a long
vowel it is written as a subscript under the long vowel This can only happen with α
η and ω so the forms to look out for are ᾳ ῃ and ῳ While you may for the most part
ignore accents you must not ignore the iota subscripts
3
Exercise 1
A Transliterate the following using the rules given above
(a) ψυχη
(b) πατηρ
(c) κοσμος
(d) ἀγγελος1
(e) οὐρανος
(f) γενος
(g) λογος
(h) νεος
(i) παλαιος
(j) εὐ
(k) γενεσις
(l) ἐξοδος
(m) νομος
(n) δευτερος
(o) ἀρχη
(p) ἀνθος
(q) πολις
(r) ἑξ
(s) πεντε
(t) αὐτος
(u) βιος
(v) ἀγρος
(w) δενδρον
(x) χρονος
B Transliterate into Greek letters
(a) theos
(b) evangelion
(c) thēsauros
(d) cardia
(e) anemos
(f) agathos
(g) thronos
(h) despotēs
(i) hippos
(j) potamos
(k) hodos
(l) ichthys
(m) phōnē
(n) topos
(o) ophthalmos
(p) sōma
(q) ochlos
(r) didaskalos
(s) anthrōpos
(t) mathētēs
(u) cleptēs
(v) parabolē
(w) hypnos
(x) tauros
C Write the following in Greek capital letters
(a) θυρα (b) ξενος (c) ἡμερα (d) οἰκος (e) ἀδελφος
(f) ζωη (g) ψαλμος (h) βαπτιζω (i) γυνη (j) χριστος
E Many English words are compounds of Greek words eg geology lt γῆ earth +
λόγος account rhinoceros lt ῥιν- nose + κέρας horn Write down as many English
words as you can which have any of the words in A as one of its parts
Note 1 -γγ = -ng (as in lsquobringrsquo)
4
Religious (and other) terms derived from Greek
Find the Greek words from which the underlined words derive
Peter the evangelical Presbyterian had no sympathy with the Catholic hermit monks who sang
hymns and anthems in the cathedral hebdomadally Stephen the Episcopalian deacon had no
enthusiasm for Peters psalms while the polyphony and antiphony of the anchorites made him
ecstatic Andrew the bishop was not so hedonistic but objected to Peters glossolalia which he
would sarcastically mock using Paulrsquos First Epistle to the Corinthians chapter 14 But Peters
theology was heterodox and his monophysitism was anathema to the eremites in their
monastery scepticism about orthodox dogmas concerning the paraclete and the eucharist was
considered unhygienic The diabolical machinations of the tyrannical archbishop George
caused chaos when his polemical articles roused such antipathy against the deacons schismatic
eschatology that he had to apologise and eat his commentary on Genesis and Exodus
ἀνάθεμα (-ματος) accursed thing
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant
δόγμα (-ματος) opinion
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἔξοδος (-ου) f a going out a way out
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος (-α -ον) other different
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
θεός (-ου) god
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λόγος (-ου) word speech
μηχανή (-ης) device
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
σάρξ (σαρκός) flesh
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
σχίσμα (-ματος) tear (in a garment)
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
φύσις (-εως) nature
χάος (-ους) n yawning gap
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
5
Session 2 Discovering Greek Grammar
1 ταῦρον ἵππος φεύγει A horse is fleeing a bull
2 φεύγει ταῦρος ὄνον A bull is fleeing an ass
3 ταῦρος ἵππον διώκει ___________ is chasing a horse
4 λύκος διώκει ὄνον A wolf __________________________
5 ταῦρος ὄνον διώκει _________________________________
6 λύκος φεύγει ὄνον _________________________________
7 ___________________________ An ass is chasing a wolf
8 ___________________________ A wolf is fleeing a bull
9 ταῦρον ἵπποι φεύγουσι Horses are fleeing a bull
10 ___________________________ Wolves are chasing a horse
11 ἀνθρώπους τρώγουσι ὄνοι ______________ eat humans
12 ___________________________ Wolves eat bulls
13 ἄγγελος λέγει μύθους ὄχλῳ A messenger tells stories to a crowd
14 κύριος φίλῳ ἵππους πέμπει A lord is sending ______ to a friend
15 ___________________________ A friend sends a bull to a lord
16 ταύρους θύουσιν θεοῖς γεωργοί Farmers sacrifice __________ to gods
17 ___________________________ A god tells a story to farmers
18 λύκοι δάκνουσι κυρίου ταῦρον Wolves are biting a lordrsquos bull
19 γεωργοῦ υἱὸς ἵππους ἔχει A farmerrsquos son has horses
20 ___________________________ Asses are eating a farmerrsquos son
21 φιλοῦσι γεωργῶν υἱοὶ ἵππους Farmersrsquo sons love horses
22 ___________________________ Sons of gods tell tales to humans
6
Table 1 Declension of o-stem masculinefeminine nouns
Singular Plural
Nominative ὁ λόγος οἱ λόγοι
Vocative ὦ λόγε ὦ λόγοι
Accusative τὸν λόγον τοὺς λόγους
Genitive τοῦ λόγου τῶν λόγων
Dative τῷ λόγῳ τοῖς λόγοις
________________________________
Some uses of the cases
Nominative
For the subject of the verb (ὁ ταῦρος φεύγει the bull flees)
Vocative
For addressing someone (ὦ Πέτρε μένε Peter wait)
Accusative
For the object of a verb (λύουσι τὸν ἵππον they are loosing the horse)
To express motion towards something (πρὸς τὸν Κόρινθον to Corinth)
Genitive
To express possession (ὁ τοῦ γεώργου υἱός the farmerrsquos son)
To express motion away from something (πρὸς τοῦ Κορίνθου from Corinth)
Dative
For the indirect object (θύει ἵππους τοῖς θεοῖς he is sacrificing horses to the gods)
For the instrument (λόγοις πείθει he persuades with words)
To express rest at a place (πρὸς τῷ Κορίνθῳ at Corinth)
7
Translation Exercise 1
1 Οἶνον οὐκ ἔχουσιν (John 23)
2 καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἰδοὺ ὁ ἄνθρωπος (John 195)
3 καὶ φέρουσιν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὸν Γολγοθὰν τόπον (Mark 1522)
4 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Ναί (Matthew 1351)
5 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Ναί κύριε (Matthew 928)
6 καὶ οὐδεὶς βάλλει οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς1 (Mark 222)
7 οὐδὲ βάλλουσιν οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς hellip ἀλλὰ
βάλλουσιν οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς καινούς (Matthew 917)
8 ἄνθρωπoς ὡσεὶ χόρτoς καὶ ἄνθoς τoῦ ἀγρoῦ (Psalm 10317)
9 Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 136)
10 Ἄγουσιν αὐτὸν πρὸς τοὺς Φαρισαίους τόν ποτε τυφλόν (John 913)
11 Λάζαρε δεῦρο ἔξω (John 1143)
Note
1 Adjectives agree in case and number with their nouns (see table 6 for forms)
Composition exercise 1
Translate into Greek
1 He says to the lamb of God lsquoYes lambrsquo
2 He doesnrsquot have a new wineskin
3 He is bringing Lazarus to the Pharisee
8
Table 2 Declension of o-stem neuter nouns
Singular Plural
Nominative τὸ ἔργον τὰ ἔργα
Vocative ὦ ἔργον ὦ ἔργα
Accusative τὸ ἔργον τὰ ἔργα
Genitive τοῦ ἔργου τῶν ἔργων
Dative τῷ ἔργῳ τοῖς ἔργοις
Note nominative vocative and accusative are always identical in neuter nouns
Table 3 Present indicative active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1st person λύω I loose λύομεν we loose
2nd person λύεις you loose λύετε you loose
3rd person λύει hesheit looses λύουσι(ν) they loose
Infinitive λύειν to loose
Note The 3rd person plural ends in ndashν before a vowel and at the end of a sentence
Table 4 Present indicative active of the verb to be (stem εσ-)
Singular Plural
1st person εἰμί I am ἐσμέν we are
2nd person εἶ you are ἐστέ you are
3rd person ἐστί(ν) hesheit is εἰσί(ν) they are
Infinitive εἶναι to be
Note The forms in ndashν are used before a vowel and at the end of a sentence
9
Translation Exercise 2
1 Ὁ σπόρος ἐστὶν ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ (Luke 811)
2 Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 Λέγει αὐτῷ Σίμων Πέτρος Κύριε ποῦ ὑπάγεις 1 (John 1336)
4 τὰ γὰρ ἔργα αὐτῶν ἀκολουθεῖ μετ᾽ αὐτῶν (Revelation 1413)
5 Αδαμ ποῦ εἶ (Genesis 39)
6 καὶ ἐν σαββάτῳ περιτέμνετε ἄνθρωπον (John 722)
7 λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι (John 185)
8 Πιστεύω κύριε (John 938)
9 νῦν δὲ2 λέγετε ὅτι Βλέπομεν (John 941)
10 καὶ ὁ λύκος ἁρπάζει αὐτὰ καὶ σκορπίζει (John 1012-13)
11 Κύριε ἤδη ὄζει τεταρταῖος γάρ2 ἐστιν (John 1139)
12 καὶ λέγει τῷ Ἰησοῦ3 Πόθεν εἶ σύ (John 199)
13 oὐρανός ἐστι θρόνoς τoῦ Θεoῦ (Matthew 534)
14 εὑρίσκει αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ (John 514)
15 ὁ καιρὸς γὰρ ἐγγύς ἐστιν (Revelation 2210)
Notes
1 The Greek question mark looks like the English semicolon
2 Many Greek connecting words appear second in their clause
3 This is declined as follows Nom Ἰησοῦς
Voc Ἰησοῦ
Acc Ἰησοῦν
Gen Ἰησοῦ
Dat Ἰησοῦ
10
Revision exercise sessions 1-2
A Translate into English
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ λέγει Κύριος ὁ θεός (Revelation 18)
2 λέγει οὖν αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ὁ καιρὸς ὁ ἐμὸς οὔπω πάρεστιν ὁ δὲ
καιρὸς ὁ ὑμέτερος πάντοτέ ἐστιν ἕτοιμος (John 76)
3 ὁ δὲ λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι (John 620)
4 ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου οὐκ εἰσὶν καθὼς ἐγὼ οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου (John
1716)
5 θεοῦ γάρ ἐσμεν συνεργοί θεοῦ γεώργιον θεοῦ οἰκοδομή ἐστε1 (1
Corinthians 39)
6 Τὰ ἀδύνατα παρὰ ἀνθρώποις δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστίν2 (Luke
1827)
Notes
1 is the Greek colonsemicolon
2 Neuter plurals frequently take singular verbs
B Translate into Greek
1 And God says to the world lsquoIt is mersquo
2 You are Godrsquos accomplice just as I am Jesusrsquos orchard
3 Impossible things in the world are possible in heaven
11
Session 3
Table 5 Declension of a-stem feminine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἐντολή αἱ ἐντολαί
Accusative τὴν ἐντολήν τὰς ἐντολάς
Genitive τῆς ἐντολῆς τῶν ἐντολῶν
Dative τῇ ἐντολῇ ταῖς ἐντολαῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἡμέρα αἱ ἡμέραι
Accusative τὴν ἡμέραν τὰς ἡμέρας
Genitive τῆς ἡμέρας τῶν ἡμερῶν
Dative τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταῖς ἡμέραις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Type 3
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ θάλασσα αἱ θάλασσαι
Accusative τὴν θάλασσαν τὰς θαλάσσας
Genitive τῆς θαλάσσης τῶν θαλασσῶν
Dative τῇ θαλάσσῃ ταῖς θαλάσσαις
Likewise all stems ending in λλ and σ (including the double consonants ζ ξ ψ)
Note in feminine a-stem nouns the vocative has the same form as the nominative
12
Translation Exercise 3
1 ἀρχὴ σοφίας φόβος Κυρίου (Proverbs 17)
2 ΑΡΧΗ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 11)
3 Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἄρτος τῆς ζωῆς (John 635)
4 ἐγὼ τὸ Ἀλφα καὶ τὸ Ω ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ
τέλος1 (Revelation 2213)
5 ᾿ΙΑΚΩΒΟΣ Θεοῦ καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χρίστου δοῦλος ταῖς δώδεκα
φυλαῖς ταῖς ἐν τῇ διασπορᾷ χαίρειν (Epistle of James 11)
6 τὰ ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας θάνατoς (Romans 623)
7 Δόξαν παρὰ ἀνθρώπων οὐ λαμβάνω (John 541)
8 Οὐχὶ δώδεκα ὧραί εἰσιν τῆς ἡμέρας (John 119)
9 ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐχ εὑρίσκω ἐν αὐτῷ αἰτίαν (John 196)
10 ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ παρὰ ἀνθρώπου τὴν μαρτυρίαν λαμβάνω (John 534)
Note 1 τὸ τέλος is a third declension neuter noun
Composition exercise 2
1 We get bread from a man
2 The servants find wisdom in Jesus Christ
3 Do you not find sin in them
13
Table 6 Declension of adjectives with three terminations
Masc Fem Neut
N καλός καλή καλόν
V καλέ καλή καλόν
A καλόν καλήν καλόν
Sing G καλοῦ καλῆς καλοῦ
D καλῷ καλῇ καλῷ
NV καλοί καλαί καλά
A καλούς καλάς καλά
Plur G καλῶν καλῶν καλῶν
D καλοῖς καλαῖς καλοῖς
Note the masculine and neuter endings are those of the o-stem nouns while the feminine endings are
those of the a-stem nouns In the latter case there will also be adjectives declined like χῶρα (table 5
type 2) eg πονηρός wicked fem πονηρά
Translation Exercise 4
1 ὁ λόγος ὁ σὸς ἀλήθειά ἐστιν (John 1717)
2 διὰ τί τὴν λαλιὰν τὴν ἐμήν οὐ γινώσκετε (John 843)
3 ἡ ἐντολὴ αὐτοῦ ζωὴ αἰώνιός1 ἐστιν (John 1250)
4 μακάριοι οἱ πτῶχοι ὅτι ὑμέτερα ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ (Luke
620)
5 νῦν δὲ ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐντεῦθεν (John 1836)
6 ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά2
καὶ ὁ πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά2 (Matthew 1235)
Notes 1 Many compound adjectives have no feminine forms using masculine forms to qualify
feminine nouns
2 ἀγαθά πονηρά are neuter plural forms of the adjective so this means good wicked things
14
Table 7 Declension of a-stem masculine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
N μαθητής μαθηταί
V μαθητά μαθηταί
A μαθητήν μαθητάς
G μαθητοῦ μαθητῶν
D μαθητῇ μαθηταῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
νεανίας νεανίαι
νεανία νεανίαι
νεανίαν νεανίας
νεανίου νεανιῶν
νεανίᾳ νεανίαις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Translation Exercise 5
1 Ἰωάνης μαρτυρεῖ περὶ αὐτοῦ (John 115)
2 Οὐκ ἔστιν μαθητὴς ὑπὲρ τὸν διδάσκαλον οὐδὲ δοῦλος ὑπὲρ
τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1024)
3 ἄξιος γὰρ ὁ ἐργάτης τοῦ μισθοῦ αὐτοῦ (Luke 107)
4 Ἄγουσιν οὖν τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ Καιάφα1 εἰς τὸ πραιτώριον
(John 1828)
5 Νῦν ἀπολύεις τὸν δοῦλόν σου δέσποτα (Luke 229)
6 τὸ δὲ κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου ἡ ἁμαρτία (1 Corinthians 1557)
Note 1 Some names ending in ndashας have their genitive sing in -α instead of ndash
ου
15
Session 4
Table 8 Personal Pronouns
1st person 2nd person
N ἐγώ σύ
A με ἐμέ σέ
Singular G μοῦ ἐμοῦ σοῦ
D μοί ἐμοί σοί
N ἡμεῖς ὑμεῖς
A ἡμᾶς ὑμᾶς
Plural G ἡμῶν ὑμῶν
D ἡμῖν ὑμῖν
3rd person
Masc Fem Neut
N αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό
A αὐτόν αὐτήν αὐτό
Sing G αὐτοῦ αὐτῆς αὐτοῦ
D αὐτῷ αὐτῇ αὐτῷ
N αὐτοί αὐταί αὐτά
A αὐτούς αὐτάς αὐτά
Plur G αὐτῶν αὐτῶν αὐτῶν
D αὐτοῖς αὐταῖς αὐτοῖς
Note The declension of αὐτός is like the declension of adjectives except in the
neuter nomacc singular
16
Translation Exercise 6
1 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 333)
2 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (Mark 111)
3 Σὺ εἶ Σίμων ὁ υἱὸς Ἰωάνου (John 142)
4 ὑμεῖς φίλοι μού ἐστε (John 1514)
5 Σὺ πιστεύεις εἰς τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (John 935)
6 ἐγὼ ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ σὺ ἐν ἐμοί (John 1723)
7 Μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τυφλοί ἐσμεν (John 940)
8 Ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου (John 2028)
9 ἡ ἁμαρτία ὑμῶν μένει (John 941)
10 οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐλεύθερoς οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος οὐ τὸ ἔργον μου
ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐν κυρίῳ (1 Corinthians 91)
11 σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 1127)
12 Ὁ διδάσκαλος πάρεστιν καὶ φωνεῖ σε (John 1128)
13 Ὑμεῖς ἐκ τῶν κάτω ἐστέ ἐγὼ ἐκ τῶν ἄνω εἰμί (John 823)
14 Περὶ καλοῦ ἔργου οὐ λιθάζομέν σε ἀλλὰ περὶ βλασφημίας
(John 1033)
15 Ἔτι χρόνον μικρὸν μεθ ὑμῶν εἰμι (John 733)
16 ἀδικία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν (John 718)
17 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἰησοῦς Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωή
(John 146)
18 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πειλᾶτος Τί ἐστιν ἀλήθεια (John 1838)
19 Διὰ τί ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλεῖς αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1310)
20 Σαούλ Σαούλ τί με διώκεις (Acts 94)
17
A third century copy of St Johnrsquos Gospel
(A transliteration is given in Appendix 2 below)
18
Sessions 1-4 Revision Exercise
1 λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ
πόρναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ
(Matthew 2131)
2 ὁ γὰρ ζυγός μου χρηστὸς καὶ τὸ φορτίον μου ἐλαφρόν ἐστιν
(Matthew 1130)
3 οὕτως πᾶν1 δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ποιεῖ τὸ δὲ
σαπρὸν δένδρον καρποὺς πονηροὺς ποιεῖ οὐ δύναται2
δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς πονηροὺς ἐνεγκεῖν3 οὐδὲ δένδρον
σαπρὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ἐνεγκεῖν (Matthew 717-8)
4 ἢ4 ποιήσατε5 τὸ δένδρον καλὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ καλόν
ἢ ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον σαπρὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ σαπρόν
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον γινώσκεται6 γεννήματα7
ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε8 ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες9 ἐκ γὰρ
τοῦ περισσεύματος10 τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα11 λαλεῖ ὁ ἀγαθὸς
ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά καὶ ὁ
πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά (Matthew 1233-5)
5 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος12 τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ δοκὸν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ οὐ κατανοεῖς (Luke 641)
6 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ δοκὸν οὐ κατανοεῖς (Matthew 73)
1 πᾶν (neuter sing adj) every
2 δύναται 3s lt δύναμαι be able
3 ἐνέγκειν infinitive of φέρω carry bear
4 ἤ ἤ either or
5 ποιήσατε 2plimperative lt ποιέω make
6 γινώσκεται 3spres passive lt γινώσκω
know
7 τὰ γεννήματα product offspring (3rd
declension)
8 δύνασθε 2pl lt δύναμαι be able
9 ὄντες being (nomplparticiple lt εἰμί)
10 περισσεύματος gens lt τὸ περίσσευμα
abundance (3rd declension)
11 τὸ στόμα mouth (3rd declension)
12 τὸ κάρφος chip (of wood) (3rd declension)
19
Session 5
Table 9 Third declension nouns
The basic endings are as follows
1 Masculinefeminine
Singular Plural
N -ς -ες
V - -ς -ες
A -ν -α1 -ας
G -ος -ων
D -ι -σι(ν)2
2 Neuter
Singular Plural
- -α
- -α
- -α
-ος -ων
-ι -σι(ν)2
Note 1 -ν after a vowel stem -α after a consonant stem
2 ν before a vowel or at the end of the sentence
eg
ὁ φύλαξ (stem φυλακ-)
Singular Plural
N φύλαξ φύλακες
V φύλαξ φύλακες
A φύλακα φύλακας
G φύλακος φυλάκων
D φύλακι φύλαξι(ν)
τὸ σῶμα (stem σωματ-)
Singular Plural
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σώματος σωμάτων
σώματι σώμασι(ν)
20
Translation Exercise 7
1 Σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ1 ἐσμεν (John 837)
2 ὁ λύχνoς τoῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός (Matthew 622)
3 Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου (Luke 1133)
4 τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ καὶ τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις (John
38)
5 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον (Mark 112)
6 ΜΑΚΑΡΙΟΙ οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία
τῶν οὐρανῶν (Matthew 53)
7 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ2 σε πονηρὲ δοῦλε (Luke
1922)
8 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα (John 155)
9 Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ
αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1357)
10 Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων (John 107)
11 στέφανoς γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων (Proverbs 176)
12 ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν
ἐμῶν τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς3 μου ἀκούουσιν κἀγὼ4
γινώσκω αὐτά καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι (John 1026-27)
Notes
1 Foreign (Hebrew or Aramaic) words are not declined if they end in a sound which cannot
end a Greek word Here Ἀβραάμ represents a genitive singular
2 κρινῶ future lt κρίνω (lt κρινέσω)
3 ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive case but compare this with no2
4 κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ
21
Table 10 Two other 3rd declension nouns
ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-πολε-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις
V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις
A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις
G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων
D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 8
1 ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με
τὰ ἐμά καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων (John 1014-15)
2 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ
(Matthew 11)
3 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν
(Matthew 45)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ
δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (Romans
1217)
5 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή (John 1125)
6 καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν (John 530)
Note 1 τίθημι I place (like εἰμί one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions
from verbs in ndashω in some tenses)
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
3
Exercise 1
A Transliterate the following using the rules given above
(a) ψυχη
(b) πατηρ
(c) κοσμος
(d) ἀγγελος1
(e) οὐρανος
(f) γενος
(g) λογος
(h) νεος
(i) παλαιος
(j) εὐ
(k) γενεσις
(l) ἐξοδος
(m) νομος
(n) δευτερος
(o) ἀρχη
(p) ἀνθος
(q) πολις
(r) ἑξ
(s) πεντε
(t) αὐτος
(u) βιος
(v) ἀγρος
(w) δενδρον
(x) χρονος
B Transliterate into Greek letters
(a) theos
(b) evangelion
(c) thēsauros
(d) cardia
(e) anemos
(f) agathos
(g) thronos
(h) despotēs
(i) hippos
(j) potamos
(k) hodos
(l) ichthys
(m) phōnē
(n) topos
(o) ophthalmos
(p) sōma
(q) ochlos
(r) didaskalos
(s) anthrōpos
(t) mathētēs
(u) cleptēs
(v) parabolē
(w) hypnos
(x) tauros
C Write the following in Greek capital letters
(a) θυρα (b) ξενος (c) ἡμερα (d) οἰκος (e) ἀδελφος
(f) ζωη (g) ψαλμος (h) βαπτιζω (i) γυνη (j) χριστος
E Many English words are compounds of Greek words eg geology lt γῆ earth +
λόγος account rhinoceros lt ῥιν- nose + κέρας horn Write down as many English
words as you can which have any of the words in A as one of its parts
Note 1 -γγ = -ng (as in lsquobringrsquo)
4
Religious (and other) terms derived from Greek
Find the Greek words from which the underlined words derive
Peter the evangelical Presbyterian had no sympathy with the Catholic hermit monks who sang
hymns and anthems in the cathedral hebdomadally Stephen the Episcopalian deacon had no
enthusiasm for Peters psalms while the polyphony and antiphony of the anchorites made him
ecstatic Andrew the bishop was not so hedonistic but objected to Peters glossolalia which he
would sarcastically mock using Paulrsquos First Epistle to the Corinthians chapter 14 But Peters
theology was heterodox and his monophysitism was anathema to the eremites in their
monastery scepticism about orthodox dogmas concerning the paraclete and the eucharist was
considered unhygienic The diabolical machinations of the tyrannical archbishop George
caused chaos when his polemical articles roused such antipathy against the deacons schismatic
eschatology that he had to apologise and eat his commentary on Genesis and Exodus
ἀνάθεμα (-ματος) accursed thing
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant
δόγμα (-ματος) opinion
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἔξοδος (-ου) f a going out a way out
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος (-α -ον) other different
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
θεός (-ου) god
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λόγος (-ου) word speech
μηχανή (-ης) device
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
σάρξ (σαρκός) flesh
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
σχίσμα (-ματος) tear (in a garment)
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
φύσις (-εως) nature
χάος (-ους) n yawning gap
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
5
Session 2 Discovering Greek Grammar
1 ταῦρον ἵππος φεύγει A horse is fleeing a bull
2 φεύγει ταῦρος ὄνον A bull is fleeing an ass
3 ταῦρος ἵππον διώκει ___________ is chasing a horse
4 λύκος διώκει ὄνον A wolf __________________________
5 ταῦρος ὄνον διώκει _________________________________
6 λύκος φεύγει ὄνον _________________________________
7 ___________________________ An ass is chasing a wolf
8 ___________________________ A wolf is fleeing a bull
9 ταῦρον ἵπποι φεύγουσι Horses are fleeing a bull
10 ___________________________ Wolves are chasing a horse
11 ἀνθρώπους τρώγουσι ὄνοι ______________ eat humans
12 ___________________________ Wolves eat bulls
13 ἄγγελος λέγει μύθους ὄχλῳ A messenger tells stories to a crowd
14 κύριος φίλῳ ἵππους πέμπει A lord is sending ______ to a friend
15 ___________________________ A friend sends a bull to a lord
16 ταύρους θύουσιν θεοῖς γεωργοί Farmers sacrifice __________ to gods
17 ___________________________ A god tells a story to farmers
18 λύκοι δάκνουσι κυρίου ταῦρον Wolves are biting a lordrsquos bull
19 γεωργοῦ υἱὸς ἵππους ἔχει A farmerrsquos son has horses
20 ___________________________ Asses are eating a farmerrsquos son
21 φιλοῦσι γεωργῶν υἱοὶ ἵππους Farmersrsquo sons love horses
22 ___________________________ Sons of gods tell tales to humans
6
Table 1 Declension of o-stem masculinefeminine nouns
Singular Plural
Nominative ὁ λόγος οἱ λόγοι
Vocative ὦ λόγε ὦ λόγοι
Accusative τὸν λόγον τοὺς λόγους
Genitive τοῦ λόγου τῶν λόγων
Dative τῷ λόγῳ τοῖς λόγοις
________________________________
Some uses of the cases
Nominative
For the subject of the verb (ὁ ταῦρος φεύγει the bull flees)
Vocative
For addressing someone (ὦ Πέτρε μένε Peter wait)
Accusative
For the object of a verb (λύουσι τὸν ἵππον they are loosing the horse)
To express motion towards something (πρὸς τὸν Κόρινθον to Corinth)
Genitive
To express possession (ὁ τοῦ γεώργου υἱός the farmerrsquos son)
To express motion away from something (πρὸς τοῦ Κορίνθου from Corinth)
Dative
For the indirect object (θύει ἵππους τοῖς θεοῖς he is sacrificing horses to the gods)
For the instrument (λόγοις πείθει he persuades with words)
To express rest at a place (πρὸς τῷ Κορίνθῳ at Corinth)
7
Translation Exercise 1
1 Οἶνον οὐκ ἔχουσιν (John 23)
2 καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἰδοὺ ὁ ἄνθρωπος (John 195)
3 καὶ φέρουσιν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὸν Γολγοθὰν τόπον (Mark 1522)
4 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Ναί (Matthew 1351)
5 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Ναί κύριε (Matthew 928)
6 καὶ οὐδεὶς βάλλει οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς1 (Mark 222)
7 οὐδὲ βάλλουσιν οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς hellip ἀλλὰ
βάλλουσιν οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς καινούς (Matthew 917)
8 ἄνθρωπoς ὡσεὶ χόρτoς καὶ ἄνθoς τoῦ ἀγρoῦ (Psalm 10317)
9 Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 136)
10 Ἄγουσιν αὐτὸν πρὸς τοὺς Φαρισαίους τόν ποτε τυφλόν (John 913)
11 Λάζαρε δεῦρο ἔξω (John 1143)
Note
1 Adjectives agree in case and number with their nouns (see table 6 for forms)
Composition exercise 1
Translate into Greek
1 He says to the lamb of God lsquoYes lambrsquo
2 He doesnrsquot have a new wineskin
3 He is bringing Lazarus to the Pharisee
8
Table 2 Declension of o-stem neuter nouns
Singular Plural
Nominative τὸ ἔργον τὰ ἔργα
Vocative ὦ ἔργον ὦ ἔργα
Accusative τὸ ἔργον τὰ ἔργα
Genitive τοῦ ἔργου τῶν ἔργων
Dative τῷ ἔργῳ τοῖς ἔργοις
Note nominative vocative and accusative are always identical in neuter nouns
Table 3 Present indicative active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1st person λύω I loose λύομεν we loose
2nd person λύεις you loose λύετε you loose
3rd person λύει hesheit looses λύουσι(ν) they loose
Infinitive λύειν to loose
Note The 3rd person plural ends in ndashν before a vowel and at the end of a sentence
Table 4 Present indicative active of the verb to be (stem εσ-)
Singular Plural
1st person εἰμί I am ἐσμέν we are
2nd person εἶ you are ἐστέ you are
3rd person ἐστί(ν) hesheit is εἰσί(ν) they are
Infinitive εἶναι to be
Note The forms in ndashν are used before a vowel and at the end of a sentence
9
Translation Exercise 2
1 Ὁ σπόρος ἐστὶν ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ (Luke 811)
2 Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 Λέγει αὐτῷ Σίμων Πέτρος Κύριε ποῦ ὑπάγεις 1 (John 1336)
4 τὰ γὰρ ἔργα αὐτῶν ἀκολουθεῖ μετ᾽ αὐτῶν (Revelation 1413)
5 Αδαμ ποῦ εἶ (Genesis 39)
6 καὶ ἐν σαββάτῳ περιτέμνετε ἄνθρωπον (John 722)
7 λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι (John 185)
8 Πιστεύω κύριε (John 938)
9 νῦν δὲ2 λέγετε ὅτι Βλέπομεν (John 941)
10 καὶ ὁ λύκος ἁρπάζει αὐτὰ καὶ σκορπίζει (John 1012-13)
11 Κύριε ἤδη ὄζει τεταρταῖος γάρ2 ἐστιν (John 1139)
12 καὶ λέγει τῷ Ἰησοῦ3 Πόθεν εἶ σύ (John 199)
13 oὐρανός ἐστι θρόνoς τoῦ Θεoῦ (Matthew 534)
14 εὑρίσκει αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ (John 514)
15 ὁ καιρὸς γὰρ ἐγγύς ἐστιν (Revelation 2210)
Notes
1 The Greek question mark looks like the English semicolon
2 Many Greek connecting words appear second in their clause
3 This is declined as follows Nom Ἰησοῦς
Voc Ἰησοῦ
Acc Ἰησοῦν
Gen Ἰησοῦ
Dat Ἰησοῦ
10
Revision exercise sessions 1-2
A Translate into English
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ λέγει Κύριος ὁ θεός (Revelation 18)
2 λέγει οὖν αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ὁ καιρὸς ὁ ἐμὸς οὔπω πάρεστιν ὁ δὲ
καιρὸς ὁ ὑμέτερος πάντοτέ ἐστιν ἕτοιμος (John 76)
3 ὁ δὲ λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι (John 620)
4 ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου οὐκ εἰσὶν καθὼς ἐγὼ οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου (John
1716)
5 θεοῦ γάρ ἐσμεν συνεργοί θεοῦ γεώργιον θεοῦ οἰκοδομή ἐστε1 (1
Corinthians 39)
6 Τὰ ἀδύνατα παρὰ ἀνθρώποις δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστίν2 (Luke
1827)
Notes
1 is the Greek colonsemicolon
2 Neuter plurals frequently take singular verbs
B Translate into Greek
1 And God says to the world lsquoIt is mersquo
2 You are Godrsquos accomplice just as I am Jesusrsquos orchard
3 Impossible things in the world are possible in heaven
11
Session 3
Table 5 Declension of a-stem feminine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἐντολή αἱ ἐντολαί
Accusative τὴν ἐντολήν τὰς ἐντολάς
Genitive τῆς ἐντολῆς τῶν ἐντολῶν
Dative τῇ ἐντολῇ ταῖς ἐντολαῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἡμέρα αἱ ἡμέραι
Accusative τὴν ἡμέραν τὰς ἡμέρας
Genitive τῆς ἡμέρας τῶν ἡμερῶν
Dative τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταῖς ἡμέραις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Type 3
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ θάλασσα αἱ θάλασσαι
Accusative τὴν θάλασσαν τὰς θαλάσσας
Genitive τῆς θαλάσσης τῶν θαλασσῶν
Dative τῇ θαλάσσῃ ταῖς θαλάσσαις
Likewise all stems ending in λλ and σ (including the double consonants ζ ξ ψ)
Note in feminine a-stem nouns the vocative has the same form as the nominative
12
Translation Exercise 3
1 ἀρχὴ σοφίας φόβος Κυρίου (Proverbs 17)
2 ΑΡΧΗ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 11)
3 Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἄρτος τῆς ζωῆς (John 635)
4 ἐγὼ τὸ Ἀλφα καὶ τὸ Ω ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ
τέλος1 (Revelation 2213)
5 ᾿ΙΑΚΩΒΟΣ Θεοῦ καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χρίστου δοῦλος ταῖς δώδεκα
φυλαῖς ταῖς ἐν τῇ διασπορᾷ χαίρειν (Epistle of James 11)
6 τὰ ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας θάνατoς (Romans 623)
7 Δόξαν παρὰ ἀνθρώπων οὐ λαμβάνω (John 541)
8 Οὐχὶ δώδεκα ὧραί εἰσιν τῆς ἡμέρας (John 119)
9 ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐχ εὑρίσκω ἐν αὐτῷ αἰτίαν (John 196)
10 ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ παρὰ ἀνθρώπου τὴν μαρτυρίαν λαμβάνω (John 534)
Note 1 τὸ τέλος is a third declension neuter noun
Composition exercise 2
1 We get bread from a man
2 The servants find wisdom in Jesus Christ
3 Do you not find sin in them
13
Table 6 Declension of adjectives with three terminations
Masc Fem Neut
N καλός καλή καλόν
V καλέ καλή καλόν
A καλόν καλήν καλόν
Sing G καλοῦ καλῆς καλοῦ
D καλῷ καλῇ καλῷ
NV καλοί καλαί καλά
A καλούς καλάς καλά
Plur G καλῶν καλῶν καλῶν
D καλοῖς καλαῖς καλοῖς
Note the masculine and neuter endings are those of the o-stem nouns while the feminine endings are
those of the a-stem nouns In the latter case there will also be adjectives declined like χῶρα (table 5
type 2) eg πονηρός wicked fem πονηρά
Translation Exercise 4
1 ὁ λόγος ὁ σὸς ἀλήθειά ἐστιν (John 1717)
2 διὰ τί τὴν λαλιὰν τὴν ἐμήν οὐ γινώσκετε (John 843)
3 ἡ ἐντολὴ αὐτοῦ ζωὴ αἰώνιός1 ἐστιν (John 1250)
4 μακάριοι οἱ πτῶχοι ὅτι ὑμέτερα ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ (Luke
620)
5 νῦν δὲ ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐντεῦθεν (John 1836)
6 ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά2
καὶ ὁ πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά2 (Matthew 1235)
Notes 1 Many compound adjectives have no feminine forms using masculine forms to qualify
feminine nouns
2 ἀγαθά πονηρά are neuter plural forms of the adjective so this means good wicked things
14
Table 7 Declension of a-stem masculine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
N μαθητής μαθηταί
V μαθητά μαθηταί
A μαθητήν μαθητάς
G μαθητοῦ μαθητῶν
D μαθητῇ μαθηταῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
νεανίας νεανίαι
νεανία νεανίαι
νεανίαν νεανίας
νεανίου νεανιῶν
νεανίᾳ νεανίαις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Translation Exercise 5
1 Ἰωάνης μαρτυρεῖ περὶ αὐτοῦ (John 115)
2 Οὐκ ἔστιν μαθητὴς ὑπὲρ τὸν διδάσκαλον οὐδὲ δοῦλος ὑπὲρ
τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1024)
3 ἄξιος γὰρ ὁ ἐργάτης τοῦ μισθοῦ αὐτοῦ (Luke 107)
4 Ἄγουσιν οὖν τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ Καιάφα1 εἰς τὸ πραιτώριον
(John 1828)
5 Νῦν ἀπολύεις τὸν δοῦλόν σου δέσποτα (Luke 229)
6 τὸ δὲ κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου ἡ ἁμαρτία (1 Corinthians 1557)
Note 1 Some names ending in ndashας have their genitive sing in -α instead of ndash
ου
15
Session 4
Table 8 Personal Pronouns
1st person 2nd person
N ἐγώ σύ
A με ἐμέ σέ
Singular G μοῦ ἐμοῦ σοῦ
D μοί ἐμοί σοί
N ἡμεῖς ὑμεῖς
A ἡμᾶς ὑμᾶς
Plural G ἡμῶν ὑμῶν
D ἡμῖν ὑμῖν
3rd person
Masc Fem Neut
N αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό
A αὐτόν αὐτήν αὐτό
Sing G αὐτοῦ αὐτῆς αὐτοῦ
D αὐτῷ αὐτῇ αὐτῷ
N αὐτοί αὐταί αὐτά
A αὐτούς αὐτάς αὐτά
Plur G αὐτῶν αὐτῶν αὐτῶν
D αὐτοῖς αὐταῖς αὐτοῖς
Note The declension of αὐτός is like the declension of adjectives except in the
neuter nomacc singular
16
Translation Exercise 6
1 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 333)
2 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (Mark 111)
3 Σὺ εἶ Σίμων ὁ υἱὸς Ἰωάνου (John 142)
4 ὑμεῖς φίλοι μού ἐστε (John 1514)
5 Σὺ πιστεύεις εἰς τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (John 935)
6 ἐγὼ ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ σὺ ἐν ἐμοί (John 1723)
7 Μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τυφλοί ἐσμεν (John 940)
8 Ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου (John 2028)
9 ἡ ἁμαρτία ὑμῶν μένει (John 941)
10 οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐλεύθερoς οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος οὐ τὸ ἔργον μου
ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐν κυρίῳ (1 Corinthians 91)
11 σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 1127)
12 Ὁ διδάσκαλος πάρεστιν καὶ φωνεῖ σε (John 1128)
13 Ὑμεῖς ἐκ τῶν κάτω ἐστέ ἐγὼ ἐκ τῶν ἄνω εἰμί (John 823)
14 Περὶ καλοῦ ἔργου οὐ λιθάζομέν σε ἀλλὰ περὶ βλασφημίας
(John 1033)
15 Ἔτι χρόνον μικρὸν μεθ ὑμῶν εἰμι (John 733)
16 ἀδικία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν (John 718)
17 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἰησοῦς Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωή
(John 146)
18 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πειλᾶτος Τί ἐστιν ἀλήθεια (John 1838)
19 Διὰ τί ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλεῖς αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1310)
20 Σαούλ Σαούλ τί με διώκεις (Acts 94)
17
A third century copy of St Johnrsquos Gospel
(A transliteration is given in Appendix 2 below)
18
Sessions 1-4 Revision Exercise
1 λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ
πόρναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ
(Matthew 2131)
2 ὁ γὰρ ζυγός μου χρηστὸς καὶ τὸ φορτίον μου ἐλαφρόν ἐστιν
(Matthew 1130)
3 οὕτως πᾶν1 δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ποιεῖ τὸ δὲ
σαπρὸν δένδρον καρποὺς πονηροὺς ποιεῖ οὐ δύναται2
δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς πονηροὺς ἐνεγκεῖν3 οὐδὲ δένδρον
σαπρὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ἐνεγκεῖν (Matthew 717-8)
4 ἢ4 ποιήσατε5 τὸ δένδρον καλὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ καλόν
ἢ ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον σαπρὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ σαπρόν
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον γινώσκεται6 γεννήματα7
ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε8 ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες9 ἐκ γὰρ
τοῦ περισσεύματος10 τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα11 λαλεῖ ὁ ἀγαθὸς
ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά καὶ ὁ
πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά (Matthew 1233-5)
5 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος12 τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ δοκὸν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ οὐ κατανοεῖς (Luke 641)
6 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ δοκὸν οὐ κατανοεῖς (Matthew 73)
1 πᾶν (neuter sing adj) every
2 δύναται 3s lt δύναμαι be able
3 ἐνέγκειν infinitive of φέρω carry bear
4 ἤ ἤ either or
5 ποιήσατε 2plimperative lt ποιέω make
6 γινώσκεται 3spres passive lt γινώσκω
know
7 τὰ γεννήματα product offspring (3rd
declension)
8 δύνασθε 2pl lt δύναμαι be able
9 ὄντες being (nomplparticiple lt εἰμί)
10 περισσεύματος gens lt τὸ περίσσευμα
abundance (3rd declension)
11 τὸ στόμα mouth (3rd declension)
12 τὸ κάρφος chip (of wood) (3rd declension)
19
Session 5
Table 9 Third declension nouns
The basic endings are as follows
1 Masculinefeminine
Singular Plural
N -ς -ες
V - -ς -ες
A -ν -α1 -ας
G -ος -ων
D -ι -σι(ν)2
2 Neuter
Singular Plural
- -α
- -α
- -α
-ος -ων
-ι -σι(ν)2
Note 1 -ν after a vowel stem -α after a consonant stem
2 ν before a vowel or at the end of the sentence
eg
ὁ φύλαξ (stem φυλακ-)
Singular Plural
N φύλαξ φύλακες
V φύλαξ φύλακες
A φύλακα φύλακας
G φύλακος φυλάκων
D φύλακι φύλαξι(ν)
τὸ σῶμα (stem σωματ-)
Singular Plural
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σώματος σωμάτων
σώματι σώμασι(ν)
20
Translation Exercise 7
1 Σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ1 ἐσμεν (John 837)
2 ὁ λύχνoς τoῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός (Matthew 622)
3 Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου (Luke 1133)
4 τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ καὶ τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις (John
38)
5 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον (Mark 112)
6 ΜΑΚΑΡΙΟΙ οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία
τῶν οὐρανῶν (Matthew 53)
7 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ2 σε πονηρὲ δοῦλε (Luke
1922)
8 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα (John 155)
9 Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ
αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1357)
10 Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων (John 107)
11 στέφανoς γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων (Proverbs 176)
12 ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν
ἐμῶν τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς3 μου ἀκούουσιν κἀγὼ4
γινώσκω αὐτά καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι (John 1026-27)
Notes
1 Foreign (Hebrew or Aramaic) words are not declined if they end in a sound which cannot
end a Greek word Here Ἀβραάμ represents a genitive singular
2 κρινῶ future lt κρίνω (lt κρινέσω)
3 ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive case but compare this with no2
4 κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ
21
Table 10 Two other 3rd declension nouns
ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-πολε-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις
V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις
A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις
G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων
D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 8
1 ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με
τὰ ἐμά καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων (John 1014-15)
2 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ
(Matthew 11)
3 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν
(Matthew 45)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ
δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (Romans
1217)
5 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή (John 1125)
6 καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν (John 530)
Note 1 τίθημι I place (like εἰμί one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions
from verbs in ndashω in some tenses)
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
4
Religious (and other) terms derived from Greek
Find the Greek words from which the underlined words derive
Peter the evangelical Presbyterian had no sympathy with the Catholic hermit monks who sang
hymns and anthems in the cathedral hebdomadally Stephen the Episcopalian deacon had no
enthusiasm for Peters psalms while the polyphony and antiphony of the anchorites made him
ecstatic Andrew the bishop was not so hedonistic but objected to Peters glossolalia which he
would sarcastically mock using Paulrsquos First Epistle to the Corinthians chapter 14 But Peters
theology was heterodox and his monophysitism was anathema to the eremites in their
monastery scepticism about orthodox dogmas concerning the paraclete and the eucharist was
considered unhygienic The diabolical machinations of the tyrannical archbishop George
caused chaos when his polemical articles roused such antipathy against the deacons schismatic
eschatology that he had to apologise and eat his commentary on Genesis and Exodus
ἀνάθεμα (-ματος) accursed thing
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant
δόγμα (-ματος) opinion
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἔξοδος (-ου) f a going out a way out
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος (-α -ον) other different
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
θεός (-ου) god
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λόγος (-ου) word speech
μηχανή (-ης) device
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
σάρξ (σαρκός) flesh
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
σχίσμα (-ματος) tear (in a garment)
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
φύσις (-εως) nature
χάος (-ους) n yawning gap
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
5
Session 2 Discovering Greek Grammar
1 ταῦρον ἵππος φεύγει A horse is fleeing a bull
2 φεύγει ταῦρος ὄνον A bull is fleeing an ass
3 ταῦρος ἵππον διώκει ___________ is chasing a horse
4 λύκος διώκει ὄνον A wolf __________________________
5 ταῦρος ὄνον διώκει _________________________________
6 λύκος φεύγει ὄνον _________________________________
7 ___________________________ An ass is chasing a wolf
8 ___________________________ A wolf is fleeing a bull
9 ταῦρον ἵπποι φεύγουσι Horses are fleeing a bull
10 ___________________________ Wolves are chasing a horse
11 ἀνθρώπους τρώγουσι ὄνοι ______________ eat humans
12 ___________________________ Wolves eat bulls
13 ἄγγελος λέγει μύθους ὄχλῳ A messenger tells stories to a crowd
14 κύριος φίλῳ ἵππους πέμπει A lord is sending ______ to a friend
15 ___________________________ A friend sends a bull to a lord
16 ταύρους θύουσιν θεοῖς γεωργοί Farmers sacrifice __________ to gods
17 ___________________________ A god tells a story to farmers
18 λύκοι δάκνουσι κυρίου ταῦρον Wolves are biting a lordrsquos bull
19 γεωργοῦ υἱὸς ἵππους ἔχει A farmerrsquos son has horses
20 ___________________________ Asses are eating a farmerrsquos son
21 φιλοῦσι γεωργῶν υἱοὶ ἵππους Farmersrsquo sons love horses
22 ___________________________ Sons of gods tell tales to humans
6
Table 1 Declension of o-stem masculinefeminine nouns
Singular Plural
Nominative ὁ λόγος οἱ λόγοι
Vocative ὦ λόγε ὦ λόγοι
Accusative τὸν λόγον τοὺς λόγους
Genitive τοῦ λόγου τῶν λόγων
Dative τῷ λόγῳ τοῖς λόγοις
________________________________
Some uses of the cases
Nominative
For the subject of the verb (ὁ ταῦρος φεύγει the bull flees)
Vocative
For addressing someone (ὦ Πέτρε μένε Peter wait)
Accusative
For the object of a verb (λύουσι τὸν ἵππον they are loosing the horse)
To express motion towards something (πρὸς τὸν Κόρινθον to Corinth)
Genitive
To express possession (ὁ τοῦ γεώργου υἱός the farmerrsquos son)
To express motion away from something (πρὸς τοῦ Κορίνθου from Corinth)
Dative
For the indirect object (θύει ἵππους τοῖς θεοῖς he is sacrificing horses to the gods)
For the instrument (λόγοις πείθει he persuades with words)
To express rest at a place (πρὸς τῷ Κορίνθῳ at Corinth)
7
Translation Exercise 1
1 Οἶνον οὐκ ἔχουσιν (John 23)
2 καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἰδοὺ ὁ ἄνθρωπος (John 195)
3 καὶ φέρουσιν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὸν Γολγοθὰν τόπον (Mark 1522)
4 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Ναί (Matthew 1351)
5 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Ναί κύριε (Matthew 928)
6 καὶ οὐδεὶς βάλλει οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς1 (Mark 222)
7 οὐδὲ βάλλουσιν οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς hellip ἀλλὰ
βάλλουσιν οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς καινούς (Matthew 917)
8 ἄνθρωπoς ὡσεὶ χόρτoς καὶ ἄνθoς τoῦ ἀγρoῦ (Psalm 10317)
9 Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 136)
10 Ἄγουσιν αὐτὸν πρὸς τοὺς Φαρισαίους τόν ποτε τυφλόν (John 913)
11 Λάζαρε δεῦρο ἔξω (John 1143)
Note
1 Adjectives agree in case and number with their nouns (see table 6 for forms)
Composition exercise 1
Translate into Greek
1 He says to the lamb of God lsquoYes lambrsquo
2 He doesnrsquot have a new wineskin
3 He is bringing Lazarus to the Pharisee
8
Table 2 Declension of o-stem neuter nouns
Singular Plural
Nominative τὸ ἔργον τὰ ἔργα
Vocative ὦ ἔργον ὦ ἔργα
Accusative τὸ ἔργον τὰ ἔργα
Genitive τοῦ ἔργου τῶν ἔργων
Dative τῷ ἔργῳ τοῖς ἔργοις
Note nominative vocative and accusative are always identical in neuter nouns
Table 3 Present indicative active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1st person λύω I loose λύομεν we loose
2nd person λύεις you loose λύετε you loose
3rd person λύει hesheit looses λύουσι(ν) they loose
Infinitive λύειν to loose
Note The 3rd person plural ends in ndashν before a vowel and at the end of a sentence
Table 4 Present indicative active of the verb to be (stem εσ-)
Singular Plural
1st person εἰμί I am ἐσμέν we are
2nd person εἶ you are ἐστέ you are
3rd person ἐστί(ν) hesheit is εἰσί(ν) they are
Infinitive εἶναι to be
Note The forms in ndashν are used before a vowel and at the end of a sentence
9
Translation Exercise 2
1 Ὁ σπόρος ἐστὶν ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ (Luke 811)
2 Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 Λέγει αὐτῷ Σίμων Πέτρος Κύριε ποῦ ὑπάγεις 1 (John 1336)
4 τὰ γὰρ ἔργα αὐτῶν ἀκολουθεῖ μετ᾽ αὐτῶν (Revelation 1413)
5 Αδαμ ποῦ εἶ (Genesis 39)
6 καὶ ἐν σαββάτῳ περιτέμνετε ἄνθρωπον (John 722)
7 λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι (John 185)
8 Πιστεύω κύριε (John 938)
9 νῦν δὲ2 λέγετε ὅτι Βλέπομεν (John 941)
10 καὶ ὁ λύκος ἁρπάζει αὐτὰ καὶ σκορπίζει (John 1012-13)
11 Κύριε ἤδη ὄζει τεταρταῖος γάρ2 ἐστιν (John 1139)
12 καὶ λέγει τῷ Ἰησοῦ3 Πόθεν εἶ σύ (John 199)
13 oὐρανός ἐστι θρόνoς τoῦ Θεoῦ (Matthew 534)
14 εὑρίσκει αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ (John 514)
15 ὁ καιρὸς γὰρ ἐγγύς ἐστιν (Revelation 2210)
Notes
1 The Greek question mark looks like the English semicolon
2 Many Greek connecting words appear second in their clause
3 This is declined as follows Nom Ἰησοῦς
Voc Ἰησοῦ
Acc Ἰησοῦν
Gen Ἰησοῦ
Dat Ἰησοῦ
10
Revision exercise sessions 1-2
A Translate into English
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ λέγει Κύριος ὁ θεός (Revelation 18)
2 λέγει οὖν αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ὁ καιρὸς ὁ ἐμὸς οὔπω πάρεστιν ὁ δὲ
καιρὸς ὁ ὑμέτερος πάντοτέ ἐστιν ἕτοιμος (John 76)
3 ὁ δὲ λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι (John 620)
4 ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου οὐκ εἰσὶν καθὼς ἐγὼ οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου (John
1716)
5 θεοῦ γάρ ἐσμεν συνεργοί θεοῦ γεώργιον θεοῦ οἰκοδομή ἐστε1 (1
Corinthians 39)
6 Τὰ ἀδύνατα παρὰ ἀνθρώποις δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστίν2 (Luke
1827)
Notes
1 is the Greek colonsemicolon
2 Neuter plurals frequently take singular verbs
B Translate into Greek
1 And God says to the world lsquoIt is mersquo
2 You are Godrsquos accomplice just as I am Jesusrsquos orchard
3 Impossible things in the world are possible in heaven
11
Session 3
Table 5 Declension of a-stem feminine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἐντολή αἱ ἐντολαί
Accusative τὴν ἐντολήν τὰς ἐντολάς
Genitive τῆς ἐντολῆς τῶν ἐντολῶν
Dative τῇ ἐντολῇ ταῖς ἐντολαῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἡμέρα αἱ ἡμέραι
Accusative τὴν ἡμέραν τὰς ἡμέρας
Genitive τῆς ἡμέρας τῶν ἡμερῶν
Dative τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταῖς ἡμέραις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Type 3
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ θάλασσα αἱ θάλασσαι
Accusative τὴν θάλασσαν τὰς θαλάσσας
Genitive τῆς θαλάσσης τῶν θαλασσῶν
Dative τῇ θαλάσσῃ ταῖς θαλάσσαις
Likewise all stems ending in λλ and σ (including the double consonants ζ ξ ψ)
Note in feminine a-stem nouns the vocative has the same form as the nominative
12
Translation Exercise 3
1 ἀρχὴ σοφίας φόβος Κυρίου (Proverbs 17)
2 ΑΡΧΗ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 11)
3 Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἄρτος τῆς ζωῆς (John 635)
4 ἐγὼ τὸ Ἀλφα καὶ τὸ Ω ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ
τέλος1 (Revelation 2213)
5 ᾿ΙΑΚΩΒΟΣ Θεοῦ καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χρίστου δοῦλος ταῖς δώδεκα
φυλαῖς ταῖς ἐν τῇ διασπορᾷ χαίρειν (Epistle of James 11)
6 τὰ ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας θάνατoς (Romans 623)
7 Δόξαν παρὰ ἀνθρώπων οὐ λαμβάνω (John 541)
8 Οὐχὶ δώδεκα ὧραί εἰσιν τῆς ἡμέρας (John 119)
9 ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐχ εὑρίσκω ἐν αὐτῷ αἰτίαν (John 196)
10 ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ παρὰ ἀνθρώπου τὴν μαρτυρίαν λαμβάνω (John 534)
Note 1 τὸ τέλος is a third declension neuter noun
Composition exercise 2
1 We get bread from a man
2 The servants find wisdom in Jesus Christ
3 Do you not find sin in them
13
Table 6 Declension of adjectives with three terminations
Masc Fem Neut
N καλός καλή καλόν
V καλέ καλή καλόν
A καλόν καλήν καλόν
Sing G καλοῦ καλῆς καλοῦ
D καλῷ καλῇ καλῷ
NV καλοί καλαί καλά
A καλούς καλάς καλά
Plur G καλῶν καλῶν καλῶν
D καλοῖς καλαῖς καλοῖς
Note the masculine and neuter endings are those of the o-stem nouns while the feminine endings are
those of the a-stem nouns In the latter case there will also be adjectives declined like χῶρα (table 5
type 2) eg πονηρός wicked fem πονηρά
Translation Exercise 4
1 ὁ λόγος ὁ σὸς ἀλήθειά ἐστιν (John 1717)
2 διὰ τί τὴν λαλιὰν τὴν ἐμήν οὐ γινώσκετε (John 843)
3 ἡ ἐντολὴ αὐτοῦ ζωὴ αἰώνιός1 ἐστιν (John 1250)
4 μακάριοι οἱ πτῶχοι ὅτι ὑμέτερα ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ (Luke
620)
5 νῦν δὲ ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐντεῦθεν (John 1836)
6 ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά2
καὶ ὁ πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά2 (Matthew 1235)
Notes 1 Many compound adjectives have no feminine forms using masculine forms to qualify
feminine nouns
2 ἀγαθά πονηρά are neuter plural forms of the adjective so this means good wicked things
14
Table 7 Declension of a-stem masculine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
N μαθητής μαθηταί
V μαθητά μαθηταί
A μαθητήν μαθητάς
G μαθητοῦ μαθητῶν
D μαθητῇ μαθηταῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
νεανίας νεανίαι
νεανία νεανίαι
νεανίαν νεανίας
νεανίου νεανιῶν
νεανίᾳ νεανίαις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Translation Exercise 5
1 Ἰωάνης μαρτυρεῖ περὶ αὐτοῦ (John 115)
2 Οὐκ ἔστιν μαθητὴς ὑπὲρ τὸν διδάσκαλον οὐδὲ δοῦλος ὑπὲρ
τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1024)
3 ἄξιος γὰρ ὁ ἐργάτης τοῦ μισθοῦ αὐτοῦ (Luke 107)
4 Ἄγουσιν οὖν τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ Καιάφα1 εἰς τὸ πραιτώριον
(John 1828)
5 Νῦν ἀπολύεις τὸν δοῦλόν σου δέσποτα (Luke 229)
6 τὸ δὲ κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου ἡ ἁμαρτία (1 Corinthians 1557)
Note 1 Some names ending in ndashας have their genitive sing in -α instead of ndash
ου
15
Session 4
Table 8 Personal Pronouns
1st person 2nd person
N ἐγώ σύ
A με ἐμέ σέ
Singular G μοῦ ἐμοῦ σοῦ
D μοί ἐμοί σοί
N ἡμεῖς ὑμεῖς
A ἡμᾶς ὑμᾶς
Plural G ἡμῶν ὑμῶν
D ἡμῖν ὑμῖν
3rd person
Masc Fem Neut
N αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό
A αὐτόν αὐτήν αὐτό
Sing G αὐτοῦ αὐτῆς αὐτοῦ
D αὐτῷ αὐτῇ αὐτῷ
N αὐτοί αὐταί αὐτά
A αὐτούς αὐτάς αὐτά
Plur G αὐτῶν αὐτῶν αὐτῶν
D αὐτοῖς αὐταῖς αὐτοῖς
Note The declension of αὐτός is like the declension of adjectives except in the
neuter nomacc singular
16
Translation Exercise 6
1 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 333)
2 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (Mark 111)
3 Σὺ εἶ Σίμων ὁ υἱὸς Ἰωάνου (John 142)
4 ὑμεῖς φίλοι μού ἐστε (John 1514)
5 Σὺ πιστεύεις εἰς τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (John 935)
6 ἐγὼ ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ σὺ ἐν ἐμοί (John 1723)
7 Μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τυφλοί ἐσμεν (John 940)
8 Ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου (John 2028)
9 ἡ ἁμαρτία ὑμῶν μένει (John 941)
10 οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐλεύθερoς οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος οὐ τὸ ἔργον μου
ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐν κυρίῳ (1 Corinthians 91)
11 σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 1127)
12 Ὁ διδάσκαλος πάρεστιν καὶ φωνεῖ σε (John 1128)
13 Ὑμεῖς ἐκ τῶν κάτω ἐστέ ἐγὼ ἐκ τῶν ἄνω εἰμί (John 823)
14 Περὶ καλοῦ ἔργου οὐ λιθάζομέν σε ἀλλὰ περὶ βλασφημίας
(John 1033)
15 Ἔτι χρόνον μικρὸν μεθ ὑμῶν εἰμι (John 733)
16 ἀδικία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν (John 718)
17 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἰησοῦς Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωή
(John 146)
18 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πειλᾶτος Τί ἐστιν ἀλήθεια (John 1838)
19 Διὰ τί ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλεῖς αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1310)
20 Σαούλ Σαούλ τί με διώκεις (Acts 94)
17
A third century copy of St Johnrsquos Gospel
(A transliteration is given in Appendix 2 below)
18
Sessions 1-4 Revision Exercise
1 λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ
πόρναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ
(Matthew 2131)
2 ὁ γὰρ ζυγός μου χρηστὸς καὶ τὸ φορτίον μου ἐλαφρόν ἐστιν
(Matthew 1130)
3 οὕτως πᾶν1 δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ποιεῖ τὸ δὲ
σαπρὸν δένδρον καρποὺς πονηροὺς ποιεῖ οὐ δύναται2
δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς πονηροὺς ἐνεγκεῖν3 οὐδὲ δένδρον
σαπρὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ἐνεγκεῖν (Matthew 717-8)
4 ἢ4 ποιήσατε5 τὸ δένδρον καλὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ καλόν
ἢ ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον σαπρὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ σαπρόν
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον γινώσκεται6 γεννήματα7
ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε8 ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες9 ἐκ γὰρ
τοῦ περισσεύματος10 τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα11 λαλεῖ ὁ ἀγαθὸς
ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά καὶ ὁ
πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά (Matthew 1233-5)
5 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος12 τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ δοκὸν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ οὐ κατανοεῖς (Luke 641)
6 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ δοκὸν οὐ κατανοεῖς (Matthew 73)
1 πᾶν (neuter sing adj) every
2 δύναται 3s lt δύναμαι be able
3 ἐνέγκειν infinitive of φέρω carry bear
4 ἤ ἤ either or
5 ποιήσατε 2plimperative lt ποιέω make
6 γινώσκεται 3spres passive lt γινώσκω
know
7 τὰ γεννήματα product offspring (3rd
declension)
8 δύνασθε 2pl lt δύναμαι be able
9 ὄντες being (nomplparticiple lt εἰμί)
10 περισσεύματος gens lt τὸ περίσσευμα
abundance (3rd declension)
11 τὸ στόμα mouth (3rd declension)
12 τὸ κάρφος chip (of wood) (3rd declension)
19
Session 5
Table 9 Third declension nouns
The basic endings are as follows
1 Masculinefeminine
Singular Plural
N -ς -ες
V - -ς -ες
A -ν -α1 -ας
G -ος -ων
D -ι -σι(ν)2
2 Neuter
Singular Plural
- -α
- -α
- -α
-ος -ων
-ι -σι(ν)2
Note 1 -ν after a vowel stem -α after a consonant stem
2 ν before a vowel or at the end of the sentence
eg
ὁ φύλαξ (stem φυλακ-)
Singular Plural
N φύλαξ φύλακες
V φύλαξ φύλακες
A φύλακα φύλακας
G φύλακος φυλάκων
D φύλακι φύλαξι(ν)
τὸ σῶμα (stem σωματ-)
Singular Plural
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σώματος σωμάτων
σώματι σώμασι(ν)
20
Translation Exercise 7
1 Σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ1 ἐσμεν (John 837)
2 ὁ λύχνoς τoῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός (Matthew 622)
3 Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου (Luke 1133)
4 τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ καὶ τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις (John
38)
5 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον (Mark 112)
6 ΜΑΚΑΡΙΟΙ οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία
τῶν οὐρανῶν (Matthew 53)
7 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ2 σε πονηρὲ δοῦλε (Luke
1922)
8 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα (John 155)
9 Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ
αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1357)
10 Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων (John 107)
11 στέφανoς γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων (Proverbs 176)
12 ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν
ἐμῶν τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς3 μου ἀκούουσιν κἀγὼ4
γινώσκω αὐτά καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι (John 1026-27)
Notes
1 Foreign (Hebrew or Aramaic) words are not declined if they end in a sound which cannot
end a Greek word Here Ἀβραάμ represents a genitive singular
2 κρινῶ future lt κρίνω (lt κρινέσω)
3 ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive case but compare this with no2
4 κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ
21
Table 10 Two other 3rd declension nouns
ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-πολε-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις
V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις
A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις
G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων
D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 8
1 ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με
τὰ ἐμά καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων (John 1014-15)
2 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ
(Matthew 11)
3 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν
(Matthew 45)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ
δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (Romans
1217)
5 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή (John 1125)
6 καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν (John 530)
Note 1 τίθημι I place (like εἰμί one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions
from verbs in ndashω in some tenses)
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
5
Session 2 Discovering Greek Grammar
1 ταῦρον ἵππος φεύγει A horse is fleeing a bull
2 φεύγει ταῦρος ὄνον A bull is fleeing an ass
3 ταῦρος ἵππον διώκει ___________ is chasing a horse
4 λύκος διώκει ὄνον A wolf __________________________
5 ταῦρος ὄνον διώκει _________________________________
6 λύκος φεύγει ὄνον _________________________________
7 ___________________________ An ass is chasing a wolf
8 ___________________________ A wolf is fleeing a bull
9 ταῦρον ἵπποι φεύγουσι Horses are fleeing a bull
10 ___________________________ Wolves are chasing a horse
11 ἀνθρώπους τρώγουσι ὄνοι ______________ eat humans
12 ___________________________ Wolves eat bulls
13 ἄγγελος λέγει μύθους ὄχλῳ A messenger tells stories to a crowd
14 κύριος φίλῳ ἵππους πέμπει A lord is sending ______ to a friend
15 ___________________________ A friend sends a bull to a lord
16 ταύρους θύουσιν θεοῖς γεωργοί Farmers sacrifice __________ to gods
17 ___________________________ A god tells a story to farmers
18 λύκοι δάκνουσι κυρίου ταῦρον Wolves are biting a lordrsquos bull
19 γεωργοῦ υἱὸς ἵππους ἔχει A farmerrsquos son has horses
20 ___________________________ Asses are eating a farmerrsquos son
21 φιλοῦσι γεωργῶν υἱοὶ ἵππους Farmersrsquo sons love horses
22 ___________________________ Sons of gods tell tales to humans
6
Table 1 Declension of o-stem masculinefeminine nouns
Singular Plural
Nominative ὁ λόγος οἱ λόγοι
Vocative ὦ λόγε ὦ λόγοι
Accusative τὸν λόγον τοὺς λόγους
Genitive τοῦ λόγου τῶν λόγων
Dative τῷ λόγῳ τοῖς λόγοις
________________________________
Some uses of the cases
Nominative
For the subject of the verb (ὁ ταῦρος φεύγει the bull flees)
Vocative
For addressing someone (ὦ Πέτρε μένε Peter wait)
Accusative
For the object of a verb (λύουσι τὸν ἵππον they are loosing the horse)
To express motion towards something (πρὸς τὸν Κόρινθον to Corinth)
Genitive
To express possession (ὁ τοῦ γεώργου υἱός the farmerrsquos son)
To express motion away from something (πρὸς τοῦ Κορίνθου from Corinth)
Dative
For the indirect object (θύει ἵππους τοῖς θεοῖς he is sacrificing horses to the gods)
For the instrument (λόγοις πείθει he persuades with words)
To express rest at a place (πρὸς τῷ Κορίνθῳ at Corinth)
7
Translation Exercise 1
1 Οἶνον οὐκ ἔχουσιν (John 23)
2 καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἰδοὺ ὁ ἄνθρωπος (John 195)
3 καὶ φέρουσιν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὸν Γολγοθὰν τόπον (Mark 1522)
4 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Ναί (Matthew 1351)
5 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Ναί κύριε (Matthew 928)
6 καὶ οὐδεὶς βάλλει οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς1 (Mark 222)
7 οὐδὲ βάλλουσιν οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς hellip ἀλλὰ
βάλλουσιν οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς καινούς (Matthew 917)
8 ἄνθρωπoς ὡσεὶ χόρτoς καὶ ἄνθoς τoῦ ἀγρoῦ (Psalm 10317)
9 Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 136)
10 Ἄγουσιν αὐτὸν πρὸς τοὺς Φαρισαίους τόν ποτε τυφλόν (John 913)
11 Λάζαρε δεῦρο ἔξω (John 1143)
Note
1 Adjectives agree in case and number with their nouns (see table 6 for forms)
Composition exercise 1
Translate into Greek
1 He says to the lamb of God lsquoYes lambrsquo
2 He doesnrsquot have a new wineskin
3 He is bringing Lazarus to the Pharisee
8
Table 2 Declension of o-stem neuter nouns
Singular Plural
Nominative τὸ ἔργον τὰ ἔργα
Vocative ὦ ἔργον ὦ ἔργα
Accusative τὸ ἔργον τὰ ἔργα
Genitive τοῦ ἔργου τῶν ἔργων
Dative τῷ ἔργῳ τοῖς ἔργοις
Note nominative vocative and accusative are always identical in neuter nouns
Table 3 Present indicative active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1st person λύω I loose λύομεν we loose
2nd person λύεις you loose λύετε you loose
3rd person λύει hesheit looses λύουσι(ν) they loose
Infinitive λύειν to loose
Note The 3rd person plural ends in ndashν before a vowel and at the end of a sentence
Table 4 Present indicative active of the verb to be (stem εσ-)
Singular Plural
1st person εἰμί I am ἐσμέν we are
2nd person εἶ you are ἐστέ you are
3rd person ἐστί(ν) hesheit is εἰσί(ν) they are
Infinitive εἶναι to be
Note The forms in ndashν are used before a vowel and at the end of a sentence
9
Translation Exercise 2
1 Ὁ σπόρος ἐστὶν ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ (Luke 811)
2 Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 Λέγει αὐτῷ Σίμων Πέτρος Κύριε ποῦ ὑπάγεις 1 (John 1336)
4 τὰ γὰρ ἔργα αὐτῶν ἀκολουθεῖ μετ᾽ αὐτῶν (Revelation 1413)
5 Αδαμ ποῦ εἶ (Genesis 39)
6 καὶ ἐν σαββάτῳ περιτέμνετε ἄνθρωπον (John 722)
7 λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι (John 185)
8 Πιστεύω κύριε (John 938)
9 νῦν δὲ2 λέγετε ὅτι Βλέπομεν (John 941)
10 καὶ ὁ λύκος ἁρπάζει αὐτὰ καὶ σκορπίζει (John 1012-13)
11 Κύριε ἤδη ὄζει τεταρταῖος γάρ2 ἐστιν (John 1139)
12 καὶ λέγει τῷ Ἰησοῦ3 Πόθεν εἶ σύ (John 199)
13 oὐρανός ἐστι θρόνoς τoῦ Θεoῦ (Matthew 534)
14 εὑρίσκει αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ (John 514)
15 ὁ καιρὸς γὰρ ἐγγύς ἐστιν (Revelation 2210)
Notes
1 The Greek question mark looks like the English semicolon
2 Many Greek connecting words appear second in their clause
3 This is declined as follows Nom Ἰησοῦς
Voc Ἰησοῦ
Acc Ἰησοῦν
Gen Ἰησοῦ
Dat Ἰησοῦ
10
Revision exercise sessions 1-2
A Translate into English
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ λέγει Κύριος ὁ θεός (Revelation 18)
2 λέγει οὖν αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ὁ καιρὸς ὁ ἐμὸς οὔπω πάρεστιν ὁ δὲ
καιρὸς ὁ ὑμέτερος πάντοτέ ἐστιν ἕτοιμος (John 76)
3 ὁ δὲ λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι (John 620)
4 ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου οὐκ εἰσὶν καθὼς ἐγὼ οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου (John
1716)
5 θεοῦ γάρ ἐσμεν συνεργοί θεοῦ γεώργιον θεοῦ οἰκοδομή ἐστε1 (1
Corinthians 39)
6 Τὰ ἀδύνατα παρὰ ἀνθρώποις δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστίν2 (Luke
1827)
Notes
1 is the Greek colonsemicolon
2 Neuter plurals frequently take singular verbs
B Translate into Greek
1 And God says to the world lsquoIt is mersquo
2 You are Godrsquos accomplice just as I am Jesusrsquos orchard
3 Impossible things in the world are possible in heaven
11
Session 3
Table 5 Declension of a-stem feminine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἐντολή αἱ ἐντολαί
Accusative τὴν ἐντολήν τὰς ἐντολάς
Genitive τῆς ἐντολῆς τῶν ἐντολῶν
Dative τῇ ἐντολῇ ταῖς ἐντολαῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἡμέρα αἱ ἡμέραι
Accusative τὴν ἡμέραν τὰς ἡμέρας
Genitive τῆς ἡμέρας τῶν ἡμερῶν
Dative τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταῖς ἡμέραις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Type 3
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ θάλασσα αἱ θάλασσαι
Accusative τὴν θάλασσαν τὰς θαλάσσας
Genitive τῆς θαλάσσης τῶν θαλασσῶν
Dative τῇ θαλάσσῃ ταῖς θαλάσσαις
Likewise all stems ending in λλ and σ (including the double consonants ζ ξ ψ)
Note in feminine a-stem nouns the vocative has the same form as the nominative
12
Translation Exercise 3
1 ἀρχὴ σοφίας φόβος Κυρίου (Proverbs 17)
2 ΑΡΧΗ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 11)
3 Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἄρτος τῆς ζωῆς (John 635)
4 ἐγὼ τὸ Ἀλφα καὶ τὸ Ω ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ
τέλος1 (Revelation 2213)
5 ᾿ΙΑΚΩΒΟΣ Θεοῦ καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χρίστου δοῦλος ταῖς δώδεκα
φυλαῖς ταῖς ἐν τῇ διασπορᾷ χαίρειν (Epistle of James 11)
6 τὰ ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας θάνατoς (Romans 623)
7 Δόξαν παρὰ ἀνθρώπων οὐ λαμβάνω (John 541)
8 Οὐχὶ δώδεκα ὧραί εἰσιν τῆς ἡμέρας (John 119)
9 ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐχ εὑρίσκω ἐν αὐτῷ αἰτίαν (John 196)
10 ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ παρὰ ἀνθρώπου τὴν μαρτυρίαν λαμβάνω (John 534)
Note 1 τὸ τέλος is a third declension neuter noun
Composition exercise 2
1 We get bread from a man
2 The servants find wisdom in Jesus Christ
3 Do you not find sin in them
13
Table 6 Declension of adjectives with three terminations
Masc Fem Neut
N καλός καλή καλόν
V καλέ καλή καλόν
A καλόν καλήν καλόν
Sing G καλοῦ καλῆς καλοῦ
D καλῷ καλῇ καλῷ
NV καλοί καλαί καλά
A καλούς καλάς καλά
Plur G καλῶν καλῶν καλῶν
D καλοῖς καλαῖς καλοῖς
Note the masculine and neuter endings are those of the o-stem nouns while the feminine endings are
those of the a-stem nouns In the latter case there will also be adjectives declined like χῶρα (table 5
type 2) eg πονηρός wicked fem πονηρά
Translation Exercise 4
1 ὁ λόγος ὁ σὸς ἀλήθειά ἐστιν (John 1717)
2 διὰ τί τὴν λαλιὰν τὴν ἐμήν οὐ γινώσκετε (John 843)
3 ἡ ἐντολὴ αὐτοῦ ζωὴ αἰώνιός1 ἐστιν (John 1250)
4 μακάριοι οἱ πτῶχοι ὅτι ὑμέτερα ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ (Luke
620)
5 νῦν δὲ ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐντεῦθεν (John 1836)
6 ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά2
καὶ ὁ πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά2 (Matthew 1235)
Notes 1 Many compound adjectives have no feminine forms using masculine forms to qualify
feminine nouns
2 ἀγαθά πονηρά are neuter plural forms of the adjective so this means good wicked things
14
Table 7 Declension of a-stem masculine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
N μαθητής μαθηταί
V μαθητά μαθηταί
A μαθητήν μαθητάς
G μαθητοῦ μαθητῶν
D μαθητῇ μαθηταῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
νεανίας νεανίαι
νεανία νεανίαι
νεανίαν νεανίας
νεανίου νεανιῶν
νεανίᾳ νεανίαις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Translation Exercise 5
1 Ἰωάνης μαρτυρεῖ περὶ αὐτοῦ (John 115)
2 Οὐκ ἔστιν μαθητὴς ὑπὲρ τὸν διδάσκαλον οὐδὲ δοῦλος ὑπὲρ
τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1024)
3 ἄξιος γὰρ ὁ ἐργάτης τοῦ μισθοῦ αὐτοῦ (Luke 107)
4 Ἄγουσιν οὖν τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ Καιάφα1 εἰς τὸ πραιτώριον
(John 1828)
5 Νῦν ἀπολύεις τὸν δοῦλόν σου δέσποτα (Luke 229)
6 τὸ δὲ κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου ἡ ἁμαρτία (1 Corinthians 1557)
Note 1 Some names ending in ndashας have their genitive sing in -α instead of ndash
ου
15
Session 4
Table 8 Personal Pronouns
1st person 2nd person
N ἐγώ σύ
A με ἐμέ σέ
Singular G μοῦ ἐμοῦ σοῦ
D μοί ἐμοί σοί
N ἡμεῖς ὑμεῖς
A ἡμᾶς ὑμᾶς
Plural G ἡμῶν ὑμῶν
D ἡμῖν ὑμῖν
3rd person
Masc Fem Neut
N αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό
A αὐτόν αὐτήν αὐτό
Sing G αὐτοῦ αὐτῆς αὐτοῦ
D αὐτῷ αὐτῇ αὐτῷ
N αὐτοί αὐταί αὐτά
A αὐτούς αὐτάς αὐτά
Plur G αὐτῶν αὐτῶν αὐτῶν
D αὐτοῖς αὐταῖς αὐτοῖς
Note The declension of αὐτός is like the declension of adjectives except in the
neuter nomacc singular
16
Translation Exercise 6
1 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 333)
2 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (Mark 111)
3 Σὺ εἶ Σίμων ὁ υἱὸς Ἰωάνου (John 142)
4 ὑμεῖς φίλοι μού ἐστε (John 1514)
5 Σὺ πιστεύεις εἰς τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (John 935)
6 ἐγὼ ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ σὺ ἐν ἐμοί (John 1723)
7 Μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τυφλοί ἐσμεν (John 940)
8 Ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου (John 2028)
9 ἡ ἁμαρτία ὑμῶν μένει (John 941)
10 οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐλεύθερoς οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος οὐ τὸ ἔργον μου
ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐν κυρίῳ (1 Corinthians 91)
11 σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 1127)
12 Ὁ διδάσκαλος πάρεστιν καὶ φωνεῖ σε (John 1128)
13 Ὑμεῖς ἐκ τῶν κάτω ἐστέ ἐγὼ ἐκ τῶν ἄνω εἰμί (John 823)
14 Περὶ καλοῦ ἔργου οὐ λιθάζομέν σε ἀλλὰ περὶ βλασφημίας
(John 1033)
15 Ἔτι χρόνον μικρὸν μεθ ὑμῶν εἰμι (John 733)
16 ἀδικία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν (John 718)
17 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἰησοῦς Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωή
(John 146)
18 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πειλᾶτος Τί ἐστιν ἀλήθεια (John 1838)
19 Διὰ τί ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλεῖς αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1310)
20 Σαούλ Σαούλ τί με διώκεις (Acts 94)
17
A third century copy of St Johnrsquos Gospel
(A transliteration is given in Appendix 2 below)
18
Sessions 1-4 Revision Exercise
1 λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ
πόρναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ
(Matthew 2131)
2 ὁ γὰρ ζυγός μου χρηστὸς καὶ τὸ φορτίον μου ἐλαφρόν ἐστιν
(Matthew 1130)
3 οὕτως πᾶν1 δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ποιεῖ τὸ δὲ
σαπρὸν δένδρον καρποὺς πονηροὺς ποιεῖ οὐ δύναται2
δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς πονηροὺς ἐνεγκεῖν3 οὐδὲ δένδρον
σαπρὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ἐνεγκεῖν (Matthew 717-8)
4 ἢ4 ποιήσατε5 τὸ δένδρον καλὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ καλόν
ἢ ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον σαπρὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ σαπρόν
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον γινώσκεται6 γεννήματα7
ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε8 ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες9 ἐκ γὰρ
τοῦ περισσεύματος10 τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα11 λαλεῖ ὁ ἀγαθὸς
ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά καὶ ὁ
πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά (Matthew 1233-5)
5 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος12 τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ δοκὸν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ οὐ κατανοεῖς (Luke 641)
6 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ δοκὸν οὐ κατανοεῖς (Matthew 73)
1 πᾶν (neuter sing adj) every
2 δύναται 3s lt δύναμαι be able
3 ἐνέγκειν infinitive of φέρω carry bear
4 ἤ ἤ either or
5 ποιήσατε 2plimperative lt ποιέω make
6 γινώσκεται 3spres passive lt γινώσκω
know
7 τὰ γεννήματα product offspring (3rd
declension)
8 δύνασθε 2pl lt δύναμαι be able
9 ὄντες being (nomplparticiple lt εἰμί)
10 περισσεύματος gens lt τὸ περίσσευμα
abundance (3rd declension)
11 τὸ στόμα mouth (3rd declension)
12 τὸ κάρφος chip (of wood) (3rd declension)
19
Session 5
Table 9 Third declension nouns
The basic endings are as follows
1 Masculinefeminine
Singular Plural
N -ς -ες
V - -ς -ες
A -ν -α1 -ας
G -ος -ων
D -ι -σι(ν)2
2 Neuter
Singular Plural
- -α
- -α
- -α
-ος -ων
-ι -σι(ν)2
Note 1 -ν after a vowel stem -α after a consonant stem
2 ν before a vowel or at the end of the sentence
eg
ὁ φύλαξ (stem φυλακ-)
Singular Plural
N φύλαξ φύλακες
V φύλαξ φύλακες
A φύλακα φύλακας
G φύλακος φυλάκων
D φύλακι φύλαξι(ν)
τὸ σῶμα (stem σωματ-)
Singular Plural
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σώματος σωμάτων
σώματι σώμασι(ν)
20
Translation Exercise 7
1 Σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ1 ἐσμεν (John 837)
2 ὁ λύχνoς τoῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός (Matthew 622)
3 Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου (Luke 1133)
4 τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ καὶ τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις (John
38)
5 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον (Mark 112)
6 ΜΑΚΑΡΙΟΙ οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία
τῶν οὐρανῶν (Matthew 53)
7 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ2 σε πονηρὲ δοῦλε (Luke
1922)
8 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα (John 155)
9 Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ
αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1357)
10 Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων (John 107)
11 στέφανoς γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων (Proverbs 176)
12 ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν
ἐμῶν τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς3 μου ἀκούουσιν κἀγὼ4
γινώσκω αὐτά καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι (John 1026-27)
Notes
1 Foreign (Hebrew or Aramaic) words are not declined if they end in a sound which cannot
end a Greek word Here Ἀβραάμ represents a genitive singular
2 κρινῶ future lt κρίνω (lt κρινέσω)
3 ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive case but compare this with no2
4 κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ
21
Table 10 Two other 3rd declension nouns
ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-πολε-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις
V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις
A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις
G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων
D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 8
1 ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με
τὰ ἐμά καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων (John 1014-15)
2 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ
(Matthew 11)
3 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν
(Matthew 45)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ
δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (Romans
1217)
5 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή (John 1125)
6 καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν (John 530)
Note 1 τίθημι I place (like εἰμί one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions
from verbs in ndashω in some tenses)
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
6
Table 1 Declension of o-stem masculinefeminine nouns
Singular Plural
Nominative ὁ λόγος οἱ λόγοι
Vocative ὦ λόγε ὦ λόγοι
Accusative τὸν λόγον τοὺς λόγους
Genitive τοῦ λόγου τῶν λόγων
Dative τῷ λόγῳ τοῖς λόγοις
________________________________
Some uses of the cases
Nominative
For the subject of the verb (ὁ ταῦρος φεύγει the bull flees)
Vocative
For addressing someone (ὦ Πέτρε μένε Peter wait)
Accusative
For the object of a verb (λύουσι τὸν ἵππον they are loosing the horse)
To express motion towards something (πρὸς τὸν Κόρινθον to Corinth)
Genitive
To express possession (ὁ τοῦ γεώργου υἱός the farmerrsquos son)
To express motion away from something (πρὸς τοῦ Κορίνθου from Corinth)
Dative
For the indirect object (θύει ἵππους τοῖς θεοῖς he is sacrificing horses to the gods)
For the instrument (λόγοις πείθει he persuades with words)
To express rest at a place (πρὸς τῷ Κορίνθῳ at Corinth)
7
Translation Exercise 1
1 Οἶνον οὐκ ἔχουσιν (John 23)
2 καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἰδοὺ ὁ ἄνθρωπος (John 195)
3 καὶ φέρουσιν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὸν Γολγοθὰν τόπον (Mark 1522)
4 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Ναί (Matthew 1351)
5 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Ναί κύριε (Matthew 928)
6 καὶ οὐδεὶς βάλλει οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς1 (Mark 222)
7 οὐδὲ βάλλουσιν οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς hellip ἀλλὰ
βάλλουσιν οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς καινούς (Matthew 917)
8 ἄνθρωπoς ὡσεὶ χόρτoς καὶ ἄνθoς τoῦ ἀγρoῦ (Psalm 10317)
9 Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 136)
10 Ἄγουσιν αὐτὸν πρὸς τοὺς Φαρισαίους τόν ποτε τυφλόν (John 913)
11 Λάζαρε δεῦρο ἔξω (John 1143)
Note
1 Adjectives agree in case and number with their nouns (see table 6 for forms)
Composition exercise 1
Translate into Greek
1 He says to the lamb of God lsquoYes lambrsquo
2 He doesnrsquot have a new wineskin
3 He is bringing Lazarus to the Pharisee
8
Table 2 Declension of o-stem neuter nouns
Singular Plural
Nominative τὸ ἔργον τὰ ἔργα
Vocative ὦ ἔργον ὦ ἔργα
Accusative τὸ ἔργον τὰ ἔργα
Genitive τοῦ ἔργου τῶν ἔργων
Dative τῷ ἔργῳ τοῖς ἔργοις
Note nominative vocative and accusative are always identical in neuter nouns
Table 3 Present indicative active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1st person λύω I loose λύομεν we loose
2nd person λύεις you loose λύετε you loose
3rd person λύει hesheit looses λύουσι(ν) they loose
Infinitive λύειν to loose
Note The 3rd person plural ends in ndashν before a vowel and at the end of a sentence
Table 4 Present indicative active of the verb to be (stem εσ-)
Singular Plural
1st person εἰμί I am ἐσμέν we are
2nd person εἶ you are ἐστέ you are
3rd person ἐστί(ν) hesheit is εἰσί(ν) they are
Infinitive εἶναι to be
Note The forms in ndashν are used before a vowel and at the end of a sentence
9
Translation Exercise 2
1 Ὁ σπόρος ἐστὶν ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ (Luke 811)
2 Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 Λέγει αὐτῷ Σίμων Πέτρος Κύριε ποῦ ὑπάγεις 1 (John 1336)
4 τὰ γὰρ ἔργα αὐτῶν ἀκολουθεῖ μετ᾽ αὐτῶν (Revelation 1413)
5 Αδαμ ποῦ εἶ (Genesis 39)
6 καὶ ἐν σαββάτῳ περιτέμνετε ἄνθρωπον (John 722)
7 λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι (John 185)
8 Πιστεύω κύριε (John 938)
9 νῦν δὲ2 λέγετε ὅτι Βλέπομεν (John 941)
10 καὶ ὁ λύκος ἁρπάζει αὐτὰ καὶ σκορπίζει (John 1012-13)
11 Κύριε ἤδη ὄζει τεταρταῖος γάρ2 ἐστιν (John 1139)
12 καὶ λέγει τῷ Ἰησοῦ3 Πόθεν εἶ σύ (John 199)
13 oὐρανός ἐστι θρόνoς τoῦ Θεoῦ (Matthew 534)
14 εὑρίσκει αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ (John 514)
15 ὁ καιρὸς γὰρ ἐγγύς ἐστιν (Revelation 2210)
Notes
1 The Greek question mark looks like the English semicolon
2 Many Greek connecting words appear second in their clause
3 This is declined as follows Nom Ἰησοῦς
Voc Ἰησοῦ
Acc Ἰησοῦν
Gen Ἰησοῦ
Dat Ἰησοῦ
10
Revision exercise sessions 1-2
A Translate into English
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ λέγει Κύριος ὁ θεός (Revelation 18)
2 λέγει οὖν αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ὁ καιρὸς ὁ ἐμὸς οὔπω πάρεστιν ὁ δὲ
καιρὸς ὁ ὑμέτερος πάντοτέ ἐστιν ἕτοιμος (John 76)
3 ὁ δὲ λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι (John 620)
4 ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου οὐκ εἰσὶν καθὼς ἐγὼ οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου (John
1716)
5 θεοῦ γάρ ἐσμεν συνεργοί θεοῦ γεώργιον θεοῦ οἰκοδομή ἐστε1 (1
Corinthians 39)
6 Τὰ ἀδύνατα παρὰ ἀνθρώποις δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστίν2 (Luke
1827)
Notes
1 is the Greek colonsemicolon
2 Neuter plurals frequently take singular verbs
B Translate into Greek
1 And God says to the world lsquoIt is mersquo
2 You are Godrsquos accomplice just as I am Jesusrsquos orchard
3 Impossible things in the world are possible in heaven
11
Session 3
Table 5 Declension of a-stem feminine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἐντολή αἱ ἐντολαί
Accusative τὴν ἐντολήν τὰς ἐντολάς
Genitive τῆς ἐντολῆς τῶν ἐντολῶν
Dative τῇ ἐντολῇ ταῖς ἐντολαῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἡμέρα αἱ ἡμέραι
Accusative τὴν ἡμέραν τὰς ἡμέρας
Genitive τῆς ἡμέρας τῶν ἡμερῶν
Dative τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταῖς ἡμέραις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Type 3
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ θάλασσα αἱ θάλασσαι
Accusative τὴν θάλασσαν τὰς θαλάσσας
Genitive τῆς θαλάσσης τῶν θαλασσῶν
Dative τῇ θαλάσσῃ ταῖς θαλάσσαις
Likewise all stems ending in λλ and σ (including the double consonants ζ ξ ψ)
Note in feminine a-stem nouns the vocative has the same form as the nominative
12
Translation Exercise 3
1 ἀρχὴ σοφίας φόβος Κυρίου (Proverbs 17)
2 ΑΡΧΗ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 11)
3 Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἄρτος τῆς ζωῆς (John 635)
4 ἐγὼ τὸ Ἀλφα καὶ τὸ Ω ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ
τέλος1 (Revelation 2213)
5 ᾿ΙΑΚΩΒΟΣ Θεοῦ καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χρίστου δοῦλος ταῖς δώδεκα
φυλαῖς ταῖς ἐν τῇ διασπορᾷ χαίρειν (Epistle of James 11)
6 τὰ ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας θάνατoς (Romans 623)
7 Δόξαν παρὰ ἀνθρώπων οὐ λαμβάνω (John 541)
8 Οὐχὶ δώδεκα ὧραί εἰσιν τῆς ἡμέρας (John 119)
9 ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐχ εὑρίσκω ἐν αὐτῷ αἰτίαν (John 196)
10 ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ παρὰ ἀνθρώπου τὴν μαρτυρίαν λαμβάνω (John 534)
Note 1 τὸ τέλος is a third declension neuter noun
Composition exercise 2
1 We get bread from a man
2 The servants find wisdom in Jesus Christ
3 Do you not find sin in them
13
Table 6 Declension of adjectives with three terminations
Masc Fem Neut
N καλός καλή καλόν
V καλέ καλή καλόν
A καλόν καλήν καλόν
Sing G καλοῦ καλῆς καλοῦ
D καλῷ καλῇ καλῷ
NV καλοί καλαί καλά
A καλούς καλάς καλά
Plur G καλῶν καλῶν καλῶν
D καλοῖς καλαῖς καλοῖς
Note the masculine and neuter endings are those of the o-stem nouns while the feminine endings are
those of the a-stem nouns In the latter case there will also be adjectives declined like χῶρα (table 5
type 2) eg πονηρός wicked fem πονηρά
Translation Exercise 4
1 ὁ λόγος ὁ σὸς ἀλήθειά ἐστιν (John 1717)
2 διὰ τί τὴν λαλιὰν τὴν ἐμήν οὐ γινώσκετε (John 843)
3 ἡ ἐντολὴ αὐτοῦ ζωὴ αἰώνιός1 ἐστιν (John 1250)
4 μακάριοι οἱ πτῶχοι ὅτι ὑμέτερα ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ (Luke
620)
5 νῦν δὲ ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐντεῦθεν (John 1836)
6 ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά2
καὶ ὁ πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά2 (Matthew 1235)
Notes 1 Many compound adjectives have no feminine forms using masculine forms to qualify
feminine nouns
2 ἀγαθά πονηρά are neuter plural forms of the adjective so this means good wicked things
14
Table 7 Declension of a-stem masculine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
N μαθητής μαθηταί
V μαθητά μαθηταί
A μαθητήν μαθητάς
G μαθητοῦ μαθητῶν
D μαθητῇ μαθηταῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
νεανίας νεανίαι
νεανία νεανίαι
νεανίαν νεανίας
νεανίου νεανιῶν
νεανίᾳ νεανίαις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Translation Exercise 5
1 Ἰωάνης μαρτυρεῖ περὶ αὐτοῦ (John 115)
2 Οὐκ ἔστιν μαθητὴς ὑπὲρ τὸν διδάσκαλον οὐδὲ δοῦλος ὑπὲρ
τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1024)
3 ἄξιος γὰρ ὁ ἐργάτης τοῦ μισθοῦ αὐτοῦ (Luke 107)
4 Ἄγουσιν οὖν τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ Καιάφα1 εἰς τὸ πραιτώριον
(John 1828)
5 Νῦν ἀπολύεις τὸν δοῦλόν σου δέσποτα (Luke 229)
6 τὸ δὲ κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου ἡ ἁμαρτία (1 Corinthians 1557)
Note 1 Some names ending in ndashας have their genitive sing in -α instead of ndash
ου
15
Session 4
Table 8 Personal Pronouns
1st person 2nd person
N ἐγώ σύ
A με ἐμέ σέ
Singular G μοῦ ἐμοῦ σοῦ
D μοί ἐμοί σοί
N ἡμεῖς ὑμεῖς
A ἡμᾶς ὑμᾶς
Plural G ἡμῶν ὑμῶν
D ἡμῖν ὑμῖν
3rd person
Masc Fem Neut
N αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό
A αὐτόν αὐτήν αὐτό
Sing G αὐτοῦ αὐτῆς αὐτοῦ
D αὐτῷ αὐτῇ αὐτῷ
N αὐτοί αὐταί αὐτά
A αὐτούς αὐτάς αὐτά
Plur G αὐτῶν αὐτῶν αὐτῶν
D αὐτοῖς αὐταῖς αὐτοῖς
Note The declension of αὐτός is like the declension of adjectives except in the
neuter nomacc singular
16
Translation Exercise 6
1 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 333)
2 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (Mark 111)
3 Σὺ εἶ Σίμων ὁ υἱὸς Ἰωάνου (John 142)
4 ὑμεῖς φίλοι μού ἐστε (John 1514)
5 Σὺ πιστεύεις εἰς τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (John 935)
6 ἐγὼ ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ σὺ ἐν ἐμοί (John 1723)
7 Μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τυφλοί ἐσμεν (John 940)
8 Ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου (John 2028)
9 ἡ ἁμαρτία ὑμῶν μένει (John 941)
10 οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐλεύθερoς οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος οὐ τὸ ἔργον μου
ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐν κυρίῳ (1 Corinthians 91)
11 σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 1127)
12 Ὁ διδάσκαλος πάρεστιν καὶ φωνεῖ σε (John 1128)
13 Ὑμεῖς ἐκ τῶν κάτω ἐστέ ἐγὼ ἐκ τῶν ἄνω εἰμί (John 823)
14 Περὶ καλοῦ ἔργου οὐ λιθάζομέν σε ἀλλὰ περὶ βλασφημίας
(John 1033)
15 Ἔτι χρόνον μικρὸν μεθ ὑμῶν εἰμι (John 733)
16 ἀδικία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν (John 718)
17 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἰησοῦς Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωή
(John 146)
18 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πειλᾶτος Τί ἐστιν ἀλήθεια (John 1838)
19 Διὰ τί ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλεῖς αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1310)
20 Σαούλ Σαούλ τί με διώκεις (Acts 94)
17
A third century copy of St Johnrsquos Gospel
(A transliteration is given in Appendix 2 below)
18
Sessions 1-4 Revision Exercise
1 λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ
πόρναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ
(Matthew 2131)
2 ὁ γὰρ ζυγός μου χρηστὸς καὶ τὸ φορτίον μου ἐλαφρόν ἐστιν
(Matthew 1130)
3 οὕτως πᾶν1 δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ποιεῖ τὸ δὲ
σαπρὸν δένδρον καρποὺς πονηροὺς ποιεῖ οὐ δύναται2
δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς πονηροὺς ἐνεγκεῖν3 οὐδὲ δένδρον
σαπρὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ἐνεγκεῖν (Matthew 717-8)
4 ἢ4 ποιήσατε5 τὸ δένδρον καλὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ καλόν
ἢ ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον σαπρὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ σαπρόν
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον γινώσκεται6 γεννήματα7
ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε8 ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες9 ἐκ γὰρ
τοῦ περισσεύματος10 τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα11 λαλεῖ ὁ ἀγαθὸς
ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά καὶ ὁ
πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά (Matthew 1233-5)
5 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος12 τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ δοκὸν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ οὐ κατανοεῖς (Luke 641)
6 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ δοκὸν οὐ κατανοεῖς (Matthew 73)
1 πᾶν (neuter sing adj) every
2 δύναται 3s lt δύναμαι be able
3 ἐνέγκειν infinitive of φέρω carry bear
4 ἤ ἤ either or
5 ποιήσατε 2plimperative lt ποιέω make
6 γινώσκεται 3spres passive lt γινώσκω
know
7 τὰ γεννήματα product offspring (3rd
declension)
8 δύνασθε 2pl lt δύναμαι be able
9 ὄντες being (nomplparticiple lt εἰμί)
10 περισσεύματος gens lt τὸ περίσσευμα
abundance (3rd declension)
11 τὸ στόμα mouth (3rd declension)
12 τὸ κάρφος chip (of wood) (3rd declension)
19
Session 5
Table 9 Third declension nouns
The basic endings are as follows
1 Masculinefeminine
Singular Plural
N -ς -ες
V - -ς -ες
A -ν -α1 -ας
G -ος -ων
D -ι -σι(ν)2
2 Neuter
Singular Plural
- -α
- -α
- -α
-ος -ων
-ι -σι(ν)2
Note 1 -ν after a vowel stem -α after a consonant stem
2 ν before a vowel or at the end of the sentence
eg
ὁ φύλαξ (stem φυλακ-)
Singular Plural
N φύλαξ φύλακες
V φύλαξ φύλακες
A φύλακα φύλακας
G φύλακος φυλάκων
D φύλακι φύλαξι(ν)
τὸ σῶμα (stem σωματ-)
Singular Plural
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σώματος σωμάτων
σώματι σώμασι(ν)
20
Translation Exercise 7
1 Σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ1 ἐσμεν (John 837)
2 ὁ λύχνoς τoῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός (Matthew 622)
3 Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου (Luke 1133)
4 τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ καὶ τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις (John
38)
5 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον (Mark 112)
6 ΜΑΚΑΡΙΟΙ οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία
τῶν οὐρανῶν (Matthew 53)
7 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ2 σε πονηρὲ δοῦλε (Luke
1922)
8 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα (John 155)
9 Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ
αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1357)
10 Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων (John 107)
11 στέφανoς γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων (Proverbs 176)
12 ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν
ἐμῶν τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς3 μου ἀκούουσιν κἀγὼ4
γινώσκω αὐτά καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι (John 1026-27)
Notes
1 Foreign (Hebrew or Aramaic) words are not declined if they end in a sound which cannot
end a Greek word Here Ἀβραάμ represents a genitive singular
2 κρινῶ future lt κρίνω (lt κρινέσω)
3 ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive case but compare this with no2
4 κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ
21
Table 10 Two other 3rd declension nouns
ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-πολε-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις
V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις
A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις
G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων
D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 8
1 ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με
τὰ ἐμά καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων (John 1014-15)
2 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ
(Matthew 11)
3 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν
(Matthew 45)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ
δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (Romans
1217)
5 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή (John 1125)
6 καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν (John 530)
Note 1 τίθημι I place (like εἰμί one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions
from verbs in ndashω in some tenses)
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
7
Translation Exercise 1
1 Οἶνον οὐκ ἔχουσιν (John 23)
2 καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἰδοὺ ὁ ἄνθρωπος (John 195)
3 καὶ φέρουσιν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὸν Γολγοθὰν τόπον (Mark 1522)
4 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Ναί (Matthew 1351)
5 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Ναί κύριε (Matthew 928)
6 καὶ οὐδεὶς βάλλει οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς1 (Mark 222)
7 οὐδὲ βάλλουσιν οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς παλαιούς hellip ἀλλὰ
βάλλουσιν οἶνον νέον εἰς ἀσκοὺς καινούς (Matthew 917)
8 ἄνθρωπoς ὡσεὶ χόρτoς καὶ ἄνθoς τoῦ ἀγρoῦ (Psalm 10317)
9 Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 136)
10 Ἄγουσιν αὐτὸν πρὸς τοὺς Φαρισαίους τόν ποτε τυφλόν (John 913)
11 Λάζαρε δεῦρο ἔξω (John 1143)
Note
1 Adjectives agree in case and number with their nouns (see table 6 for forms)
Composition exercise 1
Translate into Greek
1 He says to the lamb of God lsquoYes lambrsquo
2 He doesnrsquot have a new wineskin
3 He is bringing Lazarus to the Pharisee
8
Table 2 Declension of o-stem neuter nouns
Singular Plural
Nominative τὸ ἔργον τὰ ἔργα
Vocative ὦ ἔργον ὦ ἔργα
Accusative τὸ ἔργον τὰ ἔργα
Genitive τοῦ ἔργου τῶν ἔργων
Dative τῷ ἔργῳ τοῖς ἔργοις
Note nominative vocative and accusative are always identical in neuter nouns
Table 3 Present indicative active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1st person λύω I loose λύομεν we loose
2nd person λύεις you loose λύετε you loose
3rd person λύει hesheit looses λύουσι(ν) they loose
Infinitive λύειν to loose
Note The 3rd person plural ends in ndashν before a vowel and at the end of a sentence
Table 4 Present indicative active of the verb to be (stem εσ-)
Singular Plural
1st person εἰμί I am ἐσμέν we are
2nd person εἶ you are ἐστέ you are
3rd person ἐστί(ν) hesheit is εἰσί(ν) they are
Infinitive εἶναι to be
Note The forms in ndashν are used before a vowel and at the end of a sentence
9
Translation Exercise 2
1 Ὁ σπόρος ἐστὶν ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ (Luke 811)
2 Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 Λέγει αὐτῷ Σίμων Πέτρος Κύριε ποῦ ὑπάγεις 1 (John 1336)
4 τὰ γὰρ ἔργα αὐτῶν ἀκολουθεῖ μετ᾽ αὐτῶν (Revelation 1413)
5 Αδαμ ποῦ εἶ (Genesis 39)
6 καὶ ἐν σαββάτῳ περιτέμνετε ἄνθρωπον (John 722)
7 λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι (John 185)
8 Πιστεύω κύριε (John 938)
9 νῦν δὲ2 λέγετε ὅτι Βλέπομεν (John 941)
10 καὶ ὁ λύκος ἁρπάζει αὐτὰ καὶ σκορπίζει (John 1012-13)
11 Κύριε ἤδη ὄζει τεταρταῖος γάρ2 ἐστιν (John 1139)
12 καὶ λέγει τῷ Ἰησοῦ3 Πόθεν εἶ σύ (John 199)
13 oὐρανός ἐστι θρόνoς τoῦ Θεoῦ (Matthew 534)
14 εὑρίσκει αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ (John 514)
15 ὁ καιρὸς γὰρ ἐγγύς ἐστιν (Revelation 2210)
Notes
1 The Greek question mark looks like the English semicolon
2 Many Greek connecting words appear second in their clause
3 This is declined as follows Nom Ἰησοῦς
Voc Ἰησοῦ
Acc Ἰησοῦν
Gen Ἰησοῦ
Dat Ἰησοῦ
10
Revision exercise sessions 1-2
A Translate into English
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ λέγει Κύριος ὁ θεός (Revelation 18)
2 λέγει οὖν αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ὁ καιρὸς ὁ ἐμὸς οὔπω πάρεστιν ὁ δὲ
καιρὸς ὁ ὑμέτερος πάντοτέ ἐστιν ἕτοιμος (John 76)
3 ὁ δὲ λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι (John 620)
4 ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου οὐκ εἰσὶν καθὼς ἐγὼ οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου (John
1716)
5 θεοῦ γάρ ἐσμεν συνεργοί θεοῦ γεώργιον θεοῦ οἰκοδομή ἐστε1 (1
Corinthians 39)
6 Τὰ ἀδύνατα παρὰ ἀνθρώποις δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστίν2 (Luke
1827)
Notes
1 is the Greek colonsemicolon
2 Neuter plurals frequently take singular verbs
B Translate into Greek
1 And God says to the world lsquoIt is mersquo
2 You are Godrsquos accomplice just as I am Jesusrsquos orchard
3 Impossible things in the world are possible in heaven
11
Session 3
Table 5 Declension of a-stem feminine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἐντολή αἱ ἐντολαί
Accusative τὴν ἐντολήν τὰς ἐντολάς
Genitive τῆς ἐντολῆς τῶν ἐντολῶν
Dative τῇ ἐντολῇ ταῖς ἐντολαῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἡμέρα αἱ ἡμέραι
Accusative τὴν ἡμέραν τὰς ἡμέρας
Genitive τῆς ἡμέρας τῶν ἡμερῶν
Dative τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταῖς ἡμέραις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Type 3
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ θάλασσα αἱ θάλασσαι
Accusative τὴν θάλασσαν τὰς θαλάσσας
Genitive τῆς θαλάσσης τῶν θαλασσῶν
Dative τῇ θαλάσσῃ ταῖς θαλάσσαις
Likewise all stems ending in λλ and σ (including the double consonants ζ ξ ψ)
Note in feminine a-stem nouns the vocative has the same form as the nominative
12
Translation Exercise 3
1 ἀρχὴ σοφίας φόβος Κυρίου (Proverbs 17)
2 ΑΡΧΗ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 11)
3 Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἄρτος τῆς ζωῆς (John 635)
4 ἐγὼ τὸ Ἀλφα καὶ τὸ Ω ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ
τέλος1 (Revelation 2213)
5 ᾿ΙΑΚΩΒΟΣ Θεοῦ καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χρίστου δοῦλος ταῖς δώδεκα
φυλαῖς ταῖς ἐν τῇ διασπορᾷ χαίρειν (Epistle of James 11)
6 τὰ ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας θάνατoς (Romans 623)
7 Δόξαν παρὰ ἀνθρώπων οὐ λαμβάνω (John 541)
8 Οὐχὶ δώδεκα ὧραί εἰσιν τῆς ἡμέρας (John 119)
9 ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐχ εὑρίσκω ἐν αὐτῷ αἰτίαν (John 196)
10 ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ παρὰ ἀνθρώπου τὴν μαρτυρίαν λαμβάνω (John 534)
Note 1 τὸ τέλος is a third declension neuter noun
Composition exercise 2
1 We get bread from a man
2 The servants find wisdom in Jesus Christ
3 Do you not find sin in them
13
Table 6 Declension of adjectives with three terminations
Masc Fem Neut
N καλός καλή καλόν
V καλέ καλή καλόν
A καλόν καλήν καλόν
Sing G καλοῦ καλῆς καλοῦ
D καλῷ καλῇ καλῷ
NV καλοί καλαί καλά
A καλούς καλάς καλά
Plur G καλῶν καλῶν καλῶν
D καλοῖς καλαῖς καλοῖς
Note the masculine and neuter endings are those of the o-stem nouns while the feminine endings are
those of the a-stem nouns In the latter case there will also be adjectives declined like χῶρα (table 5
type 2) eg πονηρός wicked fem πονηρά
Translation Exercise 4
1 ὁ λόγος ὁ σὸς ἀλήθειά ἐστιν (John 1717)
2 διὰ τί τὴν λαλιὰν τὴν ἐμήν οὐ γινώσκετε (John 843)
3 ἡ ἐντολὴ αὐτοῦ ζωὴ αἰώνιός1 ἐστιν (John 1250)
4 μακάριοι οἱ πτῶχοι ὅτι ὑμέτερα ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ (Luke
620)
5 νῦν δὲ ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐντεῦθεν (John 1836)
6 ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά2
καὶ ὁ πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά2 (Matthew 1235)
Notes 1 Many compound adjectives have no feminine forms using masculine forms to qualify
feminine nouns
2 ἀγαθά πονηρά are neuter plural forms of the adjective so this means good wicked things
14
Table 7 Declension of a-stem masculine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
N μαθητής μαθηταί
V μαθητά μαθηταί
A μαθητήν μαθητάς
G μαθητοῦ μαθητῶν
D μαθητῇ μαθηταῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
νεανίας νεανίαι
νεανία νεανίαι
νεανίαν νεανίας
νεανίου νεανιῶν
νεανίᾳ νεανίαις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Translation Exercise 5
1 Ἰωάνης μαρτυρεῖ περὶ αὐτοῦ (John 115)
2 Οὐκ ἔστιν μαθητὴς ὑπὲρ τὸν διδάσκαλον οὐδὲ δοῦλος ὑπὲρ
τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1024)
3 ἄξιος γὰρ ὁ ἐργάτης τοῦ μισθοῦ αὐτοῦ (Luke 107)
4 Ἄγουσιν οὖν τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ Καιάφα1 εἰς τὸ πραιτώριον
(John 1828)
5 Νῦν ἀπολύεις τὸν δοῦλόν σου δέσποτα (Luke 229)
6 τὸ δὲ κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου ἡ ἁμαρτία (1 Corinthians 1557)
Note 1 Some names ending in ndashας have their genitive sing in -α instead of ndash
ου
15
Session 4
Table 8 Personal Pronouns
1st person 2nd person
N ἐγώ σύ
A με ἐμέ σέ
Singular G μοῦ ἐμοῦ σοῦ
D μοί ἐμοί σοί
N ἡμεῖς ὑμεῖς
A ἡμᾶς ὑμᾶς
Plural G ἡμῶν ὑμῶν
D ἡμῖν ὑμῖν
3rd person
Masc Fem Neut
N αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό
A αὐτόν αὐτήν αὐτό
Sing G αὐτοῦ αὐτῆς αὐτοῦ
D αὐτῷ αὐτῇ αὐτῷ
N αὐτοί αὐταί αὐτά
A αὐτούς αὐτάς αὐτά
Plur G αὐτῶν αὐτῶν αὐτῶν
D αὐτοῖς αὐταῖς αὐτοῖς
Note The declension of αὐτός is like the declension of adjectives except in the
neuter nomacc singular
16
Translation Exercise 6
1 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 333)
2 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (Mark 111)
3 Σὺ εἶ Σίμων ὁ υἱὸς Ἰωάνου (John 142)
4 ὑμεῖς φίλοι μού ἐστε (John 1514)
5 Σὺ πιστεύεις εἰς τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (John 935)
6 ἐγὼ ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ σὺ ἐν ἐμοί (John 1723)
7 Μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τυφλοί ἐσμεν (John 940)
8 Ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου (John 2028)
9 ἡ ἁμαρτία ὑμῶν μένει (John 941)
10 οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐλεύθερoς οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος οὐ τὸ ἔργον μου
ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐν κυρίῳ (1 Corinthians 91)
11 σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 1127)
12 Ὁ διδάσκαλος πάρεστιν καὶ φωνεῖ σε (John 1128)
13 Ὑμεῖς ἐκ τῶν κάτω ἐστέ ἐγὼ ἐκ τῶν ἄνω εἰμί (John 823)
14 Περὶ καλοῦ ἔργου οὐ λιθάζομέν σε ἀλλὰ περὶ βλασφημίας
(John 1033)
15 Ἔτι χρόνον μικρὸν μεθ ὑμῶν εἰμι (John 733)
16 ἀδικία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν (John 718)
17 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἰησοῦς Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωή
(John 146)
18 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πειλᾶτος Τί ἐστιν ἀλήθεια (John 1838)
19 Διὰ τί ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλεῖς αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1310)
20 Σαούλ Σαούλ τί με διώκεις (Acts 94)
17
A third century copy of St Johnrsquos Gospel
(A transliteration is given in Appendix 2 below)
18
Sessions 1-4 Revision Exercise
1 λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ
πόρναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ
(Matthew 2131)
2 ὁ γὰρ ζυγός μου χρηστὸς καὶ τὸ φορτίον μου ἐλαφρόν ἐστιν
(Matthew 1130)
3 οὕτως πᾶν1 δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ποιεῖ τὸ δὲ
σαπρὸν δένδρον καρποὺς πονηροὺς ποιεῖ οὐ δύναται2
δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς πονηροὺς ἐνεγκεῖν3 οὐδὲ δένδρον
σαπρὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ἐνεγκεῖν (Matthew 717-8)
4 ἢ4 ποιήσατε5 τὸ δένδρον καλὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ καλόν
ἢ ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον σαπρὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ σαπρόν
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον γινώσκεται6 γεννήματα7
ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε8 ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες9 ἐκ γὰρ
τοῦ περισσεύματος10 τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα11 λαλεῖ ὁ ἀγαθὸς
ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά καὶ ὁ
πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά (Matthew 1233-5)
5 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος12 τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ δοκὸν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ οὐ κατανοεῖς (Luke 641)
6 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ δοκὸν οὐ κατανοεῖς (Matthew 73)
1 πᾶν (neuter sing adj) every
2 δύναται 3s lt δύναμαι be able
3 ἐνέγκειν infinitive of φέρω carry bear
4 ἤ ἤ either or
5 ποιήσατε 2plimperative lt ποιέω make
6 γινώσκεται 3spres passive lt γινώσκω
know
7 τὰ γεννήματα product offspring (3rd
declension)
8 δύνασθε 2pl lt δύναμαι be able
9 ὄντες being (nomplparticiple lt εἰμί)
10 περισσεύματος gens lt τὸ περίσσευμα
abundance (3rd declension)
11 τὸ στόμα mouth (3rd declension)
12 τὸ κάρφος chip (of wood) (3rd declension)
19
Session 5
Table 9 Third declension nouns
The basic endings are as follows
1 Masculinefeminine
Singular Plural
N -ς -ες
V - -ς -ες
A -ν -α1 -ας
G -ος -ων
D -ι -σι(ν)2
2 Neuter
Singular Plural
- -α
- -α
- -α
-ος -ων
-ι -σι(ν)2
Note 1 -ν after a vowel stem -α after a consonant stem
2 ν before a vowel or at the end of the sentence
eg
ὁ φύλαξ (stem φυλακ-)
Singular Plural
N φύλαξ φύλακες
V φύλαξ φύλακες
A φύλακα φύλακας
G φύλακος φυλάκων
D φύλακι φύλαξι(ν)
τὸ σῶμα (stem σωματ-)
Singular Plural
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σώματος σωμάτων
σώματι σώμασι(ν)
20
Translation Exercise 7
1 Σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ1 ἐσμεν (John 837)
2 ὁ λύχνoς τoῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός (Matthew 622)
3 Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου (Luke 1133)
4 τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ καὶ τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις (John
38)
5 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον (Mark 112)
6 ΜΑΚΑΡΙΟΙ οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία
τῶν οὐρανῶν (Matthew 53)
7 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ2 σε πονηρὲ δοῦλε (Luke
1922)
8 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα (John 155)
9 Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ
αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1357)
10 Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων (John 107)
11 στέφανoς γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων (Proverbs 176)
12 ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν
ἐμῶν τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς3 μου ἀκούουσιν κἀγὼ4
γινώσκω αὐτά καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι (John 1026-27)
Notes
1 Foreign (Hebrew or Aramaic) words are not declined if they end in a sound which cannot
end a Greek word Here Ἀβραάμ represents a genitive singular
2 κρινῶ future lt κρίνω (lt κρινέσω)
3 ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive case but compare this with no2
4 κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ
21
Table 10 Two other 3rd declension nouns
ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-πολε-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις
V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις
A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις
G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων
D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 8
1 ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με
τὰ ἐμά καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων (John 1014-15)
2 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ
(Matthew 11)
3 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν
(Matthew 45)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ
δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (Romans
1217)
5 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή (John 1125)
6 καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν (John 530)
Note 1 τίθημι I place (like εἰμί one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions
from verbs in ndashω in some tenses)
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
8
Table 2 Declension of o-stem neuter nouns
Singular Plural
Nominative τὸ ἔργον τὰ ἔργα
Vocative ὦ ἔργον ὦ ἔργα
Accusative τὸ ἔργον τὰ ἔργα
Genitive τοῦ ἔργου τῶν ἔργων
Dative τῷ ἔργῳ τοῖς ἔργοις
Note nominative vocative and accusative are always identical in neuter nouns
Table 3 Present indicative active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1st person λύω I loose λύομεν we loose
2nd person λύεις you loose λύετε you loose
3rd person λύει hesheit looses λύουσι(ν) they loose
Infinitive λύειν to loose
Note The 3rd person plural ends in ndashν before a vowel and at the end of a sentence
Table 4 Present indicative active of the verb to be (stem εσ-)
Singular Plural
1st person εἰμί I am ἐσμέν we are
2nd person εἶ you are ἐστέ you are
3rd person ἐστί(ν) hesheit is εἰσί(ν) they are
Infinitive εἶναι to be
Note The forms in ndashν are used before a vowel and at the end of a sentence
9
Translation Exercise 2
1 Ὁ σπόρος ἐστὶν ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ (Luke 811)
2 Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 Λέγει αὐτῷ Σίμων Πέτρος Κύριε ποῦ ὑπάγεις 1 (John 1336)
4 τὰ γὰρ ἔργα αὐτῶν ἀκολουθεῖ μετ᾽ αὐτῶν (Revelation 1413)
5 Αδαμ ποῦ εἶ (Genesis 39)
6 καὶ ἐν σαββάτῳ περιτέμνετε ἄνθρωπον (John 722)
7 λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι (John 185)
8 Πιστεύω κύριε (John 938)
9 νῦν δὲ2 λέγετε ὅτι Βλέπομεν (John 941)
10 καὶ ὁ λύκος ἁρπάζει αὐτὰ καὶ σκορπίζει (John 1012-13)
11 Κύριε ἤδη ὄζει τεταρταῖος γάρ2 ἐστιν (John 1139)
12 καὶ λέγει τῷ Ἰησοῦ3 Πόθεν εἶ σύ (John 199)
13 oὐρανός ἐστι θρόνoς τoῦ Θεoῦ (Matthew 534)
14 εὑρίσκει αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ (John 514)
15 ὁ καιρὸς γὰρ ἐγγύς ἐστιν (Revelation 2210)
Notes
1 The Greek question mark looks like the English semicolon
2 Many Greek connecting words appear second in their clause
3 This is declined as follows Nom Ἰησοῦς
Voc Ἰησοῦ
Acc Ἰησοῦν
Gen Ἰησοῦ
Dat Ἰησοῦ
10
Revision exercise sessions 1-2
A Translate into English
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ λέγει Κύριος ὁ θεός (Revelation 18)
2 λέγει οὖν αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ὁ καιρὸς ὁ ἐμὸς οὔπω πάρεστιν ὁ δὲ
καιρὸς ὁ ὑμέτερος πάντοτέ ἐστιν ἕτοιμος (John 76)
3 ὁ δὲ λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι (John 620)
4 ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου οὐκ εἰσὶν καθὼς ἐγὼ οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου (John
1716)
5 θεοῦ γάρ ἐσμεν συνεργοί θεοῦ γεώργιον θεοῦ οἰκοδομή ἐστε1 (1
Corinthians 39)
6 Τὰ ἀδύνατα παρὰ ἀνθρώποις δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστίν2 (Luke
1827)
Notes
1 is the Greek colonsemicolon
2 Neuter plurals frequently take singular verbs
B Translate into Greek
1 And God says to the world lsquoIt is mersquo
2 You are Godrsquos accomplice just as I am Jesusrsquos orchard
3 Impossible things in the world are possible in heaven
11
Session 3
Table 5 Declension of a-stem feminine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἐντολή αἱ ἐντολαί
Accusative τὴν ἐντολήν τὰς ἐντολάς
Genitive τῆς ἐντολῆς τῶν ἐντολῶν
Dative τῇ ἐντολῇ ταῖς ἐντολαῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἡμέρα αἱ ἡμέραι
Accusative τὴν ἡμέραν τὰς ἡμέρας
Genitive τῆς ἡμέρας τῶν ἡμερῶν
Dative τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταῖς ἡμέραις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Type 3
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ θάλασσα αἱ θάλασσαι
Accusative τὴν θάλασσαν τὰς θαλάσσας
Genitive τῆς θαλάσσης τῶν θαλασσῶν
Dative τῇ θαλάσσῃ ταῖς θαλάσσαις
Likewise all stems ending in λλ and σ (including the double consonants ζ ξ ψ)
Note in feminine a-stem nouns the vocative has the same form as the nominative
12
Translation Exercise 3
1 ἀρχὴ σοφίας φόβος Κυρίου (Proverbs 17)
2 ΑΡΧΗ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 11)
3 Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἄρτος τῆς ζωῆς (John 635)
4 ἐγὼ τὸ Ἀλφα καὶ τὸ Ω ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ
τέλος1 (Revelation 2213)
5 ᾿ΙΑΚΩΒΟΣ Θεοῦ καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χρίστου δοῦλος ταῖς δώδεκα
φυλαῖς ταῖς ἐν τῇ διασπορᾷ χαίρειν (Epistle of James 11)
6 τὰ ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας θάνατoς (Romans 623)
7 Δόξαν παρὰ ἀνθρώπων οὐ λαμβάνω (John 541)
8 Οὐχὶ δώδεκα ὧραί εἰσιν τῆς ἡμέρας (John 119)
9 ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐχ εὑρίσκω ἐν αὐτῷ αἰτίαν (John 196)
10 ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ παρὰ ἀνθρώπου τὴν μαρτυρίαν λαμβάνω (John 534)
Note 1 τὸ τέλος is a third declension neuter noun
Composition exercise 2
1 We get bread from a man
2 The servants find wisdom in Jesus Christ
3 Do you not find sin in them
13
Table 6 Declension of adjectives with three terminations
Masc Fem Neut
N καλός καλή καλόν
V καλέ καλή καλόν
A καλόν καλήν καλόν
Sing G καλοῦ καλῆς καλοῦ
D καλῷ καλῇ καλῷ
NV καλοί καλαί καλά
A καλούς καλάς καλά
Plur G καλῶν καλῶν καλῶν
D καλοῖς καλαῖς καλοῖς
Note the masculine and neuter endings are those of the o-stem nouns while the feminine endings are
those of the a-stem nouns In the latter case there will also be adjectives declined like χῶρα (table 5
type 2) eg πονηρός wicked fem πονηρά
Translation Exercise 4
1 ὁ λόγος ὁ σὸς ἀλήθειά ἐστιν (John 1717)
2 διὰ τί τὴν λαλιὰν τὴν ἐμήν οὐ γινώσκετε (John 843)
3 ἡ ἐντολὴ αὐτοῦ ζωὴ αἰώνιός1 ἐστιν (John 1250)
4 μακάριοι οἱ πτῶχοι ὅτι ὑμέτερα ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ (Luke
620)
5 νῦν δὲ ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐντεῦθεν (John 1836)
6 ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά2
καὶ ὁ πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά2 (Matthew 1235)
Notes 1 Many compound adjectives have no feminine forms using masculine forms to qualify
feminine nouns
2 ἀγαθά πονηρά are neuter plural forms of the adjective so this means good wicked things
14
Table 7 Declension of a-stem masculine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
N μαθητής μαθηταί
V μαθητά μαθηταί
A μαθητήν μαθητάς
G μαθητοῦ μαθητῶν
D μαθητῇ μαθηταῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
νεανίας νεανίαι
νεανία νεανίαι
νεανίαν νεανίας
νεανίου νεανιῶν
νεανίᾳ νεανίαις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Translation Exercise 5
1 Ἰωάνης μαρτυρεῖ περὶ αὐτοῦ (John 115)
2 Οὐκ ἔστιν μαθητὴς ὑπὲρ τὸν διδάσκαλον οὐδὲ δοῦλος ὑπὲρ
τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1024)
3 ἄξιος γὰρ ὁ ἐργάτης τοῦ μισθοῦ αὐτοῦ (Luke 107)
4 Ἄγουσιν οὖν τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ Καιάφα1 εἰς τὸ πραιτώριον
(John 1828)
5 Νῦν ἀπολύεις τὸν δοῦλόν σου δέσποτα (Luke 229)
6 τὸ δὲ κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου ἡ ἁμαρτία (1 Corinthians 1557)
Note 1 Some names ending in ndashας have their genitive sing in -α instead of ndash
ου
15
Session 4
Table 8 Personal Pronouns
1st person 2nd person
N ἐγώ σύ
A με ἐμέ σέ
Singular G μοῦ ἐμοῦ σοῦ
D μοί ἐμοί σοί
N ἡμεῖς ὑμεῖς
A ἡμᾶς ὑμᾶς
Plural G ἡμῶν ὑμῶν
D ἡμῖν ὑμῖν
3rd person
Masc Fem Neut
N αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό
A αὐτόν αὐτήν αὐτό
Sing G αὐτοῦ αὐτῆς αὐτοῦ
D αὐτῷ αὐτῇ αὐτῷ
N αὐτοί αὐταί αὐτά
A αὐτούς αὐτάς αὐτά
Plur G αὐτῶν αὐτῶν αὐτῶν
D αὐτοῖς αὐταῖς αὐτοῖς
Note The declension of αὐτός is like the declension of adjectives except in the
neuter nomacc singular
16
Translation Exercise 6
1 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 333)
2 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (Mark 111)
3 Σὺ εἶ Σίμων ὁ υἱὸς Ἰωάνου (John 142)
4 ὑμεῖς φίλοι μού ἐστε (John 1514)
5 Σὺ πιστεύεις εἰς τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (John 935)
6 ἐγὼ ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ σὺ ἐν ἐμοί (John 1723)
7 Μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τυφλοί ἐσμεν (John 940)
8 Ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου (John 2028)
9 ἡ ἁμαρτία ὑμῶν μένει (John 941)
10 οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐλεύθερoς οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος οὐ τὸ ἔργον μου
ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐν κυρίῳ (1 Corinthians 91)
11 σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 1127)
12 Ὁ διδάσκαλος πάρεστιν καὶ φωνεῖ σε (John 1128)
13 Ὑμεῖς ἐκ τῶν κάτω ἐστέ ἐγὼ ἐκ τῶν ἄνω εἰμί (John 823)
14 Περὶ καλοῦ ἔργου οὐ λιθάζομέν σε ἀλλὰ περὶ βλασφημίας
(John 1033)
15 Ἔτι χρόνον μικρὸν μεθ ὑμῶν εἰμι (John 733)
16 ἀδικία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν (John 718)
17 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἰησοῦς Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωή
(John 146)
18 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πειλᾶτος Τί ἐστιν ἀλήθεια (John 1838)
19 Διὰ τί ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλεῖς αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1310)
20 Σαούλ Σαούλ τί με διώκεις (Acts 94)
17
A third century copy of St Johnrsquos Gospel
(A transliteration is given in Appendix 2 below)
18
Sessions 1-4 Revision Exercise
1 λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ
πόρναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ
(Matthew 2131)
2 ὁ γὰρ ζυγός μου χρηστὸς καὶ τὸ φορτίον μου ἐλαφρόν ἐστιν
(Matthew 1130)
3 οὕτως πᾶν1 δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ποιεῖ τὸ δὲ
σαπρὸν δένδρον καρποὺς πονηροὺς ποιεῖ οὐ δύναται2
δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς πονηροὺς ἐνεγκεῖν3 οὐδὲ δένδρον
σαπρὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ἐνεγκεῖν (Matthew 717-8)
4 ἢ4 ποιήσατε5 τὸ δένδρον καλὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ καλόν
ἢ ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον σαπρὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ σαπρόν
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον γινώσκεται6 γεννήματα7
ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε8 ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες9 ἐκ γὰρ
τοῦ περισσεύματος10 τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα11 λαλεῖ ὁ ἀγαθὸς
ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά καὶ ὁ
πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά (Matthew 1233-5)
5 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος12 τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ δοκὸν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ οὐ κατανοεῖς (Luke 641)
6 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ δοκὸν οὐ κατανοεῖς (Matthew 73)
1 πᾶν (neuter sing adj) every
2 δύναται 3s lt δύναμαι be able
3 ἐνέγκειν infinitive of φέρω carry bear
4 ἤ ἤ either or
5 ποιήσατε 2plimperative lt ποιέω make
6 γινώσκεται 3spres passive lt γινώσκω
know
7 τὰ γεννήματα product offspring (3rd
declension)
8 δύνασθε 2pl lt δύναμαι be able
9 ὄντες being (nomplparticiple lt εἰμί)
10 περισσεύματος gens lt τὸ περίσσευμα
abundance (3rd declension)
11 τὸ στόμα mouth (3rd declension)
12 τὸ κάρφος chip (of wood) (3rd declension)
19
Session 5
Table 9 Third declension nouns
The basic endings are as follows
1 Masculinefeminine
Singular Plural
N -ς -ες
V - -ς -ες
A -ν -α1 -ας
G -ος -ων
D -ι -σι(ν)2
2 Neuter
Singular Plural
- -α
- -α
- -α
-ος -ων
-ι -σι(ν)2
Note 1 -ν after a vowel stem -α after a consonant stem
2 ν before a vowel or at the end of the sentence
eg
ὁ φύλαξ (stem φυλακ-)
Singular Plural
N φύλαξ φύλακες
V φύλαξ φύλακες
A φύλακα φύλακας
G φύλακος φυλάκων
D φύλακι φύλαξι(ν)
τὸ σῶμα (stem σωματ-)
Singular Plural
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σώματος σωμάτων
σώματι σώμασι(ν)
20
Translation Exercise 7
1 Σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ1 ἐσμεν (John 837)
2 ὁ λύχνoς τoῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός (Matthew 622)
3 Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου (Luke 1133)
4 τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ καὶ τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις (John
38)
5 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον (Mark 112)
6 ΜΑΚΑΡΙΟΙ οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία
τῶν οὐρανῶν (Matthew 53)
7 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ2 σε πονηρὲ δοῦλε (Luke
1922)
8 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα (John 155)
9 Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ
αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1357)
10 Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων (John 107)
11 στέφανoς γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων (Proverbs 176)
12 ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν
ἐμῶν τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς3 μου ἀκούουσιν κἀγὼ4
γινώσκω αὐτά καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι (John 1026-27)
Notes
1 Foreign (Hebrew or Aramaic) words are not declined if they end in a sound which cannot
end a Greek word Here Ἀβραάμ represents a genitive singular
2 κρινῶ future lt κρίνω (lt κρινέσω)
3 ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive case but compare this with no2
4 κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ
21
Table 10 Two other 3rd declension nouns
ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-πολε-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις
V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις
A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις
G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων
D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 8
1 ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με
τὰ ἐμά καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων (John 1014-15)
2 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ
(Matthew 11)
3 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν
(Matthew 45)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ
δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (Romans
1217)
5 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή (John 1125)
6 καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν (John 530)
Note 1 τίθημι I place (like εἰμί one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions
from verbs in ndashω in some tenses)
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
9
Translation Exercise 2
1 Ὁ σπόρος ἐστὶν ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ (Luke 811)
2 Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 Λέγει αὐτῷ Σίμων Πέτρος Κύριε ποῦ ὑπάγεις 1 (John 1336)
4 τὰ γὰρ ἔργα αὐτῶν ἀκολουθεῖ μετ᾽ αὐτῶν (Revelation 1413)
5 Αδαμ ποῦ εἶ (Genesis 39)
6 καὶ ἐν σαββάτῳ περιτέμνετε ἄνθρωπον (John 722)
7 λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι (John 185)
8 Πιστεύω κύριε (John 938)
9 νῦν δὲ2 λέγετε ὅτι Βλέπομεν (John 941)
10 καὶ ὁ λύκος ἁρπάζει αὐτὰ καὶ σκορπίζει (John 1012-13)
11 Κύριε ἤδη ὄζει τεταρταῖος γάρ2 ἐστιν (John 1139)
12 καὶ λέγει τῷ Ἰησοῦ3 Πόθεν εἶ σύ (John 199)
13 oὐρανός ἐστι θρόνoς τoῦ Θεoῦ (Matthew 534)
14 εὑρίσκει αὐτὸν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ (John 514)
15 ὁ καιρὸς γὰρ ἐγγύς ἐστιν (Revelation 2210)
Notes
1 The Greek question mark looks like the English semicolon
2 Many Greek connecting words appear second in their clause
3 This is declined as follows Nom Ἰησοῦς
Voc Ἰησοῦ
Acc Ἰησοῦν
Gen Ἰησοῦ
Dat Ἰησοῦ
10
Revision exercise sessions 1-2
A Translate into English
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ λέγει Κύριος ὁ θεός (Revelation 18)
2 λέγει οὖν αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ὁ καιρὸς ὁ ἐμὸς οὔπω πάρεστιν ὁ δὲ
καιρὸς ὁ ὑμέτερος πάντοτέ ἐστιν ἕτοιμος (John 76)
3 ὁ δὲ λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι (John 620)
4 ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου οὐκ εἰσὶν καθὼς ἐγὼ οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου (John
1716)
5 θεοῦ γάρ ἐσμεν συνεργοί θεοῦ γεώργιον θεοῦ οἰκοδομή ἐστε1 (1
Corinthians 39)
6 Τὰ ἀδύνατα παρὰ ἀνθρώποις δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστίν2 (Luke
1827)
Notes
1 is the Greek colonsemicolon
2 Neuter plurals frequently take singular verbs
B Translate into Greek
1 And God says to the world lsquoIt is mersquo
2 You are Godrsquos accomplice just as I am Jesusrsquos orchard
3 Impossible things in the world are possible in heaven
11
Session 3
Table 5 Declension of a-stem feminine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἐντολή αἱ ἐντολαί
Accusative τὴν ἐντολήν τὰς ἐντολάς
Genitive τῆς ἐντολῆς τῶν ἐντολῶν
Dative τῇ ἐντολῇ ταῖς ἐντολαῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἡμέρα αἱ ἡμέραι
Accusative τὴν ἡμέραν τὰς ἡμέρας
Genitive τῆς ἡμέρας τῶν ἡμερῶν
Dative τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταῖς ἡμέραις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Type 3
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ θάλασσα αἱ θάλασσαι
Accusative τὴν θάλασσαν τὰς θαλάσσας
Genitive τῆς θαλάσσης τῶν θαλασσῶν
Dative τῇ θαλάσσῃ ταῖς θαλάσσαις
Likewise all stems ending in λλ and σ (including the double consonants ζ ξ ψ)
Note in feminine a-stem nouns the vocative has the same form as the nominative
12
Translation Exercise 3
1 ἀρχὴ σοφίας φόβος Κυρίου (Proverbs 17)
2 ΑΡΧΗ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 11)
3 Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἄρτος τῆς ζωῆς (John 635)
4 ἐγὼ τὸ Ἀλφα καὶ τὸ Ω ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ
τέλος1 (Revelation 2213)
5 ᾿ΙΑΚΩΒΟΣ Θεοῦ καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χρίστου δοῦλος ταῖς δώδεκα
φυλαῖς ταῖς ἐν τῇ διασπορᾷ χαίρειν (Epistle of James 11)
6 τὰ ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας θάνατoς (Romans 623)
7 Δόξαν παρὰ ἀνθρώπων οὐ λαμβάνω (John 541)
8 Οὐχὶ δώδεκα ὧραί εἰσιν τῆς ἡμέρας (John 119)
9 ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐχ εὑρίσκω ἐν αὐτῷ αἰτίαν (John 196)
10 ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ παρὰ ἀνθρώπου τὴν μαρτυρίαν λαμβάνω (John 534)
Note 1 τὸ τέλος is a third declension neuter noun
Composition exercise 2
1 We get bread from a man
2 The servants find wisdom in Jesus Christ
3 Do you not find sin in them
13
Table 6 Declension of adjectives with three terminations
Masc Fem Neut
N καλός καλή καλόν
V καλέ καλή καλόν
A καλόν καλήν καλόν
Sing G καλοῦ καλῆς καλοῦ
D καλῷ καλῇ καλῷ
NV καλοί καλαί καλά
A καλούς καλάς καλά
Plur G καλῶν καλῶν καλῶν
D καλοῖς καλαῖς καλοῖς
Note the masculine and neuter endings are those of the o-stem nouns while the feminine endings are
those of the a-stem nouns In the latter case there will also be adjectives declined like χῶρα (table 5
type 2) eg πονηρός wicked fem πονηρά
Translation Exercise 4
1 ὁ λόγος ὁ σὸς ἀλήθειά ἐστιν (John 1717)
2 διὰ τί τὴν λαλιὰν τὴν ἐμήν οὐ γινώσκετε (John 843)
3 ἡ ἐντολὴ αὐτοῦ ζωὴ αἰώνιός1 ἐστιν (John 1250)
4 μακάριοι οἱ πτῶχοι ὅτι ὑμέτερα ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ (Luke
620)
5 νῦν δὲ ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐντεῦθεν (John 1836)
6 ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά2
καὶ ὁ πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά2 (Matthew 1235)
Notes 1 Many compound adjectives have no feminine forms using masculine forms to qualify
feminine nouns
2 ἀγαθά πονηρά are neuter plural forms of the adjective so this means good wicked things
14
Table 7 Declension of a-stem masculine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
N μαθητής μαθηταί
V μαθητά μαθηταί
A μαθητήν μαθητάς
G μαθητοῦ μαθητῶν
D μαθητῇ μαθηταῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
νεανίας νεανίαι
νεανία νεανίαι
νεανίαν νεανίας
νεανίου νεανιῶν
νεανίᾳ νεανίαις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Translation Exercise 5
1 Ἰωάνης μαρτυρεῖ περὶ αὐτοῦ (John 115)
2 Οὐκ ἔστιν μαθητὴς ὑπὲρ τὸν διδάσκαλον οὐδὲ δοῦλος ὑπὲρ
τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1024)
3 ἄξιος γὰρ ὁ ἐργάτης τοῦ μισθοῦ αὐτοῦ (Luke 107)
4 Ἄγουσιν οὖν τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ Καιάφα1 εἰς τὸ πραιτώριον
(John 1828)
5 Νῦν ἀπολύεις τὸν δοῦλόν σου δέσποτα (Luke 229)
6 τὸ δὲ κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου ἡ ἁμαρτία (1 Corinthians 1557)
Note 1 Some names ending in ndashας have their genitive sing in -α instead of ndash
ου
15
Session 4
Table 8 Personal Pronouns
1st person 2nd person
N ἐγώ σύ
A με ἐμέ σέ
Singular G μοῦ ἐμοῦ σοῦ
D μοί ἐμοί σοί
N ἡμεῖς ὑμεῖς
A ἡμᾶς ὑμᾶς
Plural G ἡμῶν ὑμῶν
D ἡμῖν ὑμῖν
3rd person
Masc Fem Neut
N αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό
A αὐτόν αὐτήν αὐτό
Sing G αὐτοῦ αὐτῆς αὐτοῦ
D αὐτῷ αὐτῇ αὐτῷ
N αὐτοί αὐταί αὐτά
A αὐτούς αὐτάς αὐτά
Plur G αὐτῶν αὐτῶν αὐτῶν
D αὐτοῖς αὐταῖς αὐτοῖς
Note The declension of αὐτός is like the declension of adjectives except in the
neuter nomacc singular
16
Translation Exercise 6
1 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 333)
2 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (Mark 111)
3 Σὺ εἶ Σίμων ὁ υἱὸς Ἰωάνου (John 142)
4 ὑμεῖς φίλοι μού ἐστε (John 1514)
5 Σὺ πιστεύεις εἰς τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (John 935)
6 ἐγὼ ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ σὺ ἐν ἐμοί (John 1723)
7 Μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τυφλοί ἐσμεν (John 940)
8 Ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου (John 2028)
9 ἡ ἁμαρτία ὑμῶν μένει (John 941)
10 οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐλεύθερoς οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος οὐ τὸ ἔργον μου
ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐν κυρίῳ (1 Corinthians 91)
11 σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 1127)
12 Ὁ διδάσκαλος πάρεστιν καὶ φωνεῖ σε (John 1128)
13 Ὑμεῖς ἐκ τῶν κάτω ἐστέ ἐγὼ ἐκ τῶν ἄνω εἰμί (John 823)
14 Περὶ καλοῦ ἔργου οὐ λιθάζομέν σε ἀλλὰ περὶ βλασφημίας
(John 1033)
15 Ἔτι χρόνον μικρὸν μεθ ὑμῶν εἰμι (John 733)
16 ἀδικία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν (John 718)
17 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἰησοῦς Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωή
(John 146)
18 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πειλᾶτος Τί ἐστιν ἀλήθεια (John 1838)
19 Διὰ τί ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλεῖς αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1310)
20 Σαούλ Σαούλ τί με διώκεις (Acts 94)
17
A third century copy of St Johnrsquos Gospel
(A transliteration is given in Appendix 2 below)
18
Sessions 1-4 Revision Exercise
1 λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ
πόρναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ
(Matthew 2131)
2 ὁ γὰρ ζυγός μου χρηστὸς καὶ τὸ φορτίον μου ἐλαφρόν ἐστιν
(Matthew 1130)
3 οὕτως πᾶν1 δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ποιεῖ τὸ δὲ
σαπρὸν δένδρον καρποὺς πονηροὺς ποιεῖ οὐ δύναται2
δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς πονηροὺς ἐνεγκεῖν3 οὐδὲ δένδρον
σαπρὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ἐνεγκεῖν (Matthew 717-8)
4 ἢ4 ποιήσατε5 τὸ δένδρον καλὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ καλόν
ἢ ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον σαπρὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ σαπρόν
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον γινώσκεται6 γεννήματα7
ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε8 ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες9 ἐκ γὰρ
τοῦ περισσεύματος10 τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα11 λαλεῖ ὁ ἀγαθὸς
ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά καὶ ὁ
πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά (Matthew 1233-5)
5 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος12 τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ δοκὸν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ οὐ κατανοεῖς (Luke 641)
6 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ δοκὸν οὐ κατανοεῖς (Matthew 73)
1 πᾶν (neuter sing adj) every
2 δύναται 3s lt δύναμαι be able
3 ἐνέγκειν infinitive of φέρω carry bear
4 ἤ ἤ either or
5 ποιήσατε 2plimperative lt ποιέω make
6 γινώσκεται 3spres passive lt γινώσκω
know
7 τὰ γεννήματα product offspring (3rd
declension)
8 δύνασθε 2pl lt δύναμαι be able
9 ὄντες being (nomplparticiple lt εἰμί)
10 περισσεύματος gens lt τὸ περίσσευμα
abundance (3rd declension)
11 τὸ στόμα mouth (3rd declension)
12 τὸ κάρφος chip (of wood) (3rd declension)
19
Session 5
Table 9 Third declension nouns
The basic endings are as follows
1 Masculinefeminine
Singular Plural
N -ς -ες
V - -ς -ες
A -ν -α1 -ας
G -ος -ων
D -ι -σι(ν)2
2 Neuter
Singular Plural
- -α
- -α
- -α
-ος -ων
-ι -σι(ν)2
Note 1 -ν after a vowel stem -α after a consonant stem
2 ν before a vowel or at the end of the sentence
eg
ὁ φύλαξ (stem φυλακ-)
Singular Plural
N φύλαξ φύλακες
V φύλαξ φύλακες
A φύλακα φύλακας
G φύλακος φυλάκων
D φύλακι φύλαξι(ν)
τὸ σῶμα (stem σωματ-)
Singular Plural
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σώματος σωμάτων
σώματι σώμασι(ν)
20
Translation Exercise 7
1 Σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ1 ἐσμεν (John 837)
2 ὁ λύχνoς τoῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός (Matthew 622)
3 Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου (Luke 1133)
4 τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ καὶ τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις (John
38)
5 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον (Mark 112)
6 ΜΑΚΑΡΙΟΙ οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία
τῶν οὐρανῶν (Matthew 53)
7 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ2 σε πονηρὲ δοῦλε (Luke
1922)
8 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα (John 155)
9 Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ
αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1357)
10 Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων (John 107)
11 στέφανoς γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων (Proverbs 176)
12 ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν
ἐμῶν τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς3 μου ἀκούουσιν κἀγὼ4
γινώσκω αὐτά καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι (John 1026-27)
Notes
1 Foreign (Hebrew or Aramaic) words are not declined if they end in a sound which cannot
end a Greek word Here Ἀβραάμ represents a genitive singular
2 κρινῶ future lt κρίνω (lt κρινέσω)
3 ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive case but compare this with no2
4 κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ
21
Table 10 Two other 3rd declension nouns
ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-πολε-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις
V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις
A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις
G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων
D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 8
1 ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με
τὰ ἐμά καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων (John 1014-15)
2 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ
(Matthew 11)
3 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν
(Matthew 45)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ
δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (Romans
1217)
5 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή (John 1125)
6 καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν (John 530)
Note 1 τίθημι I place (like εἰμί one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions
from verbs in ndashω in some tenses)
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
10
Revision exercise sessions 1-2
A Translate into English
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ λέγει Κύριος ὁ θεός (Revelation 18)
2 λέγει οὖν αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ὁ καιρὸς ὁ ἐμὸς οὔπω πάρεστιν ὁ δὲ
καιρὸς ὁ ὑμέτερος πάντοτέ ἐστιν ἕτοιμος (John 76)
3 ὁ δὲ λέγει αὐτοῖς Ἐγώ εἰμι (John 620)
4 ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου οὐκ εἰσὶν καθὼς ἐγὼ οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου (John
1716)
5 θεοῦ γάρ ἐσμεν συνεργοί θεοῦ γεώργιον θεοῦ οἰκοδομή ἐστε1 (1
Corinthians 39)
6 Τὰ ἀδύνατα παρὰ ἀνθρώποις δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστίν2 (Luke
1827)
Notes
1 is the Greek colonsemicolon
2 Neuter plurals frequently take singular verbs
B Translate into Greek
1 And God says to the world lsquoIt is mersquo
2 You are Godrsquos accomplice just as I am Jesusrsquos orchard
3 Impossible things in the world are possible in heaven
11
Session 3
Table 5 Declension of a-stem feminine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἐντολή αἱ ἐντολαί
Accusative τὴν ἐντολήν τὰς ἐντολάς
Genitive τῆς ἐντολῆς τῶν ἐντολῶν
Dative τῇ ἐντολῇ ταῖς ἐντολαῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἡμέρα αἱ ἡμέραι
Accusative τὴν ἡμέραν τὰς ἡμέρας
Genitive τῆς ἡμέρας τῶν ἡμερῶν
Dative τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταῖς ἡμέραις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Type 3
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ θάλασσα αἱ θάλασσαι
Accusative τὴν θάλασσαν τὰς θαλάσσας
Genitive τῆς θαλάσσης τῶν θαλασσῶν
Dative τῇ θαλάσσῃ ταῖς θαλάσσαις
Likewise all stems ending in λλ and σ (including the double consonants ζ ξ ψ)
Note in feminine a-stem nouns the vocative has the same form as the nominative
12
Translation Exercise 3
1 ἀρχὴ σοφίας φόβος Κυρίου (Proverbs 17)
2 ΑΡΧΗ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 11)
3 Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἄρτος τῆς ζωῆς (John 635)
4 ἐγὼ τὸ Ἀλφα καὶ τὸ Ω ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ
τέλος1 (Revelation 2213)
5 ᾿ΙΑΚΩΒΟΣ Θεοῦ καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χρίστου δοῦλος ταῖς δώδεκα
φυλαῖς ταῖς ἐν τῇ διασπορᾷ χαίρειν (Epistle of James 11)
6 τὰ ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας θάνατoς (Romans 623)
7 Δόξαν παρὰ ἀνθρώπων οὐ λαμβάνω (John 541)
8 Οὐχὶ δώδεκα ὧραί εἰσιν τῆς ἡμέρας (John 119)
9 ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐχ εὑρίσκω ἐν αὐτῷ αἰτίαν (John 196)
10 ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ παρὰ ἀνθρώπου τὴν μαρτυρίαν λαμβάνω (John 534)
Note 1 τὸ τέλος is a third declension neuter noun
Composition exercise 2
1 We get bread from a man
2 The servants find wisdom in Jesus Christ
3 Do you not find sin in them
13
Table 6 Declension of adjectives with three terminations
Masc Fem Neut
N καλός καλή καλόν
V καλέ καλή καλόν
A καλόν καλήν καλόν
Sing G καλοῦ καλῆς καλοῦ
D καλῷ καλῇ καλῷ
NV καλοί καλαί καλά
A καλούς καλάς καλά
Plur G καλῶν καλῶν καλῶν
D καλοῖς καλαῖς καλοῖς
Note the masculine and neuter endings are those of the o-stem nouns while the feminine endings are
those of the a-stem nouns In the latter case there will also be adjectives declined like χῶρα (table 5
type 2) eg πονηρός wicked fem πονηρά
Translation Exercise 4
1 ὁ λόγος ὁ σὸς ἀλήθειά ἐστιν (John 1717)
2 διὰ τί τὴν λαλιὰν τὴν ἐμήν οὐ γινώσκετε (John 843)
3 ἡ ἐντολὴ αὐτοῦ ζωὴ αἰώνιός1 ἐστιν (John 1250)
4 μακάριοι οἱ πτῶχοι ὅτι ὑμέτερα ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ (Luke
620)
5 νῦν δὲ ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐντεῦθεν (John 1836)
6 ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά2
καὶ ὁ πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά2 (Matthew 1235)
Notes 1 Many compound adjectives have no feminine forms using masculine forms to qualify
feminine nouns
2 ἀγαθά πονηρά are neuter plural forms of the adjective so this means good wicked things
14
Table 7 Declension of a-stem masculine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
N μαθητής μαθηταί
V μαθητά μαθηταί
A μαθητήν μαθητάς
G μαθητοῦ μαθητῶν
D μαθητῇ μαθηταῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
νεανίας νεανίαι
νεανία νεανίαι
νεανίαν νεανίας
νεανίου νεανιῶν
νεανίᾳ νεανίαις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Translation Exercise 5
1 Ἰωάνης μαρτυρεῖ περὶ αὐτοῦ (John 115)
2 Οὐκ ἔστιν μαθητὴς ὑπὲρ τὸν διδάσκαλον οὐδὲ δοῦλος ὑπὲρ
τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1024)
3 ἄξιος γὰρ ὁ ἐργάτης τοῦ μισθοῦ αὐτοῦ (Luke 107)
4 Ἄγουσιν οὖν τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ Καιάφα1 εἰς τὸ πραιτώριον
(John 1828)
5 Νῦν ἀπολύεις τὸν δοῦλόν σου δέσποτα (Luke 229)
6 τὸ δὲ κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου ἡ ἁμαρτία (1 Corinthians 1557)
Note 1 Some names ending in ndashας have their genitive sing in -α instead of ndash
ου
15
Session 4
Table 8 Personal Pronouns
1st person 2nd person
N ἐγώ σύ
A με ἐμέ σέ
Singular G μοῦ ἐμοῦ σοῦ
D μοί ἐμοί σοί
N ἡμεῖς ὑμεῖς
A ἡμᾶς ὑμᾶς
Plural G ἡμῶν ὑμῶν
D ἡμῖν ὑμῖν
3rd person
Masc Fem Neut
N αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό
A αὐτόν αὐτήν αὐτό
Sing G αὐτοῦ αὐτῆς αὐτοῦ
D αὐτῷ αὐτῇ αὐτῷ
N αὐτοί αὐταί αὐτά
A αὐτούς αὐτάς αὐτά
Plur G αὐτῶν αὐτῶν αὐτῶν
D αὐτοῖς αὐταῖς αὐτοῖς
Note The declension of αὐτός is like the declension of adjectives except in the
neuter nomacc singular
16
Translation Exercise 6
1 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 333)
2 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (Mark 111)
3 Σὺ εἶ Σίμων ὁ υἱὸς Ἰωάνου (John 142)
4 ὑμεῖς φίλοι μού ἐστε (John 1514)
5 Σὺ πιστεύεις εἰς τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (John 935)
6 ἐγὼ ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ σὺ ἐν ἐμοί (John 1723)
7 Μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τυφλοί ἐσμεν (John 940)
8 Ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου (John 2028)
9 ἡ ἁμαρτία ὑμῶν μένει (John 941)
10 οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐλεύθερoς οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος οὐ τὸ ἔργον μου
ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐν κυρίῳ (1 Corinthians 91)
11 σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 1127)
12 Ὁ διδάσκαλος πάρεστιν καὶ φωνεῖ σε (John 1128)
13 Ὑμεῖς ἐκ τῶν κάτω ἐστέ ἐγὼ ἐκ τῶν ἄνω εἰμί (John 823)
14 Περὶ καλοῦ ἔργου οὐ λιθάζομέν σε ἀλλὰ περὶ βλασφημίας
(John 1033)
15 Ἔτι χρόνον μικρὸν μεθ ὑμῶν εἰμι (John 733)
16 ἀδικία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν (John 718)
17 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἰησοῦς Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωή
(John 146)
18 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πειλᾶτος Τί ἐστιν ἀλήθεια (John 1838)
19 Διὰ τί ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλεῖς αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1310)
20 Σαούλ Σαούλ τί με διώκεις (Acts 94)
17
A third century copy of St Johnrsquos Gospel
(A transliteration is given in Appendix 2 below)
18
Sessions 1-4 Revision Exercise
1 λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ
πόρναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ
(Matthew 2131)
2 ὁ γὰρ ζυγός μου χρηστὸς καὶ τὸ φορτίον μου ἐλαφρόν ἐστιν
(Matthew 1130)
3 οὕτως πᾶν1 δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ποιεῖ τὸ δὲ
σαπρὸν δένδρον καρποὺς πονηροὺς ποιεῖ οὐ δύναται2
δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς πονηροὺς ἐνεγκεῖν3 οὐδὲ δένδρον
σαπρὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ἐνεγκεῖν (Matthew 717-8)
4 ἢ4 ποιήσατε5 τὸ δένδρον καλὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ καλόν
ἢ ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον σαπρὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ σαπρόν
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον γινώσκεται6 γεννήματα7
ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε8 ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες9 ἐκ γὰρ
τοῦ περισσεύματος10 τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα11 λαλεῖ ὁ ἀγαθὸς
ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά καὶ ὁ
πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά (Matthew 1233-5)
5 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος12 τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ δοκὸν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ οὐ κατανοεῖς (Luke 641)
6 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ δοκὸν οὐ κατανοεῖς (Matthew 73)
1 πᾶν (neuter sing adj) every
2 δύναται 3s lt δύναμαι be able
3 ἐνέγκειν infinitive of φέρω carry bear
4 ἤ ἤ either or
5 ποιήσατε 2plimperative lt ποιέω make
6 γινώσκεται 3spres passive lt γινώσκω
know
7 τὰ γεννήματα product offspring (3rd
declension)
8 δύνασθε 2pl lt δύναμαι be able
9 ὄντες being (nomplparticiple lt εἰμί)
10 περισσεύματος gens lt τὸ περίσσευμα
abundance (3rd declension)
11 τὸ στόμα mouth (3rd declension)
12 τὸ κάρφος chip (of wood) (3rd declension)
19
Session 5
Table 9 Third declension nouns
The basic endings are as follows
1 Masculinefeminine
Singular Plural
N -ς -ες
V - -ς -ες
A -ν -α1 -ας
G -ος -ων
D -ι -σι(ν)2
2 Neuter
Singular Plural
- -α
- -α
- -α
-ος -ων
-ι -σι(ν)2
Note 1 -ν after a vowel stem -α after a consonant stem
2 ν before a vowel or at the end of the sentence
eg
ὁ φύλαξ (stem φυλακ-)
Singular Plural
N φύλαξ φύλακες
V φύλαξ φύλακες
A φύλακα φύλακας
G φύλακος φυλάκων
D φύλακι φύλαξι(ν)
τὸ σῶμα (stem σωματ-)
Singular Plural
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σώματος σωμάτων
σώματι σώμασι(ν)
20
Translation Exercise 7
1 Σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ1 ἐσμεν (John 837)
2 ὁ λύχνoς τoῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός (Matthew 622)
3 Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου (Luke 1133)
4 τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ καὶ τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις (John
38)
5 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον (Mark 112)
6 ΜΑΚΑΡΙΟΙ οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία
τῶν οὐρανῶν (Matthew 53)
7 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ2 σε πονηρὲ δοῦλε (Luke
1922)
8 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα (John 155)
9 Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ
αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1357)
10 Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων (John 107)
11 στέφανoς γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων (Proverbs 176)
12 ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν
ἐμῶν τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς3 μου ἀκούουσιν κἀγὼ4
γινώσκω αὐτά καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι (John 1026-27)
Notes
1 Foreign (Hebrew or Aramaic) words are not declined if they end in a sound which cannot
end a Greek word Here Ἀβραάμ represents a genitive singular
2 κρινῶ future lt κρίνω (lt κρινέσω)
3 ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive case but compare this with no2
4 κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ
21
Table 10 Two other 3rd declension nouns
ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-πολε-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις
V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις
A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις
G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων
D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 8
1 ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με
τὰ ἐμά καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων (John 1014-15)
2 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ
(Matthew 11)
3 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν
(Matthew 45)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ
δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (Romans
1217)
5 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή (John 1125)
6 καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν (John 530)
Note 1 τίθημι I place (like εἰμί one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions
from verbs in ndashω in some tenses)
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
11
Session 3
Table 5 Declension of a-stem feminine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἐντολή αἱ ἐντολαί
Accusative τὴν ἐντολήν τὰς ἐντολάς
Genitive τῆς ἐντολῆς τῶν ἐντολῶν
Dative τῇ ἐντολῇ ταῖς ἐντολαῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ ἡμέρα αἱ ἡμέραι
Accusative τὴν ἡμέραν τὰς ἡμέρας
Genitive τῆς ἡμέρας τῶν ἡμερῶν
Dative τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ταῖς ἡμέραις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Type 3
Singular Plural
Nominative ἡ θάλασσα αἱ θάλασσαι
Accusative τὴν θάλασσαν τὰς θαλάσσας
Genitive τῆς θαλάσσης τῶν θαλασσῶν
Dative τῇ θαλάσσῃ ταῖς θαλάσσαις
Likewise all stems ending in λλ and σ (including the double consonants ζ ξ ψ)
Note in feminine a-stem nouns the vocative has the same form as the nominative
12
Translation Exercise 3
1 ἀρχὴ σοφίας φόβος Κυρίου (Proverbs 17)
2 ΑΡΧΗ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 11)
3 Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἄρτος τῆς ζωῆς (John 635)
4 ἐγὼ τὸ Ἀλφα καὶ τὸ Ω ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ
τέλος1 (Revelation 2213)
5 ᾿ΙΑΚΩΒΟΣ Θεοῦ καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χρίστου δοῦλος ταῖς δώδεκα
φυλαῖς ταῖς ἐν τῇ διασπορᾷ χαίρειν (Epistle of James 11)
6 τὰ ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας θάνατoς (Romans 623)
7 Δόξαν παρὰ ἀνθρώπων οὐ λαμβάνω (John 541)
8 Οὐχὶ δώδεκα ὧραί εἰσιν τῆς ἡμέρας (John 119)
9 ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐχ εὑρίσκω ἐν αὐτῷ αἰτίαν (John 196)
10 ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ παρὰ ἀνθρώπου τὴν μαρτυρίαν λαμβάνω (John 534)
Note 1 τὸ τέλος is a third declension neuter noun
Composition exercise 2
1 We get bread from a man
2 The servants find wisdom in Jesus Christ
3 Do you not find sin in them
13
Table 6 Declension of adjectives with three terminations
Masc Fem Neut
N καλός καλή καλόν
V καλέ καλή καλόν
A καλόν καλήν καλόν
Sing G καλοῦ καλῆς καλοῦ
D καλῷ καλῇ καλῷ
NV καλοί καλαί καλά
A καλούς καλάς καλά
Plur G καλῶν καλῶν καλῶν
D καλοῖς καλαῖς καλοῖς
Note the masculine and neuter endings are those of the o-stem nouns while the feminine endings are
those of the a-stem nouns In the latter case there will also be adjectives declined like χῶρα (table 5
type 2) eg πονηρός wicked fem πονηρά
Translation Exercise 4
1 ὁ λόγος ὁ σὸς ἀλήθειά ἐστιν (John 1717)
2 διὰ τί τὴν λαλιὰν τὴν ἐμήν οὐ γινώσκετε (John 843)
3 ἡ ἐντολὴ αὐτοῦ ζωὴ αἰώνιός1 ἐστιν (John 1250)
4 μακάριοι οἱ πτῶχοι ὅτι ὑμέτερα ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ (Luke
620)
5 νῦν δὲ ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐντεῦθεν (John 1836)
6 ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά2
καὶ ὁ πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά2 (Matthew 1235)
Notes 1 Many compound adjectives have no feminine forms using masculine forms to qualify
feminine nouns
2 ἀγαθά πονηρά are neuter plural forms of the adjective so this means good wicked things
14
Table 7 Declension of a-stem masculine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
N μαθητής μαθηταί
V μαθητά μαθηταί
A μαθητήν μαθητάς
G μαθητοῦ μαθητῶν
D μαθητῇ μαθηταῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
νεανίας νεανίαι
νεανία νεανίαι
νεανίαν νεανίας
νεανίου νεανιῶν
νεανίᾳ νεανίαις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Translation Exercise 5
1 Ἰωάνης μαρτυρεῖ περὶ αὐτοῦ (John 115)
2 Οὐκ ἔστιν μαθητὴς ὑπὲρ τὸν διδάσκαλον οὐδὲ δοῦλος ὑπὲρ
τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1024)
3 ἄξιος γὰρ ὁ ἐργάτης τοῦ μισθοῦ αὐτοῦ (Luke 107)
4 Ἄγουσιν οὖν τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ Καιάφα1 εἰς τὸ πραιτώριον
(John 1828)
5 Νῦν ἀπολύεις τὸν δοῦλόν σου δέσποτα (Luke 229)
6 τὸ δὲ κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου ἡ ἁμαρτία (1 Corinthians 1557)
Note 1 Some names ending in ndashας have their genitive sing in -α instead of ndash
ου
15
Session 4
Table 8 Personal Pronouns
1st person 2nd person
N ἐγώ σύ
A με ἐμέ σέ
Singular G μοῦ ἐμοῦ σοῦ
D μοί ἐμοί σοί
N ἡμεῖς ὑμεῖς
A ἡμᾶς ὑμᾶς
Plural G ἡμῶν ὑμῶν
D ἡμῖν ὑμῖν
3rd person
Masc Fem Neut
N αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό
A αὐτόν αὐτήν αὐτό
Sing G αὐτοῦ αὐτῆς αὐτοῦ
D αὐτῷ αὐτῇ αὐτῷ
N αὐτοί αὐταί αὐτά
A αὐτούς αὐτάς αὐτά
Plur G αὐτῶν αὐτῶν αὐτῶν
D αὐτοῖς αὐταῖς αὐτοῖς
Note The declension of αὐτός is like the declension of adjectives except in the
neuter nomacc singular
16
Translation Exercise 6
1 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 333)
2 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (Mark 111)
3 Σὺ εἶ Σίμων ὁ υἱὸς Ἰωάνου (John 142)
4 ὑμεῖς φίλοι μού ἐστε (John 1514)
5 Σὺ πιστεύεις εἰς τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (John 935)
6 ἐγὼ ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ σὺ ἐν ἐμοί (John 1723)
7 Μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τυφλοί ἐσμεν (John 940)
8 Ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου (John 2028)
9 ἡ ἁμαρτία ὑμῶν μένει (John 941)
10 οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐλεύθερoς οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος οὐ τὸ ἔργον μου
ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐν κυρίῳ (1 Corinthians 91)
11 σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 1127)
12 Ὁ διδάσκαλος πάρεστιν καὶ φωνεῖ σε (John 1128)
13 Ὑμεῖς ἐκ τῶν κάτω ἐστέ ἐγὼ ἐκ τῶν ἄνω εἰμί (John 823)
14 Περὶ καλοῦ ἔργου οὐ λιθάζομέν σε ἀλλὰ περὶ βλασφημίας
(John 1033)
15 Ἔτι χρόνον μικρὸν μεθ ὑμῶν εἰμι (John 733)
16 ἀδικία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν (John 718)
17 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἰησοῦς Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωή
(John 146)
18 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πειλᾶτος Τί ἐστιν ἀλήθεια (John 1838)
19 Διὰ τί ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλεῖς αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1310)
20 Σαούλ Σαούλ τί με διώκεις (Acts 94)
17
A third century copy of St Johnrsquos Gospel
(A transliteration is given in Appendix 2 below)
18
Sessions 1-4 Revision Exercise
1 λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ
πόρναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ
(Matthew 2131)
2 ὁ γὰρ ζυγός μου χρηστὸς καὶ τὸ φορτίον μου ἐλαφρόν ἐστιν
(Matthew 1130)
3 οὕτως πᾶν1 δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ποιεῖ τὸ δὲ
σαπρὸν δένδρον καρποὺς πονηροὺς ποιεῖ οὐ δύναται2
δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς πονηροὺς ἐνεγκεῖν3 οὐδὲ δένδρον
σαπρὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ἐνεγκεῖν (Matthew 717-8)
4 ἢ4 ποιήσατε5 τὸ δένδρον καλὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ καλόν
ἢ ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον σαπρὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ σαπρόν
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον γινώσκεται6 γεννήματα7
ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε8 ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες9 ἐκ γὰρ
τοῦ περισσεύματος10 τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα11 λαλεῖ ὁ ἀγαθὸς
ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά καὶ ὁ
πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά (Matthew 1233-5)
5 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος12 τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ δοκὸν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ οὐ κατανοεῖς (Luke 641)
6 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ δοκὸν οὐ κατανοεῖς (Matthew 73)
1 πᾶν (neuter sing adj) every
2 δύναται 3s lt δύναμαι be able
3 ἐνέγκειν infinitive of φέρω carry bear
4 ἤ ἤ either or
5 ποιήσατε 2plimperative lt ποιέω make
6 γινώσκεται 3spres passive lt γινώσκω
know
7 τὰ γεννήματα product offspring (3rd
declension)
8 δύνασθε 2pl lt δύναμαι be able
9 ὄντες being (nomplparticiple lt εἰμί)
10 περισσεύματος gens lt τὸ περίσσευμα
abundance (3rd declension)
11 τὸ στόμα mouth (3rd declension)
12 τὸ κάρφος chip (of wood) (3rd declension)
19
Session 5
Table 9 Third declension nouns
The basic endings are as follows
1 Masculinefeminine
Singular Plural
N -ς -ες
V - -ς -ες
A -ν -α1 -ας
G -ος -ων
D -ι -σι(ν)2
2 Neuter
Singular Plural
- -α
- -α
- -α
-ος -ων
-ι -σι(ν)2
Note 1 -ν after a vowel stem -α after a consonant stem
2 ν before a vowel or at the end of the sentence
eg
ὁ φύλαξ (stem φυλακ-)
Singular Plural
N φύλαξ φύλακες
V φύλαξ φύλακες
A φύλακα φύλακας
G φύλακος φυλάκων
D φύλακι φύλαξι(ν)
τὸ σῶμα (stem σωματ-)
Singular Plural
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σώματος σωμάτων
σώματι σώμασι(ν)
20
Translation Exercise 7
1 Σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ1 ἐσμεν (John 837)
2 ὁ λύχνoς τoῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός (Matthew 622)
3 Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου (Luke 1133)
4 τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ καὶ τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις (John
38)
5 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον (Mark 112)
6 ΜΑΚΑΡΙΟΙ οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία
τῶν οὐρανῶν (Matthew 53)
7 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ2 σε πονηρὲ δοῦλε (Luke
1922)
8 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα (John 155)
9 Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ
αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1357)
10 Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων (John 107)
11 στέφανoς γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων (Proverbs 176)
12 ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν
ἐμῶν τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς3 μου ἀκούουσιν κἀγὼ4
γινώσκω αὐτά καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι (John 1026-27)
Notes
1 Foreign (Hebrew or Aramaic) words are not declined if they end in a sound which cannot
end a Greek word Here Ἀβραάμ represents a genitive singular
2 κρινῶ future lt κρίνω (lt κρινέσω)
3 ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive case but compare this with no2
4 κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ
21
Table 10 Two other 3rd declension nouns
ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-πολε-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις
V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις
A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις
G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων
D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 8
1 ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με
τὰ ἐμά καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων (John 1014-15)
2 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ
(Matthew 11)
3 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν
(Matthew 45)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ
δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (Romans
1217)
5 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή (John 1125)
6 καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν (John 530)
Note 1 τίθημι I place (like εἰμί one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions
from verbs in ndashω in some tenses)
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
12
Translation Exercise 3
1 ἀρχὴ σοφίας φόβος Κυρίου (Proverbs 17)
2 ΑΡΧΗ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 11)
3 Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ἄρτος τῆς ζωῆς (John 635)
4 ἐγὼ τὸ Ἀλφα καὶ τὸ Ω ὁ πρῶτος καὶ ὁ ἔσχατος ἡ ἀρχὴ καὶ τὸ
τέλος1 (Revelation 2213)
5 ᾿ΙΑΚΩΒΟΣ Θεοῦ καὶ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χρίστου δοῦλος ταῖς δώδεκα
φυλαῖς ταῖς ἐν τῇ διασπορᾷ χαίρειν (Epistle of James 11)
6 τὰ ὀψώνια τῆς ἁμαρτίας θάνατoς (Romans 623)
7 Δόξαν παρὰ ἀνθρώπων οὐ λαμβάνω (John 541)
8 Οὐχὶ δώδεκα ὧραί εἰσιν τῆς ἡμέρας (John 119)
9 ἐγὼ γὰρ οὐχ εὑρίσκω ἐν αὐτῷ αἰτίαν (John 196)
10 ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ παρὰ ἀνθρώπου τὴν μαρτυρίαν λαμβάνω (John 534)
Note 1 τὸ τέλος is a third declension neuter noun
Composition exercise 2
1 We get bread from a man
2 The servants find wisdom in Jesus Christ
3 Do you not find sin in them
13
Table 6 Declension of adjectives with three terminations
Masc Fem Neut
N καλός καλή καλόν
V καλέ καλή καλόν
A καλόν καλήν καλόν
Sing G καλοῦ καλῆς καλοῦ
D καλῷ καλῇ καλῷ
NV καλοί καλαί καλά
A καλούς καλάς καλά
Plur G καλῶν καλῶν καλῶν
D καλοῖς καλαῖς καλοῖς
Note the masculine and neuter endings are those of the o-stem nouns while the feminine endings are
those of the a-stem nouns In the latter case there will also be adjectives declined like χῶρα (table 5
type 2) eg πονηρός wicked fem πονηρά
Translation Exercise 4
1 ὁ λόγος ὁ σὸς ἀλήθειά ἐστιν (John 1717)
2 διὰ τί τὴν λαλιὰν τὴν ἐμήν οὐ γινώσκετε (John 843)
3 ἡ ἐντολὴ αὐτοῦ ζωὴ αἰώνιός1 ἐστιν (John 1250)
4 μακάριοι οἱ πτῶχοι ὅτι ὑμέτερα ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ (Luke
620)
5 νῦν δὲ ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐντεῦθεν (John 1836)
6 ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά2
καὶ ὁ πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά2 (Matthew 1235)
Notes 1 Many compound adjectives have no feminine forms using masculine forms to qualify
feminine nouns
2 ἀγαθά πονηρά are neuter plural forms of the adjective so this means good wicked things
14
Table 7 Declension of a-stem masculine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
N μαθητής μαθηταί
V μαθητά μαθηταί
A μαθητήν μαθητάς
G μαθητοῦ μαθητῶν
D μαθητῇ μαθηταῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
νεανίας νεανίαι
νεανία νεανίαι
νεανίαν νεανίας
νεανίου νεανιῶν
νεανίᾳ νεανίαις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Translation Exercise 5
1 Ἰωάνης μαρτυρεῖ περὶ αὐτοῦ (John 115)
2 Οὐκ ἔστιν μαθητὴς ὑπὲρ τὸν διδάσκαλον οὐδὲ δοῦλος ὑπὲρ
τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1024)
3 ἄξιος γὰρ ὁ ἐργάτης τοῦ μισθοῦ αὐτοῦ (Luke 107)
4 Ἄγουσιν οὖν τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ Καιάφα1 εἰς τὸ πραιτώριον
(John 1828)
5 Νῦν ἀπολύεις τὸν δοῦλόν σου δέσποτα (Luke 229)
6 τὸ δὲ κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου ἡ ἁμαρτία (1 Corinthians 1557)
Note 1 Some names ending in ndashας have their genitive sing in -α instead of ndash
ου
15
Session 4
Table 8 Personal Pronouns
1st person 2nd person
N ἐγώ σύ
A με ἐμέ σέ
Singular G μοῦ ἐμοῦ σοῦ
D μοί ἐμοί σοί
N ἡμεῖς ὑμεῖς
A ἡμᾶς ὑμᾶς
Plural G ἡμῶν ὑμῶν
D ἡμῖν ὑμῖν
3rd person
Masc Fem Neut
N αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό
A αὐτόν αὐτήν αὐτό
Sing G αὐτοῦ αὐτῆς αὐτοῦ
D αὐτῷ αὐτῇ αὐτῷ
N αὐτοί αὐταί αὐτά
A αὐτούς αὐτάς αὐτά
Plur G αὐτῶν αὐτῶν αὐτῶν
D αὐτοῖς αὐταῖς αὐτοῖς
Note The declension of αὐτός is like the declension of adjectives except in the
neuter nomacc singular
16
Translation Exercise 6
1 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 333)
2 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (Mark 111)
3 Σὺ εἶ Σίμων ὁ υἱὸς Ἰωάνου (John 142)
4 ὑμεῖς φίλοι μού ἐστε (John 1514)
5 Σὺ πιστεύεις εἰς τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (John 935)
6 ἐγὼ ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ σὺ ἐν ἐμοί (John 1723)
7 Μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τυφλοί ἐσμεν (John 940)
8 Ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου (John 2028)
9 ἡ ἁμαρτία ὑμῶν μένει (John 941)
10 οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐλεύθερoς οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος οὐ τὸ ἔργον μου
ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐν κυρίῳ (1 Corinthians 91)
11 σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 1127)
12 Ὁ διδάσκαλος πάρεστιν καὶ φωνεῖ σε (John 1128)
13 Ὑμεῖς ἐκ τῶν κάτω ἐστέ ἐγὼ ἐκ τῶν ἄνω εἰμί (John 823)
14 Περὶ καλοῦ ἔργου οὐ λιθάζομέν σε ἀλλὰ περὶ βλασφημίας
(John 1033)
15 Ἔτι χρόνον μικρὸν μεθ ὑμῶν εἰμι (John 733)
16 ἀδικία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν (John 718)
17 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἰησοῦς Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωή
(John 146)
18 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πειλᾶτος Τί ἐστιν ἀλήθεια (John 1838)
19 Διὰ τί ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλεῖς αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1310)
20 Σαούλ Σαούλ τί με διώκεις (Acts 94)
17
A third century copy of St Johnrsquos Gospel
(A transliteration is given in Appendix 2 below)
18
Sessions 1-4 Revision Exercise
1 λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ
πόρναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ
(Matthew 2131)
2 ὁ γὰρ ζυγός μου χρηστὸς καὶ τὸ φορτίον μου ἐλαφρόν ἐστιν
(Matthew 1130)
3 οὕτως πᾶν1 δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ποιεῖ τὸ δὲ
σαπρὸν δένδρον καρποὺς πονηροὺς ποιεῖ οὐ δύναται2
δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς πονηροὺς ἐνεγκεῖν3 οὐδὲ δένδρον
σαπρὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ἐνεγκεῖν (Matthew 717-8)
4 ἢ4 ποιήσατε5 τὸ δένδρον καλὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ καλόν
ἢ ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον σαπρὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ σαπρόν
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον γινώσκεται6 γεννήματα7
ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε8 ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες9 ἐκ γὰρ
τοῦ περισσεύματος10 τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα11 λαλεῖ ὁ ἀγαθὸς
ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά καὶ ὁ
πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά (Matthew 1233-5)
5 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος12 τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ δοκὸν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ οὐ κατανοεῖς (Luke 641)
6 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ δοκὸν οὐ κατανοεῖς (Matthew 73)
1 πᾶν (neuter sing adj) every
2 δύναται 3s lt δύναμαι be able
3 ἐνέγκειν infinitive of φέρω carry bear
4 ἤ ἤ either or
5 ποιήσατε 2plimperative lt ποιέω make
6 γινώσκεται 3spres passive lt γινώσκω
know
7 τὰ γεννήματα product offspring (3rd
declension)
8 δύνασθε 2pl lt δύναμαι be able
9 ὄντες being (nomplparticiple lt εἰμί)
10 περισσεύματος gens lt τὸ περίσσευμα
abundance (3rd declension)
11 τὸ στόμα mouth (3rd declension)
12 τὸ κάρφος chip (of wood) (3rd declension)
19
Session 5
Table 9 Third declension nouns
The basic endings are as follows
1 Masculinefeminine
Singular Plural
N -ς -ες
V - -ς -ες
A -ν -α1 -ας
G -ος -ων
D -ι -σι(ν)2
2 Neuter
Singular Plural
- -α
- -α
- -α
-ος -ων
-ι -σι(ν)2
Note 1 -ν after a vowel stem -α after a consonant stem
2 ν before a vowel or at the end of the sentence
eg
ὁ φύλαξ (stem φυλακ-)
Singular Plural
N φύλαξ φύλακες
V φύλαξ φύλακες
A φύλακα φύλακας
G φύλακος φυλάκων
D φύλακι φύλαξι(ν)
τὸ σῶμα (stem σωματ-)
Singular Plural
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σώματος σωμάτων
σώματι σώμασι(ν)
20
Translation Exercise 7
1 Σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ1 ἐσμεν (John 837)
2 ὁ λύχνoς τoῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός (Matthew 622)
3 Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου (Luke 1133)
4 τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ καὶ τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις (John
38)
5 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον (Mark 112)
6 ΜΑΚΑΡΙΟΙ οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία
τῶν οὐρανῶν (Matthew 53)
7 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ2 σε πονηρὲ δοῦλε (Luke
1922)
8 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα (John 155)
9 Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ
αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1357)
10 Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων (John 107)
11 στέφανoς γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων (Proverbs 176)
12 ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν
ἐμῶν τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς3 μου ἀκούουσιν κἀγὼ4
γινώσκω αὐτά καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι (John 1026-27)
Notes
1 Foreign (Hebrew or Aramaic) words are not declined if they end in a sound which cannot
end a Greek word Here Ἀβραάμ represents a genitive singular
2 κρινῶ future lt κρίνω (lt κρινέσω)
3 ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive case but compare this with no2
4 κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ
21
Table 10 Two other 3rd declension nouns
ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-πολε-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις
V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις
A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις
G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων
D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 8
1 ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με
τὰ ἐμά καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων (John 1014-15)
2 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ
(Matthew 11)
3 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν
(Matthew 45)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ
δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (Romans
1217)
5 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή (John 1125)
6 καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν (John 530)
Note 1 τίθημι I place (like εἰμί one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions
from verbs in ndashω in some tenses)
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
13
Table 6 Declension of adjectives with three terminations
Masc Fem Neut
N καλός καλή καλόν
V καλέ καλή καλόν
A καλόν καλήν καλόν
Sing G καλοῦ καλῆς καλοῦ
D καλῷ καλῇ καλῷ
NV καλοί καλαί καλά
A καλούς καλάς καλά
Plur G καλῶν καλῶν καλῶν
D καλοῖς καλαῖς καλοῖς
Note the masculine and neuter endings are those of the o-stem nouns while the feminine endings are
those of the a-stem nouns In the latter case there will also be adjectives declined like χῶρα (table 5
type 2) eg πονηρός wicked fem πονηρά
Translation Exercise 4
1 ὁ λόγος ὁ σὸς ἀλήθειά ἐστιν (John 1717)
2 διὰ τί τὴν λαλιὰν τὴν ἐμήν οὐ γινώσκετε (John 843)
3 ἡ ἐντολὴ αὐτοῦ ζωὴ αἰώνιός1 ἐστιν (John 1250)
4 μακάριοι οἱ πτῶχοι ὅτι ὑμέτερα ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ (Luke
620)
5 νῦν δὲ ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐντεῦθεν (John 1836)
6 ὁ ἀγαθὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά2
καὶ ὁ πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά2 (Matthew 1235)
Notes 1 Many compound adjectives have no feminine forms using masculine forms to qualify
feminine nouns
2 ἀγαθά πονηρά are neuter plural forms of the adjective so this means good wicked things
14
Table 7 Declension of a-stem masculine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
N μαθητής μαθηταί
V μαθητά μαθηταί
A μαθητήν μαθητάς
G μαθητοῦ μαθητῶν
D μαθητῇ μαθηταῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
νεανίας νεανίαι
νεανία νεανίαι
νεανίαν νεανίας
νεανίου νεανιῶν
νεανίᾳ νεανίαις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Translation Exercise 5
1 Ἰωάνης μαρτυρεῖ περὶ αὐτοῦ (John 115)
2 Οὐκ ἔστιν μαθητὴς ὑπὲρ τὸν διδάσκαλον οὐδὲ δοῦλος ὑπὲρ
τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1024)
3 ἄξιος γὰρ ὁ ἐργάτης τοῦ μισθοῦ αὐτοῦ (Luke 107)
4 Ἄγουσιν οὖν τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ Καιάφα1 εἰς τὸ πραιτώριον
(John 1828)
5 Νῦν ἀπολύεις τὸν δοῦλόν σου δέσποτα (Luke 229)
6 τὸ δὲ κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου ἡ ἁμαρτία (1 Corinthians 1557)
Note 1 Some names ending in ndashας have their genitive sing in -α instead of ndash
ου
15
Session 4
Table 8 Personal Pronouns
1st person 2nd person
N ἐγώ σύ
A με ἐμέ σέ
Singular G μοῦ ἐμοῦ σοῦ
D μοί ἐμοί σοί
N ἡμεῖς ὑμεῖς
A ἡμᾶς ὑμᾶς
Plural G ἡμῶν ὑμῶν
D ἡμῖν ὑμῖν
3rd person
Masc Fem Neut
N αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό
A αὐτόν αὐτήν αὐτό
Sing G αὐτοῦ αὐτῆς αὐτοῦ
D αὐτῷ αὐτῇ αὐτῷ
N αὐτοί αὐταί αὐτά
A αὐτούς αὐτάς αὐτά
Plur G αὐτῶν αὐτῶν αὐτῶν
D αὐτοῖς αὐταῖς αὐτοῖς
Note The declension of αὐτός is like the declension of adjectives except in the
neuter nomacc singular
16
Translation Exercise 6
1 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 333)
2 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (Mark 111)
3 Σὺ εἶ Σίμων ὁ υἱὸς Ἰωάνου (John 142)
4 ὑμεῖς φίλοι μού ἐστε (John 1514)
5 Σὺ πιστεύεις εἰς τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (John 935)
6 ἐγὼ ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ σὺ ἐν ἐμοί (John 1723)
7 Μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τυφλοί ἐσμεν (John 940)
8 Ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου (John 2028)
9 ἡ ἁμαρτία ὑμῶν μένει (John 941)
10 οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐλεύθερoς οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος οὐ τὸ ἔργον μου
ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐν κυρίῳ (1 Corinthians 91)
11 σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 1127)
12 Ὁ διδάσκαλος πάρεστιν καὶ φωνεῖ σε (John 1128)
13 Ὑμεῖς ἐκ τῶν κάτω ἐστέ ἐγὼ ἐκ τῶν ἄνω εἰμί (John 823)
14 Περὶ καλοῦ ἔργου οὐ λιθάζομέν σε ἀλλὰ περὶ βλασφημίας
(John 1033)
15 Ἔτι χρόνον μικρὸν μεθ ὑμῶν εἰμι (John 733)
16 ἀδικία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν (John 718)
17 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἰησοῦς Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωή
(John 146)
18 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πειλᾶτος Τί ἐστιν ἀλήθεια (John 1838)
19 Διὰ τί ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλεῖς αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1310)
20 Σαούλ Σαούλ τί με διώκεις (Acts 94)
17
A third century copy of St Johnrsquos Gospel
(A transliteration is given in Appendix 2 below)
18
Sessions 1-4 Revision Exercise
1 λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ
πόρναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ
(Matthew 2131)
2 ὁ γὰρ ζυγός μου χρηστὸς καὶ τὸ φορτίον μου ἐλαφρόν ἐστιν
(Matthew 1130)
3 οὕτως πᾶν1 δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ποιεῖ τὸ δὲ
σαπρὸν δένδρον καρποὺς πονηροὺς ποιεῖ οὐ δύναται2
δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς πονηροὺς ἐνεγκεῖν3 οὐδὲ δένδρον
σαπρὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ἐνεγκεῖν (Matthew 717-8)
4 ἢ4 ποιήσατε5 τὸ δένδρον καλὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ καλόν
ἢ ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον σαπρὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ σαπρόν
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον γινώσκεται6 γεννήματα7
ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε8 ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες9 ἐκ γὰρ
τοῦ περισσεύματος10 τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα11 λαλεῖ ὁ ἀγαθὸς
ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά καὶ ὁ
πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά (Matthew 1233-5)
5 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος12 τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ δοκὸν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ οὐ κατανοεῖς (Luke 641)
6 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ δοκὸν οὐ κατανοεῖς (Matthew 73)
1 πᾶν (neuter sing adj) every
2 δύναται 3s lt δύναμαι be able
3 ἐνέγκειν infinitive of φέρω carry bear
4 ἤ ἤ either or
5 ποιήσατε 2plimperative lt ποιέω make
6 γινώσκεται 3spres passive lt γινώσκω
know
7 τὰ γεννήματα product offspring (3rd
declension)
8 δύνασθε 2pl lt δύναμαι be able
9 ὄντες being (nomplparticiple lt εἰμί)
10 περισσεύματος gens lt τὸ περίσσευμα
abundance (3rd declension)
11 τὸ στόμα mouth (3rd declension)
12 τὸ κάρφος chip (of wood) (3rd declension)
19
Session 5
Table 9 Third declension nouns
The basic endings are as follows
1 Masculinefeminine
Singular Plural
N -ς -ες
V - -ς -ες
A -ν -α1 -ας
G -ος -ων
D -ι -σι(ν)2
2 Neuter
Singular Plural
- -α
- -α
- -α
-ος -ων
-ι -σι(ν)2
Note 1 -ν after a vowel stem -α after a consonant stem
2 ν before a vowel or at the end of the sentence
eg
ὁ φύλαξ (stem φυλακ-)
Singular Plural
N φύλαξ φύλακες
V φύλαξ φύλακες
A φύλακα φύλακας
G φύλακος φυλάκων
D φύλακι φύλαξι(ν)
τὸ σῶμα (stem σωματ-)
Singular Plural
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σώματος σωμάτων
σώματι σώμασι(ν)
20
Translation Exercise 7
1 Σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ1 ἐσμεν (John 837)
2 ὁ λύχνoς τoῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός (Matthew 622)
3 Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου (Luke 1133)
4 τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ καὶ τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις (John
38)
5 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον (Mark 112)
6 ΜΑΚΑΡΙΟΙ οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία
τῶν οὐρανῶν (Matthew 53)
7 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ2 σε πονηρὲ δοῦλε (Luke
1922)
8 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα (John 155)
9 Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ
αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1357)
10 Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων (John 107)
11 στέφανoς γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων (Proverbs 176)
12 ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν
ἐμῶν τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς3 μου ἀκούουσιν κἀγὼ4
γινώσκω αὐτά καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι (John 1026-27)
Notes
1 Foreign (Hebrew or Aramaic) words are not declined if they end in a sound which cannot
end a Greek word Here Ἀβραάμ represents a genitive singular
2 κρινῶ future lt κρίνω (lt κρινέσω)
3 ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive case but compare this with no2
4 κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ
21
Table 10 Two other 3rd declension nouns
ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-πολε-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις
V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις
A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις
G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων
D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 8
1 ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με
τὰ ἐμά καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων (John 1014-15)
2 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ
(Matthew 11)
3 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν
(Matthew 45)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ
δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (Romans
1217)
5 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή (John 1125)
6 καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν (John 530)
Note 1 τίθημι I place (like εἰμί one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions
from verbs in ndashω in some tenses)
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
14
Table 7 Declension of a-stem masculine nouns
Type 1
Singular Plural
N μαθητής μαθηταί
V μαθητά μαθηταί
A μαθητήν μαθητάς
G μαθητοῦ μαθητῶν
D μαθητῇ μαθηταῖς
Type 2
Singular Plural
νεανίας νεανίαι
νεανία νεανίαι
νεανίαν νεανίας
νεανίου νεανιῶν
νεανίᾳ νεανίαις
Likewise all stems ending in ε ι and ρ
Translation Exercise 5
1 Ἰωάνης μαρτυρεῖ περὶ αὐτοῦ (John 115)
2 Οὐκ ἔστιν μαθητὴς ὑπὲρ τὸν διδάσκαλον οὐδὲ δοῦλος ὑπὲρ
τὸν κύριον αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1024)
3 ἄξιος γὰρ ὁ ἐργάτης τοῦ μισθοῦ αὐτοῦ (Luke 107)
4 Ἄγουσιν οὖν τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἀπὸ τοῦ Καιάφα1 εἰς τὸ πραιτώριον
(John 1828)
5 Νῦν ἀπολύεις τὸν δοῦλόν σου δέσποτα (Luke 229)
6 τὸ δὲ κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου ἡ ἁμαρτία (1 Corinthians 1557)
Note 1 Some names ending in ndashας have their genitive sing in -α instead of ndash
ου
15
Session 4
Table 8 Personal Pronouns
1st person 2nd person
N ἐγώ σύ
A με ἐμέ σέ
Singular G μοῦ ἐμοῦ σοῦ
D μοί ἐμοί σοί
N ἡμεῖς ὑμεῖς
A ἡμᾶς ὑμᾶς
Plural G ἡμῶν ὑμῶν
D ἡμῖν ὑμῖν
3rd person
Masc Fem Neut
N αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό
A αὐτόν αὐτήν αὐτό
Sing G αὐτοῦ αὐτῆς αὐτοῦ
D αὐτῷ αὐτῇ αὐτῷ
N αὐτοί αὐταί αὐτά
A αὐτούς αὐτάς αὐτά
Plur G αὐτῶν αὐτῶν αὐτῶν
D αὐτοῖς αὐταῖς αὐτοῖς
Note The declension of αὐτός is like the declension of adjectives except in the
neuter nomacc singular
16
Translation Exercise 6
1 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 333)
2 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (Mark 111)
3 Σὺ εἶ Σίμων ὁ υἱὸς Ἰωάνου (John 142)
4 ὑμεῖς φίλοι μού ἐστε (John 1514)
5 Σὺ πιστεύεις εἰς τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (John 935)
6 ἐγὼ ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ σὺ ἐν ἐμοί (John 1723)
7 Μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τυφλοί ἐσμεν (John 940)
8 Ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου (John 2028)
9 ἡ ἁμαρτία ὑμῶν μένει (John 941)
10 οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐλεύθερoς οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος οὐ τὸ ἔργον μου
ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐν κυρίῳ (1 Corinthians 91)
11 σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 1127)
12 Ὁ διδάσκαλος πάρεστιν καὶ φωνεῖ σε (John 1128)
13 Ὑμεῖς ἐκ τῶν κάτω ἐστέ ἐγὼ ἐκ τῶν ἄνω εἰμί (John 823)
14 Περὶ καλοῦ ἔργου οὐ λιθάζομέν σε ἀλλὰ περὶ βλασφημίας
(John 1033)
15 Ἔτι χρόνον μικρὸν μεθ ὑμῶν εἰμι (John 733)
16 ἀδικία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν (John 718)
17 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἰησοῦς Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωή
(John 146)
18 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πειλᾶτος Τί ἐστιν ἀλήθεια (John 1838)
19 Διὰ τί ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλεῖς αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1310)
20 Σαούλ Σαούλ τί με διώκεις (Acts 94)
17
A third century copy of St Johnrsquos Gospel
(A transliteration is given in Appendix 2 below)
18
Sessions 1-4 Revision Exercise
1 λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ
πόρναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ
(Matthew 2131)
2 ὁ γὰρ ζυγός μου χρηστὸς καὶ τὸ φορτίον μου ἐλαφρόν ἐστιν
(Matthew 1130)
3 οὕτως πᾶν1 δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ποιεῖ τὸ δὲ
σαπρὸν δένδρον καρποὺς πονηροὺς ποιεῖ οὐ δύναται2
δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς πονηροὺς ἐνεγκεῖν3 οὐδὲ δένδρον
σαπρὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ἐνεγκεῖν (Matthew 717-8)
4 ἢ4 ποιήσατε5 τὸ δένδρον καλὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ καλόν
ἢ ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον σαπρὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ σαπρόν
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον γινώσκεται6 γεννήματα7
ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε8 ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες9 ἐκ γὰρ
τοῦ περισσεύματος10 τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα11 λαλεῖ ὁ ἀγαθὸς
ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά καὶ ὁ
πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά (Matthew 1233-5)
5 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος12 τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ δοκὸν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ οὐ κατανοεῖς (Luke 641)
6 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ δοκὸν οὐ κατανοεῖς (Matthew 73)
1 πᾶν (neuter sing adj) every
2 δύναται 3s lt δύναμαι be able
3 ἐνέγκειν infinitive of φέρω carry bear
4 ἤ ἤ either or
5 ποιήσατε 2plimperative lt ποιέω make
6 γινώσκεται 3spres passive lt γινώσκω
know
7 τὰ γεννήματα product offspring (3rd
declension)
8 δύνασθε 2pl lt δύναμαι be able
9 ὄντες being (nomplparticiple lt εἰμί)
10 περισσεύματος gens lt τὸ περίσσευμα
abundance (3rd declension)
11 τὸ στόμα mouth (3rd declension)
12 τὸ κάρφος chip (of wood) (3rd declension)
19
Session 5
Table 9 Third declension nouns
The basic endings are as follows
1 Masculinefeminine
Singular Plural
N -ς -ες
V - -ς -ες
A -ν -α1 -ας
G -ος -ων
D -ι -σι(ν)2
2 Neuter
Singular Plural
- -α
- -α
- -α
-ος -ων
-ι -σι(ν)2
Note 1 -ν after a vowel stem -α after a consonant stem
2 ν before a vowel or at the end of the sentence
eg
ὁ φύλαξ (stem φυλακ-)
Singular Plural
N φύλαξ φύλακες
V φύλαξ φύλακες
A φύλακα φύλακας
G φύλακος φυλάκων
D φύλακι φύλαξι(ν)
τὸ σῶμα (stem σωματ-)
Singular Plural
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σώματος σωμάτων
σώματι σώμασι(ν)
20
Translation Exercise 7
1 Σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ1 ἐσμεν (John 837)
2 ὁ λύχνoς τoῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός (Matthew 622)
3 Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου (Luke 1133)
4 τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ καὶ τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις (John
38)
5 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον (Mark 112)
6 ΜΑΚΑΡΙΟΙ οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία
τῶν οὐρανῶν (Matthew 53)
7 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ2 σε πονηρὲ δοῦλε (Luke
1922)
8 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα (John 155)
9 Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ
αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1357)
10 Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων (John 107)
11 στέφανoς γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων (Proverbs 176)
12 ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν
ἐμῶν τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς3 μου ἀκούουσιν κἀγὼ4
γινώσκω αὐτά καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι (John 1026-27)
Notes
1 Foreign (Hebrew or Aramaic) words are not declined if they end in a sound which cannot
end a Greek word Here Ἀβραάμ represents a genitive singular
2 κρινῶ future lt κρίνω (lt κρινέσω)
3 ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive case but compare this with no2
4 κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ
21
Table 10 Two other 3rd declension nouns
ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-πολε-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις
V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις
A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις
G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων
D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 8
1 ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με
τὰ ἐμά καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων (John 1014-15)
2 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ
(Matthew 11)
3 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν
(Matthew 45)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ
δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (Romans
1217)
5 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή (John 1125)
6 καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν (John 530)
Note 1 τίθημι I place (like εἰμί one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions
from verbs in ndashω in some tenses)
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
15
Session 4
Table 8 Personal Pronouns
1st person 2nd person
N ἐγώ σύ
A με ἐμέ σέ
Singular G μοῦ ἐμοῦ σοῦ
D μοί ἐμοί σοί
N ἡμεῖς ὑμεῖς
A ἡμᾶς ὑμᾶς
Plural G ἡμῶν ὑμῶν
D ἡμῖν ὑμῖν
3rd person
Masc Fem Neut
N αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό
A αὐτόν αὐτήν αὐτό
Sing G αὐτοῦ αὐτῆς αὐτοῦ
D αὐτῷ αὐτῇ αὐτῷ
N αὐτοί αὐταί αὐτά
A αὐτούς αὐτάς αὐτά
Plur G αὐτῶν αὐτῶν αὐτῶν
D αὐτοῖς αὐταῖς αὐτοῖς
Note The declension of αὐτός is like the declension of adjectives except in the
neuter nomacc singular
16
Translation Exercise 6
1 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 333)
2 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (Mark 111)
3 Σὺ εἶ Σίμων ὁ υἱὸς Ἰωάνου (John 142)
4 ὑμεῖς φίλοι μού ἐστε (John 1514)
5 Σὺ πιστεύεις εἰς τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (John 935)
6 ἐγὼ ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ σὺ ἐν ἐμοί (John 1723)
7 Μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τυφλοί ἐσμεν (John 940)
8 Ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου (John 2028)
9 ἡ ἁμαρτία ὑμῶν μένει (John 941)
10 οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐλεύθερoς οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος οὐ τὸ ἔργον μου
ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐν κυρίῳ (1 Corinthians 91)
11 σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 1127)
12 Ὁ διδάσκαλος πάρεστιν καὶ φωνεῖ σε (John 1128)
13 Ὑμεῖς ἐκ τῶν κάτω ἐστέ ἐγὼ ἐκ τῶν ἄνω εἰμί (John 823)
14 Περὶ καλοῦ ἔργου οὐ λιθάζομέν σε ἀλλὰ περὶ βλασφημίας
(John 1033)
15 Ἔτι χρόνον μικρὸν μεθ ὑμῶν εἰμι (John 733)
16 ἀδικία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν (John 718)
17 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἰησοῦς Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωή
(John 146)
18 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πειλᾶτος Τί ἐστιν ἀλήθεια (John 1838)
19 Διὰ τί ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλεῖς αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1310)
20 Σαούλ Σαούλ τί με διώκεις (Acts 94)
17
A third century copy of St Johnrsquos Gospel
(A transliteration is given in Appendix 2 below)
18
Sessions 1-4 Revision Exercise
1 λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ
πόρναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ
(Matthew 2131)
2 ὁ γὰρ ζυγός μου χρηστὸς καὶ τὸ φορτίον μου ἐλαφρόν ἐστιν
(Matthew 1130)
3 οὕτως πᾶν1 δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ποιεῖ τὸ δὲ
σαπρὸν δένδρον καρποὺς πονηροὺς ποιεῖ οὐ δύναται2
δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς πονηροὺς ἐνεγκεῖν3 οὐδὲ δένδρον
σαπρὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ἐνεγκεῖν (Matthew 717-8)
4 ἢ4 ποιήσατε5 τὸ δένδρον καλὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ καλόν
ἢ ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον σαπρὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ σαπρόν
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον γινώσκεται6 γεννήματα7
ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε8 ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες9 ἐκ γὰρ
τοῦ περισσεύματος10 τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα11 λαλεῖ ὁ ἀγαθὸς
ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά καὶ ὁ
πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά (Matthew 1233-5)
5 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος12 τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ δοκὸν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ οὐ κατανοεῖς (Luke 641)
6 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ δοκὸν οὐ κατανοεῖς (Matthew 73)
1 πᾶν (neuter sing adj) every
2 δύναται 3s lt δύναμαι be able
3 ἐνέγκειν infinitive of φέρω carry bear
4 ἤ ἤ either or
5 ποιήσατε 2plimperative lt ποιέω make
6 γινώσκεται 3spres passive lt γινώσκω
know
7 τὰ γεννήματα product offspring (3rd
declension)
8 δύνασθε 2pl lt δύναμαι be able
9 ὄντες being (nomplparticiple lt εἰμί)
10 περισσεύματος gens lt τὸ περίσσευμα
abundance (3rd declension)
11 τὸ στόμα mouth (3rd declension)
12 τὸ κάρφος chip (of wood) (3rd declension)
19
Session 5
Table 9 Third declension nouns
The basic endings are as follows
1 Masculinefeminine
Singular Plural
N -ς -ες
V - -ς -ες
A -ν -α1 -ας
G -ος -ων
D -ι -σι(ν)2
2 Neuter
Singular Plural
- -α
- -α
- -α
-ος -ων
-ι -σι(ν)2
Note 1 -ν after a vowel stem -α after a consonant stem
2 ν before a vowel or at the end of the sentence
eg
ὁ φύλαξ (stem φυλακ-)
Singular Plural
N φύλαξ φύλακες
V φύλαξ φύλακες
A φύλακα φύλακας
G φύλακος φυλάκων
D φύλακι φύλαξι(ν)
τὸ σῶμα (stem σωματ-)
Singular Plural
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σώματος σωμάτων
σώματι σώμασι(ν)
20
Translation Exercise 7
1 Σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ1 ἐσμεν (John 837)
2 ὁ λύχνoς τoῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός (Matthew 622)
3 Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου (Luke 1133)
4 τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ καὶ τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις (John
38)
5 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον (Mark 112)
6 ΜΑΚΑΡΙΟΙ οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία
τῶν οὐρανῶν (Matthew 53)
7 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ2 σε πονηρὲ δοῦλε (Luke
1922)
8 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα (John 155)
9 Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ
αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1357)
10 Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων (John 107)
11 στέφανoς γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων (Proverbs 176)
12 ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν
ἐμῶν τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς3 μου ἀκούουσιν κἀγὼ4
γινώσκω αὐτά καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι (John 1026-27)
Notes
1 Foreign (Hebrew or Aramaic) words are not declined if they end in a sound which cannot
end a Greek word Here Ἀβραάμ represents a genitive singular
2 κρινῶ future lt κρίνω (lt κρινέσω)
3 ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive case but compare this with no2
4 κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ
21
Table 10 Two other 3rd declension nouns
ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-πολε-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις
V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις
A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις
G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων
D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 8
1 ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με
τὰ ἐμά καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων (John 1014-15)
2 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ
(Matthew 11)
3 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν
(Matthew 45)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ
δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (Romans
1217)
5 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή (John 1125)
6 καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν (John 530)
Note 1 τίθημι I place (like εἰμί one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions
from verbs in ndashω in some tenses)
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
16
Translation Exercise 6
1 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (Mark 333)
2 Σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός (Mark 111)
3 Σὺ εἶ Σίμων ὁ υἱὸς Ἰωάνου (John 142)
4 ὑμεῖς φίλοι μού ἐστε (John 1514)
5 Σὺ πιστεύεις εἰς τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου (John 935)
6 ἐγὼ ἐν αὐτοῖς καὶ σὺ ἐν ἐμοί (John 1723)
7 Μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τυφλοί ἐσμεν (John 940)
8 Ὁ κύριός μου καὶ ὁ θεός μου (John 2028)
9 ἡ ἁμαρτία ὑμῶν μένει (John 941)
10 οὐκ εἰμὶ ἐλεύθερoς οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος οὐ τὸ ἔργον μου
ὑμεῖς ἐστε ἐν κυρίῳ (1 Corinthians 91)
11 σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ (John 1127)
12 Ὁ διδάσκαλος πάρεστιν καὶ φωνεῖ σε (John 1128)
13 Ὑμεῖς ἐκ τῶν κάτω ἐστέ ἐγὼ ἐκ τῶν ἄνω εἰμί (John 823)
14 Περὶ καλοῦ ἔργου οὐ λιθάζομέν σε ἀλλὰ περὶ βλασφημίας
(John 1033)
15 Ἔτι χρόνον μικρὸν μεθ ὑμῶν εἰμι (John 733)
16 ἀδικία ἐν αὐτῷ οὐκ ἔστιν (John 718)
17 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἰησοῦς Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ὁδὸς καὶ ἡ ἀλήθεια καὶ ἡ ζωή
(John 146)
18 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πειλᾶτος Τί ἐστιν ἀλήθεια (John 1838)
19 Διὰ τί ἐν παραβολαῖς λαλεῖς αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1310)
20 Σαούλ Σαούλ τί με διώκεις (Acts 94)
17
A third century copy of St Johnrsquos Gospel
(A transliteration is given in Appendix 2 below)
18
Sessions 1-4 Revision Exercise
1 λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ
πόρναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ
(Matthew 2131)
2 ὁ γὰρ ζυγός μου χρηστὸς καὶ τὸ φορτίον μου ἐλαφρόν ἐστιν
(Matthew 1130)
3 οὕτως πᾶν1 δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ποιεῖ τὸ δὲ
σαπρὸν δένδρον καρποὺς πονηροὺς ποιεῖ οὐ δύναται2
δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς πονηροὺς ἐνεγκεῖν3 οὐδὲ δένδρον
σαπρὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ἐνεγκεῖν (Matthew 717-8)
4 ἢ4 ποιήσατε5 τὸ δένδρον καλὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ καλόν
ἢ ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον σαπρὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ σαπρόν
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον γινώσκεται6 γεννήματα7
ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε8 ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες9 ἐκ γὰρ
τοῦ περισσεύματος10 τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα11 λαλεῖ ὁ ἀγαθὸς
ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά καὶ ὁ
πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά (Matthew 1233-5)
5 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος12 τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ δοκὸν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ οὐ κατανοεῖς (Luke 641)
6 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ δοκὸν οὐ κατανοεῖς (Matthew 73)
1 πᾶν (neuter sing adj) every
2 δύναται 3s lt δύναμαι be able
3 ἐνέγκειν infinitive of φέρω carry bear
4 ἤ ἤ either or
5 ποιήσατε 2plimperative lt ποιέω make
6 γινώσκεται 3spres passive lt γινώσκω
know
7 τὰ γεννήματα product offspring (3rd
declension)
8 δύνασθε 2pl lt δύναμαι be able
9 ὄντες being (nomplparticiple lt εἰμί)
10 περισσεύματος gens lt τὸ περίσσευμα
abundance (3rd declension)
11 τὸ στόμα mouth (3rd declension)
12 τὸ κάρφος chip (of wood) (3rd declension)
19
Session 5
Table 9 Third declension nouns
The basic endings are as follows
1 Masculinefeminine
Singular Plural
N -ς -ες
V - -ς -ες
A -ν -α1 -ας
G -ος -ων
D -ι -σι(ν)2
2 Neuter
Singular Plural
- -α
- -α
- -α
-ος -ων
-ι -σι(ν)2
Note 1 -ν after a vowel stem -α after a consonant stem
2 ν before a vowel or at the end of the sentence
eg
ὁ φύλαξ (stem φυλακ-)
Singular Plural
N φύλαξ φύλακες
V φύλαξ φύλακες
A φύλακα φύλακας
G φύλακος φυλάκων
D φύλακι φύλαξι(ν)
τὸ σῶμα (stem σωματ-)
Singular Plural
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σώματος σωμάτων
σώματι σώμασι(ν)
20
Translation Exercise 7
1 Σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ1 ἐσμεν (John 837)
2 ὁ λύχνoς τoῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός (Matthew 622)
3 Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου (Luke 1133)
4 τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ καὶ τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις (John
38)
5 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον (Mark 112)
6 ΜΑΚΑΡΙΟΙ οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία
τῶν οὐρανῶν (Matthew 53)
7 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ2 σε πονηρὲ δοῦλε (Luke
1922)
8 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα (John 155)
9 Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ
αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1357)
10 Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων (John 107)
11 στέφανoς γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων (Proverbs 176)
12 ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν
ἐμῶν τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς3 μου ἀκούουσιν κἀγὼ4
γινώσκω αὐτά καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι (John 1026-27)
Notes
1 Foreign (Hebrew or Aramaic) words are not declined if they end in a sound which cannot
end a Greek word Here Ἀβραάμ represents a genitive singular
2 κρινῶ future lt κρίνω (lt κρινέσω)
3 ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive case but compare this with no2
4 κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ
21
Table 10 Two other 3rd declension nouns
ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-πολε-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις
V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις
A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις
G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων
D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 8
1 ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με
τὰ ἐμά καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων (John 1014-15)
2 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ
(Matthew 11)
3 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν
(Matthew 45)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ
δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (Romans
1217)
5 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή (John 1125)
6 καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν (John 530)
Note 1 τίθημι I place (like εἰμί one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions
from verbs in ndashω in some tenses)
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
17
A third century copy of St Johnrsquos Gospel
(A transliteration is given in Appendix 2 below)
18
Sessions 1-4 Revision Exercise
1 λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ
πόρναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ
(Matthew 2131)
2 ὁ γὰρ ζυγός μου χρηστὸς καὶ τὸ φορτίον μου ἐλαφρόν ἐστιν
(Matthew 1130)
3 οὕτως πᾶν1 δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ποιεῖ τὸ δὲ
σαπρὸν δένδρον καρποὺς πονηροὺς ποιεῖ οὐ δύναται2
δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς πονηροὺς ἐνεγκεῖν3 οὐδὲ δένδρον
σαπρὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ἐνεγκεῖν (Matthew 717-8)
4 ἢ4 ποιήσατε5 τὸ δένδρον καλὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ καλόν
ἢ ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον σαπρὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ σαπρόν
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον γινώσκεται6 γεννήματα7
ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε8 ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες9 ἐκ γὰρ
τοῦ περισσεύματος10 τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα11 λαλεῖ ὁ ἀγαθὸς
ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά καὶ ὁ
πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά (Matthew 1233-5)
5 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος12 τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ δοκὸν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ οὐ κατανοεῖς (Luke 641)
6 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ δοκὸν οὐ κατανοεῖς (Matthew 73)
1 πᾶν (neuter sing adj) every
2 δύναται 3s lt δύναμαι be able
3 ἐνέγκειν infinitive of φέρω carry bear
4 ἤ ἤ either or
5 ποιήσατε 2plimperative lt ποιέω make
6 γινώσκεται 3spres passive lt γινώσκω
know
7 τὰ γεννήματα product offspring (3rd
declension)
8 δύνασθε 2pl lt δύναμαι be able
9 ὄντες being (nomplparticiple lt εἰμί)
10 περισσεύματος gens lt τὸ περίσσευμα
abundance (3rd declension)
11 τὸ στόμα mouth (3rd declension)
12 τὸ κάρφος chip (of wood) (3rd declension)
19
Session 5
Table 9 Third declension nouns
The basic endings are as follows
1 Masculinefeminine
Singular Plural
N -ς -ες
V - -ς -ες
A -ν -α1 -ας
G -ος -ων
D -ι -σι(ν)2
2 Neuter
Singular Plural
- -α
- -α
- -α
-ος -ων
-ι -σι(ν)2
Note 1 -ν after a vowel stem -α after a consonant stem
2 ν before a vowel or at the end of the sentence
eg
ὁ φύλαξ (stem φυλακ-)
Singular Plural
N φύλαξ φύλακες
V φύλαξ φύλακες
A φύλακα φύλακας
G φύλακος φυλάκων
D φύλακι φύλαξι(ν)
τὸ σῶμα (stem σωματ-)
Singular Plural
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σώματος σωμάτων
σώματι σώμασι(ν)
20
Translation Exercise 7
1 Σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ1 ἐσμεν (John 837)
2 ὁ λύχνoς τoῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός (Matthew 622)
3 Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου (Luke 1133)
4 τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ καὶ τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις (John
38)
5 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον (Mark 112)
6 ΜΑΚΑΡΙΟΙ οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία
τῶν οὐρανῶν (Matthew 53)
7 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ2 σε πονηρὲ δοῦλε (Luke
1922)
8 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα (John 155)
9 Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ
αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1357)
10 Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων (John 107)
11 στέφανoς γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων (Proverbs 176)
12 ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν
ἐμῶν τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς3 μου ἀκούουσιν κἀγὼ4
γινώσκω αὐτά καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι (John 1026-27)
Notes
1 Foreign (Hebrew or Aramaic) words are not declined if they end in a sound which cannot
end a Greek word Here Ἀβραάμ represents a genitive singular
2 κρινῶ future lt κρίνω (lt κρινέσω)
3 ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive case but compare this with no2
4 κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ
21
Table 10 Two other 3rd declension nouns
ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-πολε-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις
V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις
A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις
G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων
D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 8
1 ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με
τὰ ἐμά καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων (John 1014-15)
2 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ
(Matthew 11)
3 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν
(Matthew 45)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ
δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (Romans
1217)
5 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή (John 1125)
6 καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν (John 530)
Note 1 τίθημι I place (like εἰμί one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions
from verbs in ndashω in some tenses)
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
18
Sessions 1-4 Revision Exercise
1 λέγει αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ὅτι οἱ τελῶναι καὶ αἱ
πόρναι προάγουσιν ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ
(Matthew 2131)
2 ὁ γὰρ ζυγός μου χρηστὸς καὶ τὸ φορτίον μου ἐλαφρόν ἐστιν
(Matthew 1130)
3 οὕτως πᾶν1 δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ποιεῖ τὸ δὲ
σαπρὸν δένδρον καρποὺς πονηροὺς ποιεῖ οὐ δύναται2
δένδρον ἀγαθὸν καρποὺς πονηροὺς ἐνεγκεῖν3 οὐδὲ δένδρον
σαπρὸν καρποὺς καλοὺς ἐνεγκεῖν (Matthew 717-8)
4 ἢ4 ποιήσατε5 τὸ δένδρον καλὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ καλόν
ἢ ποιήσατε τὸ δένδρον σαπρὸν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν αὐτοῦ σαπρόν
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ καρποῦ τὸ δένδρον γινώσκεται6 γεννήματα7
ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε8 ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες9 ἐκ γὰρ
τοῦ περισσεύματος10 τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα11 λαλεῖ ὁ ἀγαθὸς
ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει ἀγαθά καὶ ὁ
πονηρὸς ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ θησαυροῦ ἐκβάλλει
πονηρά (Matthew 1233-5)
5 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος12 τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ δοκὸν ἐν τῷ ἰδίῳ ὀφθαλμῷ οὐ κατανοεῖς (Luke 641)
6 τί δὲ βλέπεις τὸ κάρφος τὸ ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου
τὴν δὲ ἐν τῷ σῷ ὀφθαλμῷ δοκὸν οὐ κατανοεῖς (Matthew 73)
1 πᾶν (neuter sing adj) every
2 δύναται 3s lt δύναμαι be able
3 ἐνέγκειν infinitive of φέρω carry bear
4 ἤ ἤ either or
5 ποιήσατε 2plimperative lt ποιέω make
6 γινώσκεται 3spres passive lt γινώσκω
know
7 τὰ γεννήματα product offspring (3rd
declension)
8 δύνασθε 2pl lt δύναμαι be able
9 ὄντες being (nomplparticiple lt εἰμί)
10 περισσεύματος gens lt τὸ περίσσευμα
abundance (3rd declension)
11 τὸ στόμα mouth (3rd declension)
12 τὸ κάρφος chip (of wood) (3rd declension)
19
Session 5
Table 9 Third declension nouns
The basic endings are as follows
1 Masculinefeminine
Singular Plural
N -ς -ες
V - -ς -ες
A -ν -α1 -ας
G -ος -ων
D -ι -σι(ν)2
2 Neuter
Singular Plural
- -α
- -α
- -α
-ος -ων
-ι -σι(ν)2
Note 1 -ν after a vowel stem -α after a consonant stem
2 ν before a vowel or at the end of the sentence
eg
ὁ φύλαξ (stem φυλακ-)
Singular Plural
N φύλαξ φύλακες
V φύλαξ φύλακες
A φύλακα φύλακας
G φύλακος φυλάκων
D φύλακι φύλαξι(ν)
τὸ σῶμα (stem σωματ-)
Singular Plural
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σώματος σωμάτων
σώματι σώμασι(ν)
20
Translation Exercise 7
1 Σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ1 ἐσμεν (John 837)
2 ὁ λύχνoς τoῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός (Matthew 622)
3 Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου (Luke 1133)
4 τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ καὶ τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις (John
38)
5 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον (Mark 112)
6 ΜΑΚΑΡΙΟΙ οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία
τῶν οὐρανῶν (Matthew 53)
7 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ2 σε πονηρὲ δοῦλε (Luke
1922)
8 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα (John 155)
9 Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ
αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1357)
10 Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων (John 107)
11 στέφανoς γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων (Proverbs 176)
12 ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν
ἐμῶν τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς3 μου ἀκούουσιν κἀγὼ4
γινώσκω αὐτά καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι (John 1026-27)
Notes
1 Foreign (Hebrew or Aramaic) words are not declined if they end in a sound which cannot
end a Greek word Here Ἀβραάμ represents a genitive singular
2 κρινῶ future lt κρίνω (lt κρινέσω)
3 ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive case but compare this with no2
4 κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ
21
Table 10 Two other 3rd declension nouns
ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-πολε-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις
V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις
A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις
G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων
D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 8
1 ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με
τὰ ἐμά καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων (John 1014-15)
2 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ
(Matthew 11)
3 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν
(Matthew 45)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ
δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (Romans
1217)
5 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή (John 1125)
6 καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν (John 530)
Note 1 τίθημι I place (like εἰμί one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions
from verbs in ndashω in some tenses)
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
19
Session 5
Table 9 Third declension nouns
The basic endings are as follows
1 Masculinefeminine
Singular Plural
N -ς -ες
V - -ς -ες
A -ν -α1 -ας
G -ος -ων
D -ι -σι(ν)2
2 Neuter
Singular Plural
- -α
- -α
- -α
-ος -ων
-ι -σι(ν)2
Note 1 -ν after a vowel stem -α after a consonant stem
2 ν before a vowel or at the end of the sentence
eg
ὁ φύλαξ (stem φυλακ-)
Singular Plural
N φύλαξ φύλακες
V φύλαξ φύλακες
A φύλακα φύλακας
G φύλακος φυλάκων
D φύλακι φύλαξι(ν)
τὸ σῶμα (stem σωματ-)
Singular Plural
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σῶμα σώματα
σώματος σωμάτων
σώματι σώμασι(ν)
20
Translation Exercise 7
1 Σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ1 ἐσμεν (John 837)
2 ὁ λύχνoς τoῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός (Matthew 622)
3 Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου (Luke 1133)
4 τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ καὶ τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις (John
38)
5 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον (Mark 112)
6 ΜΑΚΑΡΙΟΙ οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία
τῶν οὐρανῶν (Matthew 53)
7 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ2 σε πονηρὲ δοῦλε (Luke
1922)
8 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα (John 155)
9 Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ
αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1357)
10 Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων (John 107)
11 στέφανoς γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων (Proverbs 176)
12 ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν
ἐμῶν τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς3 μου ἀκούουσιν κἀγὼ4
γινώσκω αὐτά καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι (John 1026-27)
Notes
1 Foreign (Hebrew or Aramaic) words are not declined if they end in a sound which cannot
end a Greek word Here Ἀβραάμ represents a genitive singular
2 κρινῶ future lt κρίνω (lt κρινέσω)
3 ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive case but compare this with no2
4 κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ
21
Table 10 Two other 3rd declension nouns
ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-πολε-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις
V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις
A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις
G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων
D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 8
1 ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με
τὰ ἐμά καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων (John 1014-15)
2 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ
(Matthew 11)
3 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν
(Matthew 45)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ
δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (Romans
1217)
5 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή (John 1125)
6 καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν (John 530)
Note 1 τίθημι I place (like εἰμί one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions
from verbs in ndashω in some tenses)
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
20
Translation Exercise 7
1 Σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ1 ἐσμεν (John 837)
2 ὁ λύχνoς τoῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός (Matthew 622)
3 Ὁ λύχνος τοῦ σώματός ἐστιν ὁ ὀφθαλμός σου (Luke 1133)
4 τὸ πνεῦμα ὅπου θέλει πνεῖ καὶ τὴν φωνὴν αὐτοῦ ἀκούεις (John
38)
5 Καὶ εὐθὺς τὸ πνεῦμα αὐτὸν ἐκβάλλει εἰς τὴν ἔρημον (Mark 112)
6 ΜΑΚΑΡΙΟΙ οἱ πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι ὅτι αὐτῶν ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία
τῶν οὐρανῶν (Matthew 53)
7 λέγει αὐτῷ Ἐκ τοῦ στόματός σου κρινῶ2 σε πονηρὲ δοῦλε (Luke
1922)
8 ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ὑμεῖς τὰ κλήματα (John 155)
9 Οὐκ ἔστιν προφήτης ἄτιμος εἰ μὴ ἐν τῇ πατρίδι καὶ ἐν τῇ οἰκίᾳ
αὐτοῦ (Matthew 1357)
10 Ἀμὴν ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ θύρα τῶν προβάτων (John 107)
11 στέφανoς γερόντων τέκνα τέκνων (Proverbs 176)
12 ἀλλὰ ὑμεῖς οὐ πιστεύετε ὅτι οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐκ τῶν προβάτων τῶν
ἐμῶν τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἐμὰ τῆς φωνῆς3 μου ἀκούουσιν κἀγὼ4
γινώσκω αὐτά καὶ ἀκολουθοῦσίν μοι (John 1026-27)
Notes
1 Foreign (Hebrew or Aramaic) words are not declined if they end in a sound which cannot
end a Greek word Here Ἀβραάμ represents a genitive singular
2 κρινῶ future lt κρίνω (lt κρινέσω)
3 ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive case but compare this with no2
4 κἀγώ = καὶ ἐγώ
21
Table 10 Two other 3rd declension nouns
ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-πολε-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις
V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις
A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις
G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων
D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 8
1 ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με
τὰ ἐμά καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων (John 1014-15)
2 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ
(Matthew 11)
3 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν
(Matthew 45)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ
δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (Romans
1217)
5 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή (John 1125)
6 καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν (John 530)
Note 1 τίθημι I place (like εἰμί one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions
from verbs in ndashω in some tenses)
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
21
Table 10 Two other 3rd declension nouns
ὁ ποιμήν (stem ποιμεν-) πόλις (stem πολι-πολε-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλις πόλεις
V ποιμήν ποιμένες πόλι πόλεις
A ποιμένα ποιμένας πόλιν πόλεις
G ποιμένος ποιμένων πόλεως πόλεων
D ποιμένι ποιμέσι(ν) πόλει πόλεσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 8
1 ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ποιμὴν ὁ καλός καὶ γινώσκω τὰ ἐμὰ καὶ γινώσκουσί με
τὰ ἐμά καθὼς γινώσκει με ὁ πατὴρ κἀγὼ γινώσκω τὸν πατέρα
καὶ τὴν ψυχήν μου τίθημι1 ὑπὲρ τῶν προβάτων (John 1014-15)
2 ΒΙΒΛΟΣ γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ υἱοῦ Δαυεὶδ υἱοῦ Ἀβρααμ
(Matthew 11)
3 Τότε παραλαμβάνει αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἰς τὴν ἁγίαν πόλιν
(Matthew 45)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ βρῶσις καὶ πόσις ἀλλὰ
δικαιοσύνη καὶ εἰρήνη καὶ χάρα ἐν τῷ πνεύματι ἁγίῳ (Romans
1217)
5 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἀνάστασις καὶ ἡ ζωή (John 1125)
6 καθὼς ἀκούω κρίνω καὶ ἡ κρίσις ἡ ἐμὴ δικαία ἐστίν (John 530)
Note 1 τίθημι I place (like εἰμί one of a small set of verbs with different inflexions
from verbs in ndashω in some tenses)
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
22
Table 11 Man and woman
ἀνήρ (stem ἀνδρ-) γυνή (stem γυναικ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N ἀνήρ ἄνδρες γυνή γυναῖκες
V ἄνερ ἄνδρες γύναι γυναῖκες
A ἄνδρα ἄνδρας γυναῖκα γυναίκας
G ἄνδρος ἀνδρῶν γυναικός γυναίκων
D ἄνδρι ἀνδράσι(ν) γυναικί γυναῖξι(ν)
Translation Exercise 9
1 Ἐγώ εἰμι ἡ ἄμπελος ἡ ἀληθινή καὶ ὁ πατήρ μου ὁ γεωργός ἐστιν
(John 151)
2 λέγει αὐτῷ ἡ γυνή Κύριε θεωρῶ ὅτι προφήτης εἶ σύ (John 419)
3 ἀνήρ ἐστιν κεφαλὴ τῆς γυναικός (Ephesians 523)
4 οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἀνὴρ ἐκ γυναικὸς ἀλλὰ ἡ γυνὴ ἐξ ἀνδρός (1
Corinthians 118)
5 κρεῖττον1 οἰκεῖν ἐπὶ γωνίας δώματος ἢ μετὰ γυναικὸς λοιδοροῦ ἐν
οἰκίᾳ κοινῇ (Proverbs 2524)
6 χάρις ὑμῖν καὶ εἰρήνη ἀπὸ θεοῦ πατρὸς ἡμῶν καὶ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ
Χριστοῦ (1 Corinthians 13)
Note 1 κρεῖττον (it is) better
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
23
Session 6
Table 12 Present active participle of verbs in ndashω
121 Masculine (stem λυοντ-) 122 Feminine (stem λυουσ-)
Singular Plural Singular Plural
N λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
V λύων λύοντες λύουσα λύουσαι
A λύοντα λύοντας λύουσαν λυούσας
G λύοντος λυόντων λυούσης λυουσῶν
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν) λυούσῃ λυούσαις
123 Neuter (stem λυοντ-)
Singular Plural
N λῦον λύοντα
V λῦον λύοντα
A λῦον λύοντα
G λύοντος λυόντων
D λύοντι λύουσι(ν)
Note the participle of the verb to be
The root of εἰμί is ἐσ- so the participle will originally have been ἐσοντ- ἐσουσ-
ἐσοντ - But ndashσ- between vowels disappears leaving the forms ἐοντ - ἐουσ- ἐοντ -
which are found in Homer and Herodotus In Attic the ἐ- also disappears leaving
only the bare endings ὀντ- οὐσ- ὀντ-
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
24
The uses of the participle
A participle is a verbal adjective For example
1 lsquoThe grazing deer were spooked by the roaring lionrsquo
2 lsquoHe went to the gallows singingrsquo
In the first sentence lsquograzingrsquo and lsquoroaringrsquo qualify their nouns just like
adjectives This is called the adjectival use of the participle
In the second sentence lsquosingingrsquo qualifies the verb lsquowentrsquo This is called
the adverbial use of the participle We shall leave this aside for now and
focus on the adjectival use
The adjectival participle may often be translated by a relative and a
finite verb
eg ὡσεὶ πρόβατα μὴ ἔχοντα ποιμένα (Matthew 936)
Like sheep not having a shepherd or
Like sheep who do not have a shepherd
Frequently the noun is omitted (as with other adjectives)
eg ὁ πιστεύων εἰς τὸν υἱὸν ἔχει ζωὴν αἰώνιον (John 336)
The person who believes in the son has eternal life
(literally lsquoThe believing in the son [man] has eternal lifersquo)1
προσεύχεσθε ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς (Matthew 544)
Pray for those who persecute you
Note
1 The gender and number is indicated by the form of the article and the case
endings of the participle So lsquoThose women who believe inhelliprsquo would have been αἱ
πιστεύουσαι εἰς hellip
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
25
Translation exercise 10
1 καὶ ὀλίγοι εἰσὶν οἱ εὑρίσκοντες αὐτήν (Matthew 714)
2 Ἰερουσαλὴμ Ἰερουσαλήμ ἡ ἀποκτείνουσα τοὺς προφήτας
(Matthew 2337)
3 μακάριοι οἱ πενθοῦντες1 (Matthew 54)
4 Σὺ εἶ ὁ χριστὸς ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (Matthew 1616)
5 οὐκ ἔστιν ὁ θεὸς νεκρῶν ἀλλὰ ζώντων1 (Matthew 2232)
6 ἀσθενοῦντας1 θεραπεύετε νεκροὺς ἐγείρετε λεπροὺς
καθαρίζετε δαιμόνια ἐκβάλλετε (Matthew 108)
7 Ναί κύριε καὶ γὰρ τὰ κυνάρια ἐσθίει ἀπὸ τῶν ψιχίων τῶν
πιπτόντων ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης τῶν κυρίων αὐτῶν (Matthew 1527)
8 οὐ γὰρ ὑμεῖς ἐστὲ οἱ λαλοῦντες1 ἀλλὰ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ πατρὸς
ὑμῶν τὸ λαλοῦν ἐν ὑμῖν (Matthew 1020)
9 Μακάριοι οἱ πλύνοντες τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν (Revelation 2214)
10 ὁ ἐμὲ μισῶν καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου μισεῖ (John 1523)
11 ὁμοία ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐμπόρῳ ζητοῦντι1 καλοὺς
μαργαρίτας (Matthew 1345)
12 ΠΑΥΛΟΣ κλητὸς ἀπόστολος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
καὶ Σωσθένης ὁ ἀδελφὸς τῇ ἐκκλησίᾳ τοῦ θεοῦ τῇ οὔσῃ ἐν
Κορίνθῳ (1 Corinthians 11-2)
Note
1 The rules of contraction apply πενθέ-οντες rarr πενθοῦντες ζά-οντων rarr ζώντων etc
See Appendix 3 p48 below
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
26
Table 13 The future indicative active
131 verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 λύσω λύσομεν
2 λύσεις λύσετε
3 λύσει λύσουσι(ν)
132 the verb to be (εἰμί)
Singular Plural
ἔσομαι ἐσόμεθα
ἔσῃ ἔσει ἔσεσθε
ἔσται ἔσονται
Translation Exercise 11
1 κριτὴς σοφὸς παιδεύσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ (Wisdom of Sirach 101)
2 Ἀμήν σοι λέγω σήμερον μετrsquo ἐμοῦ ἔσῃ ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ (Luke
2343)
3 oὐ φoνεύσεις oὐ μoιχεύσεις1 (Exodus 2013)
4 μόνῳ τῷ Θεῷ λατρεύσεις (Matthew 410)
5 τὰς ἐντολὰς τὰς ἐμὰς τηρήσετε2 (John 1415)
6 Τίς ἀποκυλίσει ἡμῖν τὸν λίθον ἐκ τῆς θύρας τοῦ μνημείου (Mark
163)
7 τίς γὰρ καθαρὸς ἔσται ἀπὸ ῥύπου (Job 143)
8 ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρὸς ὑμῶν ἐκεῖ καὶ ἡ καρδία ὑμῶν ἔσται
(Luke 1234)
Notes
1 The future is often used as an imperative
2 When a verb stem ends in -α -ε or ndashο the final vowel is lengthened before the σ
of the ending α and ε to η ο to ω
3 ἀγαπᾷ contracted lt ἀγαπά-ει See Appendix 3 p48 below
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
27
Table 14 The adjective πολύς much many
Masc Fem Neut
NV πολύς πολλή πολύ
A πολύν πολλήν πολύ
Sing G πολλoῦ πολλῆς πολλoῦ
D πολλῷ πολλῇ πολλῷ
NV πολλoί πολλαί πολλά
A πολλούς πολλάς πολλά
Plur G πολλῶν πολλῶν πολλῶν
D πολλοῖς πολλαῖς πολλοῖς
Translation Exercise 12
1 πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσιν κλητοί ὀλίγοι δὲ ἐκλεκτοί (Matthew 2214)
2 ἰδοὺ γὰρ ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τῷ οὐράνῳ (Luke 623)
3 ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς (Matthew 512)
4 πολλοὶ λογισμοὶ ἐν καρδίᾳ ἀνδρός ἡ δὲ βουλὴ τοῦ κυρίου εἰς τὸν
αἰῶνα1 μένει (Proverbs 1918)
5 τότε λέγει τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ Ὁ μὲν θερισμὸς πολύς οἱ δὲ
ἐργάται ὀλίγοι (Matthew 937)
6 λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν ὅτι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῶν καὶ δυσμῶν ἥξουσιν2
(Matthew 811)
Notes
1 εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα forever
2 ἥξουσιν = ἥκ-σουσιν
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
28
Table 15 The adjective πᾶς (stem παντ-) all
Masc Fem Neut
NV πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν
A πάντα πᾶσαν πᾶν
Sing G παντός πάσης παντός
D παντί πάσῃ παντί
NV πάντες πᾶσαι πάντα
A πάντας πάσας πάντα
Plur G πάντων πασῶν πάντων
D πᾶσι(ν) πάσαις πᾶσι(ν)
Translation Exercise 13
1 πάντα καθαρὰ τoῖς καθαρoῖς (Titus 115)
2 Οὐχὶ πάντες καθαροί ἐστε (John 1311)
3 ὁ Ἰησοῦς λέγει Παρὰ ἀνθρώποις ἀδύνατον ἀλλ᾽ οὐ παρὰ θεῷ
πάντα γὰρ δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ (Mark 1027)
4 Εἴ τις θέλει πρῶτος εἶναι1 ἔσται πάντων ἔσχατος καὶ πάντων
διάκονος (Mark 935)
5 καὶ τὰ ἐμὰ πάντα σά ἐστιν καὶ τὰ σὰ ἐμά (John 1710)
6 εἷς γάρ ἐστιν ὑμῶν ὁ διδάσκαλος πάντες δὲ ὑμεῖς ἀδελφοί ἐστε
(Matthew 238)
7 καὶ συλλέξουσιν ἐκ τῆς βασιλείας αὐτοῦ πάντα τὰ σκάνδαλα καὶ
τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὴν ἀνομίαν (Matthew 1341)
Note
1 εἶναι to be (infinitive lt εἰμί)
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
29
Revision Exercise Sessions 1-6
1 εὐσέβεια ἀρχὴ καὶ τελευτὴ πασῶν τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐστι (Gregorius)
2 αὐτὸς γὰρ σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 121)
3 ὁ σπείρων φαῦλα θερίζει κακά (Proverbs 228)
4 καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν κτηνῶν καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν ἑρπετῶν καὶ
ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν θηρίων καὶ ἀπὸ πάσης σαρκός δύο δύο ἀπὸ
πάντων εἰσάξεις εἰς τὴν κιβωτόν (Genesis 619)
5 Μὴ θησαυρίζετε ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ὅπου σὴς καὶ
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται διορύσσουσιν καὶ κλέπτουσιν
θησαυρίζετε δὲ ὑμῖν θησαυροὺς ἐν οὐρανῷ ὅπου οὔτε σὴς οὔτε
βρῶσις ἀφανίζει καὶ ὅπου κλέπται οὐ διορύσσουσιν οὐδὲ
κλέπτουσιν ὅπου γάρ ἐστιν ὁ θησαυρός σου ἐκεῖ ἔσται καὶ ἡ
καρδία σου (Matthew 619-21)
6 ὁ γὰρ λαλῶν γλώσσῃ οὐκ ἀνθρώποις λαλεῖ ἀλλὰ θεῷ οὐδεὶς γὰρ
ἀκούει πνεύματι δὲ λαλεῖ μυστήρια ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἀνθρώποις
λαλεῖ οἰκοδομὴν καὶ παράκλησιν καὶ παραμυθίαν ὁ λαλῶν
γλώσσῃ ἑαυτὸν οἰκοδομεῖ ὁ δὲ προφητεύων ἐκκλησίαν οἰκοδομεῖ
(1 Corinthians 142-4)
7 οὐ τοῖς κούφοις ὁ δρόμος καὶ οὐ τοῖς δυνατοῖς ὁ πόλεμος καί γε οὐ
τοῖς σοφοῖς ἄρτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς συνετοῖς πλοῦτος καί γε οὐ τοῖς
γινώσκουσιν χάρις (Ecclesiastes 911)
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
30
Session 7
Τable 16 Imperfect indicative
1 Imperfect active of verbs in ndashω
Singular Plural
1 ἔ-λυ-ον ἐ-λύ-ομεν
2 ἔ-λυ-ες ἐ-λύ-ετε
3 ἔ-λυ-ε(ν) ἔ-λυ-ον
2 Imperfect of the verb εἰμί to be
Singular Plural
1 ἤμην ἦμενἤμεθα
2 ἦσθαἦς ἦτε
3 ἦν ἦσαν
The imperfect expresses (i) continuing action in the past (I was loosing) (ii) habitual
past action (I used to loose) the inception of an action (I began to loose)
Translation Exercise 14
1 πέντε δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν ἦσαν μωραὶ καὶ πέντε φρόνιμοι (Matthew 252)
2 καὶ ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Κυριός ἐστιν τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ
ἀνθρώπου (Luke 65)
3 ΕΝ ΑΡΧΗ ἦν ὁ λόγος καὶ ὁ λόγος ἦν πρὸς τὸν θεόν καὶ θεὸς ἦν ὁ
λόγος (John 11)
4 οὐδὲ γὰρ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπίστευον εἰς αὐτόν (John 76)
5 καὶ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ διετήρει1 πάντα τὰ ῥήματα ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτῆς
Καὶ Ἰησοῦς προέκοπτεν1 τῇ σοφίᾳ καὶ ἡλικίᾳ καὶ χάριτι παρὰ θεῷ
καὶ ἀνθρώποις (Luke 251-52)
6 Καὶ περιῆγεν1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὰς πόλεις πάσας καὶ τὰς κώμας
διδάσκων ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς αὐτῶν καὶ κηρύσσων τὸ
εὐαγγέλιον τῆς βασιλείας καὶ θεραπεύων πᾶσαν νόσον καὶ
πᾶσαν μαλακίαν (Matthew 935)
Note 1 The temporal augment comes before the main element of a compound verb
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
31
Table 17 The demonstrative pronoun οὗτος this
Masc Fem Neut
N οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο
A τοῦτον ταύτην τοῦτο
Sing G τούτου ταύτης τούτου
D τούτῳ ταύτῃ τούτῳ
N οὗτοι αὗται ταῦτα
A τούτους ταύτας ταῦτα
Plur G τούτων τούτων τούτων
D τούτοις ταύταις τούτοις
There are two ways of saying this X either οὗτος ὁ X or ὁ X οὗτος
eg αὕτη ἡ γυνὴ κακή This woman is evil
ὁ ἀνὴρ οὗτος ταύτας τὰς ἐπιστολὰς ἔγραφεν This man was writing those letters
The corresponding adverb (lsquothusrsquo lsquoin this wayrsquo) is οὕτως
Τranslation exercise 15
1 αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ ἐντολὴ ἡ ἐμὴ (John 1512)
2 ἡ σoφία τoῦ κόσμoυ τoύτoυ μωρία παρὰ τῷ θεῷ ἐστι (1
Corinthians 39)
3 ὥσπερ ἐνώτιον ἐν ῥινὶ ὑός οὕτως γυναικὶ κακόφρονι κάλλος
(Proverbs 1122)
4 Ἡ βασιλεία ἡ ἐμὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου τούτου (John 1836)
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
32
5 Σὺ εἶ ὁ διδάσκαλος τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ καὶ ταῦτα οὐ γινώσκεις (John 310-
11)
6 Ἐν ποίᾳ ἐξουσίᾳ ταῦτα ποιεῖς (Matthew 2123)
7 διὰ τοῦτο ὑμεῖς οὐκ ἀκούετε ὅτι ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ οὐκ ἐστέ (John 847)
8 τούτῳ ὁ θυρωρὸς ἀνοίγει καὶ τὰ πρόβατα τῆς φωνῆς αὐτοῦ
ἀκούει καὶ τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα φωνεῖ κατ ὄνομα καὶ ἐξάγει αὐτά
(John 103)
9 Κύριε πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν παραβολὴν ταύτην λέγεις ἢ καὶ πρὸς
πάντας (Luke 1234)
10 Οὗτός ἐστιν Ἰωάνης ὁ βαπτιστής (Matthew 142)
11 καὶ ἰδοὺ φωνὴ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν λέγουσα Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ
ἀγαπητός (Matthew 317)
12 Πόθεν τούτῳ ἡ σοφία αὕτη καὶ αἱ δυνάμεις (Matthew 1354)
13 λέγει οὖν τῷ Πέτρῳ ἡ παιδίσκη ἡ θυρωρός Μὴ καὶ σὺ ἐκ τῶν
μαθητῶν εἶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τούτου λέγει ἐκεῖνος Οὐκ εἰμί (John
1817)
14 καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἐδίωκον οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τὸν Ἰησοῦν ὅτι ταῦτα ἐποίει ἐν
σαββάτῳ (John 516)
15 κἀγὼ δέ σοι λέγω ὅτι σὺ εἶ Πέτρος καὶ ἐπὶ ταύτῃ τῇ πέτρᾳ
οἰκοδομήσω μου τὴν ἐκκλησίαν καὶ πύλαι ᾄδου οὐ
κατισχύσουσιν αὐτῆς (Matthew 1618)
16 Ὑμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἐστὲ ἐν σαρκὶ ἀλλὰ ἐν πνεύματι εἴπερ πνεῦμα θεοῦ
οἰκεῖ ἐν ὑμῖν εἰ δέ τις πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ οὐκ ἔχει οὗτος οὐκ ἔστιν
αὐτοῦ εἰ δὲ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν τὸ μὲν σῶμα νεκρὸν διὰ ἁμαρτίαν τὸ
δὲ πνεῦμα ζωὴ διὰ δικαιοσύνην (Romans 88-10)
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
33
Table 18 The verb δύναμαι be able
Singular Plural
δύναμαι δυνάμεθα
δύνασαι δύνῃ δύνασθε
δύναται δύνανται
Infinitive δύνασθαι
Τranslation exercise 16
1 λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Δυνάμεθα (Matthew 1922)
2 γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν πῶς δύνασθε ἀγαθὰ λαλεῖν πονηροὶ ὄντες
ἐκ γὰρ τοῦ περισσεύματος τῆς καρδίας τὸ στόμα λαλεῖ (Matthew
1234)
3 λέγει αὐτῷ ὁ Πέτρος Κύριε διὰ τί οὐ δύναμαί σοι ἀκολουθεῖν
ἄρτι (John 1437)
4 Ἔτι πολλὰ ἔχω ὑμῖν λέγειν ἀλλ᾽ οὐ δύνασθε βαστάζειν ἄρτι
(John 1612)
5 ἐν παραβολαῖς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς Πῶς δύναται Σατανᾶς Σατανᾶν
ἐκβάλλειν (Mark 323)
6 Μήτι δύναται τυφλὸς τυφλὸν ὁδηγεῖν (Luke 639)
7 ὅσον χρόνον1 ἔχουσιν τὸν νυμφίον μετ᾽ αὐτῶν οὐ δύνανται
νηστεύειν (Mark 219)
8 τὸ μὲν πρόσωπον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ γινώσκετε διακρίνειν τὰ δὲ σημεῖα
τῶν καιρῶν οὐ δύνασθε (Matthew 163)
Note
1 The accusative case expresses extent of time or space
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
34
Τranslation exercise 17
1 Σκληρός ἐστιν ὁ λόγος οὗτος τίς δύναται αὐτοῦ1 ἀκούειν (John
620)
2 οἱ δὲ Φαρισαῖοι ἔλεγον Ἐν τῷ ἄρχοντι τῶν δαιμονίων ἐκβάλλει τὰ
δαιμόνια (Matthew 934)
3 Καὶ ποιμένες ἦσαν ἐν τῇ χώρᾳ τῇ αὐτῇ ἀγραυλοῦντες καὶ
φυλάσσοντες φυλακὰς2 τῆς νυκτὸς3 ἐπὶ τὴν ποίμνην αὐτῶν (Luke
28)
4 ἠγάπα4 δὲ ὁ Ἰησοῦς τὴν Μάρθαν καὶ τὴν ἀδελφὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὸν
Λάζαρον (John 115)
5 καὶ πολλοὶ λεπροὶ ἦσαν ἐν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ Ἐλισαίου τοῦ
προφήτου (Luke 427)
6 ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν (John 1136)
7 ὁ νικῶν κληρονομήσει ταῦτα καὶ ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς
ἔσται μοι υἱός (Revelation 217)
8 οἱ οὖν Ἰουδαῖοι ἐζήτουν αὐτὸν ἐν τῇ ἑορτῇ καὶ ἔλεγον Ποῦ ἐστὶν
ἐκεῖνος καὶ γογγυσμὸς περὶ αὐτοῦ ἦν πολὺς ἐν τοῖς ὄχλοις οἱ μὲν
ἔλεγον ὅτι Ἀγαθός ἐστιν ἄλλοι δὲ ἔλεγον Οὔ ἀλλὰ πλανᾷ τὸν
ὄχλον οὐδεὶς μέντοι παρρησίᾳ ἐλάλει περὶ αὐτοῦ διὰ τὸν φόβον
τῶν Ἰουδαίων (John 711-13)
Note
1 The verb ἀκούω regularly has its object in the genitive (but see p20 n3)
2 An lsquointernalrsquo or lsquocognatersquo accusative (repeating the meaning of the verb)
3 The genitive expresses time or space within which something takes place
4 Contracted lt ἠγάπα-ε 3s imperfect lt ἀγαπάω (Verbs starting with a vowel
lengthen the vowel instead of having an augment)
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
35
Session 8
The middle voice
There are three voices in Greek active passive and middle The active
voice expresses an action done by the subject (eg lsquoThe crocodile is eating
the explorerrsquo) the passive expresses an action done to the subject (eg
lsquoThe crocodile is being eaten by the explorerrsquo)
The middle voice can express a variety of meanings For example it can
mark the difference between the transitive and the intransitive sense of
some verbs eg lsquoI moved the trolley down the aislersquo (active) lsquoI moved
down the aislersquo (middle)
The most common class of middle verbs though are simply active in
sense (these are called deponent middles) so we shall focus on these In
this class are the very common verbs ἔρχομαι go come and γίνομαι be
become
The endings of the middle voice are the same as those of ἔσομαι (Table
132 p26 above)
Τable 19 The present indicative middle
Infinitive ἔρχεσθε
Participle ἐρχόμενος (-η -ον)
Singular Plural
1 ἔρχομαι ἐρχόμεθα
2 ἔρχῃ ἔρχεσθε
3 ἔρχεται ἔρχονται
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
36
Τranslation exercise 18
1 Καὶ ἔρχονται πάλιν εἰς Ἰεροσόλυμα (Mark 1127)
2 Καὶ ἦσαν οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ Φαρισαῖοι νηστεύοντες καὶ
ἔρχονται καὶ λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Διὰ τί οἱ μαθηταὶ Ἰωάνου καὶ οἱ
μαθηταὶ τῶν Φαρισαίων νηστεύουσιν οἱ δὲ σοὶ μαθηταὶ οὐ
νηστεύουσιν (Mark 218)
3 Εἴ τις ἔρχεται πρός με καὶ οὐ μισεῖ τὸν πατέρα ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τὴν
μητέρα καὶ τὴν γυναῖκα καὶ τὰ τέκνα καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς καὶ τὰς
ἀδελφάς ἔτι τε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἑαυτοῦ οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου
μαθητής ὅστις οὐ βαστάζει τὸν σταυρὸν ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἔρχεται
ὀπίσω μου οὐ δύναται εἶναί μου μαθητής (Luke 1426-7)
4 Τῇ ἐπαύριον1 βλέπει τὸν Ἰησοῦν ἐρχόμενον πρὸς αὐτόν καὶ λέγει
Ἴδε ὁ ἀμνὸς τοῦ θεοῦ ὁ αἴρων τὴν ἁμαρτίαν τοῦ κόσμου (John
129)
5 καὶ αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ ἀπάτη τοῦ πλούτου καὶ αἱ περὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ ἐπιθυμίαι εἰσπορευόμεναι συνπνίγουσιν τὸν λόγον καὶ
ἄκαρπος γίνεται (Matthew 419)
6 πολλοὶ γὰρ ἐλεύσονται2 ἐπὶ τῷ ὀνόματί μου λέγοντες Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ
χριστός καὶ πολλοὺς πλανήσουσιν (Matthew 245)
7 ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ ἡ γῆ παρελεύσονται οἱ δὲ λόγοι μου οὐ
παρελεύσονται (Mark 1331)
Notes
1 τῇ ἐπαύριον ltἡμέρᾳgt on the next day
2 ἐλεύσομαι acts as the future of ἔρχομαι
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
37
Τable 20 Weak aorist indicative active
The weak aorist indicative active of verbs in -ω
Singular Plural
1 ἔλυσα (I loosed) ἐλύσαμεν (we loosed)
2 ἔλυσας (you loosed) ἐλύσατε (you loosed)
3 ἔλυσε(ν) (hesheit loosed) ἔλυσαν (they loosed)
The aorist indicative expresses an action in the past without implying anything else
(The word ἀόριστος means lsquoundefinedrsquo) Translate with a simple past tense eg
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς Jesus wept (John 1135)
Τranslation exercise 19
1 ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (Matthew 2818)
2 ᾽Εν ἀρχῇ ἐποίησεν ὁ ϑεὸς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν (Gen 11)
3 καὶ ἐπίστευσαν εἰς αὐτὸν οἱ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ (John 211)
4 ἐγὼ ἐβάπτισα ὑμᾶς ὕδατι αὐτὸς δὲ βαπτίσει ὑμᾶς πνεύματι ἁγίῳ
(Mark 17-8)
5 ἦν δὲ ὥρα τρίτη καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν αὐτόν (Mark 1525)
6 καὶ εὐθέως ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν (John 1827)
7 τίνα τῶν προφητῶν οὐκ ἐδίωξαν οἱ πατέρες ὑμῶν (Acts 752)
8 οἱ δὲ ἐν τῷ πλοίῳ προσεκύνησαν αὐτῷ λέγοντες Ἀληθῶς θεοῦ
υἱὸς εἶ (Matthew 1433)
9 Οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι ἐθαύμασαν λέγοντες Ποταπός ἐστιν οὗτος ὅτι
καὶ οἱ ἄνεμοι καὶ ἡ θάλασσα αὐτῷ ὑπακούουσιν (Matthew 827)
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
38
10 Καὶ παράγοντι ἐκεῖθεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ ἠκολούθησαν δύο τυφλοί
(Matthew 927)
11 Ὁ οὖν ἀρχιερεὺς ἠρώτησεν τὸν Ἰησοῦν περὶ τῶν μαθητῶν αὐτοῦ
καὶ περὶ τῆς διδαχῆς αὐτοῦ (John 1819)
12 Τί ἐποίησέν σοι πῶς ἤνοιξέν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς (John 926-27)
13 Οὐκ ἐπίστευσαν οὖν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι περὶ αὐτοῦ ὅτι ἦν τυφλὸς καὶ
ἀνέβλεψεν (John 918)
14 αὐτὸς γὰρ Ἰησοῦς ἐμαρτύρησεν ὅτι προφήτης ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι
τιμὴν οὐκ ἔχει (John 444)
15 Ταῦτα πάντα ἐλάλησεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἐν παραβολαῖς τοῖς ὄχλοις καὶ
χωρὶς παραβολῆς οὐδὲν ἐλάλει αὐτοῖς (Matthew 1334)
16 Ὁ υἱός σου ζῇ καὶ ἐπίστευσεν αὐτὸς καὶ ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ ὅλη (John
453)
17 Καὶ οὐκ ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖ δυνάμεις πολλὰς διὰ τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν
(Matthew 1358)
18 τίς ἐκ τῶν δύο ἐποίησεν τὸ θέλημα τοῦ πατρός λέγουσιν Ὁ
ὕστερος (Matthew 2131)
19 καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ ὄχλοι πολλοὶ ἀπὸ τῆς Γαλιλαίας καὶ
Δεκαπόλεως καὶ Ἰεροσολύμων καὶ Ἰουδαίας καὶ πέραν τοῦ
Ἰορδάνου (Matthew 425)
20 Καὶ ἠκολούθησαν αὐτῷ πολλοί καὶ ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτοὺς πάντας
(Matthew 1215)
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
39
Letter from Gemellus to Sabinus AD 100
(PFay114 From the Fayum)
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
40
From Horus to Apion Paying the mouse-catcher
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
41
Appendix 1 Definitions of Grammatical Terms
11 A sentence is a set of words which makes complete sense
12 A clause is a set of words which has a finite verb (see 425) eg The dogs
who were snarling were savage
13 A phrase is a set of words without a finite verb eg I saw her after the
wedding
21 The subject of a sentence names the person or thing about which something
is said eg The King of Siam is bald
22 The predicate makes an assertion about the subject eg The King of Siam is
bald
Parts of Speech
31 A noun is the name of something eg Anna lust friendship dog
311 A proper noun names a particular thing eg Paula London Sunday
312 A common noun is a name which all things of the same kind have eg
mother dog chair
313 A collective noun names a number of things which make up a set eg lsquoA
herd of cattlersquo lsquoFlocks of geesersquo
314 An abstract noun names a quality state or action considered separately
from the thing it belongs to eg hunger justice peace
32 A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun eg I we her it
321 Personal pronouns eg I we she you
322 Demonstrative pronouns eg this that
323 Possessive pronouns eg his mine theirs
324 Interrogative pronouns eg who what which
325 Indefinite pronouns eg some anyone something
326 Reflexive pronouns eg lsquoHe shaved himself lsquoThe dog bit itselfrsquo
327 Emphasising pronouns eg lsquoHe himself fired the shotrsquo lsquoI did it myselfrsquo
328 Reciprocal pronoun eg lsquoThey did it for one anotherrsquo
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
42
329 Relative pronouns connect a subordinate clause with the main clause eg
lsquoThe cat who walked alone had no friendsrsquo lsquoHe read the book which you
recommendedrsquo
33 An adjective is a word which qualifies a noun eg red bitter unfriendly
331 Adjectives of quality answer the question lsquowhat kind ofrsquo eg lsquoThe small
packagersquo lsquoAn uncomfortable questionrsquo
332 Adjectives of quantity answer the question lsquohow muchrsquo or lsquohow manyrsquo
eg lsquoHe had two mistressesrsquo lsquoPeter has no charmrsquo
333 Demonstrative adjectives answer the question lsquowhichrsquo eg lsquoHe gave this
signrsquo lsquoThat old man is wickedrsquo
334 Possessive adjectives indicate possession eg lsquoHe ate his breakfastrsquo lsquo Their
way is worsersquo
335 Interrogative adjectives ask questions eg lsquoWhose pencil is thisrsquo lsquoTo whom
did he give the orderrsquo
336 The identical adjective same ndash lsquoThe same thing happened to mersquo
34 A verb is a word which makes a statement command or question eg lsquoHe
carries a stickrsquo lsquoIs that a daggerrsquo lsquoGo awayrsquo
341 Transitive verbs denote actions which affect some other thing besides the
subject and require a direct object eg in lsquoHe took the moneyrsquo took is a
transitive verb the money is its direct object
342 Intransitive verbs denote actions which do not affect anything apart from
the subject itself eg lsquoHe singsrsquo lsquoThey stayrsquo
343 Verbs of incomplete predication these require another word to make a
complete predicate eg lsquoHe is foolishrsquo (the predicate is is foolish) lsquoThey seem
naiversquo (the predicate is seem naive)
3431 A predicate can be completed by the addition of
(a) a predicative noun eg lsquoShe is a nursersquo
(b) a predicative adjective eg lsquoShe seems unhappyrsquo
(c) a predicative pronoun eg lsquoThe fault is minersquo
3432 The completing word or set of words is called the complement [The
complement always refers to the same thing as the subject while the object (except
in the case of the reflexive pronoun) always refers to something different eg lsquoShe is
hatefulrsquo (complement) lsquoShe hit himrsquo (object) lsquoHe hit himselfrsquo (object)]
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
43
35 An adverb is a word which qualifies a verb eg lsquoHe did it cruellyrsquo
351 Adverbs of manner answer the question lsquohowrsquo eg lsquoHe ate greedilyrsquo
352 Adverbs of place answer the question lsquowherersquo eg lsquoThey sat herersquo
353 Adverbs of time answer the question lsquowhenrsquo eg lsquoShe came todayrsquo
354 Adverbs of degree qualify adjectives or other adverbs eg lsquoHe ran very
quicklyrsquo lsquoShe was quite politersquo
355 Interrogative adverbs eg lsquoHow did you do itrsquo lsquoWhy did she gorsquo
36 A preposition is a word joined to a noun showing the relation of the thing
denoted by the noun to something else eg lsquoThey went to the partyrsquo lsquoThe
cat sat on the matrsquo
37 A conjunction is a word which joins sentences clauses or words eg lsquoHe
missed the train but not his appointmentrsquo lsquoJoe ate eggs and chipsrsquo
38 An interjection is a word put into a sentence to express some feeling eg
lsquoAlas he is deadrsquo lsquoOh you are wickedrsquo
39 The article is a kind of adjective - the (definite article) an (indefinite article)
Exercise 1
List the words in the following sentences and state which part of speech is each
eg lsquoThis hard bed on which I am sleeping is not comfortablersquo
This demonstrative pronoun
hard adjective of quality ( attributive use)
bed common noun
on preposition
which relative pronoun
I personal pronoun
am verb (of incomplete predication)
sleeping participle (verbal adjective)
is verb (of incomplete predication)
not adverb
comfortable adjective of quality
(predicative use)
(a) The fierce beast snapped its slavering jaws noisily
(b) She will never leave there alive alas
(c) The dog who had no tail was bigger than his mother
(d) This slim volume will not sell well
(e) He said that that ldquothatrdquo that that man used was incorrect
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
44
4 Nouns pronouns adjectives verbs and adverbs have different forms eg lsquoI raged lsquoShe
ragesrsquo the stem is the part which gives the basic meaning (rage-)
the inflection is the variable part (-d -s)
401 Morphology or accidence is the study of the forms of words
402 Syntax is the study of the arrangement of words to make sentences
41 Nouns pronouns and adjectives are inflected to show number (singular dual plural)
gender (masculine feminine neuter) and case which shows
the relation of the word to some other word in the sentence
411 The five cases distinguished in Greek are
(a) Nominative for the subject of the verb or the complement of an intransitive verb
(b) Vocative for addressing someone eg lsquo Son I am going to thrash yoursquo
(c) Accusative for the direct object of the (transitive) verb
(d) Genitive expressing possession (among other things)
(e) Dative for the indirect object eg lsquoHe gave him a fiverrsquo - the direct object is a
fiver the indirect object him
42 Verbs are inflected in Greek to denote person number tense voice and
mood eg λύσοιμι is 1st person singular future active optative of λύω
421 The Greek tense system indicates the time of the action and whether the action is
continuous instantaneous or complete
Present Past Future
Continuous Imperfect
Present Future
Instantaneous Aorist
Complete Perfect Pluperfect Future perfect
422 The three voices in Greek are active passive and middle indicating whether the
subject acts (active) or is acted upon (passive) the middle indicates that the subject acts on
itself (reflexive) or in its own interest Some middles (deponent middles) have an active
intransitive sense
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
45
423 The mood indicates the manner in which the action is to be regarded Greek
distinguishes five moods
(a) Indicative making an assertion or asking a question
(b) Imperative for a command
(c) Subjunctive for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(d) Optative for particular uses which require lengthy explanation
(e) Infinitive expressing an action without reference to a particular person or thing
4231 The infinitive is a verbal noun As a verb it has tense and voice may have an object
and may be qualified by an adverb eg lsquoHe is going to eat (present active infinitive) the
soup (object) greedily (adverb)rsquo As a noun it can be the subject or object in a sentence
eg lsquoTo sit still (subject) is difficultrsquo lsquoShe wants to be indulged (object)rsquo
424 Participles are verbal adjectives As verbs they have tense and voice may have an
object and may be qualified by an adverb As adjectives they qualify nouns (and hence
are inflected to show number and case) Eg The cheating player was caught hiding an
ace up his sleeversquo
425 A finite verb is indicative imperative subjunctive or optative The infinitive and
participle are not finite verbs (cf 12)
51 A simple sentence contains a single subject and a single predicate
52 A complex sentence contains a main clause and a subordinate clause which is
dependant on it eg Helen took the bribe (main clause) because she was short of money
(subordinate clause)
521 The three kinds of subordinate clause are noun adjectival and adverbial clauses
522 Noun clauses do the work of a noun in relation to some part of another clause eg (i)
as subject That she took it is obvious (ii) as object Joe said that he was going
5221 With verbs of saying what is said may be given in direct or indirect speech eg lsquoHe
said ldquoShe is earlyrdquorsquo - direct speech
lsquoHe said that she was earlyrsquo - indirect speech
In direct speech the reported words are exactly as they were said
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
46
523 Adjectival clauses do the work of an adjective in relation to some part of another
clause They are introduced by a relative pronoun or a word which is equivalent to a
relative pronoun (eg when where) eg lsquoThe man who stole the moneyrsquo lsquoThe place
where I lost my contact lensrsquo
524 Adverbial clauses do the work of an adverb in relation to some part of another clause
There are eight kinds of adverbial clause
5241 Final (or purpose) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so that he might get his
inheritancersquo
5242 Temporal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him when he was readyrsquo
5243 Place clauses eg lsquoHe killed him where three roads meetrsquo
5244 Causal clauses eg lsquoHe killed him because he was angryrsquo
5245 Consequent (or consecutive) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him so he got the inheritance
5246 Conditional clauses eg lsquoHe killed if he got angryrsquo
5247 Concessive (or adversative) clauses eg lsquoHe killed him although he was his brotherrsquo
5248 Comparative clauses eg lsquoHe killed him less brutally than she would haversquo
Exercise 2
1 Give examples of the four types of noun
2 Write two sentences which illustrate the difference between reflexive and
emphasising pronouns
3 Write two sentences to illustrate the difference between the attributive and
predicative uses of the adjective
4 Give examples of final consecutive and concessive clauses
5 In the following sentence identify the main clause and the subordinate
clauses and say which kinds of clauses these are
lsquoThough he set off early he arrived late so that he didnrsquot meet herrsquo
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
47
Appendix 2 John 1131-37
ΟΤΙ ΥΠΑΓΕΙ ΕΙΣ ΤΟ ΜΝΗΜΕΙΟΝ ΙΝΑ
ΚΛΑΥΣΗΙ ΕΚΕΙ Η ΟΥΝ ΜΑΡΙΑΜ ΩΣ ΗΛ-
ΘΕΝ ΟΠΟΥ ΗΝ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΙΔΟΥΣΑ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΕΠΕΣΕΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ ΠΡΟΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΠΟ-
ΔΑΣ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΑ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΙ ΗΣ ΩΔΕ ΟΥΚ ΑΝ
ΜΟΥ ΑΠΕΘΑΝΕΝ Ο ΑΔΕΛΦΟΣ ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΟΥΝ
ΩΣ ΕΙΔΕΝ ΑΥΤΗΝ ΚΛΑΙΟΥΣΑΝ ΚΑΙ
ΤΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΛΘΟΝΤΑΣ ΑΥΤΗΙ Ι-
ΟΥΔΑΙΟΥΣ ΚΛΑΙΟΝΤΑΣ ΕΝΕΒΡΙΜΗΣΑΤΟ
ΤΩΙ ΠΝΕΥΜΑΤΙ ΚΑΙ ΕΤΑΡΑΞΕΝ ΕΑΥ
ΤΟΝ ΚΑΙ ΕΙΠΕΝ ΠΟΥ ΤΕΘΕΙΚΑΤΕ ΑΥ-
ΤΟΝ ΛΕΓΟΥΣΙΝ ΑΥΤΩΙ ΚΥΡΙΕ ΕΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΙΔΕ
ΕΔΑΚΡΥΣΕΝ Ο ΙΗΣΟΥΣ ΕΛΕΓΟΝ ΟΥΝ ΟΙ ΙΟΥ-
ΔΑΙΟΙ ΙΔΕ ΠΩΣ ΕΦΙΛΕΙ ΑΥΤΟΝ ΤΙ-
ΝΕΣ ΔΕ ΕΞ ΑΥΤΩΝ ΕΙΠΑΝ ΟΥΚ ΕΔΥ-
ΝΑΤΟ ΟΥΤΟΣ Ο ΑΝΟΙΞΑΣ ΤΟΥΣ ΟΦΘΑΛ-
ΜΟΥΣ ΤΟΥ ΤΥΦΛΟΥ ΠΟΙΗΣΑΙ ΙΝΑ ΚΑΙ
ὅτι ὑπάγει εἰς τὸ μνημεῖον ἵνα
κλαύσῃ ἐκεῖ ἡ οὖν Μαριὰμ ὡς ἦλ-
θεν ὅπου ἦν Ἰησοῦς ἰδοῦσα αὐ-
τὸν ἔπεσεν αὐτοῦ πρὸς τοὺς πό-
δας λέγουσα αὐτῷ Κύριε εἰ ἦς ὧδε οὐκ ἄν
μου ἀπέθανεν ὁ ἀδελφός Ἰησοῦς οὖν
ὡς εἶδεν αὐτὴν κλαίουσαν καὶ
τοὺς συνελθόντας αὐτῇ Ἰ-
ουδαίους κλαίοντας ἐνεβριμήσατο
τῷ πνεύματι καὶ ἐτάραξεν ἑαυ
τόν καὶ εἶπεν Ποῦ τεθείκατε αὐ-
τόν λέγουσιν αὐτῷ Κύριε ἔρχου καὶ ἴδε
ἐδάκρυσεν ὁ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγον οὖν οἱ Ἰου-
δαῖοι Ἴδε πῶς ἐφίλει αὐτόν τι-
νὲς δὲ ἐξ αὐτῶν εἶπαν Οὐκ ἐδύ-
νατο οὗτος ὁ ἀνοίξας τοὺς ὀφθαλ-
μοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ ποιῆσαι ἵνα καὶ
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
48
Appendix 3 Rules of vowel contraction
Some verbs have stems ending in the vowels α ε or ο (eg ἀγαπά-ω I
love ποιέ-ω I makedo πληρό-ω I fill) In these verbs the vowel at the end
of the verb coalesces with the vowel at the start of the verb ending The
rules of contraction which govern this are as follows
α + ε rarr α ε + ε rarr ει ο + εο rarr ου
α + ει rarr ᾳ ε + ο rarr ου ο + ει rarr οι
α + οουω rarr ω ε + ουω rarr ουω ο + ουω rarr ουω
This results in the following forms
α-stems ε-stems ο-stems
ἀγαπῶ ποιῶ πληρῶ
ἀγαπᾷς ποιεῖς πληροῖς
ἀγαπᾷ ποιεῖ πληροῖ
ἀγαπῶμεν ποιοῦμεν πληροῦμεν
ἀγαπᾶτε ποιεῖτε πληροῦτε
ἀγαπῶσι(ν) ποιοῦσι(ν) πληροῦσι(ν)
Infinitive ἀγαπᾶν ποιεῖν πληροῦν
Note the infinitive ending -ειν is already contracted from -εεν (it doesnrsquot really have
an ι in it)
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
49
Greek-English Vocabulary
A
ἀγαθός (-η -ον) good
ἀγαπάω love
ἀγαπή (-ης) love
ἀγαπήτος (-η -ον) beloved
ἀγγέλλω announce report
ἄγγελος (-ου) messenger
ἅγιος holy (οἱ ἅγιοι the saints)
ἀγραυλέω live in the fields
ἀγρός (-ου) field
ἄγω (ἤγαγον) bring fetch lead
ἀδελφός (-ου) brother
ᾄδης (-ου) hades hell
ἀδικία (-ας) injustice vice
ἀδύνατος (-η -ον) impossible
αἴρω lift up raise bear
αἰτία (-ας) guilt fault
αἰών (-ῶνος) mf life lifetime era
αἰώνιος eternal
ἄκαρπος fruitless with no harvest
ἀκολουθέω (+ dat) follow
ἀκούω hear
ἀλέκτωρ (-ορος) cock
ἀλήθεια (-ας) truth
ἀληθινός true
ἀληθῶς truly
ἀλλά but
ἄλλος (an)other
ἁμαρτία (-ας) error mistake sin
ἀμην truly (a Hebrew word)
ἄμνος (-ου) lamb
ἄμπελος (-ου) f vineyard
ἀναβλέπω see again
ἀνάθεμα (-ατος) accursed thing
ἀνάστασις (-εως) resurrection
ἀνατολή (-ης) rising (of the sun) east
(usually in pl)
ἀναχωρέω retire withdraw
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνδρεῖος (-α -ον) brave
ἄνεμος (-ου) wind
ἀνήρ (ἀνδρός) man husband
ἄνθος (-εος) n flower
ἄνθρωπος (-ου) human being
ἀνοίγω open
ἀνομία (-ας) lawlessness
ἀντί instead of (+ gen) (in composition
against)
ἀντίφωνος (-ον) sounding in answer
ἄνω upward above
ἄξιος (-α ndashον) worthy
ἀπάτη (-ης) trick fraud deceit
ἀπιστία (-ας) lack of faith
ἀπό (+ gen) from
ἀποκτείνω kill
ἀποκυλίω roll away
ἀπολογία (-ας) defence speech
ἀπολύω set free
ἀπόστολος (-ου) apostle
ἀραβών (-ῶνος) m earnest-money
ἀρετή (-ης) excellence virtue
ἁρπάζω seize
ἄρτι just now even now
ἄρτος (-ου) bread loaf of bread
ἀρχή (-ης) beginning rule office
ἀρχιεπίσκοπος (-ου) archbishop
ἀρχιερεύς (-εως) high priest
ἄρχω rule be leader of (+ gen)
ἀσθενέω be ill
ἀσκός (-ου) winsekin
ἄτιμος unhonoured
αὔριoν tomorrow
αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό he she it
ἀφανίζω make to disappear
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
50
B
βάλλω (ἔβαλον) throw hit
βαπτίζω baptise
βασιλεία (-ας) kingdom
βασιλεύς (-εως) king
βασιλεύω be king
βαστάζω lift raise bear carry
βίβλιον (-ου) book
βίβλος (-ου) f book
βίος (-ου) life livelihood
βλασφημέω speak amiss of sacred things
βλασφημία (-ας) blasphemy
βλέπω look see
βούλη (-ης) will counsel
βρῶσις (-εως) f food eating rust
Γ
γάρ because for (conj) (2nd in clause)
γε particle emphasising the previous
word
γενέσια (-ας) birthday feast
γένεσις (-εως) coming into being
γένος (-ους) n race family
γέννημα (-ατος) n product child
γέρων (-οντος) old man
γεώργιον (-ου) orchard
γεωργός (-ου) farmer
γῆ (-ης) land country earth
γίγνομαι γίνομαι (ἐγενόμην) become
be
γινώσκω (ἔγνων) know
γλῶσσα (-ης) tongue
γογγυσμός (-ου) murmuring
γυνή (γυναικός) woman wife
γωνία (-ας) f corner
Δ
δαιμόνιον (-ου) demon
δακρύω weep
δέ but and (2nd in clause)
δένδρον (-ου) tree
δεσπότης (-ου) master
δεῦρο here (used as an imperative)
δεύτερος second
διά (+ gen) through (+ acc) on account of
(but in NT διά + gen = on account of)
διὰ τί why
διάβολος (-ου) slanderer
διάκονος (-ου) servant deacon
διακρίνω distinguish
διασπορά (-ας) dispersion
διατηρέω keep faithfully
διδάσκαλος (-ου) teacher
διδάσκω teach
διδαχή (-ης) teaching
δίκαιος just
δικαιοσύνη (-ης) justice righteousness
διορύσσω dig through
διώκω pursue persecute
δόγμα (-ατος) opinion
δόκος (-ου) f beam timber
δόξα (-ης) opinion reputation glory
δοῦλος (-ου) slave (ΝΤ servant)
δρόμος (-ου) race race-course
δύναμαι (mid) be able
δύναμις (-εως) f power
δυνατός (-η -ον) possible able powerful
δύo two
δυσμή going down (of the sun) west
(usually in pl)
δώδεκα twelve
δῶμα (-ατος) n room (pl) house
Ε
ἑαυτόν (-ην -ο) himself (reflexive
pronoun)
ἕβδομος (-η ndashον) seventh
ἐγγύς near ( + gen)
ἐγείρω stir raise
ἐγώ I
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
51
ἐθέλω (ἤθελον) be willing wish
ἔθνος (-ους) race nation (pl) gentiles
εἰ if
εἰμί be (inf εἶναι)
εἴπερ if really if indeed
εἰρήνη (-ης) peace
εἰς ἐς (+ acc) to into
εἷς μία ἕν one
εἰσάγω bring into
εἰσπορεύομαι (mid) enter
ἐκ (+ gen) from out of
ἕκαστος each
ἐκβάλλω throw out produce
ἐκεῖ there
ἐκεῖθεν thence
ἐκεῖνος (-η ndashο) that personthing
(demonstrative pronoun)
ἐκκλησία (-ας) assembly church
ἐκκόπτω cut out
ἐκλεκτός chosen
ἔκστασις (-εως) entrancement
ἐλαιών (-ῶνα) m olive-yard
ἐλαφρός (-η -ον) light
ἐλάχiστoς least
ἐλεύθερος free
ἐλεύσομαι future of ἔρχομαι
ἐμός (-η -ον) my mine
ἔμπειρος experienced
ἔμπορος (-ου) merchant trader
ἐν (+ dat) in at
ἔνδον within
ἐνθουσιάζω be possessed by a god
ἐντεῦθεν hence thence from that source
ἐντολή (-ης) command commandment
ἐνώτιον (-ου) ear-ring
ἐξ ἐκ ( + gen) from out of
ἕξ six
ἐξάγω lead out
ἔξοδος a going out a way out
ἐξουσία (-ας) power authority
ἔξω outside
ἑορτή (-ης) festival holiday
ἐπαύριον (adv) on the morrow
ἐπεί when since
ἐπί (+ acc) to up to towards against (+
gen) on (+ dat) on over at
ἐπιβάλλω cast upon
ἐπιθυμία (-ας) desire
ἐπίσκοπος (-ου) overseer guardian
bishop
ἐπιστολή (-ης) letter
ἐργάτης (-ου) workman
ἔργον (-ου) work deed
ἐρημία (-ας) desert
ἐρημίτης (-ου) of the desert
ἔρημος (-η -ον) bereft deserted ἡ ἔρημος
(χῶρα) wilderness
ἑρπετός (-η -ον) creeping
ἔρχομαι (ἦλθον) (mid) come go
ἐρωτάω ask
ἐσθίω (ἔφαγον) eat
ἔσχατος (-η -ον) last
ἕτερος other different
ἔτι yet still any longer
ἕτοιμος ready at hand feasible
εὖ (adv) well
εὐαγγέλιον (-ου) good news gospel
εὐαγγελιστής (-ου) bringer of good news
εὐθέως straight away
εὐθύς straight straight away
εὑρίσκω (ηὗρον) find
εὐσέβεια (-ας) piety
εὐχαριστέω give thanks
ἔχιδνα (-ης) viper
ἔχω (ἔσχον) have hold
Ζ
ζάω (ἔζην) live
ζητέω seek
ζυγόν (-ου) yoke
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
52
ζωή (-ης) life
Η
ἤ than or (ἤ ἤ eitheror)
ἤδη now already immediately
ἡδονή (-ης) pleasure
ἥκω come
ἡλικία (-ας) time of life age
ἥλιος (-ου) sun
ἡμέρα (-ας) day
Θ
θάλασσα (-ης) sea
θάνατος (-ου) death
θαῦμα (-ατος) wonder prodigy
θαυμάζω wonder be amazed
θέλημα (-ατος) will
θέλω shortened form of ἐθέλω
θεός (-ου) god
θεραπεύω serve worship treat
medically nurse
θερίζω harvest reap
θερισμός (-ου) harvest
θεωρέω observe
θηρεύω hunt
θηρίον (-ου) wild beast
θησαυρίζω store up
θησαυρός (-ου) storehouse treasure
θρόνος (-ου) seat
θυγάτηρ (θυγατρός) daughter
θύρα (-ας) door
θυρωρός (-ου) mf door-keeper porter
Ι
ἴδε see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἴδιος private ones own
ἰδού see behold (imperative lt ὁράω)
ἵνα in order that (introducing a purpose
clause)
ἵππος (-ου) horse
ἰσχύω be strong
ἰχθύς (-υος) m fish
Κ
καθαρίζω purify
καθαρός pure
καθέδρα (-ας) seat
καθολικός (-η -ον) general universal
καθώς just as
καί and also even too
καινός new
καιρός time
κακός evil bad cowardly base
κακόφρων (-ονα) malicious
καλέω call
κάλλος (-ους) n beauty
καλός (-η -ον) fine beautiful
καρδία (-ας) heart
καρπός (-ου) harvest fruit
κάρφος (-ους) chip (of wood)
κατά (+ acc) according to (+ gen) down
along
κατανοέω observe
κατισχύω (+ gen) overpower prevail
against
κάτω downward below
κέντρον (-ου) any pointed thing goad
sting centre (of a circle)
κεφαλή (-ης) head
κηρύσσω announce
κιβωτός (-ου) f ark
κιχράω lend
κλέπτης (-ου) thief
κλέπτω steal
κλῆμα (-ατος) vine-branch
κληρονομέω inherit
κλητός called
κοινός common shared
κομίζω carry bring
κόσμος (-ου) order world adornment
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
53
κούφος light nimble
κρείσσων (κρεῖσσον) (Attic κρείττων)
stronger better
κρίνω (ἔκρινα) judge
κρίσις (-εως) judgment
κριτής (-ου) judge
κτῆνος (-εος) beast (pl flocks and herds)
κῦμα (-ατος) n wave
κυνάριον (-ου) small dog (dim lt κύων)
κύριος (-ου) lord
κύων (κυνός) hound
κώμη (-ης) village
Λ
λαῖλαψ (-απος) f tempest
λαλέω chatter (NT speak)
λαλία (-ας) chatter gossip (NT speech)
λαμβάνω (ἔλαβον) take seize
λαός (-ου) army people
λατρεύω serve worship
λέγω (εἶπον) say
λεπρός (-ου) leper
ληρέω talk nonsense
λιθάζω stone
λίθος (-ου) stone
λογισμός (-ου) calculation
λόγος (-ου) word speech
λοίδορος abusive
λοιπός (-η -ον) remaining the rest
λύκος (-ου) wolf
λύχνoς (-ου) lamp
λύω loose
Μ
μαθητής (-ου) pupil disciple
μακάριος blessed happy
μαλακία (-ας) softness weakness
μαργαρίτης (-ου) pearl
μαρτυρέω bear witness
μαρτυρία (-ας) evidence testimony
μέ acc lt ἐγώ
μέγας μεγάλη μέγα great large
μέλλω be about to
μέλω be a care
μέν δέ come second in each of two
contrasted clauses
μέντοι however
μένω (ἔμεινα) remain
μερίμνη (-ης) care worry
μετά (+ acc) after (+ gen) with
μή not
μήτηρ (μητρός) mother
μήτι not at all
μηχανή (-ης) device
μικρός small
μισέω hate
μισθός (-ου) pay reward
μνημεῖον (-ου) tomb
μoιχεύω commit adultery
μοναστήριος (-η -ον) monastic
μοναχός (-η -ον) single solitary
μόνος single alone
μου my (gen lt ἐγώ)
μυοθηρευτής (-ου) mouse-catcher
μυοθηρεύω hunt mice
μῦς (μυός) mouse
μυστήριον (-ου) mystery
μωρός foolish
Ν
ναί yes
νεανίας (-ου) young man
νεκρός (-ου) corpse
νέος new young
νηστεύω fast
νικάω win defeat be victorious
νόμος (-ου) law
νοσέω be ill
νόσος (-ου) f illness disease plague
νύμφη (-ης) bride
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
54
νυμφίος (-ου) bridegroom
νῦν now (of time)
νύξ (νυκτός) f night
Ξ
ξένος (-ου) stranger guest
ξύλον (-ου) wood log
Ο
ὁδηγέω lead one on his way
ὁδός (-ου) f way road
ὄζω smell
οἰκέω inhabit dwell (in)
οἰκία (-ας) house
οἰκοδομέω build
οἰκοδομή (-ης) building
οἶνος (-ου) wine
ὀλίγος (-η -ον) little (pl) few
ὅλος whole
ὄνομα (-ατος) n name
ὅπου wherewherever
ὀρθός (-η -ον) straight upright
ὅς ἥ ὅ who which (relative pronoun)
ὅσος so much so great
ὅτε when
ὅτι because that
οὐ οὐκ οὐχ not
oὐδέ nor not even
οὐδείς οὐδεμία οὐδέν no one nothing
οὖν so therefore then
οὔπω not yet
οὐρανός (-ου) heaven sky
οὔτε neither nor
οὗτος αὕτη τοῦτο this
οὕτως οὕτω thus in the same way
οὐχί = οὐ
ὀφθαλμός (-ου) eye
ὄχλος (-ου) mob crowd
ὀψώνιον (-ου) provision-money wages
Π
παιδεύω teach train educate
παιδίσκη (-ης) young girl young female
slave prostitute
παῖς (παιδός) child
παλαιός old ancient
πάλιν again
πάντοτε at all times always
παρά (+ acc) to beside (+ gen) from
beside (+ dat) beside by
παραβολή (-ης) comparison analogy
παράγω pass by
παράδεισος (-ου) park paradise
παράκλησις (-εως) encouragement
παράκλητος (-ου) advocate
παραλαμβάνω take along
παραμυθία (-ας) consolation diversion
πάρειμι be present
παρέρχομαι pass away
παρρησία (-ας) frankness
πᾶς πᾶσα πᾶν all every (stem pant-)
πατήρ (πατρός) father
πατρίς (-ιδος) f fatherland home village
πεδιοφύλαξ (-ακος) m field-guard
πέμπω send
πενθέω mourn
πέντε five
πέραν (+ gen) across on the other side of
περί (+ acc) about near (+ gen) about
concerning (+ dat) about around
concerning
περιάγω go around
περίσσευμα (-ατος) n abundance
περιτέμνω circumcise
πέτρα (-ας) rock crag
πέτρος (-ου) stone pebble
πίπτω (ἔπεσον) fall
πιστεύω trust believe (+ dat) in NT
πιστεύω εἰς believe in
πλανάω lead astray mislead
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
55
πλοῖον (-ου) vessel merchant ship
πλοῦτος (-ου) wealth
πλύνω wash (clothes)
πνεῦμα (-ατος) breath spirit
πνέω breathe blow
πόθεν whence
ποιέω do make
ποιμήν (-ενος) m shepherd
ποίμνη (-ης) flock
ποῖος (-α -ον) of what sort
πόλεμος (-ου) war
πόλις (-εως) f city
πολύς πολλή πολύ much many
πονηρός wicked
πορεύομαι (mid) march go
πόρνη (-ης) harlot
πόσις (-εως) f drink
ποταμός (-ου) river
ποταπός what sort of
πoτέ once ever
ποῦ where
πραιτώριον (-ου) Praetorium (governorrsquos
residence)
πρεσβύτερος (-ου) elder
προάγω go before (+ acc)
πρόβατον (-ου) sheep (pl flock of sheep)
προκόπτω advance
πρός (+ acc) towards with (+ gen) from
facing towards (+ dat) at
προσκυνέω (+ dat) kneel before worship
προστάτης (-ου) chief
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
προφητεύω speak under the influence of
the Holy Spirit
προφήτης (-ου) prophet
πρόσωπον (-ου) face
πρῶτος (-η -ον) first
πτωχός (-ου) beggar (NT poor)
πυκνός (-η -ον) thick close-packed
πύλη (-ης) gate
πῦρ (πυρός) n fire
πῶς how
Ρ
ῥῆμα (-ατος) thing said word saying
ῥίς (ῥινός) f nose
ῥύπος (-ου) dirt uncleanness
Σ
σάββατος (-ου) sabbath
σαπρός (-η -ον) rotten
σάρξ (σαρκός) f flesh
σημεῖον (-ου) sign
σήμερον today
σής (σεός) m moth
σκανδαλίζω cause to stumble
σκάνδαλον (-ου) cause of stumbling
σκεπτικός (-η -ον) reflective
σκληρός (-α -ον) hard harsh unyielding
σκορπίζω scatter
σοί dat lt σέ
σοῦ your (gen lt σύ)
σός (-η -ον) your yours (sing)
σοφία (-ας) wisdom
σοφός (-η ndashον) wise
σπείρω (ἔσπειρα) sow
σπέρμα (-ατος) n seed
σπόρος (-ου) seed
σταυρός (-ου) stake cross
σταυρόω crucify
στέφανoς (-ου) crown wreath
στολή garment robe
στόμα (-ατος) n mouth
σύ you
συλλέγω collect
συμπαθής (-ες) sympathetic
σύν (+ dat) with
συναγωγή place of assembly synagogue
συνεργός (-ου) fellow-worker
accomplice
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to
56
συνετός (-η -ον) intelligent
συνπνίγω throttle choke
σχίσμα (-ατος) tear (in a garment)
σώζω save
σῶμα (-ατος) n body
Τ
ταῦρος (-ου) bull
τε and (τε καί both and)
τέκνον (-ου) child
τέλος (-ους) n end
τελώνης (-ου) tax-collector (Lat
publicanus)
τεταρταῖος on the fourth day
τηρέω guard watch keep
τί why
τίθημι put place
τιμή (-ης) honour
τις (stem τιν-) anyone anything
τίς who what
τί what why
τίμιος (-α -ον) valued honoured
τόπος (-ου) place
τότε then
τράπεζα (-ης) table
τρεῖς τρία three
τρίτος (-η --ον) third
τρώγω nibble munch (NT) eat
τύραννος (-ου) absolute sovereign
τυφλός blind
Υ
ὑγιαίνω be healthy
ὕδωρ (ὕδατος) n water
υἱός (-ου) son
ὑμεῖς you (pl)
ὑμέτερος your yours (plural)
ὕμνος (-ου) hymn ode
ὑπάγω go
ὑπακούω (+ dat) obey
ὑπέρ (+ acc) above (+ gen) for on behalf
of
ὕπνος (-ου) sleep
ὗς (ὑός) swine
ὕστερος (-α -ον) later latter
Φ
φαῦλος paltry mean poor
φέρω (ἤνεγκα) bear carry bring endure
φεύγω (ἔφυγον) flee
φιλέω love
φιλία (-ας) friendship
φίλος (-η -ον) dear friend
φόβος (-ου) fear
φoνεύω murder
φορτίον (-ου) load burden
φρόνιμος wise
φύλαξ (-ακος) m guard
φυλάσσω guard watch
φυλή (-ης) race tribe
φυτόν (-ου) plant
φύσις (-εως) nature
φωνέω speak call to
φωνή (-ης) sound voice
φῶς lt φάος (φάουςφωτός) n light
Χ
χαίρω rejoice (used as a greeting in
letters)
χάος (-ους) n first state of the universe
yawning gap
χάρα (-ας) joy delight
χάρις (-ιτος) f grace favour
χόρτος (-ου) fodder grass
χρεία (-ας) use need
χρηστός useful good (NT mild kind)
χριστός (-η -ον) annointed
χρόνος (-ου) time
χάρα (-ας) joy
χάρις (-εως) grace favour
57
χώρα (-ας) land place
χωρίς (+ gen) without
Ψ
ψαλμός (-ου) song sung to a harp
ψιχίον (-ου) breadcrumb
ψύχη (-ης) soul
Ω
ὥρα (-ας) time hour season
ὡς when that because how
ὡσεί as if like
ὥστε so that so as to