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Airport Ground Transportation Association
Doug WalczakLimousine & Livery Manager
Ford North American Fleet, Lease, & Remarketing Operations
4/8/08
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Why High Oil prices
Haven't Cut Demand
Bush Seeks to “Break Addiction” to Foreign Oil
Energy Bill won’t wean US off of oil imports
…CO is down 62%, SO2 is down
52% and NOx is down 24% in gas powered vehicles
External Factors have Triggered Increased Environmental Focus
What is the impact on your company?
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Questions for You
1. What is your company’s environmental objective? If alternative fuels are the focus….. Is it to meet regulatory
requirements or to modify your existing fuel policy? If emissions compliance is the focus……. is it a reduction in
Greenhouse Gas (CO2)? Is it to promote a corporate environmental image?
2. How does your vehicle fleet play a role in achieving your company’s objective?
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What you ask for Clean Air
Global Warming/
Sustainability
Energy Independence
Fuel Economy
What It Means
Tailpipe Emissions
of NMOG/HC.
Low EVAP of HC
Reduction of fossil fuels & reducing CO2 to a
sustainable level using renewable fuels
Conservation & reduction of
petroleum based fuels
Increased mileage capability / gallon
gas
Ethanol Operation
PZEV Emissions
ICE Gas Technology
Diesel Operation
Hybrid Operation
Becoming Environmentally Friendly
d
a
b
c c
A) Hybrid with PZEV operation (AT-PZEV)B) Improves as you move from “corn” based to cellulosicC) Improves with long term move to bio-dieselD Coupled with PZEV emissions operation
Leverage a flexible array of technology options including Hybrids, Clean Diesels, Bio-diesel and Ethanol
Advance research on Lithium battery hybrids, H2ICE and Fuel Cell technology
Customers will decide what technology best suits their needs for the future
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Near Term Mid Term Long Term
Sp
ecif
ic B
en
efi
t
Deployment Timeframe
Hybrid PowertrainFE % 5 - 45
Diesel I.C.E.FE % 25 – 35
Today
Hydrogen I.C.E.FE % 20 - 25
3x Cost3x Cost
5x Cost5x Cost
100x Cost100x Cost
Advanced Gasoline I.C.E.FE % 15 - 20
1.2x Cost1.2x Cost
Flexible Fuel EnginesFE % (15) – (25) / >500%
1.01x Cost 1.01x Cost
1.5x Cost1.5x Cost
Fuel CellFE % 90 -
Powertrain Technologies – Timeline
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Pathway to the Future: Advanced Technology
Advanced Gasoline InternalCombustion Engines (ICE)
(Including Biofuels)
Modern Clean Diesels(Including Biodiesel
Hybrid Powertrains(Including Plug-Ins)
Fuel Cells
Gasoline Engine Efficiency: Core for 30+ yrs• Low cost, reliable, familiar• Existing capital & refueling infrastructure
Modern Clean Diesel: Core for next 40+ yrs• Challenges – fuel quality, Tailpipe Emissions
standards
Hybrid Powertrain: 10-• Market driven niche solution• Benefits realized in urban driving conditions
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines: Bridging technology
• Bridging action / enabler for H2 Economy• H2 emissions benefits realized in near term
Fuel Cell: Impact in 20-30 yrs • Endgame for the hydrogen economy• Environmentally neutral powertrain
Gasoline Engine Efficiency: Core for 30+ yrs• Low cost, reliable, familiar• Existing capital & refueling infrastructure
Modern Clean Diesel: Core for next 40+ yrs• Challenges – fuel quality, Tailpipe Emissions
standards
Hybrid Powertrain: 10-15% Market • Market driven niche solution• Benefits realized in urban driving conditions
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines: Bridging technology
• Bridging action / enabler for H2 Economy• H2 emissions benefits realized in near term
Fuel Cell: Impact in 20-30 yrs • Endgame for the hydrogen economy• Environmentally neutral powertrain
Hydrogen PoweredInternal Combustion Engines
Near Term Mid Term Long Term
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Advanced Gasoline Engines
Benefits Reliable and familiar
to consumers Compatible with
ethanol fuel blends up to 10%
U.S. gas prices relatively low compared to other markets
Approaching near-zero emissions
Fuel economy tradeoffs required to comply with increasingly stringent emissions and safety standards
Cost effectiveness of incremental technologies
Challenges Key Facts Incremental
improvements in efficiency are being achieved via: Six Speed Transmissions, Variable Displacement Engines, Direct Injection, Variable Cam Timing, Variable Compression Ratios
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EcoBoost Engine Technology
EcoBoost – Ford Motor Company’s new high-volume engine technology:
o uses gasoline turbocharged direct-injection for up to 20% better fuel economy and 15% fewer CO2 emissions
Available in half a million vehicles during the next five years beginning with the new Lincoln MKS sedan in 2009
o 3.5L twin-turbocharged V-6 delivering power (340 hp) and torque (340 lb. ft.) of a V-8 with the fuel efficiency of a V-6
Real-world fuel economy benefit is achieved in all drive cycles – city and highway
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A Pathway for Today:Ethanol (E85)
● Ethanol has been a transportation alternative fuel choice for more than 10 years
● About 4.9 billion gallons of ethanol were produced for transportation purposes in 2006
● Most U.S. ethanol is currently derived from corn
● Ethanol produced from cellulosic feedstocks planned for the future
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Why Ethanol Now?Opportunity for Immediate Impact
• Ford has placed over 2 million E85 FFVs on America’s roads
• As a whole, U.S. automakers have produced more than 6 million E85 flexible fuel vehicles
• If all of these vehicles were operated on E85, over 3.6 billion gallons of gasoline a year could be displaced.That’s like saving a full year of gasoline consumption in a state like Missouri
or Tennessee.
• Ford, GM and DaimlerChrysler voluntarily committed to doubling our production of FFVs by 2010.We expanded that commitment to include half our vehicles each
year by 2012, provided sufficient infrastructure is in place
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E85 Flex Fuel
Benefits Promotes U.S.
energy security and fuel diversity
Agricultural-based renewable fuel
Offers fuel flexibility for customers
Incremental cost absorbed by Ford
Limited fuel infrastructure
Fuel cost vs. gasoline – 20% price differential needed
Customer acceptance of fuel
Fuel system components more expensive than gasoline
Challenges Key Facts Over 6 million E85
FFVs on the road today in the U.S.
About 1,100 E85 stations in the U.S.
The 5.4L F-Series is Ford’s latest FFV
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What Is Needed?More E85 Stations Will Solve The “Chicken & Egg” Problem
E85 Availability Primarily in the Midwest (presently about 1,100 stations – out of about 170,000 retail gasoline stations nationwide)
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Ethanol Vehicle Availability (E85)
Three new products - Crown Victoria Police, Taxi and E-Series
50 State Certification on F-150, Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis
New Yellow Gas Cap highlighting E-85 capability
Three new products - Crown Victoria Police, Taxi and E-Series
50 State Certification on F-150, Crown Victoria, Grand Marquis
New Yellow Gas Cap highlighting E-85 capability
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Pathway to the Future: Advanced Technology
Advanced Gasoline InternalCombustion Engines (ICE)
(Including Biofuels)
Modern Clean Diesels(Including Biodiesel
Hybrid Powertrains(Including Plug-Ins)
Fuel Cells
Gasoline Engine Efficiency: Core for 30+ yrs• Low cost, reliable, familiar• Existing capital & refueling infrastructure
Modern Clean Diesel: Core for next 40+ yrs• Challenges – fuel quality, Tailpipe Emissions
standards
Hybrid Powertrain: 10-• Market driven niche solution• Benefits realized in urban driving conditions
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines: Bridging technology
• Bridging action / enabler for H2 Economy• H2 emissions benefits realized in near term
Fuel Cell: Impact in 20-30 yrs • Endgame for the hydrogen economy• Environmentally neutral powertrain
Gasoline Engine Efficiency: Core for 30+ yrs• Low cost, reliable, familiar• Existing capital & refueling infrastructure
Modern Clean Diesel: Core for next 40+ yrs• Challenges – fuel quality, Tailpipe Emissions
standards
Hybrid Powertrain: 10-15% Market • Market driven niche solution• Benefits realized in urban driving conditions
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines: Bridging technology
• Bridging action / enabler for H2 Economy• H2 emissions benefits realized in near term
Fuel Cell: Impact in 20-30 yrs • Endgame for the hydrogen economy• Environmentally neutral powertrain
Hydrogen PoweredInternal Combustion Engines
Near Term Mid Term Long Term
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Advanced Technology Diesel
Benefits Significant increase
in fuel economy (20-30%)
Higher performance, less noise, less odor
Improved emissions Ample refueling
infrastructure
Lingering public perception
Meeting stringent U.S. emission standards
Fuel quality improvements (low sulfur, cetane)
Higher incremental cost for vehicle and fuel
Challenges Key Facts All Ford diesel
applications can use 5% biodiesel blends
Low Nitrous Oxides (NOx) levels may be achieved with urea co-fueling
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B-20 Applications
•All New 6.4L Diesel launched with the 2008 MY Super Duty
•Ford Powertrain Engineering presently developing B-20 capabilities
•Working with Fuel partners on development of B-20 specification
•Pilot Demonstrator Program is in development
•All New 6.4L Diesel launched with the 2008 MY Super Duty
•Ford Powertrain Engineering presently developing B-20 capabilities
•Working with Fuel partners on development of B-20 specification
•Pilot Demonstrator Program is in development
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Pathway to the Future: Advanced Technology
Advanced Gasoline InternalCombustion Engines (ICE)
(Including Biofuels)
Modern Clean Diesels(Including Biodiesel
Hybrid Powertrains(Including Plug-Ins)
Fuel Cells
Gasoline Engine Efficiency: Core for 30+ yrs• Low cost, reliable, familiar• Existing capital & refueling infrastructure
Modern Clean Diesel: Core for next 40+ yrs• Challenges – fuel quality, Tailpipe Emissions
standards
Hybrid Powertrain: 10-• Market driven niche solution• Benefits realized in urban driving conditions
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines: Bridging technology
• Bridging action / enabler for H2 Economy• H2 emissions benefits realized in near term
Fuel Cell: Impact in 20-30 yrs • Endgame for the hydrogen economy• Environmentally neutral powertrain
Gasoline Engine Efficiency: Core for 30+ yrs• Low cost, reliable, familiar• Existing capital & refueling infrastructure
Modern Clean Diesel: Core for next 40+ yrs• Challenges – fuel quality, Tailpipe Emissions
standards
Hybrid Powertrain: 10-15% Market • Market driven niche solution• Benefits realized in urban driving conditions
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines: Bridging technology
• Bridging action / enabler for H2 Economy• H2 emissions benefits realized in near term
Fuel Cell: Impact in 20-30 yrs • Endgame for the hydrogen economy• Environmentally neutral powertrain
Hydrogen PoweredInternal Combustion Engines
Near Term Mid Term Long Term
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Hybrid Electric
Benefits Significant increases
in fuel economy(full hybrids)
Uses existing fueling infrastructure
Can achieve near zero emission levels
Full-hybrid technology is most effective in city and stop-and-go driving
Incremental cost for hybrid option
Limited U.S. supply base for battery technology
Applications to broader vehicle segments (i.e. trucks, larger SUVs, etc.)
Customer acceptance/ value
Challenges Key Facts Wide variety of hybrid
technologies exist across the industry (mild to full)
Ford delivered 20 HEV-FFV demo vehicles this spring
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Ford’s “Family of Hybrids”
Ford Fusion & Mercury MilanProduction beginning in 2008 CY
Ford Escape & Mercury Mariner• Available now
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Escape Hybrid Taxi
Ford Escape Hybrid Taxi has received overwhelming positive press and awareness as a result of its successful fleet application
o USA Today – San Francisco Taxio CNN – New York Escape Hybrid Taxi
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Current Fleet – 328 vehicles Taxi Locations
– San Francisco Feb 2005 (40)
– New York City Nov 2005 (288)
Annual Vehicle Environmental Benefits* Savings of 1,666 gallons of gasoline
Removal of 32,000 lbs of carbon emissions
Vehicle Durability– Up to 200,000 miles, San Francisco
Driver Benefits– Taxi Drivers save up to $30 / shift or more
than $6,000 annually in fuel
Hybrid Taxi FleetHybrid Taxi Fleet
* Annual savings based upon San Francisco experience of 100,000 miles per year.
Ford holds more than 150 patents on Ford holds more than 150 patents on the Hybrid Escapethe Hybrid Escape
FWD Escape rated at 36mpg in city FWD Escape rated at 36mpg in city driving & provides 500 miles to a tankdriving & provides 500 miles to a tank
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Escape Hybrid E-85 Demonstration Fleet
Demonstration program marrying two petroleum-saving technologies – hybrid electric and flex fuel
20 vehicles delivered for real world testing and engineering evaluation
Helps reduce dependence on imported oil
Produces about 25% less carbon dioxide than a gasoline-fueled Escape Hybrid
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Hybrid E-Series Commercial Chassis
E-Series strip chassis Parallel Hybrid design using the 5.4L 5R110 Powertrain All development and integration done by Azure Dynamics Electric motor in drive train providing regenerative braking plus
additional start up power. Engine off capability and limited full electric mode operation also provided.
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Plug-in HybridsPlug-in Hybrids
Benefits Breakthrough fuel
economy improvements for customers with 20-40 miles daily use
Off-peak electric charging provides low-cost power opportunity
Interconnectivity with home/business power system can offset peak load costs
High cost of battery storage systems (2-3x hybrid systems) requires new business model involving wind, utilities, renewable fuel providers and policy makers
Battery must complement stationary applications to ensure high residual value after vehicle use
Challenges Key Facts Ford and Southern
California Edison collaborating on industry first demo program
Ford to deliver small fleet of vehicles for testing
High-density lithium ion battery cost exceeds $15,000; long-life characteristics can support vehicle and post-vehicle energy storage applications
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Pathway to the Future: Advanced Technology
Advanced Gasoline InternalCombustion Engines (ICE)
(Including Biofuels)
Modern Clean Diesels(Including Biodiesel
Hybrid Powertrains(Including Plug-Ins)
Fuel Cells
Gasoline Engine Efficiency: Core for 30+ yrs• Low cost, reliable, familiar• Existing capital & refueling infrastructure
Modern Clean Diesel: Core for next 40+ yrs• Challenges – fuel quality, Tailpipe Emissions
standards
Hybrid Powertrain: 10-• Market driven niche solution• Benefits realized in urban driving conditions
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines: Bridging technology
• Bridging action / enabler for H2 Economy• H2 emissions benefits realized in near term
Fuel Cell: Impact in 20-30 yrs • Endgame for the hydrogen economy• Environmentally neutral powertrain
Gasoline Engine Efficiency: Core for 30+ yrs• Low cost, reliable, familiar• Existing capital & refueling infrastructure
Modern Clean Diesel: Core for next 40+ yrs• Challenges – fuel quality, Tailpipe Emissions
standards
Hybrid Powertrain: 10-15% Market • Market driven niche solution• Benefits realized in urban driving conditions
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines: Bridging technology
• Bridging action / enabler for H2 Economy• H2 emissions benefits realized in near term
Fuel Cell: Impact in 20-30 yrs • Endgame for the hydrogen economy• Environmentally neutral powertrain
Hydrogen PoweredInternal Combustion Engines
Near Term Mid Term Long Term
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Hydrogen Powered Internal Combustion Engines (H2ICEs)
Key “Bridge” Technology
H2ICE Shuttle Bus Demonstration w/6.8L Supercharged H2 Triton V10
Holds up to 12 passengers plus luggage
Worked with State of Florida, Dallas-Ft.Worth airport, Canadian government and others to launch a demo fleet
Key “Bridge” Technology
H2ICE Shuttle Bus Demonstration w/6.8L Supercharged H2 Triton V10
Holds up to 12 passengers plus luggage
Worked with State of Florida, Dallas-Ft.Worth airport, Canadian government and others to launch a demo fleet
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Pathway to the Future: Advanced Technology
Advanced Gasoline InternalCombustion Engines (ICE)
(Including Biofuels)
Modern Clean Diesels(Including Biodiesel
Hybrid Powertrains(Including Plug-Ins)
Fuel Cells
Gasoline Engine Efficiency: Core for 30+ yrs• Low cost, reliable, familiar• Existing capital & refueling infrastructure
Modern Clean Diesel: Core for next 40+ yrs• Challenges – fuel quality, Tailpipe Emissions
standards
Hybrid Powertrain: 10-• Market driven niche solution• Benefits realized in urban driving conditions
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines: Bridging technology
• Bridging action / enabler for H2 Economy• H2 emissions benefits realized in near term
Fuel Cell: Impact in 20-30 yrs • Endgame for the hydrogen economy• Environmentally neutral powertrain
Gasoline Engine Efficiency: Core for 30+ yrs• Low cost, reliable, familiar• Existing capital & refueling infrastructure
Modern Clean Diesel: Core for next 40+ yrs• Challenges – fuel quality, Tailpipe Emissions
standards
Hybrid Powertrain: 10-15% Market • Market driven niche solution• Benefits realized in urban driving conditions
Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines: Bridging technology
• Bridging action / enabler for H2 Economy• H2 emissions benefits realized in near term
Fuel Cell: Impact in 20-30 yrs • Endgame for the hydrogen economy• Environmentally neutral powertrain
Hydrogen PoweredInternal Combustion Engines
Near Term Mid Term Long Term
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Fuel Cell
Benefits Zero Emission
Vehicle (ZEV) Breakthrough
performance in energy efficiency
Hydrogen can be derived from multiple sources
Promotes long-term renewable fuel vision
High cost of technology
On-board hydrogen fuel storage
Hydrogen infrastructure is in its infancy
Lack of uniform codes and standards
Challenges Key Facts DOE demonstration
projects are under way
Significant volume applications are not expected before 2030+
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Edge HySeries Drive Hybrid
First drivable fuel cell HEV with plug-in capability
Operates using a fuel cell, small gasoline or diesel engine connected to an electric generator
Powered by a 336-volt lithium-ion battery pack (refreshed by an on-board charger from a standard home outlet)
Drives first 25 miles on stored electricty, after which the fuel cell kicks in to keep battery charged (provide additional 200 miles range
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Environmental Interiors
First U.S. automotive application of seating surfaces made from 100% post-industrial materials. Positive benefits include:
o Estimated conservation of 600,000 gallons of watero 1.8 million pounds of carbon dioxide equivalentso More than 7 million kilowatt hours of electricity annually
Soy foam technology launched in the Mustang seat cushions and seat backso Potential to replace up to 30 pounds of petroleum based foam used today
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EasyFuel – Capless Fuel Fill Technology
Industry exclusive feature
Eliminates the need for a fuel cap speeding up the refueling process
Provides a better seal than a fuel cap which reduces the escape of smog-producing emissions
Eliminates annoying false “Check Engine” light
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Eco-Friendly Paint
• Industry-first paint technology that is better for the environment• Combines an advanced chemical formulation of high solids, solvent borne
paint with innovative three-part wet application process• Reduces CO2 emissions by 15% & Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
emissions by 10%• Ford won “Best Technical Prize” for the new paint technology at the
International Conference on Automobile Body Finishing
• Industry-first paint technology that is better for the environment• Combines an advanced chemical formulation of high solids, solvent borne
paint with innovative three-part wet application process• Reduces CO2 emissions by 15% & Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
emissions by 10%• Ford won “Best Technical Prize” for the new paint technology at the
International Conference on Automobile Body Finishing
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Environmental ManufacturingFord Rouge Manufacturing Plant Worlds largest living roof
Controls storm water run-off
Cools the plant in the summer
Lasts longer than a conventional roof
Never needs to be mowed
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2008 Mariner Hybrid Livery Package
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Livery PackageOption Code 47L
Mariner Hybrid Livery Package: Heated front seats Premium leather seating surfaces Lumbar controls Energy Flow Navigation system Reverse Sensing System Roof rack with satin inserts & black
cross bars Heated mirrors Body-color exterior mirrors Cargo area cover 110V AC power outlet 4-year/100,000 mile ExtraCare ESP for
livery vehicles
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Full Hybrid
A full hybrid operates in four functional states:1) Automatic gas engine start/stop2) Full regenerative braking3) Full electric launch and drive4) Electric assist
A full hybrid has a larger, more powerful battery pack and can be powered entirely by electric power.
A mild hybrid is essentially gasoline-powered, using the electric motor only to assist the gas engine as needed.
Full hybrids also take advantage of the efficiencies of hybrid technology by:– Recharging the batteries during braking (full regenerative braking)– Moving the vehicle solely by electric power
Full hybrids are more efficient than mild hybrids, which do not employ full regenerative braking or electric-only operation
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Hybrid Function / Benefits
HEV Type
Battery Size
Electric Motors
Regen.Braking
Start/ Stop
Electric Launch
Electric Only Mode
MetroHwy Fuel
Economy Benefit
Starter/Generator
Drive eAWD
Saturn VUE HEV Mild 36V 4 kW - - Minimal Y N Brief 20%1
Honda Accord Medium 144V 12kW4 - - Y Y N N 30%
Toyota Prius Full 201.6V 29kWEstimate2
50kW - Y Y Y Y NA3
Toyota Camry HEV Full 244.8V 75kWestimate2
105kW - Y Y Y Y 43%
Toyota HighlanderLexus 400H HEV
Full 288 V 78kWestimate2
123kW 50kW Y Y Y Y 45%
Ford Escape HEVMercury Mariner HEVMazda Tribute HEV
Full 330V 45kW 70kW - Y Y Y Y 42%
1 Saturn VUE HEV 20% FE benefit – approximately 5% is from BISG HEV, while approximately 15% are from other vehicle actions (aero, engine actions - 2.2 I4 to 2.4 VVT I4, DFSO, FDR, weight, others)
2 Toyota does not publish starter/generator motor values, therefore these numbers are estimates based upon battery and drive motor size.3 Toyota Prius does not have an equivalent gasoline vehicle, so the fuel economy percent benefit cannot be determined.
Competitive System OverviewMild vs. Full Hybirds
4 Honda Accord electric motor provides starter, generator, and electric boost (supplemental torque) functions, but cannot operate alone without the gasoline engine.
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Key Comparison Data
VEHICLE LINE: 2007 Toyota Prius 2008 Mariner Hybrid
Mechanical
Gas 76 hp @ 5000 rpm 133 hp @ 6000 rpm
Electric 67 hp @ 1200-1540 rpm 94 hp @ 5000 rpm
Hybrid System Net Power 110 hp (82 kW) 155
EPA Estimated MPG (C/H) 60/51 34/30
Key Specifications
Passenger Volume 96.2 99.4
Cargo Capacity 14.4 29.2
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Tax Credits
For 2008MY, Escape and Mariner Hybrid tax credits have increased due to improvements in real world fuel economy
FWD: $2600 $3,0004WD: $1950 $2,200
Mariner now has the highest Mariner now has the highest Hybrid tax credit of ANY vehicleHybrid tax credit of ANY vehicle
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Thank You!