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BAHAN KAJIAN
MK. DASAR ILMU TANAH
TEMPERATUR TANAH:KARAKTERISTIK
DANKUALITAS LAHAN
Bahan kajian untuk MK Dasar Ilmu Tanah
Dihimpun oleh:
Soemarno, Jurusan Tanah, FPUB Oktober 2011
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TEMPERATUR TANAH
Bahan kajian untuk MK Dasar Ilmu Tanah
Soemarno 2011
Temperatur atau Suhu adalah
tingkat kemampuan benda
dalam memberi atau
menerima panas.
Suhu seringkali jugadinyatakan sebagai energi
kinetis rata-rata suatu bendayang dinyatakan dalam derajat
suhu.
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Suhu juga dinyatakan sebagai ukuran energi kinetik rata-rata dari pergerakkanmolekul suatu benda. Suhu menunjukkan sangkar cuaca yang dipergunakan untukpengamatan suhu. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan menggunakan thermometer air
raksa dan alkohol.
Dengan thermometer air raksa pengukuran dapat dilakukan dari suhu 35o
C 350C, hasilnya adalah cukup bagus karena mengingat angka pengembangan air raksapada tiap suhu lebih merata dari alkohol, sehingga untuk pengukuran suhu udara
biasanya digunakan thermometer air raksa.
. http://reflitepe08.blogspot.com/2011/03/suhu-udara-dan-suhu-tanah.html ..diunduh 3/2/2012
http://blkmtncommunitygarden.blogspot.com/2010/03/soil-temperature-chart-for-
seed.html
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Pentingnya temperaturtanah?
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Temperatur tanah
Salah satu sifat fisika tanah yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap proses-proses
dalam tanah, seperti pelapukan dan penguraian bahan organik dan bahan induk
tanah, reaksi-reaksi kimia , dll.
http://www.regional.org.au/au/asssi/supersoil2004/s15/oral/1502_walla.htm
diunduh 15/2/2012
Example of soil moisture and temperature during and after freezing.(Gravimetrically determined v was 11.8 % on day 0 and 11.3% on day 9.)
oil moisture measurement in the Ross Sea region of Antarctica using Hydr
soil moisture probes.
Aaron M. Wall, Megan R. Balks, Dave I. Campbell and Ron F. Paetzold
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Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi suhutanah :
1. Faktor iklim / cuaca radiasi surya - Keawanan
Hujan - suhu udara
Angin - kelembaban udara
The soil temperature is much less influenced by climatic changes. Thegraph shows the variation in temperature over a year at different depths
(0, 2, 5 and 12 feet). As we can see, the temperature fluctuationdecreases with increasing depth.
Sumber: http://www.enviroair.ca/en/geothermal.html..... . diunduh12/2/2012
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Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi suhu tanah:
2. Keadaan tanah tekstur tanah
kadar air tanah kandungan bahan organik
warna tanah
struktur tanah (pengolahan ddan kepadatantanah)
Depth dependence of annual range of ground temperatures in Ottawa,
anada (Williams and Gold 1976, National Research Council of Canad
2003).
Sumber: http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/2/4/044001/fulltext/diunduh 12/2/2012
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Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhisuhu tanah :
. Kondisi topografi kemiringasn lereng
arah lerreng
tinggi permukaan tanah
vegetasi
efinition ofthe Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI). TVDIfor a give
pixel (NDVI,Ts) is estimated as the relation between the distance ofthe pixel
from the wet edge (TVDI=O) and the spn ofTs in the Ts/NDVI-spacefor the
iven NDVI (the difference between Ts and the dry edge (TVDI=I) and Ts at the
wet edge).
SUMBER: http://www.tidsskrift.dk/visning.jsp?markup=&print=no&id=71866
Diunduh 12/2/2012)
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Pentingnya temperatur tanah
1. Temperatur tanah mempengaruhiaktivitas biologi tanah---- tidakoptimal apabila suhu tertentu tidak
dapat dipertahankan Tingkat aktivitas optimum dari
organisme tanah adalah suhu 18 30oC
Kurang dari 10o C: menghambatperkembangan mikroba tanah danmenghambat penyerapan haraoleh akar tanaman
Lebih dari 40oC : mikroba tanahtidak aktif, kecuali mikroorganismetertentu (termofilik).
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PENTINGNYA TEMPERATUR TANAH
2. Temperatur tanah juga menentukan reaksi kimia danaktivitas mikroba tanah yang dapat merombak senyawaorganik tertentu menjadi hara tersedia.
Proses nitrifikasi ( temperatur optimum 30o C ), yaitu padakondisi agak panas
http://info.cycadpalm.com/bid/57663/How-to-Fertilize-Cycads-Part-2 diunduh 15/2/2012
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Pentingnya temperatur tanah
3. Temperatur tanah juga mempengaruhi pelapukan bahaninduk tanah
4. Temperatur tanah mempengaruhi perkembangan akar,karena ada hubungannya dengan kelengasan dan aerasi
tanah5. Temperatur tanah mempengaruhi pekecambahan biji dan
pertumbuhan kecambah
Effect of soil temperature on nitrate formation (adapted from Fredereick andBroadbent, 1966).
http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2001/10-22- 2001/why50.html diunduh15/2/2012
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Pentingnya temperatur tanah
pertumbuhan tanaman tertentu (jenis berbeda)menghhendaki keadaan temperatur yang cocok.
http://www.cropinfo.net/AnnualReports/2003/YNSResponsetoEnvironment03.htm.... ..
Diunduh 12/2/2012
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SUHU TANAH BAGI CACING
Suhu atau temperatur tanah yang ideal untuk
pertumbuhan cacing tanah dan penetasan
kokonnya berkisar antara 15oC25oC.
Suhu tanah yang lebih tinggi dari 25oC masih
cocok untuk cacing tanah, tetapi harus
diimbangi dengan kelembapan yang memadai
dan naungan yang cukup.
Oleh karena itu, cacing tanah biasanya
ditemukan hidup dibawah pepohonan atau
tumpukan bahan organik.
http://biologi.lkp.web.id/?p=604 diunduh 3/2/2012
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Dimana suhu tanah diukur?
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Termometer Tanah
Used to take temperatures at5 and 10 cm depths
PVCSpacer
PVC
Spacer
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Kalibrasi Termometer tanah
Basically, we compare the soilthermometer to a calibrationthermometer, and adjust thesoil thermometer.
First, we need to check thecalibration thermometer!!
by dipping it in an ice bath.
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Checking CalibrationThermometer
Submerge thermometer inice-water bath
Let sit for 10-15 minutes,stirring thermometer
occasionally
Read the thermometer.If it reads between -0.5C and +0.5 C, thethermometer is fine.
If the thermometerreads greater than +0.5C, check to make surethat there is more icethan water in your ice-water bath.
If the thermometerreads less than -0.5 C,check to make sure that
there is no salt in yourice-water bath.
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Kalibrasi Termometer Tamah
Add the soil thermometer to the ice bath Wait 2 minutes
Read both Soil Thermometer andcalibration thermometer.
If they agree to within 2 C, the soilthermometer is ready to use.
If not adjust the soil thermometer, usinga wrench, until it reads with 2 C of thecalibration thermometer
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Kapan mengukur suhu tanah ?
Soil temperature is a weeklymeasurement, but you can do it daily.
Try to do the measurement at aboutthe same time of day
Take data near the atmosphere stationor near the soil moisture site
Also measure soil temperaturemeasurement whenever a soil moisture
data are taken Seasonally (4 times a year), measure
soil temperature every few hours duringthe day for 2 consecutive days provides a diurnal reading of soil
temperature change diurnal sampling in March, June, Sept. and
Dec. are preferred
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Regim Temperatur Tanah ---
Regimtemperatur
tanah
RTTT RTTMP-RTTMD RTTMP
Pergelik
Cryik
Frigid
Isofrigid
Boreal
Mesik
IsomesikTermik
Isotermik
Hipertermik
Isohipertermi
k
< 0
08
08
08
< 8
815
8151522
1522
> 22
> 22
> 5
< 5
> 5
5
< 5
> 5< 5
Renda
h
> cryic
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Estimasi temperatur berdasarkan ketinggian
tempat (elevasi)
Di tempat-tempat yang tidak tersedia data
temperatur (stasiun iklim terbatas), maka
temperatur udara dapat diduga berdasarkan
ketinggian tempat (elevasi) dari ataspermukaan laut. Pendugaan tersebut dengan
menggunakan pendekatan rumus dari Braak
(1928) dalam Mohr et al. (1972).
Berdasarkan hasil penelitiannya di Indonesia
emperatur di dataran rendah (pantai) berkisar
antara 25-27C, dan rumus yang dapat
digunakan (rumus Braak) adalah sebagaiberikut:
26,3C - (0,01 x elevasi dalam meter x 0,6C)
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Berdasarkan penelitian Braak tersebut
temperatur tanah pada kedalaman 50 cm di
ndonesia lebih tinggi 3-4,5C, sehingga untukmenduga temperatur tanah pada kedalaman 50
cm, maka rerata temperatur udara ditambah
sekitar 3,5C.
Menurut Wambeke et al. (1986) temperatur
anah lebih tinggi 2,5C dari temperatur udara
Hasil pendugaan temperatur dan ditambahperbedaan temperatur udara dan temperatur
tanah tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan
ejim temperatur tanah seperti yang ditetapkan
dalam Taksonomi Tanah
(Soil Survey Staff, 1992; 1998).
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RADIASI MATAHARIPermukaan bumi merupakan penyerap utama radiasi
matahari . Oleh sebab itu permukaan bumi merupakan
sumber panas bagi udara di atasnya dan bagi lapisantanah di bawahnya.
Pada siang hari suhu permukaan tanah akan lebih
tinggi dibandingkan dengan suhu pada lapisan tanah
yang lebih dalam.
Permukaan tanah menyerap radiasi matahari secara
angsung pada siang hari, setelah itu panas merambat
ke lapisan tanah yang lebih dalam.
Sebaliknya pada malam hari permukaan tanah akan
ehilangan panas terlebih dahulu, akibatnya suhu pad
permukaan tanah akan lebih rendah dibandingkan
dengan suhu pada lapisan yang lebih dalam. Pada
malam hari panas akan merambat dari lapisan yanglebih dalam menuju permukaan.
Sumber: STUDI DIFUSIVITAS TERMAL PADA MEDIUM
TANAH MELALUI PENGUKURAN SUHU. Aries AstradhaniSubgan. Natural, Oktober 2006. Vol 5. No.2
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PERPINDAHAN PANAS
Proses perpindahan panas yang terjadi ddalam tanah adalah perpindahan panas
secara konduksi.
Proses perpindahan panas ini terjadikarena adanya gerakan molekul dalam
tanah.
Temperatur adalah suatu pernyataan tentanginetik energi molekul benda, adanya suatu bedasuhu di dalam suatu benda umumnya akan
menyebabkan perpindahan energi kinetik olehbanyaknya tumbukan dari molekul-molekul yang
ergerak dari daerah yang lebih panas ke daerahsekitarnya yang lebih dingin.
Sumber: STUDI DIFUSIVITAS TERMAL PADA MEDIUM
TANAH MELALUI PENGUKURAN SUHU. Aries AstradhaniSubgan. Natural, Oktober 2006. Vol 5. No.2
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TRANSFER PANAS
Proses stedi (steady;) atau proses takstedi
unsteady) terjadi dalam proses transfer panas
Bilamana laju aliran panas dalam suatu sistem
tidak berubah dengan waktu (konstan), maka
suhu dititik manapun tidak berubah. Hal iniyang dikatakan kondisi keadaan-stedi.
Dengan kondisi keadaan-stedi (steady state),
kecepatan fluks-masuk pada titik manapundari sistem manapun harus tepat sama dengan
kecepatan fluks-keluar, dan tidak dapat terjadi
perubahan energi-dalam. Aliran panas dalam
suatu sistem takstedi terjadi bila suhudiberbagai titik dari sistem tersebut berubah
dengan waktu.
Sumber: STUDI DIFUSIVITAS TERMAL PADA MEDIUM
TANAH MELALUI PENGUKURAN SUHU. Aries AstradhaniSubgan. Natural, Oktober 2006. Vol 5. No.2
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Dengan adanya perubahan suhu, maka akan terjadi
perubahan energi dalam.
Perubahan kandungan panas dari sebuah permukaan
tanah antara permukaan Z1 = 0 dan beberapa
kedalaman Z2 diberikan oleh :AS = - (qh2qh1)
Dimana qh positif ke arah bawah
zz
qh
Sumber: STUDI DIFUSIVITAS TERMAL PADA MEDIUM TANAHMELALUI PENGUKURAN SUHU. Aries Astradhani Subgan. Natural,
Oktober 2006. Vol 5. No.2
http://www.texas-geology.com/ac_heat
pumps.html
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KERAPATAN FLUX PANAS
Kerapatan fluks panas tanah positif arahbawah ketika S = - (qh2 - qh1) positif, maka
ebih banyak panas yang masuk di bagian atas
daripada yang meninggalkan bagian bawah
lapisan tanah sehingga tanah menjadi panas.
Jika S = - (qh2 - qh1) negatif, maka lebih
banyak panas yang keluar daripada yang
masuk ke permukaan sehingga tanah menjadidingin.
Sumber: STUDI DIFUSIVITAS TERMAL PADA MEDIUM
TANAH MELALUI PENGUKURAN SUHU. Aries AstradhaniSubgan. Natural, Oktober 2006. Vol 5. No.2
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TRANSFER PANASTeori transfer panas dalam tanah telah digunakan untuk
menentukan sifat-sifat termal rata-rata dari regim suhu yang
diamati, juga untuk pendugaan perubahan harian dan musiman
suhu tanah. di alam, tanah yang homogen hanya terdapat pada
lapisan-lapisan yang tipis, sehingga suhu tanah umumnya
bukanlah fungsi sinus sederhana.
Sumber: STUDI DIFUSIVITAS TERMAL PADA MEDIUM TANAHMELALUI PENGUKURAN SUHU. Aries Astradhani Subgan. Natural,
Oktober 2006. Vol 5. No.2
Amplitude of seasonal
soil temperature
change as a function ofdepth below ground
surface.
http://www.builditsolar.
com/Projects/Cooling/
EarthTemperatures.htm
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22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24Waktu PengamatanWaktu Per 30 Menit
Grafik Fungsi Fourier Suhu Tanah BervegetasiTiap Kedalaman
Z=0 Cm
Z=5 Cm
Z=10 Cm
Z=15 Cm
Z=20 Cm
Z=25 Cm
Suhu
Tanah
(0C)
Sumber: STUDI DIFUSIVITAS TERMAL PADA MEDIUMTANAH MELALUI PENGUKURAN SUHU. Aries Astradhani
Subgan. Natural, Oktober 2006. Vol 5. No.2
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Grafik Fungsi Fourier Suhu Tanah Tidak Bervegetasi
Tiap Kedalaman
19
2021
2223
2425
2627
2829
3031
323334
35
3637
3839
4041
4243
4445
46
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Waktu Pengamatan
Waktu Per 30 Menit
Z=0 Cm Z=5 Cm Z=10 Cm Z=15 Cm Z=20 Cm Z=25 Cm
uhuanah
0C)
Sumber: STUDI DIFUSIVITAS TERMAL PADA MEDIUM
TANAH MELALUI PENGUKURAN SUHU. Aries AstradhaniSubgan. Natural, Oktober 2006. Vol 5. No.2
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TEMPERATUR TANAH
Temperatur (suhu) adalah salah satu sifat
tanah yang sangat penting secara langsungmempengaruhi pertumbuhan tanaman dan
juga terhadap kelembapan, aerasi, stuktur,
aktifitas mikroba, dan enzimetik, dekomposisi
serasah atau sisa tanaman dan ketersidianhara-hara tanaman.
Tenperatur tanah merupakan salah satu faktor
tumbuh tanaman yang penting sebagaimanahalnya air, udara dan unsur hara. Proses
kehidupan bebijian, akar tanaman dan mikroba
tanah secara langsung dipengaruhi oleh
temperatur tanah
Hanafiah, Kemas Ali. 2005.Dasar-dasar Ilmu Tanah. PT. Radj
Grifindo. Persada. Jakarta.
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FAKTOR SUHU TANAH
Tentang suhu tanah pengaruhnya penting
sekali pada kondisi tanah itu sendiri danpertumbuhan tanaman. Pengukuran dari suhu
tanah biasanya dilakukan pada kedalaman 5
cm, 10 cm, 20 cm, 50 cm, dan 100 cm.
Faktor pengaruh suhu tanah yaitu faktor luar
dan faktor dalam.
Faktor luar yaitu radiasi matahari, awan, curahhujan, angin, kelembapan udara. Faktor
dalamnya yaitu faktor tanah, struktur tanda,
kadar iar tanah, kandungan bahan organik, dan
warna tanah. Makin tinggi suhu maka semakincepat pematangan pada tanaman
Kartasapoetra, dkk. 2005. Teknologi Konservasi Tanah. Rinekajaya. Jakarta.
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FLUKTUASI SUHU TANAH
Suhu tanah beraneka ragam dengan cara khaspada perhitungan harian dan musiman.
Fluktasi terbesar dipermukaan tanah dan akan
berkurang dengan bertambahnya kedalaman
tanah.
Kelembapan waktu musiman yang jelas
terjadi, karena suhu tanah musiman lambat
bantuk fluktasi suhu pada peralihan suhudiudara atau dibawah tanah yang lebih besar.
Suhu total untuk semalam tanaman mungkin
terjadi pada tengah hari.
Dibawah 6 inch atau 15 inch terdapat variasi
harian pada suhu tanah
Sosrodorsono. 2006. Variasi Tanah. Rineka Jaya. Bogor.
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TEMPERATUR TANAH
Data temperatur tanah dapat dilihat
pada Tabel 4 menunjukkan bahwa suhuharian pada permukaan tanah sangat
fluktuasi dengan pola mendekati fungsi
sinusoidal.
Fluktuasi temperatur permukaan tanahdipengaruhi oleh perubahan suhu atmosfir di
atas permukaan tanah.
Temperatur tanah pada pagi hari relatif kecil,temperatur tanah pada pagi hari di lahan
aungan cenderung lebih tinggi daripada di arealahan tanpa naungan.
PENGARUH IRIGASI DAN NAUNGAN TERHADAP PRODUKSI
TANAMAN CABE (Capsicum annum) PADA LAHAN BERPASIR
DI PANTAI GLAGAH, YOGYAKARTA
khwanuddin Mawardi dan Sudaryono. 2008. J. Hidrosfir Indonesia Vol. 3(1)
41 -49
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SUHU TANAH - KEDALAMAN
Pada variasi kedalaman yaitupermukaan tanah, kedalaman 10 cm, 20
cm dan 30 cm, untuk temperatur tanahdalam naungan memiliki temperatur yang
tertinggi, sedangkan kedalaman 10 cmmempunyai temperatur tanah terendah.
Hal ini disebabkan pada pagi hari
permukaan tanah telah menerimapancaran radiasi matahari, tetapi transfer
panas belum mencapai kedalaman 10
cm.
Temperatur tanah pada kedalaman 30 cmlebih tinggi dibandingkan kedalaman 10
cm dan 20 cm, karena masih menyimpansebagian energi radiasi matahari yang
diterima sehari sebelumnya.
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SUHU TANAHSIANG AHRI
Temperatur tanah pada siang hari, jikadilihat pada tabel tersebut dapat dilihat
bahwa temperatur tanah pada sing harebih panas daripada temperatur tanah
pada pagi hari.
Hal ini dapat terjadi karena pada siang
hari radiasi yang diterima oleh
permukaan tanah lebih besar.
Temperatur tanah pada siang hari di
areal lahan dengan memakai naungan
lebih tinggi daripada lahan yang tidakmemakai naungan.
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SUHU TANAH - LAPISAN TANAH
Berdasarkan variasi kedalaman, maka
permukaan tanah mempunyai temperatur
anah tertinggi, sedangkan kedalaman 30cm mempunyai temperatur tanah
terendah.
Jadi pada siang hari temperatur
permukaan tanah akan lebih tinggi jika
dibandingkan temperatur pada lapisan
tanah yang lebih dalam.
Hal ini disebabkan karena permukaantanah menyerap radiasi matahari secara
langsung, baru kemudian panasdirambatkan ke lapisan tanah yang lebih
dalam secara konduksi.
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SUHU TANAH - KEDALAMAN
Temperatur tanah pada sore hari akan
lebih kecil dibandingkan dengantemperatur tanah pada pagi dan sianghari. Temperatur tanah dalam naungan
lebih tinggi daripada di areal lahan tanpanaungan.
Berdasarkan variasi kedalaman,pada kedalaman 10 cm mempunyai
temperatur tanah tertinggi sedangkan
kedalaman 30 cm memiliki temperaturtanah terendah.
Tingginya temperaturtanah pada kedalaman 10 cm dapat
disebabkan oleh akumulasi transfer panasdari permukaan atau tingginya aktivitas
mikroorganisme dalam merombak bahanorganik pada lapisan tersebut.
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FLUKTUASI SUHU TANAH
Bila dilihat dari hasil pengamatan
selama 3 bulan, baik itu pagi, siang dansore hari terlihat temperatur tanah
berfluktuasi, dan cenderung lebih stabil
seiring dengan bertmbahnya umur
tanaman.
Fluktuasi temperatur padapermukaan tanah lebih besar daripada
kedalaman 10 cm, 20 cm dan 30 cm. Hal
ini tidak terlepas dari pengaruh intensitasradiasi matahari yang diterima oleh
permukaan tanah.
adi intensitas radiasi matahari yang berfluktuas
akan menyebabkan temperatur tanah jugaberfluktuasi.
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Alison L. SpongbergKevin P. Czajkowski
Jason Witter
University of Toledo
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Soil temperatures over three days at different depths.
Sumber:
http://www.learner.org/jnorth/tm/tulips/SoilTempBack.html.....diunduh 12/2/2012
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Our goal at UT:
Study temporal and spatial
relationships between soil temperature
and various factors
Diurnal and seasonal variation
Modify current protocol
Other latitudes 2-5 years
Study global energy flux.
We need soil temperature variations
throughout the year, without theconfounding influence of diurnal
variations.
Could we arrive at an algorithm todetermine soil temperature at depth
from the shallow measurements?
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15 Field Sites
2-4 week intervals since 12/2002.
Collected within 3 hours of Solar Noon.Each site same time every collection when
possible
Collected to 1 meter depth at 10cm
intervals
Temperature (Air and surface
included)
Wind Speed (1 min average)
Moisture (surface also)pH
Soil texture
Land Cover, Shade Conditions
Cloud CoverSnow/Ice
Water Table
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Automated Data Collection
Temperature (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60,80, 100cm) 4 channel HOBO
External Dataloggers
4 sites: 2 clay soils (Lake ErieCenter), 2 sandy soils (Stranahan
Arboretum)
Each has 1 open site and 1 forested
site. Collects every 2.5 minutessince September 2003
Soil texture and pH
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The R. A. Stranahan Arboretum, University of Toledo
47 acre property- ponds, forest,
prairie, wetland, and open areas.
andy Soils (Bixler, Lamsom) Sisson
Loam dunes formed from paleo-lakeshorelines.
Yellow Dots Represent
Sites. 13, 9, and LEC are
also data-logger sites.
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Local Climate/Ground Cover
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Left: cyclic nature of
yearly temp and
turnover dates is
generalized here.
Below left: annual
change with depth.
Below right:
relationship between
soil moisture andtemperature decreases
with depth.
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Temperature Profile for Several Sites showing spatial
variation of temperature during two collection dates in the
oldest and warmest months for surface temperature in 2003
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Soil Texture -Particle Size Analysis
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Soil TextureSoil moisture at shallower
depths
Water flow though the soilCloud cover
Land cover
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Suhu Tanah
Relation of Soil & Air Temp
Net heat absorbed by the Earth =
heat lost in form of longwaveradiation
Photoperiod affected by
latitude
Soil temp can change by soildepth & time of day
Takes significant air temp changesto change soil temp deeper than 12
(& more than just daily range)
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Suhu Tanah
Avg. summer & winter soil temps @
3 rarely differ by more than 9 F.
Factors Affecting Soil Temp
How much heat reaches the soil
surface Tutupan muka tanah
Mulsa plastik
Sudut datang radiasi matahari
Arah Muka Lereng
Tanah
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Suhu Tanah
What happens to the heat in thesoil (dissipation)
Amount of heat needed to change soiltemp = heat capacity
Greatly affected by soil water content
How?
Thermal conductivity increases
w/ soil-water content increasing,decreases as air-filled poresincrease
Moist soils resist temp change, butconduct heat readily
Dry soils change temp faster, butconduct heat poorly What does this mean for the soil,
which is better?
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Suhu Tanah
Living w/ Existing Temps Maximizing seed germination &
growth Wheat 40 to 50 F
Corn 50 to 85 F
When using anhydrous Apply when soil temp @ 4 is 50 For less
Mereduksi kehilangan N
Freeze/thaw May cause heaving resulting in
death of shallow rooted crops
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Suhu tanah
Responsible for bringingstones to the surface in fields
Modifying Temp Effects
If you have crops that arefeasible/profitable to do so
Clear plastic surface covers Increases soil temp faster
Clear plastic mulches
Can speed growth & maturity ofsweet corn & strawberries
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CIRI THERMAL TANAH
The thermal properties of soil are acomponent of soil physics that has found
important uses in engineering, climatology
and agriculture.
These properties influence how energy ispartitioned in the soil profile. While related to
soil temperature, it is more accurately
associated with the transfer of heat throughou
the soil, by radiation, conduction andconvection.
The main soil thermal properties are:
Volumetric heat capacity, SI Units: J.m-3K-1Thermal conductivity, SI Units: W.m-1K-1
Thermal diffusivity , SI Units: m2s-1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_thermal_properties.. Diunduh 4/2/2012
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CIRI-CIRI THERMAL TANAH
So, in order to determine the skin temperatureof the soil, it is important to understand how
heat is transferred upward and and downward
through the soil. The important heat transfer
mechanism in this problem is conduction.Then, the ground heat flux at any depth in the
soil can be given as:
where kg is the thermal diffusivity of the soil.
ttp://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met455/notes/section
/2.html .... diunduh 5/2/2012
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Using the Second Law of Thermodynamics, show tha
a prognostic equation for the soil temperature can be
given by:
(2)
where Cg is the soil heat capacity (Cg= soil density, r
times the soil specific heat, c)combining (2) with (1) yields:
(3)
where vg = kg/Cg = soil thermal diffusivity.
Given proper boundary conditions, (3) can be solved to find the
soil temperature at different levels as a function of time. With
appropriate boundary conditions, solutions to (3) show that soil
temperature decreases exponentially with depth and that the
phase of the temperature changes with depth as well, consistent
with the figures shown above.
ttp://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met455/notes/section/2.html .... diunduh 5/2/2012
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Typical values of the mass density, specific heat,
thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity for
different materials
ttp://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met455/notes/section6/2.html ...Diunduh 6/2/2012
MATERIAL
CONDITION
MASSDENSITY (r)(kg m-3 x 103)
SPECIFICHEAT (c) (J
kg-1 K-1 x103)
THERMALCONDUCTIVITY (kg) (W m
-
2 K-1)
THERMALDIFFUSIVITY
(vg) (m2 s-1 x10-6)
Air20 DegC, Still
0.0012 1.01 0.025 20.5
Water20 DegC, Still
1.00 4.19 0.57 0.14
Ice0 Deg C,
Pure0.92 2.10 2.24 1.16
Snow Fresh 0.10 2.09 0.08 0.38
Snow Old 0.48 2.09 0.42 0.05
SandySoil
Fresh 1.60 0.80 0.30 0.24
ClaySoil Dry 1.60 0.89 0.25 0.18
PeatSoil
Dry 0.30 1.92 0.06 0.10
Rock Solid 2.70 0.75 2.90 1.43
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FLUKTUASI SUHU TANAH
Soil temperature variations decrease
exponentially with depth. only smallfluctuations are observed at depths of about 1
meter. much smaller fluctuations are observed
at depths of 10 meters.
ttp://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met455/notes/section6/2.html ...Diunduh 6/2/2012
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KAPASITAS PANAS VOLUMETRIK
Volumetric heat capacity (VHC), alsotermed volume-specific heat capacity,
describes the ability of a given volume of a
substance to store internal energy while
undergoing a given temperature change, butwithout undergoing a phase change.
It is different from specific heat capacity in
that the VHC depends on the volume of the
material, while the specific heat is based onthe mass of the material (or occasionally the
molar quantity of the material).
If given a specific heat value of a substance,one can convert it to the VHC by multiplying
the specific heat by the density of the
substance.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacity diunduh
5/2/2012
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KAPASITAS PANAS
Dulong and Petit predicted in 1818 that the product o
solid substance density and specific heat capacity
(cp) would be constant for all solids. This amountedto a prediction that volumetric heat capacity in solids
would be constant.
This quantity was proportional to the heat capacity peatomic weight (or per molar mass), which suggested
that it is the heat capacityper atom (not per unit of
volume) which is closest to being a constant in solids
Eventually (see the discussion in heat capacity) it hasbecome clear that heat capacities per particle for all
ubstances in all states are the same, to within a factor
of two, so long as temperatures are not in the
cryogenic range.
For very cold temperatures, heat capacities falldrastically and eventually approach zero as
temperature approaches zero.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacity diunduh
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KAPASITAS PANAS VOLUMETRIK.
The heat capacity on a volumetric basis in solid
materials at room temperatures and above varies morewidely, from about 1.2 to 4.5 MJ/mK, but this is
mostly due to differences in the physical size of
atoms.
f all atoms were the same size, molar and volumetricheat capacity would differ by a single constant
reflecting ratios of the atomic-molar-volume of
materials (their atomic density), plus an additional
number between 1 and 2 which reflects degrees of
freedom for the atoms compositing the substance at
various temperatures.
For liquids, the volumetric heat capacity is narrower:
in the range 1.3 to 1.9 MJ/Mk.
This reflects the modest loss of degrees of freedom fo
particles in liquids as compared with solids.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacity diunduh
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KAPASITAS PANAS VOLUMETRIK
Sincethe bulk density of a solid chemical element isstrongly related to its molar mass (usually about 3 Rper
mole, as noted above), there exists noticeable inversecorrelation between a solids density and its specific heatcapacity on a per-mass basis. This is due to a very
approximate tendency of atoms of most elements to beabout the same size, despite much wider variations in
ensity and atomic weight. These two factors (constancy o
atomic volume and constancy of mole-specific heatcapacity) result in a good correlation between the volume
of any given solid chemical element and its total heatcapacity. Another way of stating this, is that the volume-
specific heat capacity (volumetric heat capacity) of solidelements is roughly a constant.
The molar volume of solid elements is very roughlyonstant, and (even more reliably) so also is the molar hea
capacity for most solid substances. These two factorsdetermine the volumetric heat capacity, which as a bulk
property may be striking in consistency.
For example, the element uranium is a metal which has adensity almost 36 times that of the metal lithium, but
uranium's volumetric heat capacity is only about 1.2 timeslarger than lithium's.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacity diunduh
5/2/2012
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.
KONDUKTIVITAS THERMAL
Thermal conductivity, k, is the property of amaterial's ability to conduct heat. It appears
primarily in Fourier's Law for heat
conduction.
Heat transfer across materials of high thermalconductivity occurs at a higher rate than
across materials of low thermal conductivity.
Correspondingly materials of high thermal
conductivity are widely used in heat sinkapplications and materials of low thermal
conductivity are used as thermal insulation.
Thermal conductivity of materials istemperature dependent. The reciprocal of
thermal conductivity is thermal resistivity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacity diunduh
5/2/2012
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SUHU TANAH - MUSIMAN
Soil temperature varies from month to month as a function of
ncident solar radiation, rainfall, seasonal swings in overlying ai
emperature, local vegetation cover, type of soil, and depth in theearth.
Due to the much higher heat capacity of soil relative to air and
the thermal insulation provided by vegetation and surface soil
layers, seasonal changes in soil temperature deep in the ground
re much less than and lag significantly behind seasonal changein overlying air temperature.
Thus in spring, the soil naturally warms more slowly and to a
lesser extent than the air, and by summer, it has become cooler
than the overlying air and is a natural sink for removing heatfrom a building. Likewise in autumn, the soil cools more slowly
nd to a lesser extent than the air, and by winter it is warmer than
the overlying air and a natural source for adding heat to a
building.
At soil depths greater than 30 feet below the surface, the soilemperature is relatively constant, and corresponds roughly to th
water temperature measured in groundwater wells 30 to 50 feet
deep. This is referred to as the mean earth temperature.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacity diunduh
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SUHU TANAHFLUKTUASI MUSIMAN
The amplitude of seasonal changes in soil
temperature on either side of the mean earth
temperature depends on the type of soil and
depth below the ground surface.
In Virginia the amplitude of soil temperature
hange at the ground surface is typically in the
ange of 20-25F, depending on the extent andtype of vegetation cover.
At depths greater than about 30 feet below the
urface, however, the soil temperature remainsrelatively constant throughout the year, as
shown in Figure 3, below.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacity diunduh
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SUHU TANAHKEDALAMAN PROFIL.
http://www.geo4va.vt.edu/A1/A1.htm . Diunduh5/2/2012
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SUHU TANAH - VARIASI HORISONTAL
Vertical closed-loop earth heat exchangers are
installed in boreholes 200 to 300 feet deep, where
seasonal changes in soil temperature are completelydamped out. Well-based open-loop systems also
extend to this depth or deeper. These ground loop
configurations are thus exposed to a constant year-
round temperature.
On the other hand, horizontal-loop, spiral-loop, andorizontal direct-expansion (DX) loops are installed in
trenches that usually are less than 10 feet deep. For
these types of ground loops, it is important to
accurately know the expected seasonal changes in thesurrounding soil temperature.
The extra cost of installing such systems in deeper
trenches may be outweighed by the gain in thermal
performance, since deeper soils have less pronouncedseasonal temperature changes and are thus closer to
oom temperature, which reduces the work load of the
heat pump units.
. http://www.geo4va.vt.edu/A1/A1.htm . Diunduh 5/2/2012
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SUHU TANAHKEDALAMAN
Deeper soils not only experience less extreme seasonal
variations in temperature, but the changes that do occurlag farther behind those of shallower soils. This shifts thesoil temperature profile later in the year, such that it more
closely matches the demand for heating and cooling.
he maximum soil temperature occurs in late August (whe
cooling demand is high) at a depth of 5 feet below theground surface, but occurs in late October (after the
heating season has begun) at a depth of 12 feet below thesurface.
Thus a deeper ground loop installation would lower theannual operating cost for electrical energy to run the heatpumps, and over the life of a GHP system, these
accumulated savings may more than offset the highercapital cost of burying the ground loop more deeply.
In order to determine the optimal depth of burial, it ismportant to accurately know how the seasonal change in
soil temperature varies with depth, which is mainlydetermined by the soil's thermal properties.
. http://www.geo4va.vt.edu/A1/A1.htm . Diunduh 5/2/2012
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Seasonal soil temperature change as a function of
epth below ground surface for an average moist soil.
http://www.geo4va.vt.edu/A1/A1.htm . Diunduh5/2/2012
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CIRI-CIRI THERMAL TANAH
Heat capacity (also known as specific heat) indicates
the ability of a substance to store heat energy; the
greater its heat capacity, the more heat it can gain (orlose) per unit rise (or fall) in temperature.
The heat capacity of dry soil is about 0.20 BTU per
pound per F of temperature change, which is only
one-fifth the heat capacity of water. Therefore, moist
or saturated soils have greater heat capacities,
typically in the range of 0.23 to 0.25 BTU/lb/F.
The light dry soils experience greater seasonaltemperature swings at a given depth than wet soils.
This is because their lower heat capacity causes their
temperature to rise or fall more than wet soils for a
given amount of heat energy gained in the spring orlost in the fall.
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KONDUKTIVITAS THERMAL
(KT) Thermal conductivity is another soil property thatmust be known in order to design a closed-loop or directexpansion GHP system. This indicates the rate at whichheat will be transferred between the ground loop and the
surrounding soil for a given temperature gradient.
The thermal conductivity of the soil and rock is the criticavalue that determines the length of pipe required, which in
turn affects the installation cost as well as the energyequirements for pumping working fluid through the groun
loop.
KT - TANAH BERAGAM DENGAN TEKSTURNYA.
Heat transfer capability tends to increase as soil texturebecomes increasingly fine, with loam mixtures having anntermediate value between sand and clay. As also shownin this figure, the thermal conductivity of any soil greatlyimproves if the soil is saturated with water. This effect is
much greater for sandy soils than for clay or silt, sincecoarse soils are more porous and therefore hold morewater when wet.
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Konduktivitas thermal berbgaai tipe
tekstur tanah.
. http://www.geo4va.vt.edu/A1/A1.htm . Diunduh 5/2/2012
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KONDUKTIVITAS PANAS
he soil thermal conductivity has a significant impact on the siz
of the earth-coupled heat exchanger. Thus in sandy soils for
example the required length of the ground loop could be as low
s 200 feet per system ton if the soil is saturated with water, or ahigh as 300 feet per ton if the soil is dry.
Soil thermal conductivity is of even greater importance to DX
systems and designers might consider the deployment of a
soaker hose for horizontal DX ground loops in dry areas or ifthe project site is higher than the sounding terrain.
The maps presented in the next section below enable rough
estimates of soil properties for regional screening purposes, but
any sort of detailed feasbility assessment or design study should
engage a contractor for in-situ soil thermal conductivity testing.
The range in ground loop lengths over the typcial range of soil
thermal conductivities is 200 to 300 feet per system ton, which
translates into a 30-50% difference in required land area, and a
10-20% difference in total system capital cost.
In-situ conductivity testing minimizes the uncertainty in
estimating this key thermal property and avoids undersizing or
oversizing the ground loop.
. http://www.geo4va.vt.edu/A1/A1.htm . Diunduh 5/2/2012
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Thermal conductivity influence on number of
boreholes and total length of the earth-coupled heat
exchanger per 10 tons of load for a vertical closed-
loop GHP system.
. http://www.geo4va.vt.edu/A1/A1.htm . Diunduh 5/2/2012
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SUHU TANAH
Amplitude: Amplitude is a parameter characterizing the annual
variation of soil temperature around an average value. If the
variation in temperature within a day is averaged out over manyyears, the annual amplitude is one-half the difference between
this annual averaged maximum and annual averaged minimum
temperatures within a year.
Damping depth: Damping depth is a constant characterizing the
decrease in amplitude with an increase in distance from the soilsurface. It is defined as (2Dh/w)1/2, where D h is the thermal
diffusivity and w is the frequency of a temperature fluctuation.
For annual fluctuation w =2 p /365 d-1.
Thermal diffusivity: Thermal diffusivity is the change intemperature produced in a unit volume by the quantity of heat
owing through the volume in unit time under a unit temperatur
gradient. It can be calculated from thermal conductivity and
volumetric heat capacity.
Time lag: Time lag is the number of days from an arbitrary
starting date to the occurrence of the minimum temperature in ayear.
. http://www.geo4va.vt.edu/A1/A1.htm . Diunduh 5/2/2012
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SUHU TANAH - WAKTU DAN
KEDALAMAN
Soil temperature fluctuates annually and daily
affected mainly by variations in air temperature
and solar radiation.
The annual variation of daily average soil
temperature at different depths can be estimated
using a sinusoidal function (Hillel, 1982;
Marshall and Holmes, 1988; Wu and Nofziger,
1999).
This program estimates daily soil temperatures
and displays these values as functions of time or
depth for user defined input parameters.
ttp://soilphysics.okstate.edu/software/SoilTemperature/document.pdf . DIUNDUH 5/2/2012
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MODEL VARIASI SUHU TANAH
The annual variation of daily average soil temperature
at different depths is described with the
following sinusoidal function ( Hillel, 1982):
where T(z,t) is the soil temperature at time t (d) and
depth z (m), T a is the average soil temperature (oC),
A0 is the annual amplitude of the surface soil
temperature (oC), d is the damping depth (m) ofannual fluctuation and t0 is the time lag (days) from
an arbitrary starting date (taken as January 1 in this
software) to the occurrence of the minimum
temperature in a year.
The damping depth is given by d = (2D h/w )1/2,
where Dh is the thermal diffusivity and w = 2
p /365 d-1 .
ttp://soilphysics.okstate.edu/software/SoilTemperature/document.pdf . DIUNDUH 5/2/2012
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MODEL SINUS VARIASI SUHU TANAH
Assumptions and Simplifications
The sinusoidal temperature model was derived by
solving the following partial differential
equation ( Hillel, 1982 ; Marshall and Holmes, 1988)
where T(z,t) is the soil temperature at time t and depthz and Dh is the thermal diffusivity.
ttp://soilphysics.okstate.edu/software/SoilTemperature/document.pdf . DIUNDUH 5/2/2012
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VARIASI SUHU TANAH
The following assumptions are employed in the
derivation of the temperature model:
1. A sinusoidal temperature variation at the soilsurface z = 0. That is
where Ta is the average soil temperature, A0 is the
amplitude of the annual temperature function, t0 a
time lag from an arbitrary starting date (selected as
January 1 in this software) to the occurrence of the
minimum temperature in a year.
2. At infinite depth, the soil temperature is constant
and is equal to the average soil
temperature.
3. The thermal diffusivity is constant throughout the
soil profile and throughout the year.
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Measured mean and predicted soil temperatures at
four depths based on measured soil
surface temperatures.
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Suhu tanah pada berbagai kedalaman:
Diprediksi berdasarkan suhu udara.
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Konduktivitas dan difusivitas thermal tanah:
Dipengaruhi kadar air, kadaungan liat, dan bobot isi
tanah.
ttp://soilphysics.okstate.edu/software/SoilTemperature/document.pdf . DIUNDUH 5/2/2012
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Volumetric heat capacity for three bulk densities for soils whose thermal
conductivity and diffusivity.
http://www.usyd.edu.au/agric/web04/Temperature%20Waves_final.htm
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SUHU TANAH - PENANAMAN
Whether youre planting seeds or targeting weeds, its important to check your
soil temperature before beginning.
Even the best-planned garden project can fall flat if temperatures are notappropriate for the occasion! For example, did you know that you should:
Plant spring bulbs when the soil temperature drops below 60 F.
Apply crabgrass control in spring, when soil temperatures reach 55 F for 4-5
days in a row.
Plant cool-season grass seed once soil temperatures are in the 50s F.
Give your new shrubs time to grow roots before soil temperatures fall below 40
F.Be very careful when starting vegetable seeds, since germination temperature is
vital to the seeds success and every vegetable is different.
http://www.usyd.edu.au/agric/web04/Temperature%20Waves_final.htm.
http://www.dannylipford.com/how-to-measure-soil-temperature-for-planting/
Soil temperature plays an important role in soil chemical reactions and biological
interactions, particularly nutrient and fertilizer transformations, solute transport, gas
exchange and the transformation and transport of contaminants (Buchan 2001).
Soil temperature varies in response to exchange processes that take place primarilythrough the soil surface. These effects are propagated into the soil profile by transport
processes and are influenced by such things as the specific heat capacity, thermal
conductivity and thermal diffusivity.
Soil temperature can vary greatly throughout the day with increasing and decreasing
solar radiation. Soil temperatures also vary greatly with depth from the surface, as
well as with differences in soil cover (mulch) and soil water content. The thermal
properties of a soil have been found to be indicative of the soil water content. Water is
a better thermal conductor than air. The thermal conductivity of soil increases withincreasing water contents (Fredlund, 1992).
Buchan, G.D., (2001) Soil Temperature Regime, in Smith, K.A., and Mullins, C.E. (Eds). Soil and
Environmental Analysis: Physical Methods 2nd Ed. 2001. Marcel Dekker. pp, 539-594.
Fredlund, D.G. (1992). Background, Theory, and Research Related to the Use of Thermal
Conductivity Sensors for Matric Suction Measurement. Soil Science Society of America. Advances
in Measurement of Soil Physical Properties: Bringing Theory into Practice, 249-261.
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TERMOMETER TANAH
You can purchase a simple soil thermometer at your local garden centerfor just a few dollars.
The most economical ones are glass bulb thermometers with a strongmetal point. However, any thermometer will do, as long as it measurestemperatures down to freezing (medical thermometers usually dont go
low enough).
http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2001/10-22- 2001/why50.html diuduh 15/2/2012
Influence of soil temperature on nitrification.
Ammonium sulfate nitrification after 24 days. Soils held at either constanttemperature (80, 60, or 40F) for 24 days, or the temperature varied (between 80,
60, and 40F sequences) by 8- or 12-day intervals over the 24 days.
Adapted from Chandra, P. 1962. Note on the effect of shifting temperatures on
nitrification in a loam soil. Can. J. Soil Sci. 42:314-315.
Temperature Sequence % Nitrification
Continuous at 80F for 24 days 100
12 Days at 80F-12 days at 40F 96
8 Days at 80F-8 days at 60F-8 daysat 40F
74
12 Days at 40F-12 days at 80F 62
Continuous at 60F for 24 days 59
8 Days at 60F-8 days at 80F-8 daysat 40F
56
8 Days at 40F-8 days at 60F-8 daysat 80F
45
Continuous at 40F for 24 days 29
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BAGAIMANA MENGUKUR SUHU TANAH?.
Measure the Right Depth: If you are planting seeds or
new plants, take your measurement at the recommendedplanting depth. If youre measuring for a mixed garden,check at least 5-6 inches deep.
Make a Pilot Hole: Use a screwdriver to make a pilot holeo that you dont break your thermometer by pushing it into
hard soil.ollow Directions: Refer to your thermometer package fospecific instructions. With most glass bulb thermometers,make sure it is firmly touching the soil, and allow a few
minutes for the temperature to register.
Provide Shade: If the sun is bright, shade thehermometer with your hand to keep the reading accurate
Multiple Measurements: Take a reading in the morningnd late afternoon, then average the two numbers. If your
seeding a lawn, take readings on all four sides of yourhouse, since some areas warm more quickly than others.
Check Reading: To double-check, refer to these handySoil Temperature Maps from Greencast for a comparison
with your soil reading.
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SUHU TANAH PERKECAMBAHAN BENIH
The soil temperature for planting vegetables should be:40 F or warmer: Lettuce, kale, peas, spinach.
50 F or warmer: Onions, leeks, turnips, Swiss chard.60 F or warmer: Broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, carrots, beans, beets.
70
F or warmer: Tomatoes, squash, corn, cucumbers, melons, peppers.
The seed germination temperature is often much warmer than the plants growing
temperature. Once established, many veggies can handle much cooler airtemperatures as long as the soil is warm enough.
o get a head start on spring planting, plant seeds indoors or use plastic row coversto warm the soil more quickly.
Temperature has a large influence on rate of seed water uptake, speed of germination, and rate of plant
mergence. As temperature increases, both the rate of water uptake and speed of germination increase and
time to emergence decreases for winter wheat
he effect of soil temperature on speed of germination and emergence of Norstar winter wheat (from
Lafond and Fowler, 1989).
http://www.usask.ca/agriculture/plantsci/winter_cereals/Winter_wheat/CHAPT11/cvchpt11.php
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Soil temperature and vegetable seed germination
http://www.waldeneffect.org/blog/Soil_temperature_and_vegetable_se
d_germination/Diunduh 5/2/2012
Vegetable Minimum temp.(degrees F)
Optimum temp.(degrees F)
Beans 60 60-85
Cabbage 40 45-95
Carrots 40 45-85
Corn 50 60-95
Cucumbers 60 60-95
Lettuce 35 40-80
Muskmelons 60 75-95
Okra 60 70-95
Onions 35 50-95
Parsley 40 50-85
Peas 40 40-75Peppers 60 65-95
Pumpkins 60 70-90
Spinach 35 45-75
Squash 60 70-95
Swiss chard 40 50-85
Tomatoes 50 70-95
Turnips 40 60-105
Watermelons 60 70-95
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SUHU TANAH - TANAMAN
he temperature of a soil is important as it affects how fast plants can grow. Soil temperatur
also affects how quickly plants take up water and nutrients. Clay soils are cold, wet soils.
Germination and seedling growth is usually slow.
ecause sandy soils don't contain much water but lots of air, they warm up quickly. They ar
useful for growing early crops.
Soil temperature affects the speed of chemical reactions. Warm temperatures speed up
actions and colder ones slow them down. Soil temperature affects the breakdown of paren
material and how fast micro-organisms work. Both are important in adding and returning
nutrients to the soil.
Soil temperature is influenced by the climate of the area and the season of the year.
ttp://www.correspondence.school.nz/departments/horticulture/ht106_p7.html. .... Diunduh
5/2/2012
Effect of soil temperature and water potential on emergence time of Norstar winter
wheat (from Lafond and Fowler, 1989).
tp://www.usask.ca/agriculture/plantsci/winter_cereals/Winter_wheat/CHAPT11/cvchpt11.p
hp
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SUHU TANAH - POSISI LERENG
The slope of the land and the direction that it faces
directly affects the temperature of a soil. Sun will fall
on north-facing land during the day in both summerand winter.
ttp://www.correspondence.school.nz/departments/horticulture/h
106_p7.htmlDiunduh 5/2/2012
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SUHU TANAHKEDALAMAN TANAH
The deeper you go down in a soil profile the less the
soil temperature will fluctuate
ttp://www.correspondence.school.nz/departments/horticulture/h
106_p7.htmlDiunduh 5/2/2012
Soil is a good
insulator. It can take a
while for the soil at
the bottom of a profile
to heat up, but it will
also take a longer timefor it to lose the heat
that is stored there.
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SUHU TANAH DAN AKTIVITAS BIOLOGIS
TANAH
Soil temperature affects the speed of plant growth and soil processes.
Soil temperature is influenced by: climate, season, aspect, water levels, soil colourplant cover and soil depth.he temperature in a soil will determine the speed of chemical and biological activity
Clay soils take a long time to warm up but are also slower to cool down. Theemperature in a sandy soil can change rapidly. Wet soils also take longer to warm
up.
http://www.correspondence.school.nz/departments/horticulture/ht106_p7.html
Diunduh 5/2/2012
Amplitude of seasonal soil temperature change as a function of depth below ground surface
http://www.builditsolar.com/Projects/Cooling/EarthTemperatures.htm diunduh 15/2/2012
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SUHU-TANAH OPTIMUM BAGI TANAMAN
Corn requires a soil temperature of 50 F to germinateand grow and soybeans require a soil temperature of
54 F.
Temperatures below the optimum will cause seeds to sit dormantand become more vulnerable to diseases, insects, and animal
predators.
Crops should be planted when soil temperatures are optimal and
within the target dates for the region.
Keep in mind these dates are based on the average year and the use
of short or long relative maturity corn products will affect these
target dates.Planting into cold and/or wet soils can lead to numerous problems.
tp://munsonhybrids.com/tidbits/Plant%20Corn%20and%20Soybean%20By%20Soil%20Tmperature%20and%20Conditions%20Not%20According%20To%20The%20Calendar%20-
%20IA.pdf .. Diunduh 5/2/2012
Aqua ammonia incubated in soil at controlled temperature.
http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2001/10-22-2001/why50.html
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SUHU TANAH DAN PERTUMBUHAN
BIBIT
Soil temperature is more important than air temperature
when planting seeds or seedlings. You can have in the
spring a warm spell of temps in the 70s while the soil
temp is still in the 40s. Every vegetable has a preferred
soil temp for seeds or transplants. A soil thermometer is
essential for determining the proper planting time.Planting too early, before the soil has had time to warm
up, can lead to seed rot, slowed germination, poor
growth and disease.
Use the following guide for minimum soil temperatures
for seeds and transplants:
60o F - tomatoes, cucumbers, snap beans65o F - sweet corn, lima beans, mustard greens
70o F - peppers, watermelons, squash, southern peas
75o F - okra, cantaloupe, sweet potatoes
ttp://yardener.com/YardenersPlantHelper/FoodGardening/BasicsofVegetableGa
ening/SoilBuildingandManagementintheVegetableGarden/SoilTemperatureIsIm
portant
Diunduh 5/2/2012
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Soil Temperature Germination Ranges for Select Vegetables
TEMP (F) PLANT
3575 spinach (optimum 68)
3580lettuce and most salad greens (at more than 80,
germination rate drops 50%)
4075 peas (optimum 75)
4585cabbage, kale, broccoli, collards (germinate well at 85,
seedlings prefer 4565)
4595 radishes (optimum 85)
5085 onions (optimum 75)
5085 beets, Swiss chard (optimum 85)
6085 beans, snap and dry (optimum 80)
6095 corn (optimum 95)
6095 peppers (optimum 85)
65100 cucumbers, melons, squash (optimum 8095)
6582 tomatoes (optimum 80)7085 beans, lima (optimum 85)
From: Market News, March 1995.
tp://yardener.com/YardenersPlantHelper/FoodGardening/BasicsofVegetableGardening/Soi
BuildingandManagementintheVegetableGarden/SoilTemperatureIsImportantDiuinduh 5/2/2012
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Daftar Pustaka
deVries, D. A., 1963. Thermal Properties of Soils.In W.R.
van Wijk (ed.) Physics of Plant Environment. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam.
de Vries, D. A. 1975. Heat Transfer in Soils. In D.A. de
Vries and N.H. Afgan (ed.) Heat andMass Transfer in the
Biosphere. Pp.5-28. Scripta Book Co., Washington, DC.
Farouki, O.T. 1986. Thermal Properties of Soils. Series on
rock and soil mechanics. Vol. 11. Trans Tech Publ.,
Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
Hillel, D. 1982. Introduction to soil physics. AcademicPress, San Diego, CA.
Marshall, T. J. and J. W. Holmes 1988. Soil Physics. 2nd