78411277 Copy of IEEMA Report

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IEEMAElectrical equipments - Demand assessment*September 2007

*connectedthinking

COMPLETE REPORT

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Foreword

The Ministry of Power, Government of India has envisaged a capacity addition of 78,577 MW and 86,500 MW in the 11th and 12th Plan period respectively. A corresponding plan for new investment and R&M is also conceived for the Transmission and Distribution segments in line with the National Electricity Plan and the Integrated Energy Policy. This accelerated pace of capacity addition is expected to create a significant demand for electrical equipments and services in the years to come.IEEMA has engaged PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) to conduct a study on the demand for electrical equipments in the various segments of the power sector viz Generation, Transmission & Distribution and power intensive industries over the period 2008-2017.PwC has conducted this study across central sector entities and selected state utilities assessing their capital expenditure/ capacity addition plans in the next 5 – 10 years. Interactions were held with 25 power intensive industries to understand their requirement of electrical equipment. The study also covers segregation of demand for T&D equipments across Greenfield (i.e. Capacity expansion related requirement) & R&M requirements (Revamping & Modernization which includes all replacement requirements). We were guided by respective division chairmen of IEEMA for each product category covered under the scope of this study.We are thankful to the following personnel/ organizations for sparing time out for this study and providing us with their valuable inputs.

IEEMA Industry Leaders

Jitendra U. Mamtora, Chairman - Transformer DivisionMustafa Wajid, Chairman – Capacitor DivisionRajiv Gupta, Chairman – Transmission Lines DivisionS.C. Sarkar, Chairman – Meter DivisionS.B. Gupte, Chairman – Switchgear DivisionVijay P. Karia, Chairman – Cable Division

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Foreword

As per the terms of reference for this study we have also identified major technology trends that are expected to impact the electrical equipments industry in the next 5 – 10 years.Also, a web based survey has been conducted targeting manufacturers of electrical equipments, soliciting information so as to understand sales of T&D equipments across various industries and power sector utilities. This information was also used for benchmarking of Indian manufacturers vis-à-vis global manufacturers.This study is limited in its scope to cater to Indian market only and no projections have been made for export markets that might be supplied/ tapped by Indian manufacturers.

State Level Entities

Delhi - NDPL, DTL; Haryana - HPGCL, HVPNL, UHBVNL, DHBVNL; Gujarat - GUVNL, GETCO, GEDA, MGVCL, UGVCL, Torrent Power; Rajasthan - RRVUNL, RRVPNL, JDVVNL, JVVNL, AVVNL; Assam – ASEB Holding Co.; Maharashtra – MSEDCL, MSPGCL, MSETCL; West Bengal – WBSEDCL, WBSETCL, WBPDC; Punjab – PSEB; Madhya Pradesh – MP Genco, MPPKVVCL, MPMKVVCL; Andhra Pradesh – AP Genco, AP Transco, APSPDCL; Uttar Pradesh – UPPCL; Chattissgarh – CSEB; Kerala – KSEB, Karnataka – KPTCL; Uttaranchal – PTCUL, Tamil Nadu –TNEB.

Industries

Arvind Mills; IOCL; Railways (CORE); Western Coast Paper Mill; Gujarat Ambuja; Hindalco; IIFCO; Dwarikesh Sugar Industries Ltd.; Bhilai Steel Plant, SAIL; Bhilwara, LNJ; Maruti Udyog Ltd.; Bokaro Steel Plant, SAIL; Dhampur Sugar, Bijnor; Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd.; Vikram Ispat;Aditya Cement, Adityapur; National Fertilizers Limited, Panipat; JK Paper Mill, Raigad;Hero Honda, Daruheda; Century Pulp & Pater, Nainital; Eicher Motors, Indore; GSK, Sonepat; Indo Gulf Fertilizers, Binani Cement.

Central Sector & IPP’s MoP, CEA, NTPC, NHPC, REC, NREB, PFC, NPCIL, PTC, PGCIL, MNRE, REL, TPC, Suzlon, Lanco, GMR, Torrent

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ForewordThe product categories covered under the scope of this study includes various power transmission and distribution equipments which are predominantly consumed in the power sector. This does not include all electrical equipments manufactured by various IEEMA members. The following tables provides an insight into the equipment categories and sub-categories covered under the scope of this study.

Product Category Inclusions Exclusions

TLT & Conductors All TLT & Conductor requirement in Lines & Sub-stations in power sector

Requirement for Telecom & other towers

Transformers Distribution & Power Transformers All Special types of transformers required in various Industries

Current Transformers CT’s of 11 KV & above used in power sector LT CTs and other Special types for IndustriesPotential Transformers PT’s of 11 KV & above used in power sector Special types for IndustriesLightning Arrestors LA’s of 11 KV & above used in power sector Special types for Industries

Circuit Breakers CB’s of 11 KV & above used in power sector LT ACB’s, MCB’s etc. which are consumer end products and

Cables Control Cable, Service Line Cables and power Cables (LT, HT & EHT) required in the power sector

Domestic Wise, Telecom sector cables and

Capacitors LT, HT Power Capacitors used in the T&D systems in power sector

Special types for Industries

Energy Meters Meters used by power utilities for consumer metering, sub-station metering and DT metering

Special types for Industries, Sub-meters used by various entities

GIS Only T&D application in power sector Special types for industries

SCADA Only T&D application in power sector Special types for industries

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Objective

Demand assessment:

Assessment of requirement of identified electrical equipments for 2007-17

Segmentation:

(A) Demand across value chain of power sector (G, T & D segments) and core industries

(B) Segregating demand against Greenfield requirements and replacement/ R&M

Technology Trends:

Assessing technology trends across identified electrical products

Electrical Equipments

Market Assessment

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Global T&D System Development TrendThe power transmission & distribution system goes through distinct stages of development. The natural progression is from isolated small grids operating at low voltages to regional grids operating at high voltages. As the power consumption increases,there is a need to transfer large amounts of power from generators to consumers. The need for investments is highest in developing countries which is expected to create a huge potential for T&D equipments in such countries. India’s position in the graph below suggests that there will be a significant growth in the T&D systems as the per capita power consumption improves to global levels and the per capita GDP moves closer to the developed nations.

Burma

Philippines

Kuwait

Nigeria

Ghana

Canada

Russia

Congo

China

Switzerland

USA

Sri lanka

India

Pow

er C

onsu

mpt

ion

per C

apita

Developing Countries Emerging Countries Industrialized Countries

Isolated Small GridsHigher Voltage Levels

Long Distance Transmission

High InvestmentsLarge Interconnected System

Least Cost PlanningNew Technologies

GDP at PPP per CapitaNote: Axes on logarithmic scales

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Factors influencing demand

• Economic Growth: To deliver a sustained growth rate of 8% through 2031-32 and to meet the lifeline energy needs of all citizens, India needs, at the very least, to increase its primary energy supply by 3 to 4 times and, its electricity generation capacity/supply by 5 to 6 times of the 2003-04 levels. The following factors also in line with the economy growth are expected to impact the T&D equipments requirement significantly:

- Urbanization; increased population density, lack of space, aesthetics etc.

- Rural Development; lifeline consumption, access to all

- Manufacturing Sector growth

• Government Policy: National Electricity Policy, 2005 outlines the GoI’s vision for development of the power sector in the foreseeable future.

• Govt. Schemes: For development of the power sector the GoIhas introduced the APDRP targeting loss reduction initiatives inUrban areas & RGGVY targeting village & rural household electrification.

• Restructuring/ Reforms: Constitution of SERCs, un-bundling of SEBs, Power Trading, de-licensing of Generation etc. have improved the investment scenario & the focus on transmission & distribution business in the power sector after the advent of the EA, 2003. Further initiatives and developments shall play a vital role.

• Regulatory Environment: ABT at Grid level, Adoption of MYT framework are expected to bring in transparency & predictability to the power sector development scenario.

• Private Sector Participation:

- Competitive bidding in generation

- JV/ Independent co. route in Transmission

- Private Discom/ Franchisee route in Distribution

• Technological Developments: Efficiency improvements , lifetime cost, size & weight, safety etc.

• Environmental Issues: Strict norms due to global warming scenario & wider applicability/ impact of the Kyoto protocol might impact equipment requirements in the future.

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T&D Equipments Market Segmentation

• Within power sector the various utilities under Generation, Transmission & Distribution can be further sub-classified based on their ownership status:

- Central Sector Utility

- State Sector Utility

- Private Sector Utility

- JV Projects/ Utilities

• Nature of Requirement: Each Industry/ Consumer of T&D Equipments may need T&D Equipments for the following two purposes:

- Greenfield Requirements: New Capacity, Capacity Addition etc.

- Replacement Requirements including Revamping & Modernization (R&M) etc.

• Within each equipment category there is further classification based on voltage class, rating and technology etc.

T&D Equipments

Power Sector - India

Other Sectors - India

Exports

Generation

Transmission

Distribution

Power Intensive Industries

Other Industries & Retail

SEBs

Indian T&D Equipments Broad Level Market Segmentation

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Present Market Size – Indian Equipment Manufacturers

Equipment Category Estimated Market Size

(Rs. Cr.)

% Share

Transmission Lines

(TLT & Conductors)

Transformers

Current Transformers

Potential Transformers

Lightning Arrestors

Switchgear

Cables (Excluding Telecomm.)

Capacitors (MVAR)

Meters (No’s)

Insulators

Total 36,105 100%

18.2%6,550

8,875

500

250

120

6,750

9,850

385

1,735

24.6%

1.4%

0.7%

0.3%

18.7%

27.3%

1.1%

4.8%

1,000 2.8%

2006-07 Estimated Market Size for Selected T&D Equipments

Source: IEEMA Periodic Reviews

Fuelled by the momentum of growth in the power sector, the size of the Indian T&D equipments market in value terms has more than quadrupled since FY 2002. Other reasons for this growth include growth in other sectors, exports and increased cost of certain critical raw materials etc.

Exports of electrical equipments has grown at a CAGR of above 18% since 2001 and it has tripled in the last 6 years.

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Expected Growth

Projected CAGR FY08-17Equipment CategoryConservative Realistic Planned

TLT (MT)Transformers (MVA)

Current Transformers (3Ph. Sets)

Potential Transformers (3Ph. Sets)

11kV 10% 11% 13%33kV & above 19% 21% 23%

HV & EHV (66kV & above) 12% 14% 16%Conductors (MT) Conductor 5% 7% 9%

HV & EHV Power Cables 13% 15% 17%

LT Capacitors 7% 10% 12%Capacitors (MVAR)Shunt Cap. (11kV & above) 15% 17% 19%

Cables (Kms)LT Power Cables 9% 11% 13%

Single phase meters 11% 13% 14%Poly-phase meters 9% 10% 13%

Meters (No’s)

Lightning Arrestors

MV Breakers (11kV&33kV) 7% 9% 11%Circuit Breakers (No’s)

TLT Hardware 13% 15% 18%Distribution Transformers 7% 9% 11%Power Transformers 8% 10% 12%11kV & 33kV 7% 9% 11%HV & EHV (66kV & above) 17% 19% 20%11kV & 33kV 11% 14% 16%

HV & EHV (66kV & above) 20% 21% 23%

Sub-Category

Expected Growth in Requirement (Power Sector) – 10 Year Outlook

Note: The projected compounded annual growth rates (CAGR) are in terms of quantitative requirements for power sector only.

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Contents

Chapter Page No.

Previous plans & achievements 12Future Plans up to 2017 16Scenario Building 25Demand Assessment for 2007-17 28Expected Requirement in Core Sector Industries 51Benchmarking of Indian Manufacturers 54Technology Trends 57Limitations of the Study 67List of Personnel Interviewed in Field Survey 69Annexure 71

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Previous plans & achievements

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Achievements in Previous Plans

The installed power generation capacity has increased from 1,358 MW in 1947 at the time of Independence to 1,32,330 MW in March, 2007 which is excluding more than 20,000 MW of capacity has been added by Industries as captive power.

On an all India basis in 2006-07 the peak availability of power has been 86,818 MW against a peak demand of 1,00,715 MW entailing a shortage of 13,897 MW or 13.8%. In energy terms the shortage has been 9.6% in 2006-07.

Mode Capacity (MW)Thermal 86,015

Hydel 34,654

Nuclear 3,900

Others 7,761

Total 1,32,330

Installed Capacity (March 2007)

Plan Target Achievement % AchievementVIII 30,982 16,730 54%IX 40,959 19,251 47%X 41,110 21,180 52%

Previous Plan Achievements

The major constraints in achieving significant generation capacity addition in previous plans have been:

• Lack of preparedness in certain cases like non-availability of techno-economic, PIB, environment clearances and delay in preparation of DPRs etc.

• Lack of appropriate equipment manufacturing & contracting capacity in the country. Delay in getting the super critical technology has also led to slippages for certain plants.

• Delays in placing orders for main plant & equipment.

• Financing constraints & Non-availability of Escrow cover for private sector projects

• Certain projects could not take off due to bleak gas availability scenario.

• Non-availability of required manpower.

Power Generation

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The growth in transmission capacity in India has also been significant in the last few decades. The transmission network which was 2,700 ckt kms in 1950 has grown to more than 3,00,000 ckt kms today (132 KV & above). At the end of the 9th Plan, the inter-regional transmission capacity at 220kV and above was 5050 MW. The inter-regional transmission capacity has been increased to 14,100 MW at the end of the tenth plan.

Under-achievements in addition of transmission capacity is attributed to the following reasons:

• Slippages in the generation plans

• Right of way issues, issues in environment/ forest clearances, rehabilitation & resettlement issues

• Lack of private sector investments

Item Lines

(Ckm)

Sub-Station

(MW)765 KV 1,704

5,872162

75,7221,14,6291,98,089

2,000HVDC +/- 500 KVHVDC 200 KV (M)

8,200

400 KV 92,942230/ 220 KV 1,56,497Total 2,51,439

Installed Capacity (March 2007)

Power Transmission

Lines (Ckms)% AchievementAchievementTargetItem

98%40,13441,106230/ 220 KV100%32,56232,660400 KV

HVDC 200 KV (M) 86%3,0003,500HVDC +/- 500 KV

67%2,0003,000765 KVSub-Stations (MVA)

78%17,63522,610230/ 220 KV93%26,34428,176400 KV

-00HVDC 200 KV (M)100%2,7342,738HVDC +/- 500 KV62%7331,182765 KV

10th Plan Achievement

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Distribution is the key segment of electricity supply chain. The distribution sector caters to rural and urban areas. The extent of Sub transmission and Distribution systems comprises of 65,70,823 Km of 33 kV, 11 kV and LT lines and 2,36,070 MVA of Distribution transformation capacity by 31st March 2005. The addition envisaged in 10th Plan was 8,28,863 km of 33 KV, 11 kV and LT lines and 65,505MVA of Distribution transformercapacity.

Major schemes like Accelerated Power Development & Reform Program (APDRP) for urban areas and the Rajiv Gandhi Grameen VidyutikaranYojana (RGGVY) were initiated in the 10th plan which aimed at bringing in investment in urban areas and creating an electricity infrastructure in rural areas.

At national level 96% feeders have been metered as of now, as against 81% metered during 2001-02. 100% feeder metering has been achieved in 18 states. The overall Distribution Transformer metering in the country is still low in most of the states. Extent of consumer metering has now increased to 92% from 78% in 2001-02.

10th Plan TargetName of Segment Units Plan

Lines(i) 33 KV(ii) 11 KV(iii) LV

Sub-Station(i) 33/11 KV(ii) 11/0.4 KV

Capacitors

Reconductoring of Lines(i) 33 KV(ii) 11 KV(iii) LVTotal V (A)B. Augmentation of S/Ss(i) 33/11 KV(ii) 11/0.4 KV MVA 1,15,66

Power Distribution (including Sub-transmission)

5

CkmCkmCkm

MVAMVA

MVAR

CkmCkmCkm

62,1102,77,0664,89,687

45,85365,505

15,565

83,1249,76,169

20,21,008

80,965MVA

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Future Plans up to 2017

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National Plans - 2017

National Electricity PolicyAs per the provisions of the Electricity Act 2003, the Ministry of Power has notified the National Electricity Policy which provides guidance for the future developments that are shaping up across various segments in the power sector. The following objectives laid in the policy shall drive the power sector and the power equipments sector in the foreseeable future:

• Access to Electricity for all households in next five years

• Availability of Power - Demand to be fully met by 2012. Energy and peaking shortages to be overcome and adequate spinning reserve to be available.

• Supply of Reliable and Quality Power of specified standards in an efficient manner and at reasonable rates.

• Per capita availability of electricity to be increased to over 1000 units by 2012.

• Minimum lifeline consumption of 1 unit/household/day as a meritgood by year 2012.

• Financial Turnaround and Commercial Viability of Electricity Sector.

• Protection of consumers’ interests.

Further the following resolutions in the policy shall strongly impact the power equipments sector:

• Generation capacity addition of more than 1,00,000 MW during 2002-12.

• Focus on Hydro: 50,000 MW Hydro Initiative

• Harnessing Lignite, Natural Gas and Imported coal

• Need to significantly increase Nuclear energy share in overall capacity

• Robust and integrated power system for the country.

• Rural Electricity Distribution Backbone (REDB) of at least 1 sub-station of 33/11 or 66/11 KV in every block, 1 Distribution Transformer in every village and electricity supply to every household on demand.

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Mode XIth Plan XIIth PlanThermal 58,644

16,553

3,380

78,577

Non-Conventional 14,000 14,000

44,500

Hydel 30,000

Nuclear 12,000

Total 86,500

Planned Capacity Addition (MW)

Generation Plan

In order to meet the energy requirement of 1,038 BU and a peak load of 1,52,746 MW an additional capacity of nearly 82,500 MW shall be required during the 11th plan. Thus, a capacity addition of 78,577 MW of which 50.7% is in the central sector, 35.6% is in the state sector and 13.7% is in the private sector has been planned. Out of this 200 MW has already been commissioned and 48,955 is under construction.

Factors that shall positively impact the likely capacity addition in the 11th & the 12th Plan:

• Larger proportion of the thermal capacity addition planned is already under construction (62%); Out of the total hydro power projects (where the gestation period is high) 87% are under construction.

• Increased Private sector participation:

• UMPP initiative taken by the government has raised private sector interest, 2 out of 9 projects planned for Sasan & Mundrahave already been awarded to Tata Power Co. Ltd. & Reliance Energy Ltd. respectively.

• Setting up of Merchant Power Plants has been allowed by the Government.

• States like Haryana, Maharashtra, Gujarat etc. have started awarding projects through the competitive bidding route.

• Regarding major plant & equipments

• BHEL is increasing annual plant & equipment capacity from present level of 6,000 MW to 10,000 MW by December 2007 and to 15,000 MW by 2012.

• Import of equipments from players like Doosan, Dongfang, Shanghai Electric etc. is set to improve generation capacity addition achievements.

• Setting up of manufacturing capacity in India by players like L&T, Mitsubishi etc. will impact the segment positively.

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State Plans - 2017

State/ Entity XI Plan (MW)NTPC 21,000

5,3223,3804,840

WBPDCL 2,770Gujarat 8,733Rajasthan 6,988Maharashtra 11,490Punjab 2,666Madhya Pradesh 2,290Chhattisgarh 4,619Andhra Pradesh 4,443Tamil Nadu 1,152Kerala 403Karnataka 2,080Assam 37Total 82,113

NHPCNPCLHaryana

Plan of Central/ State Entities

Generation across central/state utilities and private sector entities

The information collected during this study from various power generation companies & states includes numerous projects where there is very inadequate preparedness and such projects are mostlikely to be shifted to the 12th Plan. For instance:

• In Maharashtra 2,750 MW is under construction, LOA is being placed for 2000 MW and the balance are in initial stages.

• TPCs plan includes 4,000 MW of Mundra project, which is expected to get commissioned in 12th Plan.

• For projects under the competitive bidding route, the bidding process for many of the projects is yet to commence.

The CEA’s/ MoP’s plan of 78,577 MW capacity addition in 11th Plan is much better placed in terms of likelihood of achievement.

IPPs XI Plan (MW)REL 9,200

2,2307,0007,235

GMR 2,440Total 28,105

TorrentTPCLanco

Plan of Major IPPs** Certain projects may also be included in state wise plans

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Voltage Lines (Ckm) MVA765 KV 5,428

5,206

49,300

35,400

132 KV 18,700 52,000

Total 1,14,034 2,35,500

51,000

HVDC 6,000 (MW)

400 KV 53,000

220 KV 73,500

Planned Capacity Addition – 11th Plan*

Transmission Plan

The plan includes schemes for evacuation of power from upcoming generation plants & associated regional system strengthening. The focus of the developments in the transmission sector in the 11th

plan is creation of a National Grid. It is planned to add inter-regional capacities of 23,600 MW, at 220 KV and above level by 2012, thus increase the total inter-regional capacity to 37,700 MW.

A well planned and reliable transmission system at the National and Regional level would need to be complemented with development ofmatching transmission system at 220kV and 132kV and also the sub-transmission and distribution system so as to cater to the load growth and ensure proper utilization of development in generation and transmission facilities for the ultimate goal of delivery of the services up to the end consumers in the country.

The policy level initiatives being taken are: -

• Private participation is being encouraged in Power Transmission:

• Joint Venture (JV) Route, wherein the CTU/STU shall own at least 26% equity and the balance shall be contributed by the Joint Venture Partner (JVP). After achieving success in Tala project (with Tata Power) PGCIL has identified two more projects (estimated to cost Rs. 1,275 Crore) under this route. Solicitation process for these has already commenced.

• Independent Private Transmission Company (IPTC)Route, wherein 100 percent equity shall be owned by the private entity. Certain large projects have already been identified for which bidding is being conducted by REC & PFC.

• Determination of transmission tariffs for encouraging investments.

* 12th Plan capacity addition increased based on Generation Plan

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State Plans - 2017

Transmission plans across states

Sl. State Recent Past Projected1 Andhra Pradesh 312 554 2 Gujarat

Karnataka KeralaMadhya Pradesh Maharashtra

7 Rajasthan 346 920 8 Tamil Nadu 386 1,400

328 3

145 690 275 230

2,033 4 621 5 698 6 4,350 284

State Lines MVA

Punjab* 3,641 13,330Gujarat* 14,442 10,920Haryana* 1,878 3,614West Bengal 5,066 7,430Uttar Pradesh 11,207 23,195Rajasthan 7,145 11,680Andhra Pradesh 9,711 8,870Maharashtra 23,903 45,343Karnataka** 4,775 22,483Kerala*** 2,016 12,861Madhya Pradesh 9,686 11,584Uttaranchal 1,910 3,100Total 95,379 1,74,409

Physical Plan of States – 11th Plan

Average Annual Investment of Transmission Co.’s (Rs. Cr.)

* 66 KV Lines & MVA included in Transmission**Plan for FY 08 – FY 09***MVA has been estimated from No. of S/Stn.

Systematic development of transmission systems, specifically at state level, would need realistic planning in terms of physical targets, financing plans, robust implementation plans and effective project monitoring mechanisms. Out of the states visited 11 states have shared their physical transmission plans with us.

While, the financing plan to meet the investment requirements appears to be in place in some of the states mentioned above, they are based on a much higher level of borrowings from the same debt financing institutions (PFC, REC) which have supported the investments in the past. This may be difficult particularly at a time when many of the states have a Debt Service Coverage ratio of less than 1. The STUs are likely to look at JV investments with private sector when faced with such financing constraints.

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The focus areas in Distribution in the 11th Plan are:

• Reducing AT&C Losses, financial losses of utilities

• Providing electricity to all

• Improving quality, reliability, availability & affordability of power.

• Improving customer service.

Description Units Greenfield R&M

Lines(i) 66/ 33 KV Ckm 1,50,000 1,00,000(ii) 11 KV Ckm 6,75,000 7,00,000(iii) LV Ckm 6,75,000 2,200,000

Sub-Station(i) 33/11 KV MVA 1,30,000 88,000(ii) 11/0.4 KV MVA 1,62,000 1,10,000

Capacitors MVAR 15,565

Distribution Plan (Including Sub-transmission)

* Same plan with 5% escalation taken for 12th Plan

In order to achieve the distribution plan in the 11th Plan period the following initiatives are being taken:

• Urban Areas: For focusing on improvements in distribution in the urban areas, the Abraham Committee on restructuring of APDRP has recommended that the APDRP should be continued in the 11th

Plan, with certain changes.

• Rural Areas: RGGVY aims at providing access to electricity to all villages & 3 lakh hamlets in the Phase-1 by 2009 with an outlay of Rs. 24,000 Cr. In the Phase-2 access to all rural households will be provided by 2012 with an outlay of additional Rs.16,000 Cr. Under-developed states where maximum work is required are being given priority under RGGVY.

• Public Private Participation: In rural/ high loss areas franchisee models are being evolved to ensure focussed, continual and equitable development of electricity infrastructure.

• Decentralized Distributed Generation (DDG): In remote areas stand alone systems as per the provisions of the Electricity Act, 2003 will be developed.

• North Eastern & Backward States: Cheaper Rural Infrastructure Development Funds (RIDF) available with NABARD shall be provided to these states.

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State Plans - 2017


Lines (Ckm) Transformers (MVA) CapacitorsState/ Discom 33 KV

12,5547,2934,250

11,28313,8305,000

UPPCL 9,050 20,550 39,800 1,850 19,400 1,000

11 KV LT DT (MVAR)MSEDCL

33/11 KV

54,958

4,3001,50,499

61,652

40,195*Rajasthan

68,751*

30,000

1,377*27,299

WBSEDCL 3,6701,07,5371,31,936

3,149180

MP MKVVCL1,3902,768

9177,706

5,95410000

9,2575,0241,500

707MP PKVVCL 964AP SPDCL 300

Plans of various state utilities

• Systematic development of estranged distribution systems needs realistic planning in terms of physical targets, financing plans, robust implementation plans and effective project monitoring mechanisms. Out of the states visited 7 Discoms/ states have shared their physical plans with us as above.

• NDPL has prepared a Capex plan of Rs. 645 Cr. over the next 4 years.

• In Haryana UHBVNL & DHBVNL have planned a total outlay of Rs. 6,577 Cr. over the 11th Plan period.

• PSEB has planned an outlay of Rs. 5600 Cr. over the 11th Plan period.

* In numbers

As per the information collected from various states the primary sources of funding in the distribution segment shall be the ongoing RGGVY & the APDRP. The focus of power distribution companies in the next 5 – 10 years will be on:

• Village & rural household electrification

• Segregation of agricultural load/ feeders

• Providing HVDS/ LT ABC Schemes in high loss areas.

• Feeder metering, distribution transformer metering & Agricultural consumer metering. Replacing old electromechanical meters with static.

• Providing shunt capacitors for power factor improvement.

• Improving power quality & consumer services as per the requirement of the standards of supply.

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Estimated Fund Requirement – 11th Plan

Fund Requirements

Description Rs. Crore

Generation (Including DDG, R&M & Merchant Plants) 4,86,771Transmission 1,40,000

Distribution Including Rural Electrification 2,87,000HRD, R&D, DSM etc. 1,17,829Total 10,31,600

Based on a 70:30 debt-equity ratio and considering the availability of Rs40,000 crore from APDRP and Rs 40,000 crore from RGVVY, the overall gap in funding is Rs. 4,51,607 crore comprising an equity gap of Rs1,21,147 crore and a debt gap of Rs 3,30,460 crore.

For bridging the gap the working group for the 11th plan has recommended the following actions:

• Policy Measures for Equity Participation

• IPO by power companies

• Public Private Participation models: PPP on the lines of UMPP, wherein the Govt. can undertake the clearances etc. for quicker financial closure.

• Relaxation in Companies (Issue of Share Capital with Differential Voting Rights) Rules, 2001, for issuing Equity Shares with Differential Voting Rights.

• Equity support by State Governments through Budget Allocation

• Sector Specific Funds

• Scheme for Financing Viable Infrastructure Projects

• Specialized Debt Funds for Infrastructure Financing

• Venture Fund/ Private Equity Fund (PE)

• Development of Primary Markets for Bonds and Corporate Debt

• Hydro Power Viability Fund

• Viability Gap Fund (for Remote areas)

Private, 21%

Central, 29%

State, 50%

Sector Wise Investment Targeted

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Scenario Building

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Scenario Building

This report derives the demand for T&D equipments from the central, state and private sector plans across Generation, Transmission & Distribution segments in the Power sector. Based on the information collected from the CEA & MoP regarding the country level plans for the 11th & 12th plan periods and the information collected during various interactions held with central & state level entities we have developed the following three scenarios of development in the power sector. Similar achievements have been taken for the 12th plan also after adding the under achievement in the 11th plan to the 12th plan under each scenario.Requirement for electrical equipments have been calculated separately for each of these scenarios.

Plan, Realistic & Conservative Scenarios

Segment Conservative Realistic Plan

Generation

Capacity under construction in Thermal, Hydel & Nuclear; &50% of planned co-gen capacity has been considered.

Projects which have already been awarded through competitive bidding & construction is yet to begin have been taken, Cogen achievement at 75% of plan has been taken As per plan

Transmission

Plan has been broken into two parts* -Part 1 is linked to generation capacity addition while Part 2 is linked to past CAGR (5 year)

Plan has been broken into two parts* - Part 1 is linked to generation capacity addition while Part 2 is linked to mean of conservative and plan scenarios As per plan

Distribution

Sub-Transmission & Distribution Lines and Sub-station capacities is based on past CAGR (5 year)

Mean of conservative and plan scenariosAs per plan

*Part 1 linked to generation evacuation (58%) and Part 2 linked to strengthening (42%)

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Scenario BuildingPlan, Realistic & Conservative Scenarios

Parameter Units Conservative Realistic Plan11th Plan 12th Plan 11th Plan 12th Plan 11th Plan 12th Plan

GenerationGeneration Capacity Addition

MW 54,459 84,007 65,274 95,676 90,257 99,040

TransmissionTransformation MVA765 KV MVA 23,626 37,523 34,980 48,110 51,000 55,963 HVDC MW 3,443 4,691 4,447 5,798 6,000 6,584 400 KV MVA 40,748 45,750 44,449 53,375 53,000 58,157 220 KV MVA 43,605 58,063 55,190 71,329 73,500 80,652 132 KV MVA 39,979 44,887 43,611 52,368 52,000 57,060

DistributionSub-Station(i) 66 or 33/11 KV MVA 87,059 95,765 108,004 118,804 130,000 143,000 (ii) 11/0.4 KV MVA 125,127 137,639 143,205 157,525 162,000 178,200

The scenarios as detailed earlier have been converted to capacity addition envisaged under each scenario for the 11th & the 12th Plan periods. The capacity addition has then been used for deriving the demand for T&D equipments.

Note: Generation Capacity addition shown is inclusive of renewable/ non-conventional sources.

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Demand Assessment for 2007-17

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Demand Assessment for 2007-17: Equipment Wise

T&D PROJECTS – Present Scenario

Indian Transmission and Distribution industry has witnessed a strong all round revival in the last couple of years, with growth rate averaging over 15% per annum after having been through a severe slump for over a decade. Poor financial health of SEBs and reduced orders from POWERGRID, the key customers of the T&D sectors, had affected the companies negatively. The industry derived its growth mainly from Transmission line projects, Rural electrification projects, and projects under the APDRP scheme in the recent past.

Post Financial Year 2003 the industry witnessed robust growth. The major factor that has contributed to the revival of T&D sector has been the Electricity Act, 2003 and the resultant power sector reforms that led to unbundling of the SEBs and corporatisation of the T&D sectors. The sustained focus of the government on these new enterprises to be commercially viable, has led to the implementation of practices for reducing AT&C losses and effect better grid management for billing and collection of dues.

The Government of India has embarked upon an ambitious mission of ‘POWER FOR ALL BY 2012’. This mission would require that our installed generation capacity should be enhanced by an additional 100,000 MW by 2012 from the present level of 127,000 MW. A Perspective Transmission Plan has been drawn up indicating the major inter-regional transmission highways to be developed by 2011-12. This will ultimately lead to the formation of a strong National Grid. These highways are proposed to be established in phases matching with the requirement of inter-regional power transfer. The enhancement of inter regional capacity to 37,000 MW by 2012 would require adding of over 60,000 ckt kms of transmission network. The Government is planning large transmission projects on the lines of the Ultra mega power projects, and 14 projects have been announced which would be set up on BOO (build, own, operate) basis.

Rural electrification projects, under Rajiv Gandhi GrameenVidyutikaran Yojana, form a substantial chunk of order book backlog for T&D companies. APDRP scheme, launched in FY01 to contain loses of SEBs, is under revamping, and substantial business is expected in the near future from APDRP projects.

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Projected CAGR FY08-12 Projected CAGR FY08-17

Conservative Realistic Planned Conservative Realistic Planned

TLT Hardware

340,000 22% 28% 35% 13% 15% 18%

Sub-Category*

FY06-07 Production (MT)*

27%73%-9,258,658 8,131,187 7,134,115 TLT and Hardware

TLT and Hardware

(MT)Dist.Trans.Gen.PlannedRealisticConservative

Mode-wise BreakupDemand –FY2008-2017

TLT and other Hardware

* The above value for production FY06-07 is the TLT used in power sector in India, net of exports and imports. It does not include TLT being used in any other industry.

Growth Required in Supply

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

TLT Hardware - Usage Pattern

Greenfield R&M

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Conductor 3,00,000 7% 12% 18% 5% 7% 9%

Sub-Category*

FY06-07 Production (MT)*

-100%-150,271 116,733 85,908 765 KV

-100%-144,126 117,341 93,159 HVDC

-100%-947,405 855,050 780,970 400 KV

-100%-419,682 369,941 326,762 220 KV

-100%-321,367 303,851 289,802 132 KV

100%--65,958 58,212 50,780 66 KV

100%--417,310 368,305 321,284 33 KV

100%--2,082,196 1,773,534 1,479,643 11 KV

100%--3,571,807 3,379,919 3,203,044 LT

Conductor

(KM) Dist.Trans.Gen.PlannedRealisticConservative


Conductor

* The production data above corresponds only to the power sector.


0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

LT

11 KV

33 KV

66 KV

132 KV

220 KV

400 KV

HVDC

765 KV

Conductor - Usage Pattern

Greenfield R&M

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Demand –FY2008-2017 Mode-wise BreakupDisc insulators

(Lacs No’s)Conservative Realistic Planned Gen. Trans. Dist.

All Discs (>=70kN)

4,735 5,250 5,821 - 33% 67%

Disc Type Insulators

Most of the disc insulators are produced by the unorganized sector. So there is a lack of authenticated production data, thus growth projections based on current production is not feasible

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Insulator Disc - Usage Pattern

Greenfield R&M

The anticipated demand for sub-stations has also been added to the insulator demand shown in the table. The sub-station requirement may include other types of insulators while it has been shown together with disc insulators.

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Demand Assessment for 2007-17: Equipment Wise Transformer Industry – Present Scenario

There are around eighty to ninety Transformer manufacturers in organized sector and few hundred more in SSI sector primarily catering to local demand of small distribution transformers. Theorganized sector manufacturers supply Power and distribution transformers. The industry is growing at an average rate of around 20% (In quantity terms).

Historically it has been noted that majority of the orders for transformers have come from the SEBs. This is expected to continue going forward as SEBs act as nodal points for execution of governments mission of "Power for all by 2012". SEBs have in the past accounted for 60-70% of the total transformer demand, followed by industrial (15-20%) and export demand (10-15%). Private sector demand from various industries primarily includes viz steel, aluminium, cement, oil and gas, automobiles, engineering, mining and minerals, paper pulp, chemical and petrochemicals etc.

The leading players in the industry have technical tie-ups with global players and are using various modern techniques of production. The design capabilities in the country are comparable to the global standards. Availability of skilled workforce makes India a preferred destination for power transformers sourcing. The Indian multinational has arrived in this industry segment. One of the Indian manufacturers has recently taken over a couple of European manufacturing units and is tapping developed markets.

Although, domestic players have been able to face threat from imports in the past, especially from China. Certain big players in China may venture into India to take advantage of high demand. At present the Chinese players are catering to their internal demand, which if exhausted over the next 2-3 years could result in shifting of focus to India.

With huge demand growth expected to come over the next five years and fair operating margins being a characteristic of the industry, there are chances that some of the other foreign players may also enter the Indian market in future.

Major issues and Concerns are:

� Dependence on government plans & funds

� Dependence on imported CRGO which is about 28-30% of net sales

� Rising raw material prices - CRGO and Copper

� High debtor days in government projects

� Threat of imports of cheaper variants from China

� Inadequate testing facilities in the country

� Lack of supporting infrastructure

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Distribution Transformers

42,500 16% 21% 26% 7% 9% 11%

Power Transformers

67,000 12% 17% 23% 8% 10% 12%

Sub-Category*

FY06-07 Production (MVA)*

-100%-48,888 43,024 38,043 80, 63, 50MVAR, 400kV Reactor

-100%-29,195 22,679 16,690 80MVAR, 765kV 1-Ph Reactor

-63%37%1,102,400 973,936 866,913 Power Trafo>=132kV

100%--485,452 432,186 381,468 Power Trafo. 66kV & 33kV

93%1%7%378,417 348,749 321,212 DT ->100kVA (11kV/415V)

100%--152,461 139,436 126,908 REC Range (100kVA)

Transformer/ Reactor (MVA/ MVAR) Dist.Trans.Gen.PlannedRealisticConservative


Power Transformer and Dist. Transformer for providing connections to HT consumers is included in the assessed demand for FY08-17.

Transformers

* All transformers of 66 KV & 33 KV / 11 KVup to 10MVA have been taken as distribution Transformers. The above production & demand projection does not include exports & Transformers procured by industries other than power sector.


0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

REC Range (100kVA)

DT -above100kVA(11kV/415V)

Power Transformers;66kV & 33kV

Power Transformer>=132kV

Transformers - Usage Pattern

Greenfield R&M

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Demand Assessment for 2007-17: Equipment Wise Switchgear And Control gear – Present Scenario

Switchgear and Controlgear industry in India is producing, supplying and exporting a wide variety of switchgear and Controlgear items needed by the power sector and other industries. This industry segment caters to the entire voltage range from 240 V to 800 KV.

The technology prevailing in the country for switchgear and switchboards is generally contemporary. The industry has tried to reduce the adverse impact of internal factors by cost cutting, improving productivity and updating technology.

The industry is competitive in the field of design and engineering, as the skill sets available in the country are relatively less expensive. The “Made in India” brand has begun to gain more currency / trust in the global markets in this segment.

It is estimated that the present size of the switchgear market, not including domestic switches, is around Rs 6750 crores and the total industry grew by 19.5 % in volume terms in 2006-’07. The growth in demand has been supported by the developments in infrastructure and building industry and also growth in export market.

The LV switchgear industry has grown by more than 25%, due to sustained demand from the all sectors. The LV sector demand growth is expected to sustain for some time to come.

Medium voltage switchgear industry has registered a growth of 15 %. The MV switchgear segment has reported order books of about 6 months. The demand growth for MV switchgear is expected to sustain for at least next three to five years. The numbers of players have increased substantially in this segment.

High Voltage (HV) and Extra High Voltage (EHV) segment has shown a growth of about 10 % in 2006-07. Industry experts are of the opinion that the growth will continue for the next few years and the industry is geared up for augmenting their capacities at short notice in order to meet this increased demand.

Major Issues and Concerns:

• Unprecedented increase in Raw Material Prices like copper, Aluminum, globally has pushed the prices upward.

• One sided contracts by the user industries

• Lack of adequate HV & EHV switchgear testing facilities

• Low investments in R&D

• Integration /Assimilation of new technologies into development of new products in the sector needs improvement

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MV Breakers (11kV&33kV)

49,895 14% 21% 27% 7% 9% 11%

HV & EHV CB’s (66kV & above)

3,450 21% 26% 32% 12% 14% 16%

Sub-Category FY06-07 Production (No's)*

-66%34%535 450 348 765kV

-73%27%5,236 4,720 4,342 400kV

-88%12%11,684 10,072 8,729 220kV

-95%5%28,523 26,198 24,457 132kV

100%--37,169 33,090 29,207 66 KV

100%--206,069 183,486 161,882 33 KV

98%-2%743,575 661,983 584,171 11 KV

Circuit Breakers 3-Ph Sets Dist.Trans.Gen.PlannedRealisticConservative


The high growth rate in the next 5 years for MV breakers can be attributed to the RGGVY and huge R&M requirements in the distribution system.

Switchgear – Circuit Breakers


0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

11 KV

33 KV

66 KV

132kV

220kV

400kV

765kV

Circuit Breaker - Usage Pattern

Greenfield R&M

•*The production figures are net of import and exports & represent production consumed in Indian power utilities

•*11kV & 33kV production figure does not include CB’s consumed in industries other than power sector.

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Demand –FY2008-2017 Mode-wise BreakupIsolators

3-Ph Sets Conservative Realistic Planned Gen. Trans. Dist.

11 KV 1,168,341 1,323,967 1,487,150 2% - 98%

33 KV 323,764 366,971 412,138 - - 100%

66 KV 58,415 66,181 74,338 - - 100%

132kV 72,003 77,063 83,774 3% 97% -

220kV 24,805 28,670 33,242 8% 92% -

400kV 10,268 11,274 12,525 19% 81% -

765kV 928 1,200 1,428 34% 66% -

The demand for Isolators is directly linked with the demand for

circuit breakers. The trend in circuit breaker demand will also

reflect in the isolator demand.

Switchgear – Isolators

* Sales/ Production data for FY06-07 not available 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

11 KV

33 KV

66 KV

132kV

220kV

400kV

765kV

Isolator - Usage Pattern

Greenfield R&M

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Distribution Level SCADA

SCADA is an important tool for load management. In number of state headquarters, SCADA has been introduced (Hyderabad in AP, NDPL supply area in Delhi, Vadodara in Gujarat, BEST & REL in Mumbai, Chennai in TN, Jaipur in Rajasthan, Trivandrum in Kerala). Hyderabad city is now fully controlled through SCADA system. SCADA also helps in fault localization, facility management and trouble call management. The cost of introduction of SCADA in Hyderabad is estimated Rs. 40 crores which has a population of 36.37 lakhs as per 2001 census.

The 11th Plan targets that all the million plus cities (27) should be covered under SCADA. Using the fund requirement in Hyderabad, the working group on power has estimated the total fund requirement for SCADA in the million plus cities to be around Rs.1000 crores.

Taking achievements similar to Sub-transmission MVA’s, the anticipated investment is estimated as in the adjacent table.

SCADA Conservative Realistic Plan

11th Plan 700 846 1000

12th Plan 989 1043 1100

Total 1690 1890 2100

Estimated Investment in SCADA (Distribution Level)

In Rs. Cr.

However, it is worthwhile to note that most of the distribution utilities in India are not opting for supervisory control. Also certain utilities are going for customized/ indigenized solutions depending upon their percievedrequirement. The actual investment might differ from the Hyderabad case.

Note: The complete details regarding requirement of SCADA systems by various utilities and also the past production/ sales by manufacturers is not available. The above analysis is incomplete due to insufficient availability of data. In the light of the same the demand needs to be reviewed again once such data is available.

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Gas Insulated Sub-stationsThe task force constituted by Ministry of Power, Govt. of Indiaunder chairmanship of Member (Power Systems) ,CEA in 2005 has recommended that – “In order to reduce problems of land acquisition and related R&R, efforts should be made to reduce substation land requirement by evolving & adopting compact layouts, compact switchgear & GIS substations. During deliberations, it emerged that GIS substation price have come down considerably in the recent times. Therefore, in the urban areas, GIS substations should be considered as a viable option.”

The number of GIS installations has increased manifolds from just 20 – 25 in 2001-02. However, due to lack of past data and detailed project wise plans for the country as a whole it is difficult to ascertain the demand for GIS bays. The various interactions held with central & states level institutions has re-inforced that the usage/ demand for Gas Insulated Substations has huge potential provided the costs for such products are reduced. It is expected that with the entry of BHEL and recent reductions in the cost of manufacturing of GIS equipments the demand shall witness high growth rates similar to the HV & EHV cables product category.

Entity Findings

Hydro Power Plants

220/ 400 KV GIS bay requirement for the 11th

plan has been projected at 134 & for 12th Plan at 234. The total requirement in the next 10 years is 368 GIS bays.

PGCIL Projects The requirement of GIS bays of 220/400 KV level from PGCIL projects as per available information is estimated between 7 – 8% (8 – 10 sub-stations) as per the number of Substations planned.

Urban areas Delhi: 4 out of 15 Sub-Stations planned are on GIS base in the 11th Plan period.

Mumbai: 15 -20 GIS based sub-stations are expected in Mumbai & adjoining areas in the 11th Plan period.

Rajasthan: 3 GIS based hybrid sub-stations are planned in the 11th Plan period in Jaipur.

Uttar Pradesh: 4 at 400 KV & 8 Substations at 220 KV level have been planned on GIS in the 11th plan period

West Bengal: WBSETCL has planned to introduce GIS S/S in urban areas in 11th Plan.

Indicators of Demand for GIS Bays

Note: The complete details regarding requirement of GIS systems by various utilities and also the past production/ sales by manufacturers is not available. The above analysis is incomplete due to insufficient availability of data. In the light of the same the demand needs to be reviewed again once such data is available.

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Demand Assessment for 2007-17: Equipment Wise Instrument Transformers – Present Scenario

Current transformers and voltage transformers of various rating including 400 KV, for indoor and outdoor applications are being manufactured in India.

The Instrument Transformer Industry has registered substantial growth in the last year. The estimated value of instrument transformer industry is about 700 crores; comprising 500 crores for CT and 200 crores for PT. The demand for current transformers (CT) and potential transformers (PT) in voltage range upto 33KV has registered remarkable growth. This has mainly been fuelled by the numerous projects under the APDRP scheme. Though orders book position is satisfactory, price margins for CT/PT have been found to be very low due to existence of a large number of players and also new entrants in this voltage range. The hike in prices of steel, oil, porcelain, and copper has made the situation difficult, especially for the orders withfixed prices. CT/PT’s above 400 KV have also registered good demand whereas in voltage range from 132KV to 220KV are the growth has been comparatively lower. Industry experts have reported that the existing production capacity is not being fully utilized. As per the present statistics production for current transformers has increased by about 35% whereas voltage transformers has shown an increase of about 7%.

The major buyers of CT/ PT’s are mostly SEBs and Public Utilities. New buyers of CT/ PT’s in the form of Project Houses who are executing Turnkey Power Projects on behalf of SEB’s / Utilities. The practices of closed tendering and post-tender negotiation by SEBs, Govt. agencies has had its negative impact on the industry as a whole. Stringent technical parameters during the initial enquiry stage and further changes in the parameters at post tender stage has added complications to a number of transactions. Apart from this, certain manufacturers have also faced difficulties due to demands for hefty amounts for enlisting as a registered supplier.

Looking at the international market, Indian manufacturers are competent to provide quality product. Indian products have been supplied to the markets in South American countries like Brazil, Vietnam etc., African countries like Kenya, Libya, Asian countries like Bangladesh, Sri Lanka. etc. In addition to these, substantial export orders for 66/132/220 KV CTs from Syria, Iran, Iraq have also been reported. Despite of heavy competition, Indian manufacturers have been able to establish themselves in the International markets. Certain overseas customers do not accept CPRI testing certificates, this results into additional financial burden to Indian manufacturers.

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11 KV& 33kV CT 154,903 13% 20% 26% 7% 9% 11%66kV & above 8,194 32% 36% 42% 17% 19% 20%

Sub-Category FY06-07 Production (No’s)*

-66%34%2,141 1,800 1,391 765kV

-87%13%17,551 15,781 14,272 400kV

-78%22%39,290 34,252 30,474 220kV

-91%9%88,941 81,447 75,875 132kV

97%-3%114,547 101,876 89,962 66 KV

100%-0%618,207 550,457 485,646 33 KV98%-2%2,230,725 1,985,950 1,752,512 11 KV

CT (No’s) Dist.Trans.Gen.PlannedRealisticConservative


Current Transformers


•*11kV & 33kV production figure does not include CT’s consumed in industries other than power sector.


0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

11 KV

33 KV

66 KV

132kV

220kV

400kV

765kV

Current Transformers - Usage Pattern

Greenfield R&M

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11 KV & 33kV 39,541 23% 30% 36% 11% 14% 16%

66kV & above 5,061 37% 42% 47% 20% 21% 23%

Sub-Category FY06-07 Production (No’s)*

-68%32%1,544 1,290 994 765kV-87%13%13,161 11,861 10,759 400kV-91%9%33,644 29,027 25,163 220kV-96%4%84,542 77,641 72,583 132kV

99%-1%56,587 50,321 44,411 66 KV100%--206,325 183,727 162,060 33 KV97%-3%749,932 667,719 589,148 11 KV

PT (No’s) Dist.Trans.Gen.PlannedRealisticConservative


Potential Transformers



•*11kV & 33kV production figure doe not include PT’s consumed in industries other than power sector.

0 % 1 0 % 2 0 % 3 0 % 4 0 % 5 0 % 6 0 % 7 0 % 8 0 % 9 0 % 1 0 0 %

1 1 K V

3 3 K V

6 6 K V

1 3 2 k V

2 2 0 k V

4 0 0 k V

7 6 5 k V

P o t e n t i a l T r a n s f o r m e r s - U s a g e P a t t e r n

G r e e n f i e l d R & M

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Demand Assessment for 2007-17: Equipment Wise Capacitor Industry – Present Scenario

In India, there are about 10 large manufacturers in the HT power capacitor segment whereas in the LT power Capacitor sector the it is more than 50. The estimated turn over of the total power capacitor industry is Rs. 500 cr. The turnover of other type of capacitors is estimated around Rs. 250 Cr. Though the Indian Capacitor Industry is very small in comparison to the global market its acceptability and presence in certain foreign markets has strengthened in the recent past.

A significant content of the supplies in India are being made to state electricity boards, DISCOMS and utilities. The policies and practices in the power sector utilities are undergoing changes in view of the demand of quality power from consumers and new regulatory requirements which are acting positively for the Capacitor industry, however the pace of these changes is still not very satisfactory. New opportunities continue to emerge in the transmission segment for the HT Capacitor industry due to the strong push given to HVDC projects and Series Compensation systems.

As per IEEMA statistics, the production for the HT power capacitors has decreased by about 12% whereas production for LT capacitors has gone up by around 18% in 2006-07. The LT Capacitor market is estimated around 10,250 MVAR and is expected to grow further.

Electricity Boards and utilities are encouraging the installation of such capacitors by the industrial & commercial consumers through a combination of stiff penalties and significant incentives in the electricity tariff structure. The order book position for majority manufacturers is good. With increased indigenous manufacturing capacity coupled with growth in imports, pricing is once again expected to come under pressure. With the existing huge installed base within the country and additional competition from the foreign suppliers the price realization for LT power capacitors has seen some downslide.

Globally, the capacitor industry is undergoing fairly deep changes due to relocation of manufacturing facilities from high cost countries to the developing countries. This is creating newchallenges for the Indian Capacitor Industry, which will now have to face a real time threat of ensuring global competitiveness in place of being competitive in the Indian context. Some of the major issues before the Industry include:

• Human Resource availability

• Globally competitive pricing

• Volatility in input costs

• Competition between capacitor technologies

• Volumetric delivery capability.

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LT Capacitors 7,500 15% 18% 22% 7% 10% 12%

Shunt Cap. (11kV & above)

8,118 26% 27% 31% 15% 17% 19%

Sub-Category*

FY06-07 Production (MVAR)*

-100%-233,625 212,494 194,756 Shunt Capacitors (>=11kV)

100%--147,130 127,862 110,037 LT Capacitors

Capacitors

(MVAR) Dist.Trans.Gen.PlannedRealisticConservative


In the Indian context historically Capacitors have been on low priority of the utilities, but the implementation of the standards of performance by the regulators is expected to impact the future requirement. The high growth rate in demand for capacitors is going to be fueled by the demand from utilities due to the increased peak demand and replacement of the current installed capacity.

Capacitors

* The production figures are net of import and exports & represent production consumed in Indian power utilities.


0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

LT Capacitor

Shunt Cap. (>=11kV)

Capacitors - Usage Pattern

Greenfield R&M

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Demand Assessment for 2007-17: Equipment Wise Cable Industry – Present Scenario

Power cables

The Indian cable industry is manufacturing cables up to 220kV. Indian cable manufacturers from the organized sector have by and large tried to be in line with the latest technologies to keep pace with the rapidly changing market condition and maintain quality standards to meet the international requirements. There are few manufacturers who currently manufacture cables up to 220kV grade whereas a larger number of manufacturers are in medium voltage range up to 33kV, besides LV cables. With the substantial rise in demand for last few years some of the manufacturers are adding capacities. In year 2006-07, the production of LV – PVC & XLPE cables was about 1,50,000 kmswhereas for HV & EHV – PVC & XLPE power cables (above 3.3 & KV), the production was about 16,500 Kms. The industry size for power cables is about Rs 7,500 Cr. Demand for power cable has shown the increase of about 33% over the previous year (2005-06). The growth in value terms is almost 86% mainly because of global price rise for copper and aluminium.

Control Cables

Control cables segment comprise of wires and cables used by control and instrumentation Industry, panel Manufacturers, automobile industry etc. Majority of these cables is manufactured by SSI sector. This sector produced about 1,50,000 kms of Cable the value of which would be about Rs 2,500 cr.

Apart from meeting the domestic demand, Indian Cable manufacturers are also exporting the cables to Middle East, Far East, South African countries, and South American countries. At the same time, cables of higher voltage above 220kV are being imported. The total import of power & control cable has been Rs.200 Cr. during the year 2006-07. Out of this, the import of EHV and HV cables was about Rs.125 Cr. and was mainly from China, Thailand and Korea whereas the import of LV cables, which was imported mainly from Sri Lanka, Turkey, was about Rs.75 Cr.

The export for LV, HV & EHV Cables as well as control cables during 2005-06 was about Rs.115 crores.

Issues and Concerns

• Rising prices of copper and aluminium globally

• Cable manufacturers are spread across the country. Some state level incentives create uneven field for manufacturers out side the state.

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HV & EHV Power Cables

17,400 31% 38% 46% 13% 15% 17%

LT Power Cables

110,000 13% 19% 36% 9% 11% 13%

Sub-Category*

FY06-07 Production (KM)*

57%43%-3,598 3,138 2,716 66&132kV and above

99%-1%27,060 23,894 20,820 33kV

90%-10%148,900 127,617 107,305 11kV

95%-5%269,146 254,581 241,243 6.6/ 3.3 KV Power Cable

78%-22%489,120 404,986 371,301 LT Power Cables (3-Ph)

98.2%1.4%0.4%1,834,581 1,665,085 1,424,867 LT Power Cables (1-Ph)

73%11%16%1,322,007 1,174,350 1,046,905 LT Control Cables

Cables

(KM) Dist.Trans.Gen.PlannedRealisticConservative


The high growth rate in demand for cables is going to be fueled by the demand from states for R&M of the current installed system and increased usage of cables in place of conductors due to lack of space, control in losses etc.

Power & Control Cables

*All cables above 1.1kV have been considered as HV power cables. The above production data corresponds only to consumption of power cables in the power sector. Also the production is net of export import.


0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

LT Control Cables

LT Power Cables (1-Ph)

LT Power Cables (3-Ph)

6.6/ 3.3 KV Power Cable

11kV

33kV

66&132kV and above

Cables - Usage Pattern

Greenfield R&M

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Demand Assessment for 2007-17: Equipment Wise Lightning Arrestors – Present Scenario

There has been a little over 3 % growth during the year 2006-07. LT LA’s up to 433 V have registered a growth of 109%, Class I/II up to 30 KV – 25%, Class I/II 31 KV to 72 KV –35%, Class II/III – 62% and Class III / IV – 217 KV & above –7%. Exports have nearly tripled. All these positives are camouflaged by the 6% drop in distribution level LA’s up to 30 KV which though small in rating and value, accounts for over 80% of the market by number. Capacity in the industry is still significantly more than demand impacting realisation.

There has been shift in buying pattern in the recent past. Sales through EPC contractors account for 60 to 65% of the business with direct procurement by the utilities making up the rest. Enquiries from EPC contractors are piecemeal as against bulk orders from Utilities earlier. Consequently for thesame business, number of tenders and hence follow up and order servicing cost have increased. In Distribution class unorganized sector has taken over a higher share. Also, certain EPC Contractors are setting up their own manufacturing facilities, particularly in the 11 KV range, so also are Transformer manufacturers. These trends are further eroding share of organized Surge Arrester industry. In Distribution class market access is deteriorating while in the HV segment it is improving.

Raw material prices have been volatile while majority of the Utilities and other buyers insist on fixed prices. With the Insulator industry giving preference to solid core insulators for bus support and isolators, hollow insulators for arresters is at a premium.

Utilities are increasingly switching over to Polymer housed Arresters.

http://onesun.en.alibaba.com/product/50335983/51514667/Lightning_Arresters/10_35kV_Silicone_Rubber_Insulation_Lightning_Arrester/showimg.html

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11kV 616,250 21% 26% 30% 10% 11% 13%

33kV & above

17,138 37% 43% 50% 19% 21% 23%

Sub-Category

FY06-07 Production (No’s)*

-66%34%1,071 900 696 765kV

-83%17%9,207 8,322 7,567 400kV

-91%9%33,585 29,044 25,266 220kV

-96%4%84,862 78,004 72,862 132kV

99%-1%75,985 67,534 59,596 66 KV

100%--412,138 366,971 323,764 33 KV

100%--12,760,182 11,763,215 10,805,032 11 KV

LA (No’s)

Dist.Trans.

Gen.PlannedRealisticConservative


Lightning Arrestors

* The above production does not include exports and LA’s produced for industries other than power sector.


0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

11 KV

33 KV

66 KV

132kV

220kV

400kV

765kV

LA - Usage Pattern

Greenfield R&M

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Demand Assessment for 2007-17: Equipment Wise Energy Meters – Present Scenario

The Indian Energy Meters industry is in existence since 1950. Initially, few companies were licensed to manufacture energy meters with total capacity of about 6 lacs meters per annum. Today, there are around thirty companies manufacturing almost 15 million energy meters.

Indian Electricity Act, 2003 provided much-needed legal support to implement reforms in the power sector. 100% metering of power supply connections insisted by many state regulatory commissions and also support by Ministry of power through various reform programmes has provided the impetus to meters demand during last few years. Thus the overall environment for metering industry as far as demand is concerned, has been very conducive.

With the advent of static meters, energy meter industry in Indiachanged dramatically in last 4-5 years. The Central Electricity Authority has recently issued a guidelines which have mandated the use of static meters. The Indian Energy meter market in next 2/3 years will definitely shift to Static Meters though Conventional Electromagnetic Meters do have some market shares even as on date. Out of the total market of around 15 Million energy meters, the share of Conventional Electromagnetic meters is about 15%.

The demand for meters is expected to remain good for next 4-5 years. A large flow of enquiries with short delivery time has been observed from various electricity Boards.

Although the prospects of the meter industry are improving, the basic underlying problems have not really changed and some of them are actually found to be on the rise. Varying tender specifications, decreasing prices, practically no consideration for quality in the procurement procedures, etc. continue to bother good quality manufacturers.

Picture Source :http://securemeters.com

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Single phase meters

10,161,017 17% 21% 36% 11% 13% 14%

Poly-phase meters**

20,28,051 11% 13% 31% 9% 10% 13%

Sub-Category*

FY06-07 Production (No’s)*

-100%-56,335 50,188 45,492 ABT Meters

100%--7,212,553 7,156,312 7,101,973 Tri-vector

100%--35,958,266 28,721,790 26,519,385 Whole Current Poly-Ph

100%--225,438,278 207,767,386 184,142,173 Single phase

Meters

(No.’s) Dist.Trans.Gen.PlannedRealisticConservative


Energy Meters

** includes both whole-current and CT operated poly-phase/ tri-vector meters


0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

1-Phase

Whole Current Poly-ph

Tri-vector

ABT Meters

Energy Meters - Usage Patern

Greenfield R&M

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Expected Requirement in Core Sector Industries

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Expected Requirement in Core Sector IndustriesPower Intensive Industries

Assessed Demand for the Period 2008 - 17

In addition to the Power Sector, T&D equipments have a significant demand from Industries & especially power intensive Industries. As per the scope of this study we have estimated requirement of T&D equipments in the power intensive industries which broadly includes the following 12 types of industries, namely: Aluminium, Automobiles, Cement, Chemicals, Mineral Oils & Petroleum, Fertilizers, Food Products, Heavy & Light Engg., Iron & Steel, Mining & Quarrying, Non-Ferrous, Paper, Sugar, Textiles. Only large units that have captive power generation capacity of 1 MW & above under the above mentioned Industry segments have been considered under this study.

Equipments

(3 Phase Sets)

Medium Voltage

High Voltage

Circuit Breakers 71,222 3,498

Isolators 1,42,444 8,470

Current Transformers 26,518 2,456

Power Transformers 7,379 1,791

Lightning Arrestors 3,72,068 3,769

Equipment Units Requirement

Transformers

Distribution Transformers MVA 31,927

Power Transformers MVA 24,070

Cables

Control Cables Kms 2,90,617

LT Power Cables Kms 1,81,172

HV Power Cables Kms 27,797

Capacitors MVAR 4,562

Demand for other equipments like Conductors, Insulators and TLT materials etc. which is negligible in comparison to their requirement in power sector has not been assessed. Also the demand shown above includes demand from the Greenfield/ Brownfield capacity expansion related requirement only. Replacement requirement has not been assessed for power intensive industries.

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Expected Requirement in Core Sector IndustriesIndian Railways

Assessed Demand for the Period 2008 - 17

Over all 60% of the freight and 47% of passenger traffic on Indian Railways is hauled by electric traction as on 31st March, 2007. During the 9th Five year Plan Railway Electrification energized 2,484 route Kms surpassing the target of 2,300 route Kms fixed for the Plan. During 10th Five year Plan Railway Electrification energized 1809 route Kms surpassing the target of 1800 route Kms fixed for the plan. The target for the 11th plan period has been set at 3500 route kilometers. For the 12th plan period we have taken a 10% increase over the 11th plan target. The equipments required for railway electrification are primarily of 25 KV class. The requirement for the railways being small in comparison to the overall power sector demand for electrical equipments. The Indian Railways has been facing lack/ shortage of vendors/ suppliers for certain electrical equipments over the past few years.

Equipment Greenfield R&M Total

Power transformers (MVA) 5,145 4,987

594

2,494

5,343

831

1,781

3,206

119

119

831

10,132

25kV CB (No.'s) 613 1,206

Interrupters (800A, 8KA); (No.'s)

2,573 5,066

Isolators (No.'s) 5,513 10,856

CT (No.'s) 858 1,689

PT (No.'s) 1,838 3,619

LA (No.'s) 3,308 6,513

Series Reactor (No.'s) 123 241

Shunt Capacitor (No.'s) 123 241

Dropout fuse (No.'s) 858 1,689

The per route Kilometre requirement for electrical equipments has been standardized by the Central Organization for Railway Electrification (CORE) which has pioneered the task of railway electrification in India. The total electrified railway lines in the country is 17,811 route kilometres as on 31st March, 2007. Additional demand for T&D equipments is expected to arise from upcoming metro rail & other urban rapid transportation systems in the coming years which has not been included in the demand assessed.

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Benchmarking of Indian Manufacturers

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Benchmarking of Indian ManufacturersConsumer Perception - Feedback Received During Field Survey of Utilities

Performance of Indian Equipment Manufacturers vis-à-vis Global Manufacturers

In order to be able to compare the performance of Indian manufacturers vis-à-vis global manufacturers (who might have manufacturing facilities in India), we sought feedback from the appropriate officials/ authorities in the power sector & the power intensive industries. Responses from 38 entities were received on performance of Indian manufacturers on identified key parameters on a five point scale ranging from very poor to excellent.

After analysis of the responses, with a confidence level of 95% it can be said that the performance of the Indian manufacturers is perceived to be in the ranges (height of each block) as shown in the adjacent diagram.

The Indian manufactures are perceived to be more cost competitive in comparison to the global manufacturers.

In adherence to delivery schedules and after sales service they are somewhat similar to the global manufactures.

The Indian manufacturers however need to strengthen their product technology & quality in order to be at par with the global equipment manufacturers.

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Internal Processes - Feedback From Web Based Survey of Equipment Manufacturers

Performance of Indian Equipment Manufacturers vis-à-vis Global Manufacturers

The web-based survey consisted of a section on benchmarking of Indian electrical equipment manufacturers with respect to the global manufacturers. Various manufacturers provided their inputs which has been analyzed as shown in the figure below. The objective of this section is to benchmark the Indian manufacturers on internal processes, systems & practices.

After analysis of the responses, with a confidence level of 95% it can be said that the performance of the Indian manufacturers is perceived to be in the ranges (height of each block) as shown in the adjacent diagram.

The Indian manufactures are perceived to be better positioned on the parameters of customer relationship and supply chain with respect to the global manufacturers.

On Quality Management they are somewhat comparable to the global manufactures.

The Indian manufacturers however need to strengthen the degree of automation in production, R&D and Training expenditure in order to be at par with the global equipment manufacturers.

Overall

CRM

SCMQuality

ManagementTraining &

DevelopmentAutomation in

Production R&D Expenditure

Significantly Superior

Significantly Inferior

Comparable

Inferior

Superior

Benchmarking of Indian Manufacturers

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Major Technology Trends

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MAJOR TECHNOLOGY TRENDS

The increase in demand for power brings with it multifarious

challenges of setting up new systems and replacing/ upgrading

the old systems, which are better placed in terms of cost,

operational efficiency, size and environmental safety.

The more we add capacity and the more we integrate our

transmission and distribution systems, the more are the needs

for the systems to improve grid control, system stability, power

quality, equipment efficiency and reduced environmental

hazards. This creates a huge gap and requirement to develop

and establish new technologies.

World over leading organizations are working on developing new

technologies which are under various stages of development and

testing. Developed nations like US have envisioned path

breaking changes in the next few decades which will change the

face of power transmission and distribution across the globe. The

primary focus of research and development is in the areas of

advanced materials with high current carrying and storage

capacities, designing better data acquisition, modeling and

control systems & advanced power electronics.

R&D of new technologies has been put as a priority focus area in the 11th & 12th Plan. POWERGRID being the pioneer utility in Power Transmission in India has been the leader in implementing new/ advanced technologies.

We envisage that in the next decade, the technology trends would be more towards improving efficiency, reliability, capacity and environment friendliness of the equipments and system.

The next section summarizes the new emerging technologies in different equipment categories with their benefits and applicability. The aim is to analyze these developments on parameters of cost, efficiency, capacity and environment friendliness. Details on each topic is appended as Annexure to this report.

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Domain Technology Comparison with Existing Technology

Outlook

Present Technology: ACSRNew Technology:

Environment/ SafetyCostOperational EfficiencySize & Weight

Environment/ SafetyCostOperational EfficiencySize & WeightEnvironment/ SafetyCostOperational EfficiencySize & Weight

Present Technology: XLPENew Technology:

Environment/ Safety

Cost

Operational Efficiency

Size & Weight

Environment/ SafetyCostOperational EfficiencySize & Weight

GIL in comparison to OH lines for HVDC transmission is more economical transmission system. One such Project is at Geneva where ABB has installed 400m section with GIL and rest line is OH for a HVDC line.High cost may limit application in India.

2:GIL (Gas Insulated Lines)

The Detroit Edison Co., U.S., in a pilot project had installed HTS technology based power cables producing the world's first 115-kV HTS cable system in 2001.Prevalent in developed countries for city infeed.

1: HTS(High Temperature Super Conducting)

Power Cable

ACCC conductors are being used in most cities of US.Due to higher initial cost, this technology is not prevalent in developing countries.

3:ACCC

Based on composite technology,Composite conductors are best suited for HV or UHV.

2:ACCR

Double the current flow with same sag and clearance as ACSR, it is based on HTS Technology. PGCIL is targeting usage of Invar basedconductors in XIth Plan.Best suited for India

1: INVAR

Conductor

FavourableComparableUnfavourable

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DomainTechnology Comparison with

Existing TechnologyOutlook

Environment/ Safety Due to cost competitiveness may become popular in India for EHV cables.Cost

Operational EfficiencyCable

(continued)

3.Polypropy-lene Cable

Size & WeightPresent Technology: PorcelainNew Technology:

Environment/ Safety

Cost


Insulator

Size & Weight

Present Technology: Oil Filled CT/CVTNew Technology:

Environment/ Safety

Cost


Size & WeightEnvironment/ SafetyCostOperational Efficiency

Size & Weight

Have been developed and tested upto 400kV, testing is in progress for 800kV and above.CEA is targeting R&D on 132kV DOIT in India. High initial cost, but reduced failure rate might make it popular in India in the coming years.

2: DOIT

Preferred for use at 765kV.Used in India.Better than conventional oil based Instrument Transformers.

1: SF6 Gas Filled

Instrument Transformer

More useful in highly polluted and coastal areas in IndiaPilot projects of using polymer based insulators in 800 kV UHVDC are in Progress in Ludvika Sweden. Technology has not completely replaced present trend due to high initial cost.Usage is expected to increase in India.

1: Composite Polymer


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Present Technology: Oil Filled Power TransformerNew Technology:

Environment/ Safety

Cost


Size & WeightEnvironment/ Safety

CostOperational Efficiency

Size & Weight

Environment/ SafetyCostOperational Efficiency

Size & Weight

High initial cost might limit usage in India.3: Superconducting Power Transformers

Rating from 11 MVA 45 KV up to 42 MVA 136 KV.High cost might prohibit usage in India. Lower cost indigenized version be a viable option.

2:Powerformer

Costly than conventional transformer. Large scale usage not likely in the Indian cost sensitive market.

1: Dryformer

Power Transformer


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Present Technology: Oil Impregnated Power CapacitorNew Technology:

Environment/ Safety


1) Dry Type This technology is prevalent in developed countries and is gaining presence in developing countries like India.


Cost

2) SF6 Filled

Power Capacitors

Better performance on all parameters other than cost might limitapplication to higher voltages.

Usage expected to increase at high voltages.Operational EfficiencySize & Weight

Present Technology: Substation TechnologyNew Technology:

Environment/ Safety

Cost




Size & Weight

Products are available for 170kV and above. Substation area can be reduced significantly.Cost reduction and local manufacturing can make such products popular in India.

3:Integrated Technology

Powergrid owns few GIS based substations, also, in Sub-stations associated with Hydel Plants & in certain densely populated cities GIS is in use. Usage in India is expected to increase manifolds.More cost competitive hybrid applications shall be more applicable in the Indian context.

1:GIS

Substation


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Present Technology: HVACNew Technology:

Environment/ Safety

Cost765 KV HVAC already implemented in India, PGCIL is planning to implement 1200 KV HVAC. With UMPP & Increased Inter-regional capacity HVAC is bound to become far more popular.Operational Efficiency

Size & Weight

1: HVAC(765 & 1200 KV)

Environment/ Safety

Cost

Environment/ Safety

CostONGC is in the process of studying feasibility of using HVDC Light from its off shore generations to cater onshore power needs.Usage expected to increase with increased focus on wind and other renewable energy sources of power generation.


Size & Weight

More economical for longer length. Most targeted technology for bulk power transfer.Usage in India is expected to increase manifolds.Operational Efficiency

Size & Weight

1: HVDCTransmission Systems

2:HVDC Light


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Present Technology: Static meters without Remote ReadingNew Technology:

Environment/ Safety The utilities in India are implementing AMR and related technologies for high value consumers. Further cost reduction may lead to wide scale application.

Metering

Cost1: AMR


Size & Weight

Environment/ Safety Outage management and appliance controller as associated equipments help maintaining grid frequency. Prevalent in USA andother Developed countries due to high cost.

Cost2:Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)


Size & Weight


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Future Grid Vision 2030The United States Department of Energy has formulated “GRID 2030” which envisages a national vision for electricity’s next 100 years in North America. We envisage the technology developments in US and other similarly placed countries shall provide the guiding light for its implementation and applicability in India and other developing countries. Following section summarizes thephase wise developments targeted in each sector in near future:

Transmission Distribution Demand-side management

Regulatory framework

Phase-I• Prove feasibility of superconducting backbone

• Coordinated regional planning and operations

• Real time information transparency for all grid operators

• Multiple 10 mile lengths of superconducting cables deployed

• Majority of new transmission lines are composite conductors

• Smart, automated, grid operation prototype

• Distributed intelligence feasibility proven

• Remote outage detection in place

• Plug & play protocols for DG

• Architecture defined for intelligent automated systems

• Improved utilization and lower costs

• Demand-side management programs more widely used

• Smart appliance feasibility proven

• Greater use of customer side DG

• Public-private RD&D partnership flourish

• Workable markets achieved for all sectors and regions

• Adequate public subsidies ensure universal service

• States resolve performance-based regulation, metering, and pricing issues

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Future Grid Vision 2030

Transmission Distribution Demand-side management

Regulatory framework

Phase-II

• Long distance superconducting cables installed; “power hubs” in operational

• Average grid losses reduced by 50%

• DG technologies fully integrated in distributed operations

• Intelligent automated architecture deployed

• Real-time, two-way flow of information and power

•All appliances have smart capabilities

• Large and small customers have access to power markets and real-time information and controls

• Stable, equitable regulatory framework in place• Workably competitive markets wherever feasible

Phase-III

• Superconducting backbone installed with fault limiters and transformers

• National Grid in operation

• 100% of power flows through smart grid with implementation of WAMS and WAP

• Low-cost, small-scale storage• Superconducting cables and equipment deployed

• Fully automated demand response

• Low cost onsite storage deployed

• Fully interconnected customers and electric networks

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Limitations of the Study

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Limitations of the Study

• The accuracy of the calculated CAGR required in supply over the next 5/ 10 year timeframe depends on the authenticity of the Industry data (IEEMA + Non-IEEMA) provided by IEEMA. It also depends on the share of the power sector that has been assumed in the overall sales against each product category. The CAGR required in supply only corresponds to the equipments demand w.r.t. the power sector and not the entire market for the product as a whole.• The demand estimation has been done using norms, which gives an indication of the actual equipment requirement as per the capacity addition/ R&M planned. The actual equipment will depend of the detailed project reports (DPR) based on specific requirements, thus the requirement might vary from what is indicated in this report.• In the absence of any better information, we have assumed the capacity addition in the 12th plan period i.e. 2012-17 on the basis of the 11th plan for the Power Transmission & Distribution segments.• Since the plans made by the Government of India are mostly 5 year plans especially for Power Transmission & Distribution segments, the growth rates arrived at in this study are also corresponding to 5 year periods i.e. the 11th & the 12th Plan periods.• The values against different scenarios indicate the requirement of equipments under the envisaged scenarios and not necessarily sales of equipments during the plan period.• The assessment of equipment requirement has been done using the country level plan for all the segments i.e. Power Generation, Transmission & Distribution in the absence of detailed plans for each state/ utility. The information collected from various entities was found inappropriate for assessment of country level demand of T&D equipments, however whatever data that was collected from these entities were aggregated to vet the appropriateness of the country level plan.• The complete details regarding requirement of SCADA & GIS systems by various utilities and also the past production/ sales by manufacturers is not available. The above analysis is incomplete due to insufficient availability of data. In the light of the same the demand needs to be reviewed again once such data is available.

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List of Personnel Interviewed in Field Survey

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List of Personnel Interviewed in Field SurveyA.K. Sharma, GM (STRATEGIC Planning), NTPC

T. Sukumaran, Senior Scientist, MNRE

Valli Natrajan, Joint Chief (Transmission & Distribution), REC

Dharmendra Nagpal, Deputy Chief (Engineering), REC

B.R. Saraf, General Manager (Planning), NHPC

Ratish Kumar, Chief Engineer (Design & Engineering), NHPC

S. S. Sharma, Sr. Vice President, PTC India Ltd

A. Jaggannath Rao, Manager – Corporate Planning, PGCIL

R. M. Malhotra, Dy. G.M. (ICM), Delhi Transco Limited

Satish Kumar, Zonal Manager, NDPL

S.K. Bansal, Executive Engineer (Planning), HVPNL

D.C. Arya, CAO, HPGCL

G.L. Gomber, S.E. (PD&C), UHBVNL

Kamlesh P. Jangid, Chief Finance Manager, GUVNL

N.H. Shukla, GETCO

G.R. Darji, S.E. (T), MGVCL

P.R. Chaudhary, OSD, UGVCL

Pradeep Shirke, Technical Officer, GEDA

Yatin Dholakia, AGM (Projects), Torrent Power Ltd

P.N. Singhal, Addl. Chief Engineer (PPM & Comml.), RRVUNL

Y.S. Raizada, Director (Technical), RRVPNL

Nikhil Chaudhary, Executive Engineer, P&P, RRVPNL

V.A. Kale, Assistant Engineer - P&P, RRVPNL

R.S. Kela, SE (Plan), Jaipur Discom

Rajeev Verma, Assistant Engineer (Plan), Ajmer Discom

Mr. Khamesara, SE (Material Management), Ajmer Discom

Swapan Kumar Saha, CM (Corporate Finance), ASEB

V.S. Patil, SE (Commercial), MSPGCL

Mr. Zalte, CE (Infra), MSEDCL

Tirthankar S. Basu, Executive Engineer (CPA), MSEDCL

V.M. Latey, CE – Transmission O&M, MSETCL

S.G. Kelkar, CE – Transmission Projects, MSETCL

Madhu Sudan Sikdar, AE (Distribution), WBSEDCL

S. Goswami, SE (Planning), WBSETCL

Mr. Mandeep (Planning - Transmission), PSEB

S.K. Jain, Dy. Director (Planning – Distribution), PSEB

Ashok Kumar Mehrotra, CE – UP Transmission

Surendra Kumar, CE – (RESSPO), UPPCL

And various officials from utilities in Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Chattisgarh, Kerala and Key IPPs and Private Sector Players

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Annexure

ANNEXURE

Annexure – 1: Methodology & AssumptionsAnnexure – 2: Demand for Equipments in Power Intensive

IndustriesAnnexure – 3: Demand for Electrical Equipments in RailwaysAnnexure – 4: Field Survey Data: BenchmarkingAnnexure – 5: Web Based Survey Data: BenchmarkingAnnexure – 6: Major Technological TrendsAnnexure – 7: Utilities Field Survey Report (Annexed Separately)

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Methodology & Rationale

Annexure - 1

Thermal: • The thermal plan has been converted to units of various size as per the details available in the Working paper on 11th plan and information provided by CEA.

• For Calculating the equipment requirement for the capacity addition in thermal power plants we have used the unit wise norms as used by CEA in the document named ‘Requirement of Equipment & Material for Development of Power Sector’.

• While Scaling down with respect to various scenarios we have used unit wise details for each size of unit to arrive at the equipment requirement.

Hydel Power Plants:• For Hydel power plants the overall equipments as given for the planned scenario has been reduced in the ratio of achievement of capacity in MW as applicable to different scenarios.

• Switchyard equipments requirement has been considered similar to Thermal power plant related switchyards, but the upper voltage limit has been kept at 220KV.

Nuclear, Wind etc:• For Nuclear power plants equipment requirement has been taken similar to Thermal power plants.

• For Wind & SHP equipment requirement has been taken similar to Hydel power plants, the average capacity of these plants has been assumed as 50 MW.

R&M:

• For R&M the life of T&D equipments has been considered as 25 years, the same norm as used for upcoming plants has been used for estimating quantum of installed equipments.

12th Plan:

• The achievements under each scenario in the 12th Plan have been taken similar to the 11th Plan achievement.

• For each of the scenarios developed we have added the non-achievement in the 11th plan to the 12th plan.

Scenarios – Power Generation

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Annexure - 1

Rationale:

• Transmission projects have a relation with generation addition and system strengthening. So, the financial break-up of the transmission plan has been used to bifurcate the plan into 58% for Generation linked works & 42% for other works like inter-regional/ regional capacity, system strengthening etc. The generation linked and strengthening linked portions are then dealt separately to derive equipment demand.

R&M:

• For R&M the life of T&D equipments has been considered as 25 years, the same norm as used for upcoming plants has been used for estimating quantum of installed equipments.

12th Plan:

• The 12th Plan has been developed by increasing the 11th

Transmission plan in the same ratio as that of the 12th Plan for generation. For each of the scenarios we have added the non-achievement in the 11th plan to the 12th plan.

R&M:

• For R&M the life of T&D equipments has been considered as 20 years, the same norm as used for upcoming plans has been used for estimating quantum of installed equipments.

12th Plan:

• The achievements under each scenario in the 12th Plan have been taken similar to the 11th Plan achievement.

• For each of the scenarios developed we have added the non-achievement in the 11th plan to the 12th plan.

66 KV Plan:

• Since 66 KV level plan is missing which is in use in many states for sub-transmission, the same has been included in proportion to the 33 KV present capacity.

Scenarios - Transmission Scenarios - Distribution

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Annexure - 1

TLT

Voltage Type Tons / KM

Ckts./ Tower

Conductors/ Phase

1 444211111

11222211

TOWERS / KM

800 kV Single Circuit -Quad 77.5 2.7± 500 kV HVDC (Quad) 49 2.7800kV HVDC (Quad) 49 2.7400 kV Double Circuit-Twin 42.5 2.8220 kV Double Circuit 17.5 3.0132 kV Double Circuit 11 3.266 kV Double Circuit 6.5 3.533kV Single Circuit 3 411kV Single Circuit - -

The planned circuit KM at each voltage level as taken from state and centre level plans forms the basis for estimation of conductor and TLT estimation. Total estimation has been done using the standard parameters as given at each voltage level.

Disc Insulators

Voltage Discs/ String Strings/ Phase/ Tower800 kV 20 6400 kV 15 6220 kV 15 3132 kV 11 366 kV 6 233kV 3 211kV 1 2

For disc insulators, no distinction has been made in kN levels or different voltage levels.

Voltage Type Kgs/ KmLT Drake 15011 KV Drake 15033 KV Coyote 52166 KV Panther 974132 KV zebra 1622220 KV moose 1998400 KV moose 1998HVDC moose 1998765 KV bersimis 1998

ConductorFor estimation of conductor in tons, standard weights for each type of conductor as provided by IEEMA have been used.

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Annexure - 1

Power Cables

Voltage Wise Overall Overall %33 KV (Ckms) 20632

Conductor 17925Cable 2707 13.1%

11 KV Ckms) 72253Conductor 68188

Cable 4066 5.6%LT (Ckms) 349136

Conductor 325753Cable 23383 6.7%

Total 537061Conductor 504615

Cable 32447 6.0%

We have used the information collected from various field visits made during this study to project the future requirement of Power Cables. To be on the modest side we have used the overall cable % i.e. 6% for 11 & 33 KV cables on the total circuit kilometers being added under each scenario.

For every voltage above 33 KV we have multiplied the cable: overall circuit kilometer percentage by a factor of 0.5 progressively owing to higher cost at higher voltages.

Control Cables:

Assumptions/ Norms:

• For Generations norms as used by CEA have been adopted.

• For Transmission : 765/400kV SS – 200 kms, 400/220kV SS – 100 kms, others – 50 kms per sub-station.

• For Distribution: 10 kms per sub-station.

LT Power Cables:Based on our understanding and information collected from field visits, the following major assumptions have been used:

• We have assumed that each new connection being released on LT will be provided with a power cable only.

• It has been assumed that 50% of the meter replacement cases will also account for cable replacements/ installations.

• The average length of power cable for a new connection has beentaken as 10 meters for a new connection case & 6 meters for a meter replacement case.

• Prudent norms have been adopted for Generation, Transmission & distribution sub-station power cable requirement.

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Annexure - 1

Switchgear – Circuit Breaker

Generation Transmission Distribution

132kV and above

765kV & 400kV – 3 CB per 2 bays (one & half breaker Scheme)

220kV – 1 CB/ bay (2 main and Transfer Scheme) 132kV – 1 CB/ bay (Main and Transfer Scheme)

CB’s for 132kV and above not considered in distribution

11kV, 33kV & 66kV

Standard CEA norms for number of equipment per Generation unit of Thermal, Hydel and other stations

11kV, 33kV and 66kV not considered in transmission

Based on following data from various states:

Average rating of 33/11kV Transformer: 5MVA

No. of 33/11kV Transformers calculated based on Planned MVA and average rating given above

No. of 66kV Transformer and CB: 15% of 33kV of Transformer & CB

No. of 11kV feeders per 66 or 33kV Transformer: 6

Norms for calculation:

33kV CB: 5 CB per 2 Transformers of 33kV

66kV CB: 5 CB per 2 Transformers of 66kV

11kV CB: 3 times 33kV & 66kV combined

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Annexure - 1


132kV and above

765kV & 400kV – 1 set per line bay & 1 set per Bus-bar (one & half breaker Scheme)

220kV – 1 set/ bay (2 main and Transfer)

132kV – 1 set/ bay (Main and Transfer)

PT’s for 132kV and above not considered in distribution

11kV, 33kV & 66kV

Standard CEA norms for number of equipment per Generation unit of Thermal, Hydel and other stations.

Norm for Calculation: 1Set per 2 No. CB for each voltage level (11kV, 33kV)

11kV, 33kV and 66kV not considered in transmission

66 KV – One 3 Phase set per CB

33 & 11 KV – One PT per CB

Instrument Transformers – CVT/ PT

Lightning Arrestors

Number of CB taken as input

Norm for calculation: 66 KV LA: 1 Set per CB

33 KV LA: 2 No. per CB

11kV LA: 5 times 66kV & 33kV equipment + 1 Set per Non REC distribution transformer

11kV, 33kV and 66kV not considered in Transmission


Norm for Calculation: 1Set per 2 No. CB for each voltage level -11kV, 33kV

11kV, 33kV & 66kV

LA’s for 132kV and above not considered in distribution

765kV & 400kV – 1 set per Bay (one & half breaker Scheme)

220kV – 1 set per bay (2 main and Transfer Scheme)

132kV – 1 set per bay (Main and Transfer Scheme)

132kV and above

DistributionTransmissionGeneration

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Annexure - 1

Switchgear – IsolatorsGeneration Transmission Distribution

132kV and above

765kV & 400kV – 4 Isolator sets per bay (one & half breaker Scheme)

220kV – 3 Isolator sets/ bay (2 main and Transfer Scheme)

132kV – 3 Isolator sets/ bay (Main and Transfer Scheme)

Isolators for 132kV and above not considered in distribution

11kV, 33kV & 66kV


Norm for Calculation: 2 Sets per CB for each voltage level (11kV, 33kv)


Calculated number of Circuit Breakers considered as input

Norm for calculation: 2 Sets per CB for each voltage level (11kV, 33kv, 66kV)


132kV and above

765kV & 400kV – 2 CT sets per bay (one & half breaker Scheme)

220kV – 1 CT set/ bay (2 main and Transfer Scheme)

132kV – 1CT set/ bay (Main and Transfer Scheme)

CT’s for 132kV and above not considered in Distribution

11kV, 33kV & 66kV


Norm for Calculation: 1Set per Feeder/ CB for each voltage level (11kV, 33kv)


One 3 Phase set per CB

Instrument Transformers – Current Transformers

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Annexure - 1

HT Power Capacitors:

• The installed capacitor & the capacitor requirement in the

Northern Region in relation to the maximum demand (MW) in

the northern region has been used to calculate the overall

capacitor requirement in the country for FY 08 by scaling it up

using the maximum demand (MW) in the country. The break-

up under Greenfield & R&M has been kept similar as in the

NREB plan.

• Assuming a load growth of 10% per annum the requirement

for future years has been arrived at the planned requirement.

The planned requirement has been scaled down using the

overall achievement of the plan to arrive at the shunt

capacitor requirement under each scenario.

LT Power Capacitors:

• Since most of the states have introduced KVAH billing for industrial consumers, it has been assumed that Discoms will only put capacitors in the ratio of the load of Load other than Industries (35%) to the total connected load in the system.

• To be on the conservative side it has been assumed that LT MVAR capacity similar to 35% of last years production is still operational in the Discoms systems.

• For additional requirement 1/3 of MVA capacity addition at distribution transformer level has been considered.

R&M requirement on annual basis has been considered as 10% of installed capacity considering a modest lifetime of 10 years for LT Capacitors.

Power Capacitors

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Annexure - 1

Energy Meters

DescriptionSingle Phase

Whole Current Poly Phase

CT Operated Trivector Meter

Domestic 90% 10%Commercial 80% 10.0% 10.0%Industrial (LV & MV) 100%Industrial (HV) 100%Public Lighting 50% 50%Traction 100%Agriculture 100%Public Water Works 50% 50%Miscellaneous 80% 10% 10%DT 100%Feeder 100%

With respect to usage/ application of meters we have assumed theusage w.r.t. consumer categories/ other applications based on information available from different states/ collected during field visits conducted during this study.

For Energy audit requirement of meters also the total requirement has been considered as 140% number of 11 KV feeders which based on information collected from sample states during this study.

Description Conservative Realistic PlanConsumer Growth 10 Year CAGRSingle Phase & 3 Phase lifetime 20 YearsTrivector Meters Lifetime 10 Years100% DTC Metering 10 Years100% Feeder Metering 5 Years

ABT Meters Linked to Gen. Cap addition

RGGVY 20 years12.5

Years5

Years

Existing Un-metered Agricultural Metering 30 years 20 years

10 Years

ABT Meters:• No. of Existing ABT meters has been arrived at using the number of installed ABT meters with respect to the installed generation capacity by different entities during our field visits made during this study.

• Overall ABT meter base & future requirement has been calculated using meters/ MW installed capacity.

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Annexure - 1

Treatment of Production Data

Product Category ShareTransformers

Distribution 15%Power 0%

Current Transformers(11 KV & 33 KV only) 15%Potential Transformers(11 KV & 33 KV only) 15%

HT Power Capacitors 18%

Lightning Arrestors(33 KV & above) 10%CB’s (11 KV & 33 KV only) 15%LT Power Cables 27%LT Power Capacitors 40%

In order to assess the expected growth rate of T&D equipment requirement in the power sector, the present contribution of non-power industries/ consumers has been separated from the overall production data. Opinions from respective Divisional Chairmen & IEEMA counterpart were taken for ascertaining the values shown in the table.

For product categories & product sub-categories which have not been mentioned in the adjacent table, the data regarding power sector consumption was directly made available by IEEMA.

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Demand for Electrical Equipments in Power Intensive Industries

Annexure - 2


Inputs RemarksInstalled Captive Generation capacity, Actual Energy Consumption & Actual Energy Generation Actual for 1998-2005Projected individual industry CAGR & Capacity Utilization Collected from various sourcesAverage Load factor (90%) and Average Power Factor (90%) Input from various sourcesActual Load Requirement (MVA) Collected from a sample of 25 IndustriesInstalled Power & Distribution Transformer Capacity (MVA) Collected from a sample of 25 IndustriesSample installed 11kV Cable, LT Capacitors requirement Collected from a sample of 25 Industries

Industries considered for Estimation: Aluminium, Automobiles, Cement, Chemicals, Mineral Oil & Petroleum, Fertilizers, Food Products, Heavy & Light Engineering, Iron & Steel, Mining & Quarrying, Non-Ferrous, Paper, Sugar, Textiles

Methodology:

Current Installed MVA Capacity of transformers = Energy Consumption/ Power factor/ load factor/ Capacity Utilization

Projected capacity addition (MVA of Equipments) = Current Installed MVA Capacity x projected growth rate of industry

Additional Load Requirement = Projected Capacity Addition x capacity utilization x PLF x LF

Distribution Transformer requirement = Additional Load Requirement/ Current Actual Load x Current Dist. Transformer

Power Transformer requirement = Additional Load Requirement/ Current Actual Load x Current Power Transformer

CB, Isolator, CT, PT, LA : in the ratio of Transformer requirement in the industries to that in the Sub-Transmission System

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Demand for Electrical Equipments in Railways

Annexure - 3

Indian Railways – Estimated Demand FY 08 - 17

Equipment Greenfield R&M TotalPower transformers (MVA) 5145 4987 1013225kV CB (No.'s) 613 594 1206Interrupters (800A, 8KA); (No.'s) 2573 2494 5066Isolators (No.'s) 5513 5343 10856CT (No.'s) 858 831 1689PT (No.'s) 1838 1781 3619LA (No.'s) 3308 3206 6513

The Central Organization for Railway Electrification (CORE) has standardized equipment requirement for every 60 route kilometers of railway line to be electrified. Using the standard requirement for the 11th Plan target for railway line electrification & taking the 12th Plan as 10% in excess of the 11th Plan the requirement of electrical equipment for Greenfield works in Railways has been arrived at. For determining the replacement (R&M) requirement of equipments the life of equipments has been taken as 25 years i.e. 4% annual replacement has been taken.

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Field Survey Data: Benchmarking

Annexure - 4

Details of Responses Received from Field Survey w.r.t. Benchmarking

1 – Significantly Inferior 2 – Inferior, 3 – Comparable, 4 – Superior, 5 – Significantly Superior

Industry Responses Cost Technology Quality of Equipment

Adherence to delivery Schedule

After Sales Service Overall


22 3.64 2.73 2.82 2.82 2.91 3.09

Discoms 9 3.44 2.56 2.56 2.56 3 3.04

Gencos 1 3 3 2 2 3 2.67

Transcos 6 3.5 2.5 2.83 3 3.5 3.14

Power 16 3.44 2.56 2.63 3.06 3.19 3.05

Industry 38 3.55 2.66 2.74 2.92 3.03 3.08

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Web Based Survey Data: Benchmarking

Annexure - 5

Details of Responses Received from Web Based Survey w.r.t. Benchmarking

Category Responses Automation in Production

R&D Expenditure

Training & Development Quality Delivery

SchedulesCustomer Relations

3 3

4.5

5

3.5

3.5

3

3

3.53

3

4

3

2.75

3

3

2.33

3

3

3.5

4

3.25

3.25

3

3

3.24

1.5

4

Meters 4 3 3.25 2.5 3.07

Switchgears 4 2.25 2 3.25 2.80

TLT 1 2 1 1 2.13

Transformers 2 2 1.5 2 2.38

Total 17 2.42 2.18 2.47 2.76

Overall

Cables 3 2.33 2 2.59

Capacitors 2 2 1.5 2.57

Instrument Transformers 1 3 3 3.73

1 – Significantly Inferior 2 – Inferior, 3 – Comparable, 4 – Superior, 5 – Significantly Superior

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Major technology trends

Annexure - 6

Majority of overhead line conductors are non homogeneous (made up of more than one material) having a high-strength core material surrounded by a high-conductivity material. The most common conductor type is the aluminium conductor steel reinforced (ACSR). HTS (High Temperature Superconductor) materials such as ACCR & ACCC are used having property of resisting the annealing effects of high temperatures and capable of carrying two to three times more power than conventional conductors while using existing towers.

ParameterACCC

ACCR ACSR

Environment /Safety

More friendly (Lesser no. of

Towers)

<ACCC

>ACSR

Less friendly (More no. of Towers)

More weight

Not good

Low initial cost

Size/Weight Less weight Less weight

Operational

Efficiency

Best ( min. sag, min power loss)

Decent

Overall CostHigh <ACCC

>ACSR

Conductor technology

Comparison table of New & Conventional technology

Trends

Key features of new technology• Chemically compatible materials• Heat-resistant, hardened aluminium outer strands• Core stability, even above the rated operating temperature• Lighter in weight• Not affected by long-term creep of the aluminium• Can be operated continuously at high temperatures—

180°C without damage, and at 200°C for short-term durations.

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Annexure - 6


source-CTC corporation

• INVAR an alloy of iron and nickel has an expansion coefficient about one-third of steel.

• Gap-type ZT-aluminium conductor steel reinforced (GZTACSR) uses heat-resistant aluminium over a steel core. A small annular gap exists between a high-strength steel core and the first layer of trapezoidal-shaped aluminium strands.

• Cable sag is least in ACCC & GAP type conductors even at very high temperature.

The key innovation in ACCR is the core, which is made of a stable inorganic aluminium matrix

composite material.

Cable sag with rising temp. in different conductor

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Annexure - 6


source-CTC corporation

• Gap-type conductor requires about 25% more time to install than an ACSR.

• Invar has considerably less mechanical strength than steel making it unsuitable for Ice-loading area.

ACCR/ACCC conductors are being used in most cities of US. However due to higher initial cost, this technology is not prevalent in developing countries. Invar reinforced conductors are good for Asia.

In practice

ACCC/TW the compact trapezoidal conductors, has approximately 28% more aluminium cross-sectional area than ACSR or ACSS conductors. The greater aluminium content, combined with the capability to work at high operating temperatures, can double the current carrying capacity of an existing transmission line.

Power loss is minimum in ACCC/TW and ACCR is second best alternative at different Amapcity

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Annexure - 6

Copper cables with XLPE insulation have been in presence since beginning of electrical cables but it is desirable to transfer maximum current with least losses. Trends started with new HTS (High temperature superconducting) technology which off late has stepped into its superior generation called as HTS 2G.

• HTS materials are highly complementary to energy efficient technologies as a substitute for copper.

• Power densities of over 100x that of copper.

• Reduction in CO2 emissions

• Increased levels of power with increased reliability and reduced material usage.

ParameterHTS

XLPE

Environment /Safety Better ( reduction in

CO2 Emission)

More environment issues

Size/Weight Less weight (BSCCO2223 (Bismuth-Strontium-Calcium-Copper-Oxide), liquid nitrogen for insulation)

More weight (Copper, XLPE)

Operational EfficiencyBetter (Hundred times current

capacity)

High losses

Overall CostHigh initial cost Low initial cost

Cables technology


Key features of new technology

Trends

In practiceThe Detroit Edison Co., U.S., in a pilot project had installed HTS technology based power cables producing the world's first 115-kV HTS cable system in 2001. In August 2006, American Electric Power (AEP) has installed a 200-m (656-ft) HTS cable at its Bixby Substation.

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Annexure - 6

• High transmission capacity

• Low transmission losses

• High reliability

• For same capacity, resistance in the GIL is 70%

less then that in conventional overhead line.

• Very low external magnetic fields

Gas Insulated Transmission Line (GIL) is a means of bulk electric power transmission at extra high voltage, e.g. 400kV, with ratedcurrents up to 4000A. GIL consists of tubular aluminium conductors encased in a metallic tube that is filled with a mixture of SF6 and Nitrogen gases for electrical insulation. Where GIL is installed in combination with Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS), compact solutions can be delivered in order to supply large amounts of electric power to meet the high demand of large cities and industry.

Cables technology

ParameterGIL

Conventional OH

Environment /Safety More safer ( no fire risk), reduced CO2

emission

Less friendly to environment

Size/Weight Less weightMore weight

Operational

Efficiency

Better ( low

losses)

Less

Overall CostHigh Low


GIL in comparison to OH lines for HVDC transmission is more economical transmission system. In cases where complete GIL is not possible a combination of GIL and OH HVDC can be used. One such Project is at Geneva where ABB has installed 400m section with GIL and rest line is OH.

In practice


Trends

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Annexure - 6

Polypropylene cable insulation has a higher AC breakdown strength than EPR (ethylene propylene rubber) and XLPE (crosslinked polyethylene), both of which are widely used for DC cable insulation. The DC resistivity of Polypropylene cable is larger than that of XLPE and oil-impregnated paper insulations. The electrical stress coefficient of resistivity of Polypropylene cable insulation increases with temperature, which may have important engineering implications.

Cable insulation technology

In order to optimize the insulation design of a cold dielectric high temperature superconducting (HTS) cable, the composite insulation system has been investigated according to the arrangement of laminated polypropylene paper (LPP) in liquid nitrogen. LPP is a prominent insulating material with a high dielectric strength and low dielectric loss, which has been used as HTS cable insulating materials, the dielectric properties on composite insulation system according to the arrangement of LPP immersed in LN2 have economic and dielectric performances satisfaction.

Parameter polypropylene EPR XLPE

Environment /Safety

Polymers have similar environment issues ,

Paper composite

Polymers have similar environment issues extruded insulation

Smaller than

XLPE

More heat resistance, less thermal expansion

Moderate cost

Size/Weight Small C/S area , small cable diameter

Polymers have similar environment issues extruded insulation

Bigger cable

diameter

High dielectric

strength

Operational

Efficiency

Lower coefficient of friction, High temp. sustainability, physically tougher, best compatibility with HTS

technology

Overall CostModerate cost , High cost of cable when used in HTS cables

Lower in cost


Key features of new technology - SF6

Trends

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Annexure - 6

Electrical insulation, depending upon the location of electricalnetwork, often faces harsh environments that include desert, marine and industrial pollution, along with high ambient temperatures resulting in flashover. Porcelain insulator which is at present most prevalent in the industry have high flashover rate, this can be overcome by using new composite polymers offering low flashovers and cutting maintenance cost of insulators.

Insulator technology

• Pollution Resistant

• Seismic Resistant.

• Explosion Resistant.

• Tensile strength higher then steel despite 75% less weight

• Hydrophobic qualities

Parameter Composite

polymers

Porcelain

Environment /Safety More Safer (No explosion risk)

Less safer

Size/Weight Compact, less weight

Larger in size

Operational EfficiencyNo leakage currents caused by hydrophobic currents. Reduction in failure rate, Low

flashover rate

High flashover rate

Overall CostHigh Initial Capital Cost, Low operating cost ( Less installation cost, Less explosion mitigation cost, Less safety cost, Less maintenance cost)

Low initial cost, High life time cost



Trends

Composite SiR (Silicon Rubber) in a field test of 230 kV line in Saudi Arabia has been proved as more reliable insulator then conventional porcelain. Pilot projects of using polymer based insulators in 800 kV UHVDC have shown positive results. One such pilot project is at Ludvika Sweden. Polymeric insulators are also in use in India in coastal and highly polluted areas.

In Practice

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Annexure - 6

Conventional oil-filled CTs and PTs have higher failure rate in service by exploding and burning. Such events might result in extensive damage to adjacent equipment and endanger the safety of substation and switchyard personnel. Overcoming these shortcomings SF6 gas filled instrument transformer has been accepted almost everywhere. Major advantage of gas filled instrument transformer has and will remain in their high voltage rating.

Instrument transformer technology

• Higher reliability with simple internal structure

• Easy inspection and maintenance work because of SF6 gas insulation

• Easy installation without oil-purifying process

• Better compatibility with gas insulated switchgear (GIS)

ParameterDOIT

SF6 Filled Oil Filled conventional CT/PT/CVT

Environment /Safety

More friendly (No SF6 gas, oil or paper for insulation, Dry nitrogen,) More Safer

(No explosion risk, Dielectric cables)

Decent

(SF6 is easier to handle then

oil)

Combined CT&PT are compact solution

Better then

conventional

Low

Size/Weight Compact, Easy mounting, Less transportation cost

Less safe

Bigger in size

Not goodOperational

Efficiency

No Ferro resonance, Reduction in failure rate, More Accurate, No magnetic saturation

Overall CostLow(More Capital cost, Less installation cost, Less explosion mitigation cost, Less safety cost , less maintenance cost)

High safety & maintenance cost


Key features of new technology - SF6

Trends

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Annexure - 6

Instrument transformer technology

source-ABB

The Digital Optical Instrument transformers (DOIT) combine traditional measuring techniques with digital optical signal transmission, allowing a purely non-conducting connection between the transducer part in the switchyard and the interface part in the control room.

The DOCT, Digital Optical Current Transformer consists of a transducer in the primary circuit connected by an optical fibre to the interface unit in the control room. In the transducer, the current value is measured with a magnetic current transformer, a shunt or a Rogowski coil. After sampling and conversion into digital form by the DOIT electronics, the current value is transmitted as an optical signal in the fibre to the interface in the control room. Power to supply the DOIT electronics is simultaneously transmitted as laser light from the interface to the transducer, using the same or a separate optical fibre.

Key features of new technology-DOIT

• Dry nitrogen as insulation• No explosion risk• No Ferro-resonance• No magnetic saturation

NYPA (New York power authority) is gaining first-hand experience with optical instrument devices during both normal and system fault conditions for both the 345- and 765-kV systems before they can be considered as alternatives to conventional instrument transformers at other locations on their system possibly at voltages as high as 765 kV.

DOCT Operating principle

In practice

Trends

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Annexure - 6

• Absence of oil

• Low risk of explosion

• Can be installed anywhere - close to lakes and rivers, in underground caverns or densely populated areas

Recent trends in Power Transformers focus on reduction in transformer no load and full load losses in consideration with environment and life time cost. Two new products have been recently launched: Powerformer, a new generator that can be directly connected to the transmission network and an oil free power transformer, Dryformer.

The Dryformer is an innovative high-voltage transformer design that eliminates the need for oil by using high-voltage cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) instead of oil/paper in the construction of the transformer windings. The new concept is the result of the marriage of high voltage cable technology and transformer technology.

Power transformer technologyParameter

DryformerOil filled

Environment /Safety More friendly ( No oil or paper for insulation)

More Safer (Low explosion risk)

Risk of contamination of soil or ground water

Size/Weight Compact (Easy mounting) More weight

Operational EfficiencyReduction in failure rate, less losses

More losses

Overall CostLess (More Capital cost, Less explosion mitigation cost, Less safety cost, Less maintenance cost)

High maintenance & explosion mitigation cost

Comparison table of New & Conventional technologyKey features of new technology

Two units having rating 42 MVA, 64/25 KV of Dryformer has been installed at BC Hydro Canada by ABB in 2003.

In Practice

Trends

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Annexure - 6

The Powerformer combine the functions of a conventional generator and a step-up transformer. Thus it is a high voltage generator which can be connected directly to the power network without the need of a step-up transformer. The novelty of the new generator concept is the use of proven power cable as stator winding. Although Powerformer is not a transformer, itdoes away with the necessity for a generator transformer.

The conventional generator design is based on rectangular armature slots and conductor bars and the maximum output voltage is limited to the order of 25-30 kV but is usually fixed at around 13.8 kV. In contrast, the Powerformer operates at a relatively high voltage and low current. The new generator has armature windings with a cylindrical cross-section based on proven solid dielectric power cables, like in the Dryformer.

Power transformer technology

• Solid dielectric power cables

• no need of step up transformer

• High voltage low current

• Reduction in size and number of parts.

ParameterPowerformerr

Conventional GT

Environment /Safety More friendly (No need of oil due to elimination of transformer)

Safety issues with oil used in transformer

Size/Weight Compact (reduction in size & components)

More weight

Operational EfficiencyElimination of transformation losses in GT

Losses in GT

Overall CostLow (overall LCC reduction by 30%)

High

Comparison table of New & Conventional technologyKey features of new technology

Trends

The first generator (11 MVA, 45 kV, 600 rpm) to feature this concept was installed in June 1998 at the Porjus hydropower plant in the Swedish national grid. Another generator rated at 136 kV, 42 MVA, 3000 rpm for a thermal power station was commissioned in Autumn 2000 also in Sweden

In practice

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Conventional power transformers have copper coil and iron core. With change in voltage heat dissipation takes place in theform of I2R losses. Along with this load loss there is also no load loss in the core of power transformers.

Superconducting power transformers uses HTS materials such as BSCCO (Bismuth-Strontium-Calcium-Copper-Oxide) for coils and some transformer design come with features with no core at all. HTS materials have a unique property that they transmit power with absolutely no resistance at some particular temperature. This way superconducting transformers have almost no losses.

Power transformer technology

• No resistance in coils• No use of copper or iron • Liquid nitrogen or polyimide film can be used as insulation • Heat formation in core is avoided• Absolute low losses• HTS materials have low weight & high power transmit capacity

Parameter Superconducting power transformer

Conventional

Environment /Safety More friendly (No need of oil, liquid nitrogen is used for insulation as well as coolant)

Safety issues with oil used in transformer

Size/Weight Compact(for same capacity amount of HTS materials used is very low then conventional copper)

More weight ( copper has more weight then BSCCO)


Elimination of Both load & no load loss

More Losses

Overall Cost High initial cost (cost of coolant is added), for capacity above 10 MVA considerable low LCC can be achieved.

High



Trends

American superconducting corp. (AMC), ABB etc are working over HTS transformers. ABB has already installed one HTS distribution transformer in Geneva. Pilot projects of HTS power transformers are in progress. The high initial cost associated with superconducting transformers can be trade off more easily in case of power transformers in long term.

In practice

Annexure - 6

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Metering technology

Static meters are replacing electromechanical meters because of number of benefits they possess over electromechanical meters. AMR and Pre-paid metering are helping utilities cutting on losses but if we go beyond AMR for further new trends AMI (Advanced metering Infrastructure) is the most promising alternative with extraordinary features such as outage management and use of appliance controllers.

Trends


• Two way or four quadrant metering• DSM (Demand side management)• Customer Load Research• Turn off appliances • Automatic Detection of outage

System Element/Feature

Static Meter (Without Remote reading)

Static Meter (Automatic Meter Reading AMR)

Advanced Metering Infrastructure

Data collection Manual, monthly Remote via communication network, daily or more often

Remote via communication network, daily or more often

Data recording Total consumption Time-based (usage each hour or more often)

Time-based (usage each hour or more often)

Primary application

Total consumption billing

Total consumption billing

Pricing options

Customer options

Pricing options

Customer options

Utility operations

Emergency demand response

Additional devices enabled

None In-home displays In-home displays

Smart Thermostats

Appliance controllers

In PracticeAdvanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) enabled Smart meters are in use at major cities of North-America including California, Pennsylvania, Idaho, Toronto etc. AMR is in installation stage in India with any primary and 110 V secondary voltage.

Annexure - 6

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Annexure - 6

Dry type Power capacitors consist of serial- connected capacitor blocks that are stacked on one another in a tube-shaped, silicone-filled casing. The absence of liquid entirely eliminates leakage risks. The outer casing consists of silicone rubber with optimal properties when it comes to climatic and environmental stresses. By use of metallized film, insulated by means of polymers instead of impregnated materials, the capacitors get a dry design, making them environmentally very friendly. In manufacturing, they require neither impregnating fluids nor the use of paint solvents. They have high energy density, which together with their cylindrical shape enables very compact build-up of the DC capacitor bank.

Capacitor technologyParameter Dry type capacitor Conventional

impregnatedEnvironment /Safety Gains on Safety; no risk of

leakage , more friendly to environment; low noise level

Leakage risk

Size/Weight Compact(less weight)More weight

Operational EfficiencyHigher availability due to reduced maintenance

Low availability

Overall CostHigh initial cost Low


Trends


• Liquid free• Self healing dielectrics• No requirement of fuses

In PracticeDry type capacitors are emerging as a promising technology trends cutting on losses and kind to environment. This technology is already prevalent in developed countries and gaining presence in developing countries too.

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Annexure - 6

For achievement of the high internal breakdown strength from a standard capacitor the insulating gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) under operating pressure of 4 bar is used as insulation. Also used, wound insulating tubes of glass fibre reinforced polyester resin provide the high mechanical strength of the pressure vessels, which is moveable on rollers.

Parameter Sf6 insulated Conventional capacitors

Environment /Safety More friendly to environment; No hazardous oil

Conventional capacitor oil has environmental issues

Size/Weight Less weight Presence of liquid increases weight

Operational EfficiencyHigh (high mechanical strength )

Lower efficiency( more losses)

Overall CostHigh capital cost, low maintenance cost

low capital cost though maintenance cost is high

SF6 insulated standard capacitors


Trends

Key features of new technology• High stability of capacitance• Neglect able dielectric loss factor• Free of partial discharges• Two separate measuring capacitances for parallel

Measurements, for instance of voltage and capacitance

The electrodes are insulated from each other with SF6 gas. The insulating cylinder also serves as a pressure vessel. It is madeof high-grade, fibre-reinforced synthetic resin. The standard capacitors are furnished with a mobile base fitted with easy moving swivel casters. The measuring connections, gas-filling valve and pressure gauge are mounted on the mobile base. The measuring connection is provided with surge arresters.The top electrode allows making corona free connections to other high voltage components.

Design

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Annexure - 6

Initial cost of Gas insulated switchgear as compared to Air insulated switchgear is more however high operational efficiency makes it better choice for HV. The advantages of GIS technology over AIS technology are mainly that it offers greater compactness, and insensitivity to pollution, in particular at the busbars. In addition, in order to clean the insulators of a GIS substation, it is generally necessary merely to isolate each bay in turn, whereas in order to clean the insulators of the busbars of an AIS substation, it is necessary to isolate all of the busbars.

Substation technologyParameter GIS Hybrid AISEnvironment /Safety

Gains on Safety; Reduced CO2 emission, elimination of oil usage, however associated environmental issues with SF6

>GIS

<AIS

Less friendly

Bigger In size

Lower availability and higher

maintenanceLow initial cost

Size/Weight Compact( Easy mounting, Less transportation cost)

Smaller than AIS

Operational

Efficiency

Higher availability due to reduced

maintenance

Moderate

Overall CostHigher initial

investment

Moderate


Trends

Key features of new technologyA hybrid substation consists in progressively replacing GIS-technology equipment with AIS-technology equipment of equivalent function, starting from the equipment situated in the vicinity of an overhead feeder and going towards the busbars. The optimum configuration that satisfies the above-mentioned objectives consists firstly in equipping the substation with metal-clad (GIS) busbars and disconnectors, and secondly in using conventional AIS technology for the remainder of the equipment.

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Annexure - 6

The recent trends in switchgear technology are towards integrated solutions and thus try to achieve reduction in capital, space and operating cost to achieve efficient life cycle cost solutions. Trends have been in integrating the different equipments into one. Combine functions do come with one threat that if one component fail it will effect the complete chain but a good design do promise life cycle cost cutting, space & environment considerations.

Substation technologyParameter Integrated conventionalEnvironment /Safety More friendly( low noise

level) High noise level

Size/Weight Compact (less space req.)

More space req.

Operational EfficiencyLess losses ( reduced damage risk to high voltage, improved electrical quality)

More losses

Overall CostLow (Integrated technology features less LCC)

High

Comparison table of New & Conventional technology Compact switchgear modules• Reduced space requirements • Integrated disconnecting function • Reduced maintenance requirements • Increased availabilityMotor operating mechanism Motor Drive• Just one moving part • Integrated constant monitoring • No need for preventive maintenance • Low noise level

• Minimizes risk for high switching transients• Reduced risk for damage to high voltage equipment • Reduced risk for faults on low voltage side and in control

system • Improved electrical quality


Trends


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Annexure - 6

Substation technology

Source - ABB

The primary circuits are connected with maintenance free contacts. The disconnecting function is obtained by moving the trolley from service position to disconnected position by means of a motor operated moving device, fully interlocked with the circuit breaker. The circuit breaker trolley can also be removed from the bay temporarily or replaced with another.

Switching module up to 170 kV

CB DSDS DOCT

DS- DisconnectorCB- Circuit breakerDS- DisconnectorDOCT- Digital optical current transformer

LTB COMPACT

LTB Compact

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Annexure - 6


The LTB combined is based on the LTB standard circuit breaker. The disconnecting function is integrated in the breaking chamber. That means that the circuit breaker fulfills all requirements for a circuit breaker as well as all requirements for a disconnector. A safe interlocking system, composite insulators and a motor driven grounding switch provide personal safety.


•Breaker•Disconnector•Earth switch•Current transformer•Polymer

•Breaker•Disconnector•Earth switch•Current transformer•Polymer

• Excellent capacitive switching performance • High dielectric strength from optimized contact

system design• Low noise level during open / close operations -

hence suitable for installation in residential areas• High seismic withstand capability due to

optimized support structure design

LTB Combined

Source - ABB

LTB Combined


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Annexure - 6


The base for the design is the standard single pole operating HPL circuit breaker with a motor charged spring operating mechanism. On the HPL the primary circuits are connected with maintenance free contacts. The disconnecting function is obtained by moving the trolley from service position to disconnected position by means of a motor operated moving device, fully interlocked with the circuit breaker. The circuit breaker trolley can also be removed from the bay temporarily or replaced with another


HPL compact DS – Disconnector

ES – Earth switch

CB – Circuit breaker

DOCT – Digital optical current transformer

Source- ABB

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Annexure - 6


In air-insulated substations with space restrictions and/or heavy climatic conditions, PASS offers a system solution for minimized erection and delivery time either for retrofit, extensions or green-field projects.


PASS (plug & switch system)


• SF6 reduced by 80%• Maintenance cost reduced by

38%• Space reduced by 70%• Total life cycle cost less than

60%

Combined current voltage sensor CB

Combined disconnector / earthing switch:2 disconnector

Source- ABB

LCB

CT

DS

DS

ES

BB1

BB2

VT

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Annexure - 6

HVDC Light is a transmission technology based on voltage source converters and insulated gate bipolar transistors that extend the economical power range of HVDC transmission down to just a few megawatts. Besides being a cost competitive alternative to conventional AC transmission and local generation, it also opens up new possibilities for improving the quality of supply in AC power networks.

Transmission technologyParameter HVDC Light AC SystemEnvironment /Safety More friendly to

environment (Oil free cables )

Less friendly

Size/Weight Light weight cables More weight

Operational EfficiencyUnderground cable ( no induced circulating current)

Low

Overall CostLow (no land constraints, share RoW, less cables then AC )

More cables cost high


Trends


• Underground polymer cables• Easy permits• Connection to passive loads• Independent control of active and reactive power flow• Short delivery times• No special dc transformers

Application• Feed main grid from small scale generation• Renewables such as wind, hydro• Feed low cost energy from main grid• Integrate potential local generation with new system as

back-up supply• Utilize existing rights-of-way

ONGC is planning to install HVDC light to transmit power generated offshore to coastal areas.

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Annexure - 6

HVDC 800 KV

The use of HVDC at 800 kV has been found efficient, environmentally friendly and economically attractive for large point to point power transmissions of the order of 6400 MW and more, with distances of more than 1000 km. Worldwide there is an increasing interest in the application of HVDC at 800 kV.

Trends


• Lower investment and lower losses for bulk power transmission

• Asynchronous interconnections• No contribution to Short circuit power• Improved transmission in parallel AC circuits

• Instant and precise power flow control • 3 times more power in a ROW than AC • Low Losses• Low magnetic field

Parameter HVDC 800 AC

Environment /Safety Inherent environment advantage- narrow tracks, RoW problem minimum, renewable generation encouraged

RoW problems

Size/Weight Less number of lines More number of

lines

Operational EfficiencyHigh (Low magnetic fields, less losses)

Low (High magnetic fields, more losses)

Overall CostLow ( less no of lines, less installation cost)

High installation & other cost


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Annexure - 6

HVDC 800 KVWith the introduction of 800 kV DC it will be possible to transmit power as far as 3 000 kilometers (over 1 850 miles) with reasonable transmission losses. China is currently planning to build one 800 kV DC line per year over the next ten years, with a capacity of between 5 000 and 6 400 MW per line. India plans to expand hydro power in the northeastern part of the country. As in China, the demand for power is far away from the resources, so also in India the power will have to be transmitted as far as 2000 km (up to 1 200 miles). India is currently planning to build one 800 kV DC line every two years over the next ten years, with a capacity of 6 000 MW per line.

Equipments test at 800 KV has been done by STRI in collaboration of ABB at Sweden. Composite polymers, composite conductors, dry type capacitors etc have been tested successfully.

Source siemens

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Annexure - 6

HVDC 800 KV

Source- Siemens

Cost differences between 765 kV AC, 500 kV DC and 800 kV DC.

Transmission of 6000 MW over 2000 km through 800 KV DC have less losses and other cost then that for other alternatives such as 765 KV AC & 500 KV DC.

Although station cost for 800 KV DC comes to be slight higher then that for other alternatives. The reason for increase in station cost is use of high operational efficient equipments such as conductors, polymers, etc which carries high initial cost but carry more power then conventional equipments.

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Annexure - 6

HVDC 800 KV

Source- Siemens

Number of lines& RoW differences between 765 kV AC, 500 kV DC and 800 kV DC.

Number of lines used and RoW is considerably less in case of 800 kv DC.

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Annexure - 6

HVDC 800 KV

Source- Siemens

Cost difference between HVAC & HVDC

Cost to transmit a unit of power through HVDC is economical then through HVAC. The test shown is done for a distance of 900 km and transmission capacity of 2000 MW. However HVDC promises to be an economical alternative in almost all cases.

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Annexure - 6

Test on single phase 50 HZ l1/0.23kV pole mount distribution transformers with amorphous core and liquid nitrogen filled in transformer tanks shows reduction in losses then using silicon steel with conventional transformer oil.

A number of effects have been observed with respect to temperature and the losses associated with the transformers. Liquid nitrogen temperature essentially has no effect on core losses. This is an important result which may indicate that the reduced core material resistivity is balanced by the reduced depth of current penetration. This means that full immersion liquid nitrogen techniques can be considered in power transformer design.

Distribution Transformer - Amorphous core transformer with liquid nitrogenParameter Amorphous core Conventional

Silicon steel DT

Environment /Safety More friendly to environment; low noise level, No hazardous oil

Conventional transformer oil has environmental issues

Size/Weight Same Same

Operational EfficiencyHigh (low capacitance, high resonance frequency, low winding losses)

Lower efficiency( more losses)

Overall CostHigh capital cost, low maintenance cost

Quite low capital cost though maintenance cost is high


Trends


• Low capacitance with the use of liquid nitrogen • Low dissipation factor- better insulation • High resonance frequency• Low winding losses

Significant reductions in transformer losses can be made if silicon steel is replaced by amorphous steel. The saving in standing losses may pay off the extra 20% capital cost of the transformer. If it is desirable to not use oil as insulation, then the liquid nitrogen offers an alternative. At present, due to cryogenic heat exchanger requirements, this may not be cost competitive.

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Annexure - 6

Switchgear technology

NOVA is an integrated design that utilizes cycloaliphatic epoxy solid insulation, state-of-the-art axial magnetic field vacuum interrupters, and a low energy magnetic actuator mechanism. These components complement each other and are vital in making NOVA a unique oil-, SF6-, and maintenance-free tool for applications on distribution systems up to 38 kV.


NOVA switchgear*


• Solid Insulation• SF6 Gas Free, Oil Free• Cycloaliphatic Epoxy insulation• Axial Magnetic Design • Mechanism Design

After full evaluation of lifecycle expenses, NOVA prevails as the most cost-effective recloser alternative. In a deregulated environment, where utilities are being forced to become more efficient and cost-effective energy providers, NOVA contributes by eliminating maintenance and installation costs, as well as the environmental concerns and costs related to oil- or SF6 insulated reclosers.

*A Cooper power product

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Annexure - 6

Document SourceInsulator technology www.stri.se, www.powergridindia.com

Conductor technology www.3m.com/accr, www.ctc.com, www.generalcable.comCables technology www.generalcable.com, www.amsuper.com, www.siemens.com

Sf6 insulated capacitors www.highvolt.de

Cable insulating technology www.tdworld.com , www.power-technology.com

Instrument transformer technology www.abb.com/doit , www.tdworld.com

Power transformer technology www.stri.se, www.tdworld.com

Substation technology www.abb.com/library , www.tdworld.com

Capacitor technology www.tdworld.com, www.cooperpower.com

Switchgear technology www.tdworld.com, www.cooperpower.com/library

Transmission technology www.stri.se, www.powergridindia.com

Amorphous transformer www.tdworld.com

HVDC 800 KV technology www.stri.se , www.abb.com/library

Metering technology www.tdworld.com, www.dcsi.com

Sources of Information for technology trends

© 2007 PricewaterhouseCoopers. All rights reserved. “PricewaterhouseCoopers” refers to the network of member firms of PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited, each of which is a separate and independent legal entity. *connectedthinking is a trademark of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (US).

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