CHAPTER
13 RIVETED JOINTS
S Y M B O L S 2,3,4
d
Di e o r l F h
he, hi, h2 i
I J
F K ~
F '
m Mb P Pc Pd Pt el Z
o- o
aa O" c
T
~-a
~7 0
area of cross-section, m 2 (in 2) the cross-sectional area of rivet shank, m 2 (in 2) breadth of cover plates (also with suffixes), m (in) distance from the centroid of the rivet group to the critical rivet,
m (in) diameter of rivet, m (in) internal diameter of pressure vessel, m (mm) eccentricity of loading, m (in) force on plate or rivets (also with suffixes), kN (lbf) thickness of plate or shell, m (in) thickness of cover plate (butt strap), m (in) number of rivets in a pitch fine (also with suffixes 1 and 2,
respectively, for single shear and double shear rivets) moment of inertia, area, m 4, cm 4 (in 4) moment of inertia, polar, m 4, cm 4 (in 4)
coefficient (Table 13-11)
margin, m (in) bending moment, N m (lbf in) pitch on the gauge line or longitudinal pitch, m (in) pitch along the caulking edge, m (in) diagonal pitch, m (in) transverse pitch, m (in) intensity of fluid pressure, MPa (psi) section modulus of the angle section, m 3, cm 3 (in 3) hoop stress in pressure vessel or normal stress in plate, MPa
(psi) allowable normal stress, MPa (psi) crushing stress in rivets, MPa (psi) shear stress in rivet, MPa (psi) allowable shear stress, MPa (psi) efficiency of the riveted joint angle between a line drawn from the centroid of the rivet group to the critical rivet and the horizontal (Fig. 13-5)
13.1
13.2 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Particular Formula
PRESSURE VESSELS
Thickness of main plates
The thickness of plate of the pressure vessel with longitudinal joint
For thickness of boiler plates and suggested types of joints
The thickness of plate of the pressure vessel with circumferential joint
For allowable stress and efficiency of joints
h - - - e f o i (13-1) 2r/cro
Refer to Tables 13-1 and 13-2.
h -- e f o i (13-2) 4r/o-o
Refer to Tables 13-3, 13-4, 13-5, and 13-6.
PITCHES
Lap joints
The diagonal pitch (staggered) (Fig. 13-1) for p, Pt, and Pa
The distance between rows or transverse pitch or back pitch (staggered)
The rivet diameter
i.,. FIGURE 13-1 Pitch relation
2p+d Pd = 3 (13-3)
Refer to Tables 13-7 and 13-8 for rivets for general purposes and boiler rivets.
pt=~(2pf d )2 _ (~p)'~2 (13-4)
d = O. 19x/h to 0 . 2 ~ SI (13-5a)
where h and d in m
d = 1.2x/-h to 1.4v/h USCS (13-5b)
where h and d in in
d - 6x/h to 6.3v/-h CM (13-5c)
where h and d on mm
T A B L E 13-1 Suggested types of joint
Diameter of shell, mm (in) Thickness of shell, mm (in) Type of joint
600-1800 (24-72) 900-2150 (36-84)
1500-2750 (60-108)
6-12 (0.25-0.5) 7.5-25 (0.31-1.0) 9.0-44 (0.375-1.75)
Double-riveted Triple-riveted Quadruple-riveted
RIVETED JOINTS 13.3
TABLE 13-2 Minimum thickness of boiler plates
Shell plates
Diameter of shell, mm (in)
Minimum thickness after flanging, mm (in)
Tube sheets of firetube boilers
Diameter of tube sheet, mm (in)
Minimum thickness, mm (in)
_<900 (36) 900-1350 (36-54) 1350-1800 (54-72) >IO,,,, _ our (72)
6.0 (0.25) 8.0 (0.3125) 9.5 (0.375)
12.5 (0.5)
_< 1050 (42) 1050-1350 (42-54) 1350-1800 (54-72)
< i800 (72)
9.5 (0.375) 11.5 (0.4375) 12.5 (0.50) i4.0 (0.5625)
T A B L E 13-3 Efficiency of riveted joints 0/)
% Efficiency, ~/
Normal Type of joint range Maximum
Lap joints Single-riveted 50-60 63 Double-riveted 60-72 77 Triple-riveted 72-80 86.6
Butt joints (with two cover plates) Single-riveted 55-60 63 Double-riveted 76-84 87 Triple-riveted 80-88 95 Quadruple-riveted 86-94 98
T A B L E 13-4 Allowable stresses in structural riveting (crb)
Rivet-driving Load-carrying member Type of stress method
Rivets acting in single shear Rivets acting in double shear
MPa kpsi MPa kpsi
Rolled steel SAE 1020
Rivets, SAE 1010
Tension Shear Power
Shear Hand Crushing Power Crushing Hand
124 18.0 124 18.0 93 13.5 93 13.5
68 10.0 68 10.0 165 24.0 206 30.0 110 16.0 137 20.0
13.4 C H A P T E R T H I R T E E N
T A B L E 13-5 Allowable stress for aluminum rivets, o" a
Rivet alloy Procedure of drawing
Allowable stress a, O" a
Shear Bearing
MPa kpsi MPa kpsi
2S (pure aluminum) Cold, as received 17S Cold, immediately after quenching 17S Hot, 500-510°C 615-T6 Cold, as received 53S Hot, 515-527°C
20 3.0 48 7.0 68 10.0 179 26.0 62 9.0 179 26.0 55 8.0 103 15.0 41 6.0 103 15.0
a Actual safety factor or reliability factor is 1.5.
T A B L E 13-6 Values of working stress a at elevated temperatures
Maximum Minimum of the specified range of tensile strength of the material, MPa (kpsi)
temperatures (45) 311 (50) 344 (55) 380 (60) 413 (75) 517
°F °C MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi
0-700 0-371 61 9.0 68 10.0 76 11.00 82 12.00 103 15.00 750 399 56 8.22 62 9.11 68 10.00 77 11.20 89 13.00 800 427 45 6.55 53 7.33 54 8.00 61 9.00 70 10.20 850 455 37 5.44 41 6.05 46 6.75 51 7.40 57 8.30 900 482 29 4.33 33 4.83 37 5.50 38 5.60 41 6.00 950 511 22 3.20 26 3.60 27 4.00 27 4.00 27 4.00
a Design stresses of pressure vessels are based on a safety factor of 5.
T A B L E 13-7 Pitch of butt joints
Type of joint Diameter of rivets, d, mm Pitch, p
Double-riveted Any use for h _< 12.5 mm (0.5 in)
5.5d (approx.)
Triple-riveted-- use for h < 25 mm (1 in) Quadruple-riveted use for h < 31.75mm (1.25in)
1.75-23.80 27.00 30.15-36.50 17.50-23.80 27.00 30.15 33.30-36.50
8d-8.5d 7.5d 6.5d-7d 16d-17d 15d (approx.) 14d (approx.) 13d-14d
RIVETED JOINTS 13.5
T A B L E 13-8 Transverse pi tch (Pt) as per A S M E Boi ler C o d e
Value of p/d 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Value of Pt 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2.2d 2.3d
Particular Formula
Butt joint
The transverse pi tch
Fo r rivetS, rivet holes, and s t rap thick
T A B L E 13-9 Rivet hole d i a m e t e r s
Diameter of rivet, mm Rivet hole diameters, mm (min)
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 27 28.5 30 31.5 33 34.5 36 37.5 39 41.0 42 44 48 50
I~ .............. l .... r---7"
Pt : 2d to 2.5d
Pt >-- v/O.5p d + 0.25d 2
Refer to Tables 13-9, 13' 10, and Fig. 13-2.
T A B L E 13-10 Rivet hole d iameters and s trap t h i c k n e s s
(13-6a)
(13-6b)
Minimum Minimum Plate strap Hole Plate strap Hole thickness, thickness, diameter, thickness, thickness, diameter, h, mm hc mm d, mm h, mm h~ mm d, mm
6.25
7.20 6.25 17.50
8.00 8.75 20.50
9.50
10.30 8.00
11.10
12.00 9.50 24.00
12.50
13.50 11.10
14.25 11.10
27.0
15.90 12.50
19.00 30.15
22.25 15.90 33.30
25.00 12.50
28.50 19.00 36.50
31.75 22.25
83.10 25.00 39.70
FIGURE 13-2 Quadruple-riveted double-strap butt joint.
13.6 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Particular Formula
Minimum transverse pitch as per A S M E Boiler Code
For transverse pitches
Haven and Swett formula for permissible pitches along the caulking edge of the outside cover plate
Diagonal pitch, Pd, is calculated from the relation
M A R G I N
Margin for longitudinal seams of all pressure vessels and girth seams of power boiler having unsupported heads
Margin for girth seams of power boilers having supported heads and all unfired pressure vessels
C O V E R P L A T E S
The thickness of cover plate
Pt -- 1.75d if p ~___4
Pt = 1.75d + 0 . 0 0 1 ( p - d) if p ~ > 4
where Pt, P, and d in m
p t = l . 7 5 d + O . l ( p - d ) if p~>4
where Pt, d, and p in in
Refer to Table 13-8.
14 4 h/-~[3 p c - d - f - ~ f
where Pc, d, hc in cm, and PI in kgf/cm 2
4N Pc - d = 2 1 . 3 8 g ~ f
where Pc, d, hc in in, and Pf in psi r - - - - -
P c - d = 77.8 4/h3 Vg
where Pc, d, hc in m, and Pf in N/m 2
2(pd - d) >_ ( p - d)
(13-7a)
SI (13-8a)
USCS (13-8b)
CM (13-9a)
USCS (13-9b)
SI (13-9c)
(13-10)
m = 1.5d to 1.75d (13-11a)
m > 1.25d n (13-11b)
h c = 0 . 6 h + 0 . 0 0 2 5 if h _< 0.038 m
where hc and h in m
h c = 0 . 6 h + 0 . 1 if h<_ 1.5in
where hc and h in in
hc -- 0.67h if h > 0.038m
where hc and h in m
hc=O.67h if h > 1.5in
where hc and h in in
SI (13-12a)
USCS (13-12b)
SI (13-12c)
USCS (13-12d)
R I V E T E D J O I N T S 13.7
T A B L E 13-11 R i v e t g r o u p s u n d e r e c c e n t r i c l o a d i n g v a l u e o f c o e f f i c i e n t K
,,,P,ig2 1 Case 1
- o - , o ~11, ~P~ _~.~_ -e-,,
t "-( . ) - - I - - ~ -
~' t - ( ")-- "1-- " l~-
(--- P--~I
Case 3
Case 4
_ .1_ pt
Case 5
| I
Case 6
K = - -
K =
K -
K -
K =
tp 1 k
p2 + p 2 4
2--7- + -SY + 1
H.'
Case 2
l ( r t - 1 ) p t 2 112 + ½ (n 2 - 1)p 2 +
p~+½(~ 1)p, ~ + _ p2
tp 1] 2
+ ½ (~ - 1)p, ~ + 5
l(n - 1)pt )2 (p~ +p2 +Z(nZ_ l)p2 + (p2 + p2 + 2 (n 2 _ 1)p2 +
K = (I 6, ]2 (n + 1)pt
+ 1
Key: n = total number of rivets in a column F = permissible load, acting with lever arm, l, kN (lbf) F' -- permissible load on one rivet, kN (lbf) K = F/F', coefficient Source: K. Lingaiah and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook (fps Units), Engineering College Cooperative Society, Bangalore, India, 1962; K. Lingaiah and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. I (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1983; and K. Lingaiah, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. II (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1986.
13.8 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Particular Formula
Thickness of the cover plate according to Indian Boiler Code
Thickness of single-butt cover plate
Thickness of single-butt cover plate omitting alternate rivet in the over rows
Thickness of double-butt cover plates of equal width
Thickness of double-butt cover plates of equal width omitting alternate rivet in the outer rows
Thickness of the double-butt cover plates of unequal width
For thickness of cover plates
The width of upper cover plate (narrow strap)
The width of lower cover plate (wide strap)
h 1 = 1 . 1 2 5 h
h 2 -- 1.25h p - d p - 2d
hc = hi = h2 = 0.625h
hc = hi = h2 -- 0.625h p - d p - 2d
h 1 : 0.625h for narrow strap
h2 --0.750h for wide strap
Refer to Table 13-10.
bl = 4m + 2p t I
b2 -- bl + 2pt2 "a t- 4m
(13-13)
(13-14)
(13-15)
(13-16)
(13-17a)
(13-17b)
(13-18)
(13-19)
S T R E N G T H A N A L Y S I S O F T Y P I C A L R I V E T E D J O I N T ( F i g . 13-2)
The tensile strength of the solid plate
The tensile strength of the perforated strip along the outer gauge line
The general expression for the resistance to shear of all the rivets in one pitch length
The general expression for the resistance to crushing of the rivets
The resistance against failure of the plate through the second row and simultaneous shearing of the rivets in the first row
The resistance against failure of the plate through the second row and simultaneous crushing of the rivets in the first row
The resistance against shearing of the rivets in the outer row and simultaneous crushing of the rivets in the two inner rows
Fo = phao
Fo = ( p - d)hcro
7rd 2 F~ = (2i 2 + il) - ~ r
F c = (i2h + ilh2)dcrc
7cd 2 F~I = ( p - 2d)hcro + ~ "1-
Fcl + ( p - 2d)hao + dhac
7r Fro = -~ d2"r + idhcr c
(13-20)
(13-21)
(13-22)
(13-23)
(13-24)
(13-25)
(13-26)
RIVETED JOINTS 13.9
Particular Formula
E F F I C I E N C Y O F T H E R I V E T E D J O I N T
The efficiency of plate
The efficiency of rivet in general case
For efficiency of joints
The diameter of the rivet in general case
The pitch in general case
For pitch of joint
p - d
P
7rd 2 7-(il 4- 2/2)
4phao
h2 (i2+/1 ( ha)
i 24- i l -ff Crc4-Cr 0
Refer to Table 13-3.
d ..__ 4hi2 + i 1 h2o" c
7r(il 4- 2/2)~-
Note: for lap joint/2 = 0 for butt joint il = 0
(2i2 + il )Trd 27- + d
p = 4her °
Refer to Table 13-7.
(13-27)
(13-28)
(13-29)
(13-30)
T H E L E N G T H O F T H E S H A N K O F R I V E T (Fig. 13-3)
X Y
I
"-I
0.5D
/" 5 diameters long and under
FIGURE 13-3
t D
L -- h + hi 4- h2 4- (1.5 to 1.7)D
L -- h + hc + (1.5 to 1.7)D
for butt joint with single cover plate
L --- 2h 4- (1.5 to 1.7)D
for lap joint
where D - diameter of rivet
(13-31a)
(13-31b)
(13-31c)
13.10 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
Particular Formula
S T R U C T U R A L J O I N T
R i v e t i n g of an ang le to a g u s s e t plate (F ig . 13-4)
The resultant normal stress
g
,,,.a IF --H~
! ~ ~ ~ - , _ - 1 ~_~
g e (a)
F
a , i
FIGURE 13-4 Riveting of an angle to a gusset plate.
Fe
Z
i F
(13-32)
R I V E T E D B R A C K E T (Fig. 13-5)
The resultant load on the farthest rivet whose distance is c from the center of gravity of a group of rivets (Fig. 13-5)
FR = ~ -+- E x 2 .+. E y 2
nn--5 ~ X 2 + ~ y2 COS 0
, jF
~,, Z , - ~
, ,4, 1 , 4 , ' / '+'-I ' f
J
Axial load -x~ F I j F MbC At,
F + ""1~ / oment an' ~ ? / ~ c o u p l e , o
i
F~_.._ Moment couple
FIGURE 13-5 Riveted bracket. (Bureau of Indian Standards.)
(13-33)
RIVETED JOINTS 13.11
Particular Formula
For rivet groups under eccentric loading value of coefficient K
For preferred length and diameter of rivets
For collected formulas of riveted joints
where
n = number of rivets in one column n' number of rivets in one row x, y have the meaning as shown in Fig. 13-5
Refer to Table 13-11.
Refer to Figs. 13-6 to 13-8 and Tables 13-12 to 13-13.
Refer to Table 13-14.
R r V r R r N C r S
1. Maleev, V. L., and J. B. Hartmen, Machine Design, International Textbook Company, Scranton, Pennsylvania, 1954. ~
2. Lingaiah, K., and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook (fps Units), Engineering College Cooperative Society, Bangalore, India, 1962..~
3. Lingaiah, K., and B. R. Narayana Iyengar, Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. I (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, i983. ~
4. Lingaiah, K., Machine Design Data Handbook, Vol. iI (SI and Customary Metric Units), Suma Publishers, Bangalore, India, 1986.
5. Bureau of Indian Standards. ~ 6. Lingaiah, K., Machine Design Data Handbook, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, New York, 1994.
B I B L I O G R A P H Y
Faires, V. M., Design of Machine Elements, The Macmillafi Company, New York, 1965. Norman, C. A., E. S. Ault, and I. F. Zarobsky, Fundamentals of Machine Design, The Macmillan Company, New
York, 1951. Vallance, A., and V. L. Doughtie, Design of Machine Members, McGraw-HiU Publishing Company, New York,
1951.
13.12 CHAPTER THIRTEEN
i-" 1"6d--'~ i-" 1"6d"~1 O~d ~ ~ , O'{Td J ~ d - ~ O'}d
2.25d -' ;-<1 1 "5~6d
~ d
Snap Head Pan Head Mushroom Head Countersunk Head
O" 3d • 0"25d ) : - t oo ~ t t C
t "
Flat Countersunk Flat Countersunk Round Countersunk Flat Head Head 90 ° Head 60 ° Head 60 °
FIGURE 13-6 Rivets for general purposes (less than 12 mm diameter). For preferred length and diameter combination, refer to Table 13-12.
Snap Head Pan Head
• - 1.5D -'
¢--
i -
_ J
Rounded Countersunk Head
U 1 . 5 D "~i
¢-.
¢.-
_ J
Flat Countersunk Head
r t '1 0"7D k
t t,' ~.6o_~0-,o g
_ J
t Pan Head with Tapered Neck
2D
¢-. (33 ¢- ._J
Flat Head FIGURE 13-7 Rivets for general purposes (12 to 48 mm diameter). For preferred length and diameter combination, refer to Table 13-13.
RIVETED JOINTS 13.13
=-! I
!-- o ;I SNAP HEAD
/ / ~ 1 " 6 t -,- 1.7 D ,q D 4.1m~ 0"6D i
I 0. D
i ELLIPSOID HEAD
i ~ D
/ o.7 ' I c'- r,
,_J
PAN HEAD, TYPE 1
f D
1
t-0.125D
I-" D--~ f
'
E
" I~11 "4D AN D_.LJ i L 13D~e.~T'
] .4D For Rivets under 24 mm 1.3D For Rivets 24 mm and over
PAN HEAD, TYPE 2 t
COUNTERSUNK HEAD
_1 ).125D ~'
{33 ,- 60
/ - r = 0.063 D ~
: t - - I - ' k ~6o l . I ~, ' - ~ - ' t
r- D ~i 1 t ~ o . ~ s D
0.7D
4 ( ~ - ~ ~ '~2 ° 0.5D + ' !: ~, 1-6D 7-~i [0.~25D
I: o ~! , ;~6o/ PAN HEAD, WITH
TAPERED NECK CONICAL HEAD
t-
t-
J
1 SEETPLE HEAD
i
Round Countersunk Head
FIGURE 13-8 Boiler rivets (12 to 48mm diameter). For preferred length and diameter combination, refer to Table 13-13.
13.14 C H A P T E R T H I R T E E N
T A B L E 1 3 - 1 2
Preferred length ( x ) and diameter combinations for rivets (Fig. 13-6)
Diameter, mm
Length, mm 1.6 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10
5 X - -
6 x x x x
7 x x x x
8 x x x x x
9 x x x x x
10 x x x x x
12 ~ x x x x
14 ~ x x x
16 ~ ~ x x x
18 ~ ~ -- x x
20 - - - - -- x x
2 2 ~ - - - - x x
2 4 ~ x x
26 -- ~ ~ x x
28 x x
30 x x
35 -- -- x x
40 x
45 -- x
50 ~ --
55
60 -- -- --
65 . . . . .
70
Source: Bureau of Indian Standards, IS: 2155, 1962.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
R I V E T E D J O I N T S 13 .15
T A B L E 1 3 - 1 3
Preferred lengths ( x ) and diameter combinations of rivets (Fig. 13-7)
Diameter, mm
Length, mm 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 48
2 8 x
3 1 . 5 x x
3 5 . 5 x x x
4 0 x x x x
4 5 x x x x x
5 0 x x x x x x - - - -
5 6 x x x x x x x
63 x x x x x x x x
71 x x x x x x x x x
8 0 x x x x x x x x x
85 x x x x x x x x x
9 0 x x x x x x x x x - -
95 x x x x x x x x x x
1 0 0 x x x x x x x x x
106 x x x x x x x x x x
1 1 2 x x x x x x x x x x
118 x x x x x x x x x x
125 x x x x x x x x x
1 3 2 x x x x x x x x
1 4 0 -- ~ x x x x x x x x
1 5 0 x x x x x x x
1 6 0 -- x x x x x x x
1 8 0 - - x x x x x x
2 0 0 x x x x x
2 2 4 - - x x x x
2 5 0 . . . . x
Source: B u r e a u o f I n d i a n S t a n d a r d s , IS: 1929, 1961.
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