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4G cellular WirelessTechnology
Subrata SahaRoll No : 09123114007
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Previous Technology - 1G FirstGeneration Analog
- Continuous in amplitude and time
- Variations in the signal - disrupts over long distances
Average between 4,800 to 9,600 bps (bits per second)
Simplest type to wireless data
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2G Technology
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Previous Technology - 2G- Digital data can be compressed and multiplexed much more
effectively than analog voice encodings
Multiplexing - multiple analog message signals or digitaldata streams are combined into one signal
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Previous Technology - 2G Advantages
- The digital voice encoding allows digital errorchecking
increase sound quality lowers the noise level
- Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of
digital data transfer SMS - short message serviceE-mail
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Previous Technology - 2G Disadvantages
- Cell towers had a limited coverage area Jagged Decay curve
-Abrupt dropped calls-Analog - gradual sound reduction
Spotty coverage
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Previous Technology - 3G Large capacity and broadband capabilities
Allows the transmission of 384kbps for mobile systems and up to2Mbps Increased spectrum efficiency - 5Mhz
- A greater number of users that can be simultaneouslysupported by a radio frequency bandwidth
- High data rates at lower incremental cost than 2G- Global roaming
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Previous Technology - 3G CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access
- Form of multiplexing- Does not divide up the channel by time or frequency- Encodes data with a special code associated with eachchannel
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Frequency Division Multiple Access Time Division Multiple Access
Code Division Multiple Access
Frequency
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Reasons for New Research Even though 3G has successfully been introduced to
mobile users, there are some issues that are debatedby 3G providers and users.
- High input fees for the 3G service licenses
- Great differences in the licensing terms
- Current high debt of many
telecommunication companies, making it more of achallenge to build the necessary infrastructure for3G
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Reasons for New Research
Government are forced to
support to the financiallytroubled operators
3G phones are expensive Lack of 2G mobile user buy-in
for 3G wireless service
Lack of coverage because it is
still a new service- i.e. Champaign-Urbana uses
2.5G
- Chicago is 3G equipped
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Evolution to Fourth Generation systems
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4G Technology
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What is 4G?
Fourth Generation Technology Faster and more reliable
-100 Mb/s (802.11g wireless = 54Mb/s, 3G = 2Mb/s) Lower cost than previous generations
Multi-standard wireless system
- Bluetooth, Wired, Wireless (802.11x)
Ad Hoc Networking
IPv6 Core OFDM used instead of CDMA Potentially IEEE standard 802.11n
- Most information is proprietary
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Communications Architecture
Broadcast layer: fix access points, (ie celltower) connected by fiber, microwave, orsatellite (ISP)
Ad-hoc/hot-spot layer: wireless LANs (ie.internet at Starbucks)
Personal Layer Gateway: devices thatconnect to upper layers; cell phone, fax,
voice, data modem, MP3 players, PDAs
Info-Sensor layer: environmental sensors Fiber-optic wire layer: high speed
subterranean labyrinth of fiber optic cables
and repeaters
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Ad Hoc Networks Spontaneous self organization of networks of devices Not necessarily connected to internet
4G will create hybrid wireless networks usingAd Hoc networks
Form of mesh networking -Very reliable
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Smart Antennas Beam radio signals directly at a user to follow the user as
they move
Allow the same radio frequency to be used for otherusers without worry of interference
Cant keep up transmission speeds while device ismoving fast (i.e. in a car)
- Only 32Mb/s at 62mph (vs 100Mb/s)
Seamless handoff between towers/access points One transmit antenna, two receive antennas
- Allows connection to two access points at once
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Mobile IPv6
More addresses than current version of IP protocol(Version 4) each device can have own IP
- Keep IP address even if you change access point- Presently translate IP with each change because notenough IP addresses to go around
IP Core - everything can talk to each other if they speakthe same language (protocol)
IPv6 Source Address Destination AddressPacket
DATA (1011101001010)
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IP Core
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Mobile VoIP
Voice Over Internet Protocol
Allows only packets (IP) to be transferred, eliminatingcomplexity of 2 protocols over the same circuit
All voice data will be wrapped up in a packet- lower latency data transmission (faster transmission)
Samples voice between 8,000 & 64,000 times per secondand creates stream of bits which is then compressed and
put into a packet. Increases battery life due to greater data compression
10011101101 IP(10011101101)
Voice Compressed bit stream IP packet
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OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Allows for transfer of more data than other forms of
multiplexing (time, frequency, code, etc)
Simplifies the design of the transmitter & receiver
Allows for use of almost the entire frequency band
- No gaps to prevent interference needed
Currently used in WiMax (802.16) and Wi-Fi (802.11a/g)
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How OFDM Works
Bit = 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0
Above, binary phase shift keying (BPSK). Thephase of the sin wave changes to represent adifferent bit.
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How OFDM works Frequency of the previous wave
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How OFDM works The frequencies are spaced so that the signals do not
interfere with each other (no cross talk)
Parallel Data Transmission - Allows for the sending ofmultiple signals simultaneously from the same antenna (orwire) to one device
- Each transmission has a different stream of bits
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Impact of 4G
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Socio-Economic Impact
More affordable communication services One device can communicate with all vs. many
devices communicating with some devices
TV, internet, phone, radio, home environment sensors allreachable through one device the cell phone
- Streaming HD video
Too connected?
- Increase in social networking, invasion of privacy,security concerns
- Increase in regulation likely (ie. no driving and using acell phone)
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When?
China Mobile, KPN, NTT DoCoMo, Orange, Intel,
Motorola, Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile and Vodafone alreadydoing research on 4G
Much of this information is proprietary at this time Expected release of 4G services as early as 2008. Majority of companies expect widespread use of 4G
systems by 2010.
Lifecycle of 4G is estimated to be 15 years.
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