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AUTONOMIC NERVUS
SYSTEM (ANS)
Zahreni HamzahRahardyan Parnaad j iLab. Fis io logi Bag Biom edik FKG Univ. Jember
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How is the organizat ion of
the autonom ic nervous
sys tem (ANS) d i f feren t fromthat of the somat ic nervous
sys tem (SNS)?
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Autonomic Nervous System(ANS)
Operates without conscious instruction
Coordinates systems functions:
cardiovascular respiratory
digestive
urinary
reproductive
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Sistem ini merupakan sistem saraf eferen
(motorik) yang mempersarafi organ-
organ dalam seperti otot-otot polos, otot
jantung, dan berbagai kelenjar.
Sistem ini juga melakukan fungsi kontrol,
semisal: kontrol tekanan darah, sekresi
gastrointestinal,pengosongan kandungkemih, proses berkeringat, suhu tubuh,
dan beberapafungsi lain.
Karakteristik utama SSO:
kemampuan mempengaruhi yang sangat
cepat (misal: dalam beberapa detik
denyut jantung dapat meningkat,
perubahan tekanan darah, berkeringat).
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Keterlibatan dengan SSP:
Medulla spinalis bertanggung jawab
untuk persarafan otonom yangmemengaruhi sistem kardiovaskular dan
respirasi
Hipotalamus berfungsi :
Mengintegrasikanpersarafan otonom,
somatik, dan hormonal (endokrin) dan
emosi serta tingkah laku
Misal: seseorang yang marahmeningkatkan denyut jantung,tekanan
darah, dan laju respirasi.
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ANS in the Nervous System
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Refleks visceral, sama seperti
refleks somatik lainnya, terdiri atas
komponen reseptor, integrasi, danefektor.
Pembeda refleks visceral dengan
refleks somatik:Informasi reseptor refleks visceral
diterima secara bawah-sadar
(subconsc ious).
Misal: Pembuluh darah melebar(kulit yang kemerahan).
Pupil mata melebar.
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PERJALANAN SSO DIMULAI DARIPERSARAFAN SSP:
Neuron (orde pertama) berada di SSP (sisi lateralmedullaspinalis dan di batang otak) >preganglionicfiber.
Serabut ini bersinaps dengan badan sel neuron ordekedua yang terletak di dalam ganglion.
Serabut pascaganglion menangkap sinyal dariserabut preganglion melalui neurotransmiter yangdilepaskan oleh serabut preganglion.
(Ganglion: kumpulan badan sel yang terletak di luarSSP).
Akson neuron orde kedua (postganglionic fiber)menuju organ yang akan diinervasi.
Organ efektor menerima impuls melalui pelepasanneurotransmiter oleh serabut pascaganglion.
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Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic
Nervous Systems
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Organization Similarities
of SNS and ANS
Are efferent divisions
Carry motor commands:
SNS controls skeletal muscles
ANS controls visceral effectors
Motor neurons synapse on visceral motor
neurons in autonomic ganglia
Ganglionic neurons control visceral
effectors
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rgan za on m ar esof SNS and ANS
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Neurotransmitters and Receptors
Acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE)
are the two major neurotransmitters of the ANS
ACh is released by all preganglionic axons and
all parasympathetic postganglionic axons Cholinergic fibersACh-releasing fibers
Adrenergic fiberssympathetic postganglionic
axons that release NE Neurotransmitter effects can be excitatory or
inhibitory depending upon the receptor type
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Serabut preganglion parasimpatismelepaskan neurotransmitter asetilkolin
(ACh) yang ditangkap oleh reseptor
kolinergik nikotinik badan sel
pascaganglion.
Efek dari penangkapan ACh oleh reseptor
nikotinik menyebabkan pembukaan kanal
ion nonspesifik, menyebabkan influxterutama ion Na+
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Pelepasan Neurotransmitter
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Setelah itu, serabut pascaganglion
parasimpatis juga menghasilan
asetilkolin yang ditangkap olehreseptor kolinergik muskarinik yang
terdapat di semua organ efektor
parasimpatis. Penempelan Ach dapat menginhibisi
atau mengeksitasi organ efektor.
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Serabut preganglion simpatis melepaskanneurotransmitter ACh yang ditangkap oleh
reseptor nikotinik yang berada di badan sel
neuronpascaganglion.
Serabut pascaganglion melepaskannoradrenalin (atau norepinefrin) dan ditangkap
oleh reseptor adrenergik.
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Pelepasan Neurotransmitter
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Differences between SANS and PANS
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What are the divis ions and
funct ions of the ANS?
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Sympathetic Division :
Kicks in only during exertion, stress, oremergency
Parasympathetic Division :
Controls during resting conditions
2 divisions may work independently:
some structures innervated by only 1 division
2 divisions may work together: each controlling one stage of a complex
process
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Divisi parasimpatis cenderung mengatur
organ efektor dalam keadaan rest-and-
digest, yakni ketika tubuh berada dalam
keadaan tenang,relaks, kondisi yang
tidak mengancam, atau dalam keadaan
pembersihan dan pemulihan tubuh( general housekeeping).
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Visceral Reflexes
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What are the mechanisms
o f neuro transm itterrelease in the sympathet ic
d iv is ion?
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SANS
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Sympathetic Receptors
Sympathetic ReceptorsAlpha receptors
Beta receptors
Norepinephrinestimulates alpha receptorsto greater degree than beta receptors
Epinephrinestimulates both classes ofreceptors.
Sympathetic postganglionic Fibers
Mostly adrenergic (release NE)
A few cholinergic (release ACh)
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Alpha () Receptors
(activated by enzymes on inside of cell membrane)
Reseptor -1
More common type of
alpha receptor
Releases intracellularcalcium ions from
reserves in
endoplasmic
reticulum
Has excitatory effect
on target cell
Reseptor -2
Lowers cAMP levels
in cytoplasm
Has inhibitory effecton the cell
Helps coordinate
sympathetic andparasympathetic
activities
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Beta (
) Receptors Affect membranes in many organs (skeletal muscles,
lungs, heart, and liver) Trigger metabolic changes in target cell
Changes occur indirectly
Each is a G protein
Stimulation increases intracellular cAMP levels Beta-1 (1) - Increases metabolic activity
Beta-2 (2) Causes inhibition
Triggers relaxation of smooth muscles along respiratory tract
Beta-3 (3) Is found in adipose tissue
Leads to lipolysis, the breakdown of triglycerides in adipocytes
Releases fatty acids into circulation
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Adrenal Medulla
Preganglionic fibers entering adrenal
gland proceed to center (adrenal medulla)
Modified sympathetic ganglion Preganglionic fibers synapse on
neuroendocrine cells
Specialized neurons secrete hormonesinto bloodstream
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What are the s tructu res
and funct ions o f the
parasympathet ic div is ionof the autonom ic nervous
system?
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Rest and Repose
Parasympathetic division stimulates
visceral activity
Conserves energy and promotes
sedentary activities
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Parasympathetic Activation
Centers on relaxation, food processing,
and energy absorption
Localized effects, last a few seconds at
most
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Parasympathetic Receptors
Action of Nicotinic Receptors Exposure to ACh causes excitation of
ganglionic neuron or muscle fiber
Open chemically gated channels inpostsynaptic membrane
Action of Muscarinic Receptors
Can be excitatory or inhibitory Effects are longer lasting than nicotinic
receptors
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10 Effects of Parasympathetic Activation
1. Constriction of pupils:
restricts light entering eyes
2. Secretion by digestive glands:
exocrine and endocrine
3. Secretion of hormones
4. Changes in blood flow and glandular activity:
associated with sexual arousal5. Increases smooth muscle activity:
along digestive tract
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10 Effects of Parasympathetic Activation
6. Defecation:
stimulation and coordination
7. Contraction of urinary bladder:
during urination
8. Constriction of respiratory passageways
9. Reduction in heart rate:
and force of contraction10.Sexual arousal:
stimulation of sexual glands
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Parasympathetic division
The parasympathetic division release ACh
Body wall and skeletal muscles are not
innervated by parasympathetic division
Both NE and ACh needed to regulate
visceral functions
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
ResponsesStructure Sympathetic Stimulation Parasympathetic
StimulationIris (eye
muscle)
Pupil dilation Pupil constriction
Salivary
Glands
Saliva production
reduced
Saliva production
increased
Heart Heart rate and force
increased
Heart rate and force
decreased
Lung Bronchial muscle relaxed Bronchial muscle
contracted
Stomach Peristalsis reduced Gastric juice secreted;motility increased
Kidney Decreased urine
secretion
Increased urine
secretion
Bladder Wall relaxed
Sphincter closed
Wall contracted
Sphincter relaxed
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