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BERIKUT TEKS YANG HARUS ANDA PELAJARI UNTUK MENGHADAPI
UJIAN MID BAHASA INGGRIS SEMESTER 3 S1 TI
TEKS NYA AKAN DIAMBIL DARI SINI
Passage 1
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a bacterial organism that has been isolated from sea
water, shellfish, finfish, plankton, and salt springs. It has been a major cause of food
poisoning in Japan, compelling the Japanese to do several studies on it. They haveconfirmed the presence ofV.parahaemolyticus in the north and central Pacific, with the
highest abundance in inshore waters, particularly in or near large harbors.
A man named Nishio studied the relationship between the chloride content of sea
water and the seasonal distribution ofV.parahaemolyticus and concluded that while theisolation of the organism was independent of the sodium chloride content, the distribution
of the bacteria in sea water was dependent on the water temperature. In fact, it has been
isolated in high frequencies during summer, from June to September, but was not isolated
with the same frequency in winter.Within four or five days after eating contaminated foods, a person will begin to
experience diarrhea, the most common symptom; this will very often be accompanied bystomach cramps, nausea, and vomiting. Headache and fever, with or without chills, may
also be experienced.
Vocabulary
1. Shellfish : kerang-kerangan2. Finfish : ikan sirip3. Compel : memaksa4. Confirm : menegaskan
5. Abundance : keadaan berlimpah6. Inshore : dekat ke pantai7. Symptom : gejala8. Cramp : kejang9. Nausea : muak10.Vomit : muntah11.Chill : udara dingin
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Passage 2
In an effort to produce the largest, fastest, and most luxurious ship afloat, the
British built the S.S Titanic. It was so superior to anything else on the seas that it was
dubbed unsinkable. So sure of this were the owners that they provided only twentylifeboats and rafts, less than one half the number needed for the 2,227 passengers on board.
Many passengers were aboard the night it rammed an iceberg, only two days at sea
and more than halfway between England and its New York destination. Because the luxury
liner was travelling so fast, it was impossible to avoid the ghostly looking iceberg. Anunextinguished fire also contributed to the ships submersion. Panic increased the number
of casualties as people jumped into the icy water or fought to be among the few to board
the lifeboats. Four hours after the mishap, another ship, the Carpathia, rescued the 705
survivors.The infamous S.S Titanic had enjoyed only two days of sailing glory on its maiden
voyage in 1912 before plunging into 12,000 feet of water near the coast of Newfoundland,where it lies today.
1. Afloat : terapung2. Dub : member julukan3. Unsinkable : tidak tenggelam4. Lifeboat : perahu penolong5. Raft : rakit6. Ram : membenturkan7. Liner : kapal samudra
8. Unextinguished : tak terpadamkan9. Submersion : perendaman10.Casualty : korban11.Fight-fought-fought : bertarung12.Maiden : perawan13.Voyage : pelayaran
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Passage 3
One of the seven wonders of the ancient world, the great Pyramid of Giza was a
monument of wisdom and prophecy built as a tomb for Pharaoh Cheops in 2720 B.C.Despite its antiquity, certain aspects of its construction make it one of the truly great
wonders of the world. The thirteen-acre structure near the Nile River is a solid mass of
stone blocks covered with limestone. Inside are a number of hidden passageways and the
burial chamber for the pharaoh. It is the largest single structure in the world. The four sidesof the pyramid are aligned almost exactly on true north, south, east, and west- an incredible
engineering feat. The ancient Egyptians were sun worshippers and great astronomers, so
computations for the great pyramid were based on astronomical observations.
Explorations and detailed examinations of the base of the structure reveal manyintersecting lines. Further scientific study indicates that these represent a type of timeline of
events-past, present, and future. Many of the events have been interpreted and found tocoincide with known facts of the past. Others are prophesied for future generations and are
currently under investigations. Many believe that pyramids have supernatural powers, and
this one is no exception. Some researchers even associate it with extraterrestrial being ofthe ancient past.
Was this superstructure made by ordinary beings, or one built by a race far superior
to any known today?
1. Wonder : keajaiban2. Wisdom : kebijaksanaan3. Prophecy : ramalan4. Tomb : makam5. Limestone : batu kapur6. Worshipper : penyembah7. Reveal : membuka8. Intersecting lines : garis-garis yang memotong9. Align : meluruskan10.Incredible : luar biasa11.Feat : prestasi12.Coincide : bertepatan
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Passage 4
As far back as 700 B.C people have talked about children being cared for by
wolves. Romulus and Remus, the legendary twin founders of Rome, were purported tohave been cared for by wolves. According to legend, Mars fathered the two boys. As a
result, a relative of their mother imprisoned her and ordered that the boys be drowned in
the Tiber River. However a she-wolf saved them from this horrible fate and took them backto her lair to care for them. Legend has it that when a she-wolf loses her litter, she seeks a
human child to take its place.
This seemingly preposterous idea did not become credible until the late nineteenth
century when a French doctor actually found a naked ten-year-old-boy wondering in thewood. He did not walk erect, could not speak intelligible nor he could he relate to people.
He only growled and stared at them. Finally the doctor won the boys confidence and
began to work with him. After many long years of devoted and patient instruction, the
doctor was able to get the boy to clothe and feed himself, recognize and utter a number ofwords, and write letters and form words.
1. Purport : mengakui2. Imprison : memanjarakan3. Preposterous : tidak masuk akal4. Credible : dapat dipercaya5. Naked : telanjang6. Growl : menggeram7. Stare : menatap8. Devote : mengabdikan
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BERIKUT MATERI GRAMMAR TOEFL YANG AKAN DIUJIKAN DALAM TES
MID BAHASA INGGRIS SEMESTER 3 S1 TI
Sebenarnya menguasai Grammar dalam bahasa Inggris tidaklah sulit, tapi sayang
sebagian orang sudah menganggap itu sesuatu yang sulit. Bahkan tidak sedikit dari merekamalah membenci Grammar. Asalkan kita punya niat kuat dan punya buku panduan yang
baik, menguasai grammar adalah sesuatu yang tidak sukar, bahkan menarik untukdilakukan. Berikut saya mencoba menulis sejulmah materi Grammar TOEFL untuk anda.
Berpikirlah positif! Semoga bermanfaat khususnya buat mahasiswa S1TI STMIK
AMIKOM!
MATERI 1 : URUTAN SPOK DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS
Nama Materi : Urutan SPOK dalam B. Inggris
Urutannya adalah :
S + P + O + ADV.MANNER + ADV. PLACE + ADV OF TIME
Adv.of manner adalah kata keterangan cara seperti misalnya : loudly, happily, diligently,
nicely, dsb. Tapi ada juga beberapa adv.of manner yang tidak memiliki penambahan lyseperti misalnya : fast, hard, dsb.
Contoh :
- They sang the songs happily outside the classroom yesterday.
S P O A.M A.P A.T- I accomplished the homework happily in my bedroom last night.
S P O A.M A.P A.T
- He spoke loudly in this classroom yesterday.
S P A.M A.P A.T
Contoh Salah :
- I last week met Mr. Arif in the canteen.
- He brought yesterday a camera to the campus.
MATERI 2 :Penggunaan another, other, dan the other
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Other, the other, maupun another memiliki arti yang sama yaitu lain atauyang lain. Tapi
penggunaan mereka berbeda. Namun pada prinsipnya aturannya terdiri atas :
1. Mana yang yang diikuti, countable noun mana yang diikuti uncountable noun.
Contoh: another hanya dapat diikuti countable noun, sedangkan other dan the other
dapat diikuti baik countable maupun uncountable noun.
2. Mana yang diikuti benda tunggal mana yang diikuti benda jamak.
Contoh : another diikuti benda tungga, sedangkan other diikuti benda jamak.
3. Mana yang yang bermakna sesuatu yang sudah jelas, mana yang bermakna sesuatu
yang belum jelas.
Contoh :
I dont like this computer. Please give me another computer. ( Aku tidak menyukai
computer ini. Mohon beri aku computer yang lain; yang penting computer yang
lain tapi tidak jelas yang mana.)
I dont like this computer. Please give me the other computer.
( Aku tidak menyukai computer ini. Mohon beri aku computer yang lain; computeryang lain sudah jelas yang mana.)
Berikut aturan lengkapnya :
Diikuti Countable noun Diikuti Uncountable noun
Another + singular noun = satu yang lain,tapi gak jelas yang lain yang mana,
pokoknya satu yang lain.
Another pencil = satu pensil lagi
The other + singular noun = satu yang lain,
sisanya; sudah jelas sisanya itu yang mana.
The other pencil = satu pensil yang lain;
sudah jelas yang mana
Other + plural noun = beberapa yang lain,
tapi belum jelas yang mana itu.
Other pencils = beberapa pensil yang lain,
tapi belum jelas yang mana.
Other + Uncountable noun = sejumlah
yang lain , tapi belum jelas yang mana
Other water = sejumlah air yang lain (tapi
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The other + plural noun = beberapa lyang
lain, ; sudah jelas itu yang mana.
The other pencils =beberapa pensil yang
lain, sudah jelas yang mana.
belum jelas yang mana)
The other + Uncountable noun =
Sejumlah yang lain, sudah jelas yang mana.
The other water= sejumlah air yang lain
yang sudah jelas yang mana..
*Tambahan :
- I dont like these books. Please give me the other books. (benar)
- I dont like these books. Please give me the others. (benar)
- I dont like these books. Please give me the others books. (salah)
Jadi other atau the other jika sudah disingkat dengan ditambahis tidak boleh ditambah lagi
kata benda setelahnya.
Contoh : others apples salah, yang benar :other apples atau others.
The others tools salah, yang benar : the other tools atau the others
MATERI 3 : Collective Noun
Beberapa kata benda berikut menunjukkan sejumlah orang atau manusia, tapi kata-katatersebut dianggap TUNGGAL. Jadi kata-kata tersebut sama dengan kata ganti it.
Congress
Organization
Family
Team
Jury
Group
Army
Majority*
Committee
Club
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Minority
Class
Crowd
Public
Konsekuensinya karena dianggap tunggal, maka kata kerja atau to be yang mengikutinyaharus menyesuaikan :
Contoh :
-The team is satisfied with the result.
The class was noisy yesterday.
- The group likes this rule.
- The family has left the dangerous areas.
Materi 4 : Reflexive pronouns
Reflexive pronouns digunakan ketika sebuah subjek melakukan perbuatan yangterarah pada dirinya sendiri. Misalnya, Aku membeli makanan untuk diriku,
maka bahsa inggrisnyaI buy food for myself. Dia menyakiti dirinya =He hurts
himself. Jadi ada penambahanself/selves pada pronounya.
Rumusnya
Object/complement
pronouns
Reflexive pronouns
I myself
You (anda ; tunggal)
You (kalian; jamak)
yourself
yourselves
They themselves
We ourselves
He himself
She herself
It Itself
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Materi 5 : Parallel Structure
Untuk membuat kalimat yang berisi daftar atau urutan maka semua komponenharus
parallel.
Perhatikan saja contoh-contoh berikut :
Not Parallel : Peter is, rich, handsome, and many people like him.
Adj adj clause
Parallel: Peter is rich, handsome, and popular.
Adj adj adj
Not parallel : Mr. Henry is a lawyer, a politician, and he teaches.
Noun noun clause
Parallel : Mr. Henry is a lawyer, a politician, and a teacher.
Nounnoun noun
Not parallel : The committee has met, and its decision was reached at.
Active passive
Paralllel : The committee has met, and it has reached a decision.
Active active
Materi 6 : Noun Phrase
Anda tentu pernah mendengar ada aturan bahwa many diikuti countable nouns sedang kan
much diikuti uncountable nouns, dst.
Perhatikan contoh-contoh berikut :
MANY + COUNTABLE NOUNS
Many books
Many pens
Many boys
MUCH + UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Much sugar
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Much water
A FEW + COUNTABLE NOUNS
A few girls
A few boys
A LITTLE + UNCOUNTBLE NOUNS
A little money
A little salt
A little rice
A little sugar
A LOT OF + COUNTABLE / UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
A lot of teachers
A lot of students
A lot of sugar
A lot of water
SOME + COUNTABLE/UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Some sugar
Some rice
Some money
Some boys
Some students
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Berikut ini aturannya yang lengkap:
Determiner yang diikuti countable
noun (kata benda dapat dihitung)
Determiner yang diikuti uncountable
noun (kata benda tidak dapat dihitung)
a. a, the, some, any a. the, some, any
b. this, that, these, those b. this, that
c.None, one, two, three, . c.None
d1. Many
d2. A lot of
d3. A large number of
A great number of
A great amount of
d4. (a) few
d5. Fewer than
d6. More than
d1. much
d2. a lot of
d3. a large amount of
d4. (a) little
d5. less than
d6. more than
- Desk
- Apple
- Cat
- Sand
- Rice
- Information- News
- Measles
-
Penting!!!
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Perhatikan dan pelajarilah daftar Uncountable nouns berikut ini! Nampaknya kata-kata
berikut countable tapi kata-kata itu adalah uncountable.
Sand : pasir
Measles : penyakit campak
News : berita
Food : makanan
Soap : sabun
Mumps: penyakit gondok
Information : informasi
Economics : Ilmu ekonomi
Physics: ilmu fisika Air : udara
Meat : daging
Advertising : periklanan
(untuk kata advertisement termasuk countable noun)
Perbedaan : Adveritsing berarti periklanan tapi secara umum, Advertisement berarti
periklanan tapi secara spesifik.
Mathematics : ilmu matematika
Politics: politik, ilmu politik
Homework : pekerjaan rumah (PR)
Money : uang
Water : air
Sugar : gula
Geography : ilmu geografi
Atmosphere : suasana, lapisan udara
Soup : sop Hydrogen : Hidrogen
*Tambahan : Ingat bahwa uncountable noun selalu dianggap tunggal sehingga ia samadengan kata ganti it. Konsekuensinya to be atau kata kerja yang mengikuti harus
menyesuaikan.
Contoh :
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- His mumps is very severe.
- The news makes me nervous.
- Her measles has been cured.
Tambahan* Umumnya untuk menjadikan suatu kata benda tunggal menjadi jamak adalah
dengan penambahan s atau es. Contoh , chairmenjadi chairspen menjadipens, dst.Akan tetapi ada beberapa kata benda yang tidak sesuai aturan dalam perubahannya dari
tunggal menjadi jamak. Berikut daftarnya ;
Tunggal Jamak
Person Personsatau.. people
Foot Feet
Child children
Mouse Mice
Tooth Teeth
*Catatan*, Bebebrapa uncountable nouns seperti food, money, dan sand kadang jugadigunakan sebagai countable nouns yaitu ketika mengindikasikan jenis-jenis dari benda-
benda itu yang berbeda-beda.
Contoh :
This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbidden me to eat.
(mengindikasikan satu tipe makanan tertentu)
He studies meats.
(misalnya, beef / daging babi, pork / daging babi, lamb / daging domba, dsb.)
Materi 7 : Penggunaan, hardly, barely, seldom, never dsb.
Semua kata-kata tersebut bermakna negatif. Jadi dalam bahasa Inggris tidak benar
jika sudah menggunakan kata-kata tersebut tapi masih menggunakan kata not.
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Hardly = hampir tidak
Barely = hampir tidak
Rarely = jarang
Seldom = jarang
Never = tidak pernah
Benar Salah
John rarely comes to class on
time.
Jerry hardly studied last night.
I never meet him.
John does not rarely come to class on time.
Jerry did not hardly studied last night.
I do not never meet him.
Materi 8 : (Must + Perfective)
Rumus : S + must + have = V3
Rumus diatas untuk menyatakan sebuah kesimpulan logis tentang sebuah peristiwaterkait dengan peristiwa sebelumnya.
Contoh :
The grass is wet. It must have rained last night.
Rumputnya basah sekarang. Pasti hujan tadi malam. Jane did the exam very well. She must have studied.
Jane mengerjakan ujian dengan sangat baik. Dia pasti belajar sebelumnya.
Sandra failed the test. She must not have studied.
Sandra gagal dalam tes. Dia pasti tidak belajar sebelumnya.
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Materi 9 : (Modal Auxiliaries)
MODAL AUXILIARIES
PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE
will
can
may
shall
must (have to)
would (used to)
could
might
should (ought to) (had better)
(had to)
Rumus : S + Modal Auxiliary + V1 bersih
S + Modal Auxiliary + Not + V1
Contoh :
He can swim. (benar)
Salah : He can swims.
He must come here soon.
Salah : He must to come.
He may meet you tonight. (benar)
Salah : He may meeting you.
Materi 9 : Present Future
Untuk menyatakan suatu rencana perbuatan yang akan dilakukan di waktu yang akan
dating ada 2 rumus utama:
1. S + will + V1 (ini digunakan untuk menyatakan rencana yang munculnya rencana
itu ketika sedang berbicara.)
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- I will eat lunch in Numani Restaurant later.
- I will drink tea later.
- I will sleep here tonight.
2. S + WILL BE + Ving (Ini digunakan untuk menyatakan rencana yang rencana
itu sudah dibuat matang sebelumnya)
- I will be teaching tomorrow, so I cant go with you.
- I will be finishing my paper tonight, so please dont come to my house tonight.
Atau digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan yang sedang terjadi, di suatu titik
waktu yang akan dating.
Contoh ketika kita akan mengatakan :
Jangan telpon aku jam 8, karena aku pas lagi(sedang) kuliah pada jam itu. = Dontphone me at eight because I will be attending a class at that time.
Materi 10 : Dangling Modifier
Mana yang benar?
1. After closing the door, he went to bed directly.
2. After closing the door, the bell rang soon.
Tentu yang benar adalah yang nomor satu. Karena yang nomor satu terjadi keseimbanganmakna : Setelah menutup pintu dia langsung pergi tidur.
Sedangkan yang nomor 2 terjadi kejanggalan makna : Setelah menutup pintu, bell
berbunyi.
Mana yang benar?
a. Before singing the school song, a poem was recited.
b. Before singing the school song, the students recited a poem.
c. Guiding us through the museum, a special explanation was given by the director.
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d. Guiding us through the museum, the director gave us a special explanation.
Yang benar adalah yang b dan d.
Materi 11 : Penggunaan because dan because of
Rumus :
1. Because + S + P
Contoh :
- I come here because I like you.
- He slept because he was sleepy.
2. Because of + Noun/ Noun Phrase
- I come here because of one reason.
- He is angry because of you.
Materi 12 :Elliptic Structure
Perhatikan contoh kalimat-kalimat berikut !
Rumus :
1. S + to be / kata bantu + too (positif)
- My mother is sick. I am sick too. I am too.
- They are tired. We are too.
- She is arrogant. Her husband is too.
2. So + to be/ kata bantu + S (positif)
- My father is sick. So am I.
- They are tired. So are we.
- She is arrogant. So is her husband.
3. S + to be / kata bantu + not + either (negative)
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- My mother is not sick. I am not either.
- They are not tired. We arent either.
- She is not arrogant. Her husband isnt either.
4. Neither + to be/kata ganti + S (negative)
- My father is not sick. Neither am I.
- They are not tired. Neither are we.
- She is not arrogant. Neither is her husband.
Materi 13 : Subjunctive
Berikut adalah daftar kata kerja Subjunctive
1. advise
2. ask
3. command
4. decree
5. demand
6. insist7. move
8. order
9. prefer
10. propose
11. recommend
12. request
13. require
14. stipulate
15. suggest
16. urge
Rumus subjunctive :
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S + KATA SUBJUNCTIVE (TENSES APAPUN) + THAT + S + K.KERJA
BERSIH
Kata kerja bersih artinya kata kerja itu tidak mengalami imbuhan apapun baiks, ing, to,
ed, dsb.Contoh :
Perhatikan kata kata yang digaris bawahi, karena kata-kata itu masuk dalam rumus
subjunctive sehingga kkata-kata itu bersih tidak ada penambahan apapaun.
- We urge that he leave now.
- The doctor suggested that his patient stop smoking
- We proposed that he take a vacation.
- The judge insisted that the jury return a verdict immediately.
Materi 14 : Question dan Embedded Question
Dalam pertanyaan selalu digunakan kata kerja Bantu atau to be sebelum subjek.
Contoh :
Are you sad?
Is he tall?
Why are they angry?
What do you eat?
What will we get?
Etc
Selalu beriringan to be / kata kerja Bantu + subject
Penting*Embedded Questions : Adalah sebuah pertanyaan yang terdapat dalam sebuah
kalimat lain ; kalimat positive, negative, atau interrogative. Pelajari susunannya.
Rumusnya :
Subject + verb (phrase) + question word + verb
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Pelajari contoh-contoh berikut !
Question : Where is your house.
Embedded Question : I dont know where your house is.
Question : Who are you?
Embedded Question : I want to know who you are.
Question : Where will he go?
Embedded Question : I dont know where he will go.
Question : What can he make?
Embedded Question : I know what he can make.
The professor said that the students could
Materi 8
TENSES
Materi tenses merupakan materi dasar bahasa Inggris yang harus dikuasai dengan baik oleh setiap pembelajar bahasa Inggris. Materi ini sebenarnya tergolong mudah
manakala seorang pembelajar memahami dengan baik dasar-dasar nya. Materi ini juga
merupakan materi yang sering di ujikan dalam tes TOEFL.
Materi tenses di sini meliputi :1. Simple present tense2. Present continuous
3. Simple past tense
4. Present perfect
Simple Present Tense
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Tense ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kalimat yang terjadi di waktu sekarang,
kebiasaan, atau kebiasaan.
Rumusnya
S + VERB1(s/es)
Contoh :
1. I need you.2. He smiles at me.3. They drink coffee every
morning.
DAN
S + am / is / are + K.Sifat /
K.Keterangan / K. Benda
Contoh :
1. I am hungry.2. She is at home.3. We are farmers.
Present Continuous
Digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang benar-benar sedang terjadi di waktu sekarang.
RumusnyaS + am / is / are + Verb ing
Contoh :
1. I am waiting for her.2. He is working.3. They are playing games.
Perhatikan* Beberapa kata kerja berikut tidak pernah dapat digunakan sebagai verb dalamkalimat present progressive :
Know : mengetahui
Understand : memahami Have : mempunyai
Believe: mempercayai
Hate : membenci
Need : membutuhkan
Hear : mendengar
Love : mencintai
Appear : nampak
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See : melihat
Like : suka
Seem : Kelihatan
Smell : berbau
Want : ingin
Taste : terasa Wish : berharap
Sound : bersuara
Own : memiliki
Jadi kita tidak dapat mengatakan I am having a new house. He is believing me. Dst.Yang benar I have a new house. He believes me
Namun kadang kala kata-kata diatas ditemui dalam bentuk ing,tapi itu dalam
penggunann lain, atau bermakna lain.
Contoh :1. Owning a car now will help us to travel everyday.
own ditambah ing karena own sebagai subjek sehingga harus dibendakan
yaitu dengan menambah ing.
Sering kali present continuous juga digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu perbuatan
yang benar-benar sudah direncanakan untuk dilakukan!!!
Contoh :
1. George is leaving for France tomorrow.
2. Henry is walking to school tomorrow.
3. We are flying to Venezuela next month.
Exercise : simple present vs present progressive
Choose either the simple present or present progressive in the following sentences.
1. Something (smell) very good.
2. We (eat) dinner at seven oclock tonight.
3. He (practice) the piano every day.4. They (drive) to school tomorrow.
5. I (believe) you.
6. Maria .(have) a cold.
7. Jorge (swim) right now.
8. John (hate) smoke.9. Jill always (get) up at 6: 00 AM.
10. Jerry (mow) the lawn now.
*TambahanApabila kita ingin mengatakan kalimat present continuous yang berpredikat complementmaka rumusnya:
- Aku sedang sakit.
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Bahasa Inggris kaku nya : I am being sick.
Tapi itu tidak lazim. Yang lazim adalah : I am sick now.
- Dia sedang capek.He is being tired. (tidak lazim)
He is tired now. (lazim)
- Mereka sedang di rumah.They are being at home. (tidak lazim)
They are at home. (lazim)
Jadi rumusnya adalah sama dengan simple present tense : S + AM/IS/ARE + C
Simple Past Tense
Digunakan untuk mnyatakan kejadian yang terjadi pada one specific time di waktulampau.
Rumusnya
S + Verb2
Contoh :
1. John went to Spain last year.2. Mark washed the dishes after the
dinner.3. We drove to the grocery store last
night.
DAN
S + was / were + K.sifat / k.keterangan / k. benda
Contoh :
1. I was tired yesterday.2. They were angry this morning.3. She was here last night.
Present perfect
RumusnyaS + have /has + v3
Digunakan untuk :
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(1) Sebuah perbuatan yang terjadi di suatu waktu di waktu lampau, tapi kapan waktunya
tidak dipermasalahkan / tidak diketahui secara jelas (fokusnya bukan pada kapan waktu
lampau itu tapi pada perbuatan dan akibatnya). Dalam bahasa Indonesia artinya telah.
John has traveled around the world. (kita tidak tahu kapan waktunya)
John telah mengadakan perjalanan mengelililngi dunia.
(2) Sebuah perbuatan yang terjadi lebih dari sekali di waktu lampau. (telah) George has seen this movie three times.
George telah menonton film ini tiga kali.
(3) Sebuah perbuatan di waktu lampau dan wasih terjadi sekarang. (telah)
John has lived in the same house for twenty years.
John has lived in the same house since 1982.
For*Penggunaanfor + lama waktu ; for five years, for three weeks ,etc.
Since*Penggunaansince + mulai waktu kejadian ; since 1880. since January, etc.
Tambahan* Untuk present perfect tidak dibenarkan menggunakan keterangan waktulampau, seperti last week, last night, yesterday etc. Kalau mau diberi keterangan waktu,
keterangan waktunta berupa present ; now, today, at this time, etc.Contoh :
He has bought a dictionary yesterday. (SALAH)
Ha has bought a dictionary now. (BENAR)
Exercise ; Present perfect Vs Simple Past
1. John(write) his report last night.
2. Bob.(see) this movie before.3. Jorge(read) the newspaper already.4. Mr. Johnson (work) in the same place for thirty-five years, and he is not
planning to retire yet.
5. We .(begin;negative) to study for the test yet.6. George ..(go) to the store at ten oclock this morning.
7. Joan . (travel) around the world.
8. Betty .(write) a letter last night.9. Guillermo .(call) his employer yesterday.
10. We (see;negative) this movie yet.
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