BIODIVERSITY
Power point@lecture Slides Are Prepared By Biology Lecturer, KMPk
11.5 KINGDO
M PLANTAE
11.5.3 GMNOSPERM11.5.4 ANGIOSPERM
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OBJECTIVESAt the end of this lecture, students should be able to:
• Describe the unique characteristics of Gymnosperms
• State the classification of Gymnosperms into 4 phyla:
Phylum Coniferophyta (Pinus sp.) Phylum Cycadophyta (Cycas sp.) Phylum Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo sp.) Phylum Gnetophyta (Gnetum sp.)
OBJECTIVES• Describe the unique characteristics of
Angiosperms (Phylum Anthophyta/Magnoliophyta)
• State the classification of Gymnosperms into 2 classes:
Class Dicotyledonae (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis)
Class Monocotyledonae (Zea mays)
11.5.3 GYMNOSPERMS
11.5.3 GYMNOSPERMS
•“Naked seed”-Seeds are exposed on the surface of
spore producing structures-Sporophylls
Unique Characteristics
•Reproductive organs are usually
borne in cones -Sporophylls are spirally arranged
•Non flowering plant
•Ovules (modified megasporangium) -Contain the female gametophyte
Unique Characteristics
• Vascular cambium leads to secondary growth (wood)
• Have vascular tissues
-Xylemo Tracheids only
-PhloemoNo companion cells
• Sporophyte dominant
• Gametophyte very much reduced-Depends entirely on the
sporophyte
-No free living gametophyte
• Heterosporous-Microspores
-Megaspores
Classified into 4 phyla:• Coniferophyta (Pinus sp.)• Cycadophyta
(Cycas sp.)• Ginkgophyta (Gingko biloba)• Gnetophyta
(Gnetum sp.)
Gingko
Phylum Coniferophyta-Pinus sp.
Male cone Female cone
PHYLUM CYCADOPHYTACycas sp.
PHYLUM CYCADOPHYTACycas sp.
Male sporophylls Female sporophylls
Phylum Ginkgophyta-Gingko sp.
Phylum gnetophyta-Gnetum sp.
11.5.4 ANGIOSPERMS
11.5.4 ANGIOSPERMS
• Vascular, seed plants– Seeds enclosed in fruit
• Flowering plants– Produce flowers and fruits
Unique Characteristics
• Herbaceous and woody plant• The most diverse and geographically widespread
Unique Characteristics
• Vascular tissues– Xylem• Tracheids• Vessels : in most species• Fiber cells : support• Efficient water transport
– Phloem• Sieve tubes • Companion cells
• Alternation of generation– Sporophyte is dominant• The plant body
– Gametophyte is very much reduced• Male gametophyte– Pollen grains
• Female gametophyte– Embryo sac
• Reproduction involves double fertilization
Classification• PHYLUM :
ANTHOPHYTA/MAGNOLIOPHYTA• Can be divided into 2:– Class Monocotyledonae• Seed has 1 cotyledon• Eg: Zea mays
– Class Dicotyledonae• Seed has 2 cotyledons• Eg: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
• Eg: Zea mays• Leaves– Narrow– Parallel veins
• Stems– Vascular bundles scattered– No vascular cambium– Usually herbaceous or soft-wooded
CLASS MONOCOTYLEDONAE
• Roots– Adventitious with
many branches
• Flower– Petals patterns are in
multiples of three
• Eg: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis• Leaves– Broad– Branched or netted veins
• Stem– Vascular bundles arranged in ring– Herbaceous or woody– Woody plants have vascular cambium
CLASS DICOTYLEDONAE
• Roots – Taproot • A single large root that grows deep underneath the plant
• Flower– Petals patterns are multiples of four
or five
Evolutionary relationship among groups in the plant kingdom
BRYOPHYTA PTERIDOPHYTA
GYMNOSPERMS
ANGIOSPERMS
Size Very small Medium Large Large
Dominant generation
Gametophyte Sporophyte Sporophyte Sporophyte
Dependence of gametophytes and sporophytes
Sporophyte depends on the gametophyte for the rest of its life
Sporophyte depends on the sporophyte only at the early development
Sporophyte is totally independent
Sporophyte is totally independent
Water dependence in fertilization
Needed Needed Not needed Not needed
Vascular tissues
Absent Simple vascular tissues
PresentXylem – tracheids onlyPhloem – Sieve tubes with no companion cells
PresentXylem – tracheids and vesselsPhloem- Sieve tubes and companion cells
Embryo protection
Not protected Not protected Protected by the seed
Protected by the seed
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KINGDOM ANIMALIA