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PERCEPTION
Made by :VandanaMFM/11/2098
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Definition
Perception may be defined as the process of selecting,organizing and interpreting or attaching meaning to eventshappening in environment.
Perception is the mental process used to select, organizeand evaluate stimuli from the external environment tomold it into a meaningful experience.
Perception is both physical and psychological. It is theprocesses by which the inputs are received from theenvironment (stimuli) are selected, analyzed, organized
and interpreted and recorded (the recordings can be keptfor future use).
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Factors influencing Perception
Perceiver Target Situation
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PERCEPTION SENSATION
Physical and PsychologicalProcess
Physical Process
Inputs are received from the
environment (selected,analyzed, organized,interpreted and recorded)
Data is received through
sensory organs like hearing,seeing, touching etc.
The recordings are kept for
future use.
The recordings are used
immediately.
More Broader and Complex Less Broader and Complex
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Factors That Influence Perception
Factors in the situation Time
Work setting
Social setting
Factors in the perceiver Attitudes Motives
Interests
Experience
Expectations
Factors in the target Novelty Motion
Sounds
Size
Background
Proximity
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The perceptual process
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Perceptual Process
Stimuli In the form of people, objects, events, information,
conversation
Receiving
Through sensory organs. Recording Through perception (psychological process)
Selection of Stimuli
External Factors size, contrast, movement etc. (chips
packets, big bazaar ads) Internal factors (interest , exp)
Organization of Stimuli figure ground, grouping,
simplification & closure.
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Interpretations & Action
People become judgmental as well and tend to interpret things
as good or bad, beautiful or ugly etc.
Actions are the output aspect of perception process. They are
in terms of Covert (change in attitudes, feelings etc) & Overt
(visible behavior).
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Externals Attention Factors
Intensity
Size
Contrast
Repetition
Motion
Novelty& familiarity
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Internal Set Factors
Learning & perception
Perceptual set in the workplace
Motivation & perception
Personality & perception
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Perceptual selection Consumers are often in a state of sensory overload, exposed to
too much information and are unable or unwilling to process
all of the information at their disposal. Perceptual selectivity occurs when people attend to only a
small portion of the stimuli that they are exposed to.
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Perceptual Organization
Whenever people are over loaded with information,they try to simplify it to make it more meaningful andunderstandable.
Simplification helps to make things moreunderstandable because the perceiver has beenable to reduce the complexity by eliminating some ofthe things which are less important.
When faced with incomplete information, people fillup the Gaps themselves to make the informationmeaningful. This may be done on the basis of pastexperience, past data or hunches.
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Continuity e.g. modifying a new innovation andreleasing into the market.
Proximity e.g. a family or a formal work team
Similarity
e.g. all blue-collared workers Perceptual Constancy recognition of a fruit, printed
photograph etc.
Perceptual Context e.g. gesture of patting the back(home & orgl context)
Perceptual Defense - The people have discomfort toreceive stimuli which are unpleasant to them hence theyadopt defensive posture like denial, modification &distortion, recognition but refusal to change
Perceptual Organization
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Perceptual grouping
Closure
Continuity
Proximity
Similarity
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Perceptual constancy : It gives a person asense of stability in a changing worlds. Thisperception permits the individual to havesome constancy in a tremendously variableand highly complex world.
Perceptual context : The highest most
sophisticated form of perceptual organizationcontext
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Perceptual defense
Denial
Modification and distortion
Change in perception Recognition but refusal to change
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Halo Effect - Drawing a general impression about an individualon the basis of a single characteristic
Stereotyping - Judging someone on the basis of ones
perception of the group to which that person belongs. Attributions - Tendency to find a logic for each and every
action or behavior by interpreting them as caused by certainfactors.
First Impression - People evaluate others on the basis of first
impression. Impression ManagementSelf Presentation
Social Perception
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Impression Management
The process of impression management
Impression motivation
Impression constructions
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Employee impression management strategies
Demotion preventive strategies :
Accounts
Apologies
Dissociation
Promotion enhancing strategies
Entitlements
Enhancements Obstacle disclosures
Association
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Various impression management tactics
One should be on the look out for high probability
impression management
Attempt to minimize personal situational and organization
features
One should look for ulterior motives and avoid being
overly influenced
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Thank you