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Introduction to Bioinformatics
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What is Bioinformatics?
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NIH – definitions
What is Bioinformatics? - Research, development, and application of computational tools and approaches for expanding the use of biological, medical, behavioral, and health data, including the means to acquire, store, organize, archive, analyze, or visualize such data.
What is Computational Biology? - The development and application of analytical and theoretical methods, mathematical modeling and computational simulation techniques to the study of biological, behavioral, and social data.
on molecular
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NSF – introductionLarge databases that can be accessed and analyzed with sophisticated tools have become central to biological research and education. The information content in the genomes of organisms, in the molecular dynamics of proteins, and in population dynamics, to name but a few areas, is enormous. Biologists are increasingly finding that the management of complex data sets is becoming a bottleneck for scientific advances. Therefore, bioinformatics is rapidly become a key technology in all fields of biology.
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NSF – mission statementThe present bottlenecks in bioinformatics include the education of biologists in the use of advanced computing tools, the recruitment of computer scientists into this evolving field, the limited availability of developed databases of biological information, and the need for more efficient and intelligent search engines for complex databases.
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NSF – mission statementThe present bottlenecks in bioinformatics include the education of the education of biologists in the use of advanced computing toolsbiologists in the use of advanced computing tools, the recruitment of computer scientists into this evolving field, the limited availability of developed databases of biological information, and the need for more efficient and intelligent search engines for complex databases.
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Molecular Bioinformatics
Molecular Bioinformatics involves the use of computational tools to discover new information in complex data sets (from the one-dimensional information of DNA through the two-dimensional information of RNA and the three-dimensional information of proteins, to the four-dimensional information of evolving living systems).
Bioinformatics (Oxford English Dictionary):
The branch of science concerned with information and information flow in biological systems, esp. the use of computational methods in genetics and genomics.
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Biologists collect molecular data: DNA & Protein sequences,gene expression, etc.
Computer scientists (+Mathematicians, Statisticians, etc.)Develop tools, softwares, algorithms to store and analyze the data.
BioinformaticiansStudy biological questions by analyzing molecular data
The field of science in which biology, computer science and information technology merge into a single discipline
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Some biological background….
A biologist
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The hereditary information of all living organisms, with the exception of some viruses, is carried by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecules.
2 purines:2 purines: 2 pyrimidines:2 pyrimidines:
adenine (A)adenine (A) cytosine (C)cytosine (C)guanine (G)guanine (G) thymine (T)thymine (T)
two ringstwo rings one ringone ring11
Eukaryotes may have up to 3 subcellular genomes: 1. Nuclear2. Mitochondrial 3. Plastid
Bacteria have either circular or linear genomes and may also carry plasmids
The entire complement of genetic material carried by an individual is called the genome.
Human chromosomes
Circular genome12
Central dogma: DNA makes RNA makes Protein
Modified dogma: DNA makes DNA and RNA, RNA makes DNA, RNA an Protein
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Amino acids - The protein building blocks
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Any region of the DNA sequence can, in principle, code for six different amino acid sequences, because any one of three different reading frames can be used to interpret each of the two strands.
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Protein folding
A human Hemoglobin:
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How does it all looks like on a computer monitor?
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A cDNA sequence
>gi|14456711|ref|NM_000558.3| Homo sapiens hemoglobin, alpha 1 (HBA1), mRNAACTCTTCTGGTCCCCACAGACTCAGAGAGAACCCACCATGGTGCTGTCTCCTGCCGACAAGACCAACGTCAAGGCCGCCTGGGGTAAGGTCGGCGCGCACGCTGGCGAGTATGGTGCGGAGGCCCTGGAGAGGATGTTCCTGTCCTTCCCCACCACCAAGACCTACTTCCCGCACTTCGACCTGAGCCACGGCTCTGCCCAGGTTAAGGGCCACGGCAAGAAGGTGGCCGACGCGCTGACCAACGCCGTGGCGCACGTGGACGACATGCCCAACGCGCTGTCCGCCCTGAGCGACCTGCACGCGCACAAGCTTCGGGTGGACCCGGTCAACTTCAAGCTCCTAAGCCACTGCCTGCTGGTGACCCTGGCCGCCCACCTCCCCGCCGAGTTCACCCCTGCGGTGCACGCCTCCCTGGACAAGTTCCTGGCTTCTGTGAGCACCGTGCTGACCTCCAAATACCGTTAAGCTGGAGCCTCGGTGGCCATGCTTCTTGCCCCTTGGGCCTCCCCCCAGCCCCTCCTCCCCTTCCTGCACCCGTACCCCCGTGGTCTTTGAATAAAGTCTGAGTGGGCGGC
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A cDNA sequence (reading frame)
A protein sequence
>gi|14456711|ref|NM_000558.3| Homo sapiens hemoglobin, alpha 1 (HBA1), mRNA
ACTCTTCTGGTCCCCACAGACTCAGAGAGAACCCACCATGGTGCTGTCTCCTGCCGACAAGACCAACGTCAAGGCCGCCTGGGGTAAGGTCGGCGCGCACGCTGGCGAGTATGGTGCGGAGGCCCTGGAGAGGATGTTCCTGTCCTTCCCCACCACCAAGACCTACTTCCCGCACTTCGACCTGAGCCACGGCTCTGCCCAGGTTAAGGGCCACGGCAAGAAGGTGGCCGACGCGCTGACCAACGCCGTGGCGCACGTGGACGACATGCCCAACGCGCTGTCCGCCCTGAGCGACCTGCACGCGCACAAGCTTCGGGTGGACCCGGTCAACTTCAAGCTCCTAAGCCACTGCCTGCTGGTGACCCTGGCCGCCCACCTCCCCGCCGAGTTCACCCCTGCGGTGCACGCCTCCCTGGACAAGTTCCTGGCTTCTGTGAGCACCGTGCTGACCTCCAAATACC
GTTAAGCTGGAGCCTCGGTGGCCATGCTTCTTGCCCCTTGGGCCTCCCCCCAGCCCCTCCTCCCCTTCCTGCACCCGTACCCCCGTGGTCTTTGAATAAAGTCTGAGTGGGCGGC
>gi|4504347|ref|NP_000549.1| alpha 1 globin [Homo sapiens]
MVLSPADKTNVKAAWGKVGAHAGEYGAEALERMFLSFPTTKTYFPHFDLSHGSAQVKGHGKKVADALTNAVAHVDDMPNALSALSDLHAHKLRVDPVNFKLLSHCLLVTLAAHLPAEFTPAVHASLDKFLASVSTVLTSKYR
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ACTCTTCTGGTCCCCACAGACTCAGAGAGAACCCACCATGGTGCTGTCTCCTGCCGACAAGACCAACGTCAAGGCCGCCTGGGGTAAGGTCGGCGCGCACGCTGGCGAGTATGGTGCGGAGGCCCTGGAGAGGATGTTCCTGTCCTTCCCCACCACCAAGACCTACTTCCCGCACTTCGACCTGAGCCACGGCTCTGCCCAGGTTAAGGGCCACGGCAAGAAGGTGGCCGACGCGCTGACCAACGCCGTGGCGCACGTGGACGACATGCCCAACGCGCTGTCCGCCCTGAGCGACCTGCACGCGCACAAGCTTCGGGTGGACCCGGTCAACTTCAAGCTCCTAAGCCACTGCCTGCTGGTGACCCTGGCCGCCCACCTCCCCGCCGAGTTCACCCCTGCGGTGCACGCCTCCCTGGACAAGTTCCTGGCTTCTGTGAGCACCGTGCTGACCTCCAAATACCGTTAAGCTGGAGCCTCGGTGGCCATGCTTCTTGCCCCTTGGGCCTCCCCCCAGCCCCTCCTCCCCTTCCTGCACCCGTACCCCCGTGGTCTTTGAATAAAGTCTGAGTGGGCGGCACTCTTCTGGTCCCCACAGACTCAGAGAGAACCCACCATGGTGCTGTCTCCTGCCGACAAGACCAACGTCAAGGCCGCCTGGGGTAAGGTCGGCGCGCACGCTGGCGAGTATGGTGCGGAGGCCCTGGAGAGGATGTTCCTGTCCTTCCCCACCACCAAGACCTACTTCCCGCACTTCGACCTGAGCCACGGCTCTGCCCAGGTTAAGGGCCACGGCAAGAAGGTGGCCGACGCGCTGACCAACGCCGTGGCGCACGTGGACGACATGCCCAACGCGCTGTCCGCCCTGAGCGACCTGCACGCGCACAAGCTTCGGGTGGACCCGGTCAACTTCAAGCTCCTAAGCCACTGCCTGCTGGTGACCCTGGCCGCCCACCTCCCCGCCGAGTTCACCCCTGCGGTGCACGCCTCCCTGGACAAGTTCCTGGCTTCTGTGAGCACCGTGCTGACCTCCAAATACCGTTAAGCTGGAGCCTCGGTGGCCATGCTTCTTGCCCCTTGGGCCTCCCCCCAGCCCCTCCTCCCCTTCCTGCACCCGTACCCCCGTGGTCTTTGAATAAAGTCTGAGTGGGCGGCACTCTTCTGGTCCCCACAGACTCAGAGAGAACCCACCATGGTGCTGTCTCCTGCCGACAAGACCAACGTCAAGGCCGCCTGGGGTAAGGTCGGCGCGCACGCTGGCGAGTATGGTGCGGAGGCCCTGGAGAGGATGTTCCTGTCCTTCCCCACCACCAAGACCTACTTCCCGCACTTCGACCTGAGCCACGGCTCTGCCCAGGTTAAGGGCCACGGCAAGAAGGTGGCCGACGCGCTGACCAACGCCGTGGCGCACGTGGACGACATGCCCAACGCGCTGTCCGCCCTGAGCGACCTGCACGCGCACAAGCTTCGGGTGGACCCGGTCAACTTCAAGCTCCTAAGCCACTGCCTGCTGGTGACCCTGGCCGCCCACCTCCCCGCCGAGTTCACCCCTGCGGTGCACGCCTCCCTGGACAAGTTCCTGGCTTCTGTGAGCACCGTGCTGACCTCCAAATACCGTTAAGCTGGAGCCTCGGTGGCCATGCTTCTTGCCCCTTGGGCCTCCCCCCAGCCCCTCCTCCCCTTCCTGCACCCGTACCCCCGTGGTCTTTGAATAAAGTCTGAGTGGGCGGCGCCGTGGCGCACGTGGACGACATGCCCAACGCGCTGTCCGCCCTGAGCGACCTGCACGCGCACAAGCTTCGGGTGGACCCGGTCAACTTCAAGCTCCTAAGCCACTGCCTGCTGGTGACCCTGGCCGCCCACCTCCCCGCCGAGTTCACCCCTGCGGTGCACGCCTCCCTGGACAAGTTCCTGGCTTCTGTGAGCACCGTGCTGACCTCCAAATACCGTTAAGCTGGAGCCTCGGTGGCCATGCTTCTTGCCCCTTGGGCCTCCCCCCAGCCCCTCCTCCCCTTCCTGCACCCGTACCCCCGTGGTCTTTGAATAAAGTCTGAGTGGGCGGCACTCTTCTGGTCCCCACAGACTCAGAGAGAACCCACCATGGTGCTGTCTCCTGCCGACAAGACCAACGTCAAGGCCGCCTGGGGTAAGGTCGGCGCGCACGCTGGCGAGTATGGTGCGGAGGCCCTGGAGAGGATGTTCCTGTCCTTCCCCACCACCAAGACCTACTTCCCGCACTTCGACCTGAGCCACGGCTCTGCCCAGGTTAAGGGCCACGGCAAGAAGGTGGCCG...
And, a whole genome…
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E. coli 4.6 x 106 nucleotides
– Approx. 4,000 genes
Yeast 15 x 106 nucleotides
– Approx. 6,000 genes
Human 3 x 109 nucleotides
– Approx. 30,000 genes
Smallest human chromosome 50 x 106 nucleotides
How big are whole genomes?
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What do we actually do with bioinformatics?
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Sequence assembly
(next generation sequencing)
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Genome annotation
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Molecular evolution
Smith et al. (2009) Nature 459, 1122-1125
Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic
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Analysis of gene expression
Gene expression profile of relapsing versus non-relapsing Wilms tumors. A set of 39 genes discriminates between the two classes of tumors.
(http://www.biozentrum2.uni-wuerzburg.de/, Prof. Gessler)27
Analysis of regulation
Toledo and Bardot (2009) Nature 460, 466-467
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Protein structure predictionProtein docking
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Luscombe, Greenbaum, Gerstein (2001)
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From DNA to Genome
Watson and Crick DNA model
Sanger sequences insulin protein
Sanger dideoxy DNA sequencing
PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
ARPANET (early Internet)
PDB (Protein Data Bank)
Sequence alignment
GenBank database
Dayhoff’s Atlas
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1995
1990
2000
SWISS-PROT database
NCBI
World Wide Web
BLAST
FASTA
EBI
Human Genome Initiative
First human genome draft
First bacterial genome
Yeast genome
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The first protein sequence reported was that of bovine insulin in 1956, consisting of 51 residues.
Origin of bioinformatics and biological databases:
Nearly a decade later, the first nucleic acid sequence was reported, that of yeast tRNAalanine with 77 bases.
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In 1965, Dayhoff gathered all the available sequence data to create the first bioinformatic database (Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure).
The Protein DataBank followed in 1972 with a collection of ten X-ray crystallographic protein structures. The SWISSPROT protein sequence database began in 1987.
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Nucleotides
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as of August 2011:
Eukaryotes 37
Prokaryotes 1708
Total 1745
Complete Genomes
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What can we do with sequences and other type of molecular information?
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Annotation
Open reading frames
Functional sites
Structure, function
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CCTGACAAATTCGACGTGCGGCATTGCATGCAGACGTGCATG
CGTGCAAATAATCAATGTGGACTTTTCTGCGATTATGGAAGAA
CTTTGTTACGCGTTTTTGTCATGGCTTTGGTCCCGCTTTGTTC
AGAATGCTTTTAATAAGCGGGGTTACCGGTTTGGTTAGCGAGA
AGAGCCAGTAAAAGACGCAGTGACGGAGATGTCTGATG CAA
TAT GGA CAA TTG GTT TCT TCT CTG AAT ......
.............. TGAAAAACGTA
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CCTGACAAATTCGACGTGCGGCATTGCATGCAGACGTGCATG
CGTGCAAATAATCAATGTGGACTTTTCTGCGATTATGGAAGAA
CTTTGTTACGCGTTTTTGTCATGGCTTTGGTCCCGCTTTGTTC
AGAATGCTTTTAATAAGCGGGGTTACCGGTTTGGTTAGCGAGA
AGAGCCAGTAAAAGACGCAGTGACGGAGATGTCTGATG CAA
TAT GGA CAA TTG GTT TCT TCT CTG
AAT .................................
.............. TGAAAAACGTA
TF binding sitepromoter
Ribosome binding Site
ORF = Open Reading FrameCDS = Coding Sequence
Transcription
Start Site
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Comparativegenomics
Comparing ORFs
Identifying orthologs
Inferences on structure and function
Comparing functional sites
Inferences on regulatorynetworks
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Similarity profiles
Researchers can learned a great deal about the structure and function of human genes by examining their counterparts in model organisms.
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Xenopus MALWMQCLP-LVLVLLFSTPNTEALANQHLBos MALWTRLRPLLALLALWPPPPARAFVNQHL **** : * *.*: *:..* :. *:****
Xenopus CGSHLVEALYLVCGDRGFFYYPKIKRDIEQBos CGSHLVEALYLVCGERGFFYTPKARREVEG ***************:***** ** :*::*
Xenopus AQVNGPQDNELDG-MQFQPQEYQKMKRGIVBos PQVG---ALELAGGPGAGGLEGPPQKRGIV .**. ** * * *****
Xenopus EQCCHSTCSLFQLENYCNBos EQCCASVCSLYQLENYCN **** *.***:*******
Alignment preproinsulin
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Ultraconserved Elements in the Human Genome Gill Bejerano, Michael Pheasant, Igor Makunin, Stuart Stephen, W. James Kent, John S. Mattick, & David Haussler (Science 2004. 304:1321-1325)There are 481 segments longer than 200 base pairs (bp) that are absolutely conserved (100% identity with no insertions or deletions) between orthologous regions of the human, rat, and mouse genomes. Nearly all of these segments are also conserved in the chicken and dog genomes, with an average of 95 and 99% identity, respectively. Many are also significantly conserved in fish. These ultraconserved elements of the human genome are most often located either overlapping exons in genes involved in RNA processing or in introns or nearby genes involved in the regulation of transcription and development.
There are 156 intergenic, untranscribed, ultraconserved segments
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Junk is real!
Junk:Junk:Supporting evidenceSupporting evidence
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Functionalgenomics
Genome-wide profiling of:• mRNA levels• Protein levels
Co-expression of genesand/or proteins
Identifying protein-protein interactions
Networks of interactions
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Understanding the function of genes and other Understanding the function of genes and other parts of the genomeparts of the genome
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Structural genomics
Assign structure to all proteins encoded in a genome
Biological databases
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Database or databank?
Initially
• Databank (in UK)• Database (in the USA)
Solution
• The abbreviation db
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What is a Database?
A structured collection of data held in computer storage; esp. one
that incorporates software to make it accessible in a variety of ways;
transf., any large collection of information.
database management: the organization and manipulation of data in
a database.
database management system (DBMS): a software package that
provides all the functions required for database management.
database system: a database together with a database
management system.
Oxford Dictionary52
What is a database?• A collection of data
– structured – searchable (index) -> table of contents
– updated periodically (release) -> new edition
– cross-referenced (hyperlinks) -> links with other db
• Includes also associated tools (software) necessary for access, updating, information insertion, information deletion….
• Data storage management: flat files, relational databases…
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Database: a « flat file » example
Accession number: 1
First Name: Amos
Last Name: Bairoch
Course: Pottery 2000; Pottery 2001;
//
Accession number: 2
First Name: Dan
Last name: Graur
Course: Pottery 2000, Pottery 2001; Ballet 2001, Ballet 2002
//
Accession number 3:
First Name: John
Last name: Travolta
Course: Ballet 2001; Ballet 2002;
//
• Easy to manage: all the entries are visible at the same time !
Flat-file database (« flat file, 3 entries »):
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Database: a « relational » example
Teacher Accession number
Education
Amos 1 Biochemistry
Dan 2 Genetics
John 3 Scientology
Course Year Involved teachers
Advanced Pottery
2000; 2001 1; 2
Ballet for Fat People
2001; 2002 2; 3
Relational database (« table file »):
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Why biological databases?• Exponential growth in biological data.
• Data (genomic sequences, 3D structures, 2D gel analysis, MS analysis, Microarrays….) are no longer published in a conventional manner, but directly submitted to databases.
• Essential tools for biological research. The only way to publish massive amounts of data without using all the paper in the world.
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Distribution of sequences
• Books, articles 1968 -> 1985• Computer tapes 1982 -> 1992• Floppy disks 1984 -> 1990• CD-ROM 1989 ->• FTP 1989 ->• On-line services 1982 -> 1994• WWW 1993 ->• DVD 2001 ->
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Some statistics• More than 1000 different ‘biological’ databases
• Variable size: <100Kb to >20Gb– DNA: > 20 Gb
– Protein: 1 Gb
– 3D structure: 5 Gb
– Other: smaller
• Update frequency: daily to annually to seldom to forget about it.
• Usually accessible through the web (some free, some not)
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Some databases in the field of molecular biology…
AATDB, AceDb, ACUTS, ADB, AFDB, AGIS, AMSdb, ARR, AsDb, BBDB, BCGD, Beanref, Biolmage,
BioMagResBank, BIOMDB, BLOCKS, BovGBASE,BOVMAP, BSORF, BTKbase, CANSITE, CarbBank,
CARBHYD, CATH, CAZY, CCDC, CD4OLbase, CGAP,ChickGBASE, Colibri, COPE, CottonDB, CSNDB, CUTG,
CyanoBase, dbCFC, dbEST, dbSTS, DDBJ, DGP, DictyDb,Picty_cDB, DIP, DOGS, DOMO, DPD, DPlnteract, ECDC,ECGC, EC02DBASE, EcoCyc, EcoGene, EMBL, EMD db,
ENZYME, EPD, EpoDB, ESTHER, FlyBase, FlyView,GCRDB, GDB, GENATLAS, Genbank, GeneCards,
Genline, GenLink, GENOTK, GenProtEC, GIFTS,GPCRDB, GRAP, GRBase, gRNAsdb, GRR, GSDB,
HAEMB, HAMSTERS, HEART-2DPAGE, HEXAdb, HGMD,HIDB, HIDC, HlVdb, HotMolecBase, HOVERGEN, HPDB,HSC-2DPAGE, ICN, ICTVDB, IL2RGbase, IMGT, Kabat,
KDNA, KEGG, Klotho, LGIC, MAD, MaizeDb, MDB,Medline, Mendel, MEROPS, MGDB, MGI, MHCPEP5
Micado, MitoDat, MITOMAP, MJDB, MmtDB, Mol-R-Us,MPDB, MRR, MutBase, MycDB, NDB, NRSub, 0-lycBase,OMIA, OMIM, OPD, ORDB, OWL, PAHdb, PatBase, PDB,
PDD, Pfam, PhosphoBase, PigBASE, PIR, PKR, PMD,PPDB, PRESAGE, PRINTS, ProDom, Prolysis, PROSITE,
PROTOMAP, RatMAP, RDP, REBASE, RGP, SBASE,SCOP, SeqAnaiRef, SGD, SGP, SheepMap, Soybase,SPAD, SRNA db, SRPDB, STACK, StyGene,Sub2D,
SubtiList, SWISS-2DPAGE, SWISS-3DIMAGE, SWISS-MODEL Repository, SWISS-PROT, TelDB, TGN, tmRDB,
TOPS, TRANSFAC, TRR, UniGene, URNADB, V BASE,VDRR, VectorDB, WDCM, WIT, WormPep, YEPD, YPD,
YPM, etc .................. !!!!59
Categories of databases for Life Sciences
• Sequences (DNA, protein)• Genomics• Mutation/polymorphism• Protein domain/family• Proteomics (2D gel, Mass Spectrometry)• 3D structure• Metabolic networks• Regulatory networks• Bibliography• Expression (Microarrays,…)
• Specialized60
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NCBI:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
EBI:http://www.ebi.ac.uk/
DDBJ:http://www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp/
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Bookshelf: A collection of searchable biomedical books linked to PubMed.
PubMed: Allows searching by author names, journal titles, and a new Preview/Index option. PubMed database provides access to over 12 million MEDLINE citations back to the mid-1960's. It includes History and Clipboard options which may enhance your search session.
PubMed Central: The U.S. National Library of Medicine digital archive of life science journal literature.
OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man is a database of human genes and genetic disorders (also OMIA).
Literature Databases:
PubMed (Medline)
• MEDLINE covers the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry,
veterinary medicine, public health, and preclinical sciences
• Contains citations from approximately 5,200 worldwide journals in
37 languages; 60 languages for older journals.
• Contains over 20 million citations since 1948
• Contains links to biological db and to some journals
• New records are
added to
PreMEDLINE daily!
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• Alerting services– http://www.pubcrawler.ie/– http://www.biomail.org
A search by subject: “mitochondrion evolution”
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Type in a Query term
• Enter your search words in the
query box and hit the “Go” button
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query/static/help/helpdoc.html#Searching
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The Syntax …1. Boolean operators: AND, OR, NOT must be entered in
UPPERCASE (e.g., promoters OR response elements). The default is AND.
2. Entrez processes all Boolean operators in a left-to-right sequence. The order in which Entrez processes a search statement can be changed by enclosing individual concepts in parentheses. The terms inside the parentheses are processed first. For example, the search statement: g1p3 OR (response AND element AND promoter).
3. Quotation marks: The term inside the quotation marks is read as one phrase (e.g. “public health” is different than public health, which will also include articles on public latrines and their effect on health workers).
4. Asterisk: Extends the search to all terms that start with the letters before the asterisk. For example, dia* will include such terms as diaphragm, dial, and diameter.
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Refine the Query• Often a search finds too many (or too few) sequences, so you
can go back and try again with more (or fewer) keywords in your query
• The “History” feature allows you to combine any of your past queries.
• The “Limits” feature allows you to limit a query to specific organisms, sequences submitted during a specific period of time, etc.
• [Many other features are designed to search for literature in MEDLINE]
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You can search for a text term in sequence annotations or in MEDLINE abstracts, and find all articles, DNA, and protein sequences that mention that term.
Then from any article or sequence, you can move to "related articles" or "related sequences".
•Relationships between sequences are computed with BLAST
•Relationships between articles are computed with "MESH" terms (shared keywords)
•Relationships between DNA and protein sequences rely on accession numbers
•Relationships between sequences and MEDLINE articles rely on both shared keywords and the mention of accession numbers in the articles.
Related Items
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A search by authors: “Esser” [au] AND “martin” [au]
A search by title word: “Wolbachia pipientis” [ti]
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Database Search Strategies
• General search principles - not limited to sequence (or to biology).
• Start with broad keywords and narrow the search using more specific terms.
• Try variants of spelling, numbers, etc.
• Search many databases.
• Be persistent!!
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Searching PubMed
• Structureless searches– Automatic term mapping
• Structured searches– Tags, e.g. [au], [ta], [dp], [ti]– Boolean operators, e.g. AND, OR, NOT, ()
• Additional features– Subsets, limits– Clipboard, history
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Start working:
Search PubMed
1. cuban cigars
2. cuban OR cigars
3. “cuban cigars”
4. cuba* cigar*
5. (cuba* cigar*) NOT smok*
6. Fidel Castro
7. “fidel castro”
8. #6 NOT #7
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“Details” and “History” in PubMed
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“Details” and “History” in PubMed
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The OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man)
– Genes and genetic disorders– Edited by team at Johns Hopkins– Updated daily
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MIM Number Prefixes
* gene with known sequence+ gene with known sequence and
phenotype# phenotype description, molecular
basis known% mendelian phenotype or locus,
molecular basis unknownno prefix other, mainly phenotypes with
suspected mendelian basis
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Searching OMIM
• Search Fields– Name of trait, e.g., hypertension– Cytogenetic location, e.g., 1p31.6– Inheritance, e.g., autosomal dominant– Gene, e.g., coagulation factor VIII
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OMIM search tags
All Fields [ALL]Allelic Variant [AV] or [VAR]Chromosome [CH] or [CHR]Clinical Synopsis [CS] or [CLIN]Gene Map [GM] or [MAP]Gene Name [GN] or [GENE]Reference [RE] or [REF]
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Start working:
Search OMIM
How many types of hemophilia are there?
For how many is the affected gene known?
What are the genes involved in hemophilia A?
What are the mutations in hemophilia A?
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Online Literature databases
1. How to use the UH online Library?
2. Online glossaries
3. Google Scholar
4. Google Books
5. Web of Science
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How to use the online UH Library? http://info.lib.uh.edu/
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Online Glossaries
Bioinformatics :http://www.geocities.com/bioinformaticsweb/glossary.htmlhttp://big.mcw.edu/
Genomics: http://www.geocities.com/bioinformaticsweb/genomicglossary.html
Molecular Evolution: http://workshop.molecularevolution.org/resources/glossary/
Biology dictionary: http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/satellite_cells
Other glossaries, e.g., the list of phobias:http://www.phobialist.com/class.html
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4. Google Scholarhttp://www.scholar.google.com/
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Enables you to search specifically for scholarly literature, including peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, preprints, abstracts and technical reports from all broad areas of research.
What is Google Scholar?
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Use Google Scholar to find articles from a wide variety of academic publishers, professional societies, preprint repositories and universities, as well as scholarly articles available across the web.
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Google Scholar orders your search results by how relevant they are to your query, so the most useful references should appear at the top of the page
This relevance ranking takes into account the: full text of each article. the article's author, the publication in which the article appeared and how often it has been cited in scholarly literature.
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What other DATA can we retrieve from the record?
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5. Google Book Search
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Start working:
Search Google Books
How many times is the tail of the giraffe mentioned in On the Origin of Species by Mr. Darwin?
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6. Web of sciencehttp://http://apps.webofknowledge.com.ezproxy.lib.uh.edu/WOS_GeneralSearch_input.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&SID=4FB7LbbLgDMhG9fDiLh&preferencesSaved=
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