1 BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions 1 Zoophilous Pollination BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions Plant Cost-Benefits ! Animal vs. wind vectors – Animals actively seek specific flowers – Animals carry pollen farther ! Outcrossing possible at lower popn densities ! Low wind habitats suitable for plant reproduction ! Decreased pollen : ovule ratio 2 BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions Plant Cost-Benefits ! Production of attractants ! Production of rewards ! Non-pollinating floral visitors 3 BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions Animal Cost-Benefits ! High quality food from reliable sources ! Costs: – Pollen load negligible – Pollinia may obscure vision or movement – Ambush predation 4 BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions Origins 5 Fig. 6.1 BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions Mutualism as Leap-frog Selection ! Pattern clear for insects ! Not so clear for plants – Angiosperm are massively diverse – Zamiacieae cycads not more diverse than sister group – Gnetales less species rich than Pinaceae 6 Fig. 2.2
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BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions 1
Zoophilous Pollination
BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Plant Cost-Benefits ! Animal vs. wind vectors
– Animals actively seek specific flowers
– Animals carry pollen farther ! Outcrossing possible at
lower popn densities ! Low wind habitats suitable
for plant reproduction ! Decreased pollen : ovule
ratio 2
BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Plant Cost-Benefits
! Production of attractants
! Production of rewards
! Non-pollinating floral visitors
3 BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Animal Cost-Benefits
! High quality food from reliable sources
! Costs: – Pollen load negligible – Pollinia may obscure
vision or movement – Ambush predation
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BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Origins
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Fig. 6.1
BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Mutualism as Leap-frog Selection
! Pattern clear for insects ! Not so clear for plants
– Angiosperm are massively diverse
– Zamiacieae cycads not more diverse than sister group
– Gnetales less species rich than Pinaceae
6 Fig. 2.2
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BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Role of Pollinators I
! Pollinator potential: ability of pollinator to remove/deposit pollen
7 BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Role of Pollinators I
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! Pollinator potential: ability of pollinator to remove/deposit pollen
BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Role of Pollinators II
! Pollinator effectiveness: ability of individual pollinators to transfer pollen
9 BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Role of Pollinators III
! Pollinator importance: the net movement of pollen within a plant population effected by a pollinator group during a flowering season
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BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Pollination Syndromes ! Balance of trade-off
between pollinator attraction/reward and optimizing out-crossing
! Indiscriminate attraction not ideal
! Selection to reduce self-fertilization
11 BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Out-crossing Mechanisms
! Protandry ! Pollen tube growth
inhibition ! Stagger intra-plant
flower production ! Herkogamy ! Monoecy ! Dioecy
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BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Visual Cues I: Shape ! # of axes of symmetry
– Actinomorphic – Zygomorphic
! Depth dimension
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Visual Cues II: Size
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Fig. 6.2
BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions
Visual Cues III: Fluctuating Asymmetry
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Fig. 6.3
BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions BIO 4134: Plant-Animal Interactions