Yearbook 2005

NATIONAL STATISTICAL OFFICE OF MONGOLIA

MONGOLIAN STATISTICAL YEARBOOK 2005(2005 ). (Several data for 2005 are preliminary).

ULAANBAATAR 2006

DDC 310 517 M-666

, : ., .

Printing design by: G.Batbuyan, D.Enkhzaya

: III , -319, - 20 , : 322424 : (976 -11) - 324518 - : nso@ magicnet. mn, : http: // www. nso.mn

Address: Government Buildiing III, Room-319, Ulaanbaatar-20 a, Mongolia Phone: 322424 Fax: (976 -11) - 324518 E- mail : nso@ magicnet. mn, Internet: http: // www. nso.mn

ISBN 99929 - 0 - 700 - 2 , . All rights reserved.

, 1960 . , . , . , , , , . 2005 , , , , , , , , , , 10000 , , , , , . , 1998-2002 , XX , , , , , , , /2002-2003 /, , /2004 /, / 2003 /, . . , , . , , . : , , 44, III , E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.nso.mn : 976-11-324518 : 976-11-322424

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PREFACE The National Statistical Office has been producing the Statistical Yearbook of Mongolia since 1960. The Statistical Yearbook shows social and economic indicators of Mongolia. In correspondence with the development of the socio-economic situation of Mongolia the extent and frame of indicators for the yearbook are expanding. Statistical indicators have been innovated and updated step by step in conformity with the international standards. In order to expand the users frame, made the yearbook user-friendly main indicators methodology and explanations have been added in the each previous section. Moreover, number of indicators has significantly risen as well as some indicators were shown in more comprehensive manner. In Statistical yearbook 2005, indicators such as selection of Presidential election, number of civil servants and their average salaries and wages by state classifications and by aimags as well as city, number of staff who has scientific degrees, public libraries and cultural centers, number of patients who has cancers, death rates per 10000 population, involvement of children up to one year for the precaution injection and the number of prisoners are added in detail. In addition, yearly statistical books 1998-2002, Population of Mongolia in the XX century, social and economic monthly bulletins and introductions, 2002-2003 joint report from sample surveys on labor force, child labor and household income, expenditure and livelihood, 2004 one-time registration of and sample survey on handicapped citizens, 2003 reproduction health survey and the result from livestock census were published at market for public use. Also, special book has been published based on the result of livestock census, which defines the scope of animal husbandry that is one of the main economic sectors of Mongolia. Moreover, it is pleasant to mention that all users can obtain data on main indicators of socio-economic situation from our website using Internet connections. We would appreciate if you send your comments how to improve statistical bulletins and statistical data of interest on the following address: Address: Government building III Baga toiruu 44, Sukhbaatar district, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.nso.mn Fax: 976-11-324518 Phone: 976-11-322424

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1. , 1.1 , , , 1.2 , 1.3 1.4 1.5 2. 2.1 2.2 , 2.3 , 2.4 , 2.5 3. 3.1 , , , , 3.2 , , , 3.3 , , , , 3.4 , , , , , 3.5 , , , 3.6 , , , , , , 3.7 , , , , 3.8 , , , , 3.9 16 4 , , , , 3.10 , , , , 3.11 16 , , , , , 3.12 , , , , 3.13 1000 , , , , 3.14 , , 3.15 , , , , , , , , 2005 3.16 1000 , , , , , , , , 2005 3.17 , , , 3.18 , 3.19 , , , , , , , 2005 3.20 , , 3.21 , , , , 3.22 , , 3.23 , , , , , , , 2005 3.24 1000 , , , , 3.25 , , 3.26 1000 , , , , 3.27 , , 3.28 , , , , , , , 2005 3.29 , 4 13 37 53 54 56 57 58 58 58 59 61 62 63 63 63 64 68 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 78 78 79 80 81 81 82 82 83 83 84 85 85 86 87 88 89

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3.30 , , , 3.31 , , 3.32 , , 4. 4.1 , 4.2 , , 4.3 , , , , 4.4 , , , , 4.5 , , , , , , 4.6 , , , 4.7 , 4.8 , 4.9 , 4.10 , 4.11 , , , , 1 1- 4.12 , , 1 1- 4.13 , , 1 1- 5. 5.1 , , 5.2 , , 2000 5.3 5.4 , , 5.5 , 5.6. , 5.7 , 5.8 5.9 , , , 6. 6.1 , , , 1991-1-16=100 6.2 , , , , XII=100 6.3 , , , 6.4 , 6.5 , , 2000-XII=100 6.6 , 7. , , 7.1 7.2 , 7.3 , 7.4 , , 7.5 , , , 7.6 , , , 7.7 , , , 7.8 7.9

89 90 90 93 95 96 97 98 99 105 107 107 108 108 109 109 110 111 113 114 115 115 116 117 117 118 119 120 , 2000122 123 124 125 127 128 130 132 132 132 133 135 137 138 138

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7.10 2005 30 7.11 2005 30 , 8. 8.1 , , 8.2 , , 8.3 , , 8.4 , , 8.5 , , 8.6 , , 8.7 , , , 8.8 , , , 8.9 , , , 8.10 , , , 8.11 , , 9. , 9.1 , , , 9.2 , , 9.3 , 9.4 , 9.5 , , , , 9.6 9.7 , , 2005 10. 10.1 10.2 - 10.3 10.4 , 10.5 , , , , , 10.6 , , , , , 10.7 , , 10.8 , , , 10.9 , , 10.10 , , 10.11 , , 10.12 , 2005 , , 10.13 , , , , 10.14 *, 10.15 , , , , 10.16 10.17 10.18 , , , , 2005 10.19 10.20 10.21 , , 10.22 ,

139 140 141 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 151 152 154 156 156 156 157 158 158 159 160 162 162 163 163 164 170 172 172 173 173 174 175 177 177 178 178 179 179 180 180 181 181

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10.23 10.24 , 10.25 , , , , 10.26 , 10.27 , 10.28 , , , , 10.29 , , , , 10.30 , , 10.31 , , , , 11. 11.1 , , , 11.2 , , 11.3 , , 11.4 , , , 2000 11.5 , , , 11.6 11.7 ( ), , , 2000 11.8 11.9 11.10 12. 12.1 , 12.2 , 12.3 , , 12.4 12.5 1000 2 , 1 , 12.6 12.7 , , 13. , 13.1 , 13.2 , , 13.3 , , , 14. 14.1 , , 14.2 , , 14.3 , , 14.4 , , , 14.5 14.6 14.7 , 14.8 , 14.9 , 14.10 , 14.11 , 14.12 , , , * 14.13

181 182 183 188 188 189 193 195 195 201 203 204 205 206 207 208 210 213 214 215 216 218 218 219 220 220 220 220 221 223 224 224 225 229 230 231 232 233 234 238 239 240 241 241 242 244

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15. 15.1 , , , 16. , 16.1 16.2 , , , , 17. 17.1 , , 17.2 , , , 2005 17.3 , 17.4 2005 , , 17.5 , , , 2005 18. , , 18.1 , 18.2 18.3 , 18.4 18.5 , 18.6 , 18.7 , , , 18.8 " " , , 18.9 " " 18.10 " " 19. , , , 19.1 , 19.2 , 19.3 , 19.4 , 19.5 19.6 , , , , 19.7 , , , 19.8 , , , 19.9 , , , 19.10 , , , 19.11 , , , 19.12 1- , , ,

245 247 248 250 251 253 255 256 257 257 258 259 261 261 262 262 263 263 264 265 269 271 272 276 276 277 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285

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19.13 , , , 19.14 , , 19.15 , 1000 19.16 , , , , 2005-2006 19.17 , , , , 19.18 , , , , 19.19 19.20 19.21 19.22 19.23 , 19.24 , , , 19.25 , , 19.26 , , , 19.27 , , , 19.28 , , , , 19.29 , , , , 19.30 , , , 19.31 , , , 19.32 , , , , 19.33 , , , , 19.34 , , , , 19.35 , , , , 19.36 , , , , 19.37 , 20. , , 20.1 20.2 , 20.3 , 20.4 , , , 20.5 , , , 20.6 , 20.7 , , , 20.8 , , 20.9 , , , 20.10 , , , , 20.11 , , , , , , 2005 20.12 *, , 20.13 ( 1000 ), , , 20.14 , , , 20.15 *, , , 20.16 20.17 10000 , 10 20.18 10000 , , 20.19 10000 , 20.20 10000 , , ,

286 287 287 288 289 290 290 291 291 292 292 293 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 304 305 307 307 308 309 310 311 311 312 313 314 315 317 318 319 320 320 321 322 322 323

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20.21 3 6 , , , , 2005 20.22 0-1 , , 2005 20.23 , 20.24 , 20.25 , , , , 21. 21.1 , 21.2 21.3 , , , 21.4 , , , 21.5 , 21.6 , 21.7 18- 10000 22. 22.1 , , 22.2 22.3 , 1989 22.4 , , , 22.5 , , 22.6 , , , , 22.7 , , , 22.8 , 22.9 2006 , , , , , 22.10 , , 1998 22.11 22.12 , , , , 2003 22.13 , , , , 2005 22.14 , , 2005 22.15 22.16 , * 23. 23.1 , , 23.2 , , 23.3 , , 23.4 , , 23.5 , , 23.6 , , 24. 24.1 , , , , , 24.2 , , , 24.3 , , ,

324 325 326 327 327 328 330 330 331 332 332 333 333 335 337 338 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 344 345 346 347 348 348 349 351 353 353 354 354 355 355 356 358 359 360

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24.4 , , , , 24.5 , , , 24.6 , , , 24.7 , , , 24.8 , , , 25. 25.1 , 2004 25.2 , - 25.3 2004 , 25.4 , 25.5 - , 25.6 - , 25.7 , 25.8 ,

360 361 361 362 362 363 363 367 368 369 370 371 372 373

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CONTENTS Preface Contents Overview MAIN INDICATORS SECTION 1. ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS AND TERRITORY 1.1 Administrative units, by regions, aimags and the Capital 1.2 Distance between the cities, km 1.3 Mountains 1.4 Rivers 1.5 LakesSECTION 2. ELECTION 2.1 Popular vote cast Mongolian president

4 13 37 53 55 56 57 58 58 58 60 61 62 63 63 63 66 68 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 78 78 79 80 81 81 82 82 83 83 84 85 85

2.2 Election of state great hural and local citizens' hural 2.3 Members of state great hural, by age group 2.4 Members of state great hural, by professions 2.5 Voters participation SECTION 3. POPULATION 3.1 Resident population, by sex, urban and rural, at the end of the year 3.2 Resident population, by age group and sex, at the end of the year 3.3 Resident population, by regions, aimags and the Capital, at the end of the year 3.4 Percentage of resident population, proportion of urban and rural, by regions, aimags and the Capital, at the end of the year 3.5 Number of households, by regions, aimags and the Capital, at the end of the year 3.6 Number of households, by regions, aimags and the Capital, urban and rural, at the end of the year 3.7 Number of orphan children, by regions, aimags and the Capital, at the end of the year 3.8 Number of single parent children, by regions, aimags and the Capital, at the end of the year 3.9 Number of households with 4 and more children aged below 16, by regions, aimags and the Capital, at the end of the year 3.10 Number of female-headed households, by regions, aimags and the Capital, at the end of the year 3.11 Single woman, with children aged below 16, by regions, aimags and the Capital, at the end of the year 3.12 Births, deaths, marriages and divorces, at the end of the year 3.13 Births, deaths, marriages, divorces, per 1000 population, at the end of the year 3.14 Birth rates, by age group, at the end of the year 3.15 Births, deaths, marriages, divorces and adoption, by regions, aimags and the Capital, in 2005 3.16 Births, deaths, marriages, divorces and adoptions per 1000 population, by regions, aimags and the Capital, in 2005 3.17 Life expectancy at birth, by regions, aimags and the Capital 3.18 Life expectancy at birth, by sex 3.19 Number of births, by sex, regions, aimags and the Capital, urban and rural, in 2005 3.20 Number of live births, by mother's age group, at the end of the year 3.21 Number of women who give births, by regions, aimags and the Capital, at the end of the year 3.22 Women who give births, by educational level, at the end of the year 3.23 Number of women who give births, by marital status, regions, aimags and the Capital, urban and rural, in 2005 3.24 Crude birth rate, by regions, aimags and the Capital, at the end of the year 3.25 Number of people died, by educational level, at the end of the year

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3.26 Crude death rate, by regions, aimags and the Capital, at the end of the year 3.27 Number of people died, by age group, sex, at the end of the year 3.28 Number of people died, by sex, regions, aimags and the Capital, urban and rural, in 2005 3.29 Age specific death rate, at the end of the year 3.30 Registered marriages, by sex and age group, at the end of the year 3.31 Divorce, by duration of marriage, at the end of the year 3.32 Adoption, by child age group, at the end of the year SECTION 4. LABOUR FORCE 4.1 Employment, at the end of the year 4.2 Employees, by divisions, at the end of the year 4.3 Economically active population, by region, aimags and the Capital, at the end of the year 4.4 Employees, by region, aimags and the Capital, at the end of the year 4.5 Unemployment, by sex, educational level, by regions, aimags and the Capital, at the end of the year 4.6 Unemployment rate, by regions, aimags and the Capital 4.7 Annual average wages and salaries, by divisions 4.8 Annual average wages and salaries, by type of legal status 4.9 Annual average wages and salaries, by classification of occupation 4.10 Annual average wages and salaries, by type of ownership 4.11 Number of Government employees of Mongolia*, by classificattion of government service, 1 st of January of selected years 4.12 Number of Government employees of Mongolia*, by regions, aimags and the Capital, 1 st of January of selected years 4.13 Number of public administration Government employees of Mongolia*, by classification of officers, 1 st of January of selected years SECTION 5. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT 5.1 Gross domestic product, by divisions, at current prices 5.2 Gross domestic product, by divisions, at 2000 prices 5.3 Gross National Income 5.4 Annual change of gross domestic product, by divisions 5.5 Industrial composition of gross domestic product, at current prices 5.6 Private sector share in GDP, at current prices 5.7 Composition of gross domestic product, by income approach, at current prices 5.8 Composition of GDP, by expenditure approach 5.9 Provincial gross domestic product, by aimags and the Capital, at current prices SECTION 6. CONSUMER PRICE INDEX 6.1 Consumer price index of certain goods and services, by groups, 1991-I-16=100 6.2 Consumer price index of certain goods and services, by groups, 2000-XII=100 6.3 Consumer price index of certain goods and services, by groups 6.4 Annual average prices of main goods and services, in Ulaanbaatar 6.5 Consumer price index, by aimags, 2000-XII=100 6.6 Average price of main selected goods, by aimags SECTION 7. MONEY, CREDIT, STOCK 7.1 Money supply 7.2 Foreign net reserves, end of period 7.3 Loans oustanding, end of period 7.4 Annual interest rate, togrogs 7.5 Loans oustanding*, by aimags and the Capital, at the end of the year 7.6 Non-performing loans outstanding*, aimags and the Capital, at the end of the year 7.7 Individial deposits, by aimags and the Capital city, at the end of the year 7.8 Exchange rates on foreign exchange market 7.9 Stock market summary

86 87 88 89 89 90 90 94 96 97 98 99 105 107 107 108 108 109 109 110 112 113 114 115 115 116 117 117 118 119 121 123 124 125 127 128 130 132 132 132 133 135 137 138 138

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7.10 30 leading companies in market capitalization in 2005 7.11 30 companies with the most active traded stocks in 2005, by number of traded stocks SECTION 8. BUDGET 8.1 Mongolian general government revenue, by economic classification, at current prices 8.2 Revenue of central government, by economic classification, at current prices 8.3 Local government revenue, by economic classification, at current prices 8.4 Mongolian general government expenditure, by economic classification, at current prices 8.5 Expenditure of central government, by economic classification, at current prices 8.6 Local government expenditure, by ecomomic classification, at current prices 8.7 Revenue of local government, by aimag and the Capital, at current prices 8.8 Expenditure of local government, by aimag and the Capital, at current prices 8.9 Grants from central government to local government, by aimag and the Capital city, at current prices 8.10 Grants from local government to central government, by aimag and the Capital city, at current prices 8.11 Mongolian general government expenditure, by functional classification, at current prices SECTION 9. INVESTMENT AND CONSTRUCTION 9.1 Investment, by technological composition, financial resources, at current prices 9.2 Total amount of construction and capital repair, maintenance, at current price 9.3 Structure of construction and maintenance capital repair done by construction units 9.4 Given for exploitation buildings, by kind of construction 9.5 Total construction and capital repair done by domestic and joint with foreign construction units, by aimag and the Capital, at current prices 9.6 Grouping of construction units 9.7 Price of building materials, by countries, at the end of the each quarters in 2005 SECTION 10. AGRICULTURE 10.1 Gross agricultural output 10.2 Output of main agricultural products 10.3 Main agricultural production per capita 10.4 Number of livestock & household animals 10.5 Number of livestock, by regions, aimags and the Capital and by type, at the end of the year 10.6 Number of breeding stock, by regions, aimags and the Capital and by type, at the end of the year 10.7 Highest number of livestock, by type and years 10.8 Number of freshbred, crossbred, thoroughbred and improved breed animals, by type 10.9 Rearing of young animals, by type, at the end of the year 10.10 Losses of adult animals, by type, at the end of the year 10.11 Total livestock slaughtered for consumption, by type, end of year 10.12 Rank of first five aimags and soums by number of livestock, in 2005, by type 10.13 Number of herdsmen households, by regions, aimags and the Capital, at the end of the year 10.14 Grouping of households by number of private livestock*, by group number of livestock 10.15 Number of herdsmen, by regions, aimags and the Capital, at the end of the year 10.16 Age composition of herdsmen 10.17 Selected social indicators of herdsmen households 10.18 Selected social indicators of herdsmen households, by regions, aimags and the Capital, in 2005 10.19 Number of agricultural specialist 10.20 Number of agricultural techniques 10.21 Number of livestock fence, capacity, by type 10.22 Number of wells, by type

139 140 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 151 152 155 156 156 156 157 158 158 159 161 162 162 163 163 164 170 172 172 173 173 174 175 177 177 178 178 179 179 180 180 181 181

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10.23 Agricultural areas 10.24 Number of lovestock covered by precaution activities from infectious diseases and expenditure 10.25 Sown areas, by regions, aimags and the Capital, by type of plants 10.26 Total crops, by type of plants 10.27 Yields of staple agricultural crops per hectar, by type of plants 10.28 Total crops, by regions, aimags and the Capital, by type of plants 10.29 Yields of cereals, potatoes per hectar staple agriciltural crops, by regions, aimags and the Capital 10.30 Gross hay harvest and laying-in of fodder, by type 10.31 Gross hay harvest and laying-in of fodder, by regions, aimags and the Capital, by type SECTION 11. INDUSTRY 11.1 Gross industrial output, by divisions and subdivisions, at current prices 11.2 Composition of gross industrial output, by divisions and subdivisions 11.3 Gross industrial output, by employment size class, at current prices 11.4 Gross industrial output, by divisions and subdivisions, at constant prices of 2000 11.5 Sales of industrial products, by aimags and the Capital, at current prices 11.6 Output of selected industrial commodities 11.7 Value added per employee in industry, by divisions and subdivisions, at 2000 prices 11.8 Balance sheet of electricity 11.9 Balance sheet of coal 11.10 Balance of thermal energy SECTION 12. TRANSPORTATION 12.1 Main indicators of transport, by types 12.2 Number of vehicles, by types 12.3 Number of vehicles, by aimags and the Capital 12.4 Selected indicators of railway 12.5 Railway length per 1000 km2 territory and freight turnover, carried freight per 1 km railway length 12.6 Selected indicators of civil air transport 12.7 Improved auto road, at the end of the year, km SECTION 13. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY 13.1 Main indicators of information and communication technology division 13.2 Communication and postal service indicators, by kind 13.3 Number of telephones lines, by regions, aimags and the Capital SECTION 14. FOREIGN TRADE 14.1 Total turnover, by countries, at current prices 14.2 Exports, by countries, at current prices 14.3 Imports, by countries, at current prices 14.4 Exports and imports, by region, at current prices 14.5 Main export commodities 14.6 Main import commodities 14.7 Export, by groups of commodities 14.8 Import, by groups of commodities 14.9 Price indexes of Foreign Trade, by some groups of commodities 14.10 Volume indexes of Foreign Trade, by some groups of commodities 14.11 Indexes of Foreign Trade and Terms of Trade 14.12 Export and import, by some group of commodities, by SITC 14.13 Balance of payments

181 182 183 188 188 189 193 195 195 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 210 213 214 215 217 218 218 219 220 220 220 220 222 223 224 224 227 229 230 231 232 233 234 238 239 240 241 241 242 244

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SECTION 15. DOMESTIC TRADE 15.1 Total output of trade, hotel and restaurant, at current price SECTION 16. HOUSING, COMMUNITY SERVICE 16.1 Housing 16.2 Numbers of facilities for community services, by region, aimags and the Capital SECTION 17. TOURISM 17.1 Number of inbound and outbound passengers, by immigration post 17.2 Number of inbound passengers, by purpose of visit, as of 2005 17.3 Number of inbound and outbound foreign passengers through the border of Mongolia, by country 17.4 Arrivals of foreign passengers from abroad in the 2005, by purpose of visit, geographical region 17.5 Outbound domestic passengers, by immigration posts, purpose of visit, as of 2005 SECTION 18. HOUSEHOLD INCOME AND EXPENDITURE AND LIVING STANDARD 18.1 Monthly average total and monetary income per household, at the current price 18.2 Composition of monthly average total and monetary income per household 18.3 Monthly average total expenditure per household, at current price 18.4 Composition of monthly average expenditure per household 18.5 Monthly foodstuff consumption per adult equivalent 18.6 Calorie and composition of daily foodstuff consumption per adult equivalent 18.7 Minimum subsistance level of population, per capita a month, by region and years 18.8 Investments for the improvement of the health, education and infrastructure in rural areas in the framework of "Sustainable livelihoods project" 18.9 Investments for the pastural risk management the framework of "Sustainable livelihoods project" 18.10 Loans provided with the framework of "Sustainable livelihoods project" SECTION 19. EDUCATION, SCIENCE, CULTURE AND ARTS 19.1 Number of educational institutions, at the beginning of the academic year 19.2 Number of pupils and students in educational institutions, at the beginning of the academic year 19.3 Number of graduates in educational institutions, at the beginning of the academic year 19.4 Number of teachers in educational institutions, at the beginning of the academic year 19.5 Some indicators of general educational schools 19.6 Students and graduates of domestic higher educational institutions, by fields of education 19.7 Number of general educational schools, by region, aimags and the Capital 19.8 Number of pupils in general educational schools, by region, aimags and the Capital 19.9 Proportion of teachers pupils in general educational schools, by region, aimags and the Capital 19.10 Number of teachers in general educational schools, by region, aimags and the Capital 19.11 Number of graduates of general educational schools, by region, aimags and the Capital 19.12 Number of pupils enrolled in 1st grade of general educational schools, by region, aimags and the Capital

246 247 249 250 251 254 255 256 257 257 258 260 261 261 262 262 263 263 264 265 269 271 274 276 276 277 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285

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19.13 Number of dormitory pupils of general educational schools, by region, aimags and the Capital 19.14 Pre-school institutions and number of children, at the beginning of the academic year 19.15 Number of pupils and students in educational institutions, per 1000 population 19.16 Gross enrolment ratio (GER), by region, aimags and the Capital , at the 2005-2006 academic year 19.17 Number of kindergartens and teacher in kindergartens, by region, aimags and the Capital 19.18 Number of children in creches and kindergartens, by region, aimags and the Capital 19.19 Budget educational sector 19.20 Main indicators of science and research sector 19.21 Full-time employees with scientific degree 19.22 Number of research works, funded from central budget 19.23 Public libraries, at the end of the year 19.24 Public libraries, by regions, aimags and the Capital 19.25 Number of employees of state art and culture institutions, by type 19.26 Total seat number of public libraries, by regions, aimags and the Capital 19.27 Total number of permanent readers of public library, by regions, aimags and the Capital 19.28 Performance of professional arts organization, by regions, aimags and the Capital 19.29 Exhibit of museum, number of visitors, by regions, aimags and the Capital 19.30 Number of cultural centers, by regions, aimags and the Capital 19.31 Total number of cultural centers, by regions, aimags and the Capital 19.32 Number of monasteries and temples, by religion type, regions, aimags and the Capital 19.33 Number of employees, by religion type, regions, aimags and the Capital 19.34 Monks, by religion type, regions, aimags and the Capital 19.35 Number of students studying in religious school and datsans, by religion type, regions, aimags and the Capital 19.36 Number of apprentices who studies at home, by religion type, regions, aimags and the Capital 19.37 Number of students studying in religious school and datsans, and number of apprentices who studies at home, by age group SECTION 20. HEALTH AND SOCIAL INSURANCE, WELFARE 20.1 Health institutions 20.2 Number of hospital beds, by type 20.3 Employees of health organizations, by specialization categories 20.4 Number of physicians, by regions, aimags and the Capital 20.5 Number of pharmacists, by regions, aimags and the Capital 20.6 Number of mid-level medical personnel, by specialization 20.7 Number of persons per physician, by regions, aimags and the Capital 20.8 Number of persons per nurse, by regions, aimags and the Capital 20.9 Number of patients hospitalized, by regions, aimags and the Capital 20.10 Infectious diseases, of registered, by classification of diseases regions, aimags and the Capital 20.11 Number of live births, by sex, weight, gramm, by regions, aimags and the Capital in 2005 20.12 Number of deaths by classification of diseases, by sex 20.13 Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births), by regions, aimags and the Capital 20.14 Number of maternal deaths, by regions, aimags and the Capital 20.15 Abortions*, by regions, aimags and the Capital 20.16 National health expenditures 20.17 Inpatient morbidity per 10000 population, diseases 10 of the leading causes 20.18 Incidence of malignant neoplasms, deaths, per 10000 population, by type malignant neoplasms 20.19 Incidence of malignant neoplasms, per 10000 population, by age group 20.20 Incidence of malignant neoplasms deaths per 10000 population, by aimags and the Capital

286 287 287 288 289 290 290 291 291 292 292 293 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 304 306 307 307 308 309 310 311 311 312 313 314 315 317 318 319 320 320 321 322 322 323

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20.21 Percentage of pregnant women who attended to anc* 6 and more times in the first 3 months, by aimags and the Capital, at the end of 2005 20.22 Immunization coverage for infants, by immunization, in 2005 20.23 Income and expenditure of social welfare services for the state budget 20.24 Number of persons who received social welfare services, by type 20.25 Pension provided by the social insurance fund, by type of pension and by involvement of pensioners, at the end of the year SECTION 21. CRIME 21.1 Number of offences committed, by type of offences 21.2 Number of persons sentenced 21.3 Number of offences committed, by regions, aimags and the Capital 21.4 Number of persons sentenced, by regions, aimags and the Capital 21.5 Number of persons sentenced, by educational level 21.6 Number of persons sentenced, by age group 21.7 Number of offences per 10000 population of age 18 and above SECTION 22. NATURE AND ENVIRONMENT 22.1 Annual average temperature, by aimags and the Capital 22.2 Land classification of Mongolia 22.3 Life forms of vascular plants, 1989 22.4 Number of days with rainfall, by aimags center and the Capital 22.5 Climate, by aimags and the Capital 22.6 Number of forest fires, by times and fire affected, regions, aimags and the Capital 22.7 Forest harvest volume, by regions, aimags and the Capital 22.8 Capital investment for protectoin and rehabilitation of natural resources 22.9 Maximium limit of hunting wild animals for domestic purpose, 2006, by regions, and aimags, hunting animals 22.10 Composition of vascular and lower plants of Mongolia, in 1998 22.11 Land degradation 22.12 Report of the surface water census, by regions, aimags and the Capital, 2003 22.13 Annual average concentration of pollution in air, by regions, aimags and the Capital, in 2005 22.14 Annual average concentration of pollution in air, by the Capital's stations, in 2005 22.15 Amount of pollution permissible in the air concentration 22.16 Disasters occurred and the damages SECTION 23. PRODUCTIVITY 23.1 Total productivity, by divisions, at current prices 23.2 Total factor productivity, by divisions, at current prices 23.3 Labour productivity, by divisions, at current prices 23.4 Capital productivity, by divisions, at current prices 23.5 Row material productivity, by divisions, at current prices 23.6 Electricity productivity, by divisions, at current prices SECTION 24. BUSINESS REGISTER 24.1 Number of legal units, by regions, aimags and the Capital, end of selected years 24.2 Number of legal units, by sectors of economic activities, end of selected years 24.3 Number of legal units, by employment size class, end ofselected years

324 325 326 327 327 329 330 330 331 332 332 333 333 336 337 338 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 344 345 346 347 348 348 349 352 353 353 354 354 355 355 356 358 359 360

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24.4 Number of active legel units, by aimags and the Capital, end of selected years 24.5 Number of active legal units, by sectors of economic activities, end of selected years 24.6 Number of active legal units, by employment size class, end of selected years 24.7 Number of legal units, by districts, end of selected years 24.8 Number of legal units, by the legal status, end of selected years SECTION 25. WORLD DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS 25.1 Size of economy, as of 2003 25.2 Integration with the global economy, % of GDP 25.3 Distribution of net aid by development assistance committee members, 2003, by regions 25.4 Official development aid dependency, by some selected countries of the regions 25.5 Structure of output, by some selected countries of the regions 25.6 Structure of final demand, by some selected countries of the regions 25.7 International trade, selected countries of the regions 25.8 Implementation of millennium development goals, by some selected countries of the regions

360 361 361 362 362 363 363 367 368 369 370 371 372 373

20

Overview

, . 2005 2562.4 , 2004 1.2 29.3 . 49.6 , 50.4 100 98.5 . . 2005 205.4 2002 14.0 , 2004 4.0 . 2005 60.2 1543.3 . -, , , , , , , 80 . 2005 611.0 58.5 , 41.5 4.2 . 65.2 62.1, 68.6 . . 1000 2002 19.1 2005 17.8 , 2002 6.8 . 2005 2002 3.4 , 2004 0.4 . 100 103 . 2002 2.1; 2003, 2004 2.0 2005 1.9 . 2002, 2003 6.4; 2004, 2005 6.5 . . 2005 16.5 5.7 . 100 155 , . 1000 2005 (7.5), -(7.4), (7.5), (7.5), (7.1) ; - (5.5), (5.8), - (5.5), (5.8) . 2005 15.0 , 1.6 , 3.8 . 2004 33.4 , 47.7 . 1000 2003- 2004 2005 , 2002 .

. . .21

2005 52.5 10.4 5.4 , 89.6 47.1 . 2002 4.7 2003 5.2 9.8 463 , 2005 5.4 2004 0.4 20 . 2002 43.6 , 2003 44.9 , 2004 46.3 , 2005 47.1 2002 8.1 3519 , 2004 1.8 883 .16 4 2002 57.6 2003 53.5 , 2004 46.7 , 2005 42.4 . 2004 65.7 2005 70.3 7.1 4.6 . 2005 15.1 , 25.4 , 18.9 , 9.3 , 31.3 . 16 2004 45.1 2005 48.4 7.3 3.3 .

, , , . . 1992 , ( )- ; , . , . 2005 63.5 , 2004 0.9 1.9 7.6 . 2002 96.6 2005 96.7 0.1 . , , , , , , , . , , ( )- . , . , , 22

Overview

, , . . . 2005 1 1- 121.8 2.1 2.5 , 7.6 9.3 , 18.9 23.0 , 71.4 86.9 . 43.4 37.0 , 5.3 , 1.0 (Ph.D)- , 0.2 (Sc.D)- . 23.7 , 19.8 , 13.0 , 0.1 .

2000 4 , , , , , , . 1000 , . 2005 101.2 2002 42.1 , 2003 24.1 , 2004 8.7 . , , , , , , , , , , , , . , .

, , . ()- , , . 1991 . 1994 3- . 23

- . 2005 () 2266.5 , 2000 1329.5 , 2004 6.2 78.0 . . - 6.2 5.2 , 1.6 , , , 0.6 . 899.3 , 2004 141.1 . 1989 - 3.3 2005 77.4 , . - , 100.0 , 99.9 , , , 99.8 , 94.1 .

() 2005 9.5 15.6%, , , 7.2%, , 5.9%, , , 5.5 %, 5.2%, , , 4.3%, , 2.7 , , , x 0.4 .

, , , , 2000-2005 , 2005 1170.1 . , . (2)- 2000-2005 . 2005 13.0 , 2004 3.9 . , , , . 2005 859.9 2004 41.7 . 2003 4.8 , 2004 6.4 2005 5.7 3 .24

Overview

. 2005 3.2 28.3 , 4.5 14.8 . . 2005 1205.27 , 2004 20.1 . Y . , 2003 1- 1- , Y , , , , . 2005 392 66 , 326 . 2005 253 , 26.3 0.4 . 2000 , 2005 78.7 . Y 22.2 , 21.3 56.5 .

, - 2003 1 1- , , , , . - 2002 , . , , 2005 2004 17.5 , 1.6 . , 99.4 . , , , 2003 - 4.2 , 2004 2.1 2005 73.3 - / / 3.2 . 1999 2004 - 8.8 2005 - 10.2 1.4 . , 2001 489.7 2004 752.5 , 2005 764.6 . 2005 600.3 , 142.725

. 20.7 - 0.9 . 2005 179.1 , 82.1 147.1 , 17.9 32.0 . , 2004 2.8 4.9 . 2005 101.2 , 2004 14.2 12.6 . 2005 144 227.0 .. 2.7 81 ; 46.4 .. 23 ; 1.6 .. 6 ; 3.0 .. 3 . 2005 22.0 389.4 , 3.2 746.9 . . , , . 2005 - 21.7 , 84.9 . 39.9 , . 2000-2002 , , , 11.2 , . 2005 30.4 , 2004 8.5 2.4 . 254.2 , 2029.1 , 1963.6 , 12884.5 , 13267.4 , 2004 23.8 , 122.0 , 1.2 , 1.0 , 2.4 . 2005 2004 36.9 . 385.5 . 2005 . 19 , , -, , , , -, , , , , , , , , , , , 2004 2.7-20.4 17.8-294.7 -, , . , , - 2004 1.9-4.7 26.2-56.9 .26

Overview

2005 664 1.3 , , 119.7 18.1 . 2005 13 734.8 21.8 . . 1990 700.0-880.0 , 100.0-120.0 , 500.0-700.0 . 1990 , , , . 1990-1996 . , . 2005 189.5 159.1 - , 9.8 - , 5.9 - , 5.2 - , 75.5 , 82.8 , 64.1 , 8.3 , 845.1 , 41.7 2004 10.9 - 5.5 ; 2.6 . 3.2 , 14.9 . - 30.2 , , 63.3 .- 45.7 . 2005 , . - 4.7 , 84.8 2004 3.3 -, 3.5 .

2005 2000 813.1 , 2004 35.6 4.2 . 2004 2005 ( ) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 1.3-76.0 ; , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 27

, 1.6-66.1 . 2005 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 118 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 98 . 2004 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , 2005 . , . 2005 1463.3 ( ) , . 52.8 773.1 . 66.4 , ; 19.5 ; 14.1 , , .

, . . , , , . , , , 1815 97.0 . 2005 25.2 , 192.7 , 10267.1 ., 2696.6 , 308.1 . 14.4 , 62.8 , 22.8 . 8.4 . 2005 2004 16.7 , 0.8 . 2005 131.2 87.8 , 27.4 , 11.1 , 3.6 , 1.3 28

Overview

. 101.6 77.4 . 2005 6.1 , 2.3 . 2004 443.4 , 377.9 - .

, , 2002 256.8 , 14.0 2005 570.9 , 23.0 2002 2.2 , 63.9 . 2005 300- . 1000 2002 55 2005 63 . 1996 2005 20 , 29 , , 77.3 . , 2005 , , , , , CDMA450 . , , 17 , . 21 , 99 , , 100 30- .

. , 1990 , . 1997 . 2005 2249.2 ., 1064.9 , 1184.3 . . 2004 19.0 , 22.4 , 16.0 . 2005 , , . Y , 6.4 2004 32.0 . . 2005 555.6 . 5 29

2000 94.9 , 2004 10.0 . 2004 101.0 ., , 7.4 ., , 88.3 . . , . , , , , , , , , , 2004 54.5 ., 89.9 ., , , , 12.2 . .

2005 170.4 . , 2004 2.7 107.0 . . . 2005 19.7 ., 136.5 . . 2004 8.5 12.5 . 133.8 . . 29.9 . 2004 6.8 . . 2005 97.3 . 2004 4.7 . , 127.2 . . 134.5 . 2004 3.9 99.9 . .

, 277.5 2005 7371.2 , 2002 10.6 , 2003 6.8 , 2004 3,4 . 2005 96.7 2004 6.5 . 2005 1039 , 2004 3.7 . 2005 273.4 11.7 4.8 . 2004 349 2005 369 5.7 .30

Overview

740 2005 2004 19.4 . 2005 , 2.1 , 14.2 . 2005 49.7 - , 18.0 - , 9.0 - , 3.8 , 3.0 - , 16.5 . 2005 344.7 2004 13.0 . 2005 81.9 30 , 14.1 90 , 4.0 90 3.8 , 65.2 , , 30.6 , 0.2 , 0.2 , . 51.7 Y , 15.0 , 8.2 , 5.9 , 19.2 . 2005 740.1 88.3 , , , . 2005 30 .

, , , . 2005 2004 22 , 2003 45 , , 2005 2004 15 , 2003 51 . 2005 2004 24 , 2003 33 , , 2005 2004 17 , 2003 38 . () () . 2005 2004 55 , 2003 42 . 52.3 . , , , . , 1995, 1998, 2002-2004 31

, . . , 2000 15 97.6 . 2005-2006 556.9 724 2002-2003 29.0 2004-2005 0.4 . , 2005-2006 10.7 2004-2005 1.4 11.7 . , , , 2005-2006 162.0 . 2005-2006 70.4 , 29.6 . . , 2004-2005 128.1 , 20032004 9.9 , 2002-2003 25.2 . 7-15 2005-2006 9.0 . 2004-2005 2.0 2005-2006 1.6 , 0.4 . 2004-2005 2005-2006 55.7 2004-2005 27.5 . 11 7 - . 7 , 7 , 8 - . - 2004-2005 . , 2002-2003 25.4; 2003-2004 25.8; 2004-2005 26.0 . 2005-2006 24.6 2004-2005 1.4 . - , 2005-2006 22.6 2002-2003 1.9 9.0 , 2004-2005 1.2 5.4 . , 2004-2005 22.4 27.1 , ; 12.4 , , ; 10.0 . 2003-2004 , 10.9 , 2004-2005 7.5 . 2005-2006 95.0 2003-2004 1.1 , 2004-2005 8.4 . 2005 3.2 70.4 .32

Overview

2002 71 2003 62, 2004 56 , 2005 58 . 2005 29.8 ; 23.9 ; 11.6 ; 10.5 ; 11.0 ; 13.3 , . , . , 2002 307 , 296.8 2005 283 205.8 .

/1992 / , . , , . (, ), . 2005 240 2004 6.7 . 2005 65.4 ; 29.2 ; 2.9 ; 2.5 . 2005 14.1 ; 24.6 ; 21.7 ; 7.9 ; 31.7 . 2005 4.4 2.6 . 206 7.8 ; 432 16.4 ; 299 11.4 ; 157 6.0 ; 1533 58.4 . 5.6 2004 12.7 , 2.4 2.1 .

1990- , , . , , . , . 2005 33.6 6.8 , 8.0 , 0.8 , 14.5 , 3.6 , . 1.2 . 2002 6823 33

2003 6637 2.7 , 2004 6590 2003 0.7 , 2005 6788 2004 0.3 . 2005 375 . , , , ; , , . 2005 18.3 , 2004 0.5 . 10000 2005 72, 27, 57 . 2002 37.7 2003 26.9 2004 31.3 , 2005 32.3 . , , , . 2005 8.0 2004 9.4 . 2005 10.5 2004 0.8 .

, 2005 43.3 2004 1.8 . 2005 99.7 . 2005 42.0 2004 1.7 17.7 . 2004 , . 2005 754.8 2002 5.8 , 2003 5.0 , 2004 4.9 . 2005 53.9 , 8.8 . 2005 292.4 647.5 2004 19.3 . 2005 18.1 . 2004 6.4 2005 276.8 . 2005 65.0 , 17.8 , 12.6 , 4.6 . , . , 2002 67.4 2005 65.0 2002 14.6 2005 17.8 .

2003 3 . 2005 34

Overview

8.3 ; 15.0 ; 18.7 ; 8.7 ; 47.1 . 2005 , 25.9 ; 51.1 ; 9.1 ; , 6.8 ; . 2004 , , . , 2005 4.5 2004 0.3 . , 2005 352 2004 13.7 . Y 90.9 2004 15.3 . 48.4 . 75.1 , 3.7 , 6.6 , 7.6 , 4.2 , . 96.5 , , , , , 2005 2004 14.7-47.4 . 2005 10.2 8.6 , 11.8 5.9 . 2003 . 2005 2.0 75.5 1.5 , ; 18.2 ; 6.3 .

50 0.7 , . , , , , , , , , , , . , , . 2005 73.7 ; 15.8 ; 9.4 ; 0.6 ; 0.3 , , ; 0.2 , , . 2005 47 2 ; 19 ; 17 ; 5 ; 4 . , 2005 2086.5 , 2000 1.6 26.3 , 28.7 35

, 38.5 , 6.5 . 2005 11482.6 326.0 . ; 10586.3 . ; 26.7 . ; 347.8 . ; 2.7 . , 193.1 . .

, , . , , 3 . , , , . , 2005 0.76 , 2004 8.6 . , , 2.62-2.74 . , 2005 3.13 , 2004 4.7 . , , , , . 2005 11.8 ; 4.7 ; 16.9 ; 2362.4 , 2004 0.4-21.3 .

36

Overview

OVERVIEW Population The number of population have been increasing, however population growth rate has declined over the last few years. At of the end of 2005, resident population of Mongolia was 2 million and 562.4 thousand. This is an increase by 1.2 percent or 29.3 thousand since 2004.The 49.6 percent of the total population is men and 50.4 percent is women in that year, giving a sex ratio at of 98.5 males per 100 females. Migration stream to Ulaanbaatar city has not slowed down. The population has been increasing year by year in Ulaanbaatar. In 2005, it is estimated that there are 205.4 people per square kilometer in Ulaanbaatar. So it was increased by 14.0 percent in 2002 and by 4.0 percent in 2004. As of 2005, about 60.2 percent of the total population or 1543.3 thousand people lived in urban areas. Moreover, more than half of the populations of Darkhan-Uul, Orkhon, Govisumber, Dornod and Dornogovi provinces were living in urban areas, whereas more than 80 percent of the population of Arkhangai, Ovorkhangai amd Tov provinces lived in rural areas. In 2005, about 58.5 percent of the 611.0 thousand private households lived in urban areas and the rest of 41.5 percent in rural areas. The population of Mongolia was 4.2 persons per household in 2005. In 2005, the average life expectancy estimated as 65.2, of them, 62.1 for males and 68.6 for females. The main cause for slowing of the population growth affects in natural increase. The crude birth rate was 19.1 per 1000 population in 2002, but it has decreased by 6.8 percent in 2005. In 2005, the number of live births decreased by 3.4 percent in 2002 and 0.5 percent in 2004 respectively. From international experience, it is generally expected that the sex ratio at birth is within the range from 104 to 106. The sex ratio at birth in our country was 103.0 in 2005. Total fertility rate was decreased by 2.1 percent in 2002 and 2.1 percent in 2003 and 2004 and 1.9 percent in 2005. Total fertility rate hasnt reached the replacement level of fertility. The crude death rate in our country was 6.4 in 2002 and 2003, and 6.5 in 2004 and 2005. The infant mortality rate furthermore goes down and reaches the bottom at the age group. In 2005, 16.5 thousand people died, of which the 5.8 percent were infant mortality. The sex ratio of death was estimated that 155 males per 100 females in 2005. It has been increasing over the last years. Crude death rate varied by aimags. In 2005, the highest crude death rate was registered in the Dornod(7.5), Darkhan-Uul(7.4), Tov (7.5), Omnogobi (7.5), Uvs (7.1) and the lowest in the Bayan-Ulgii (5.5), Khovd (5.8), Govi-Altai (5.5)and Zavkhan (5.8). In 2005, 15.0 thousand people were married whereas 1.6 thousand people were divorced and 3.8 thousand children were adopted. Compared with the previous year, marriage decreased by 33.4 percent, divorce increased by 47.7 percent and the adoption of child increased by 15.4 percent, respectively. Crude marriage rate has decreased steadily between the years 20042005 per 1000 population, but it increased in 2005. Crude divorce rate has slightly increased since 2002.

Some social indicators for households and population The Government of Mongolia has been taking considerable measures focused on the high righted issues concerning with maternal and childrens health condition. But still, there is a group of people who need social welfare assistance. In recent years, the number of orphan and37

half-orphan children has increased. As of 2005, there were 52.5 thousand children were estimated as orphan, of whom 10.4 percent or 5.4 thousand is orphan and 89.6 percent or 47.1 thousand is half orphan. Number of orphan children was 4.7 thousand in 2002 but it increased by 9.8 percent or 463 children to 5.2 thousand in 2003, but from 2004 by 0.4 percent or 20 children to 5.4 thousand in 2005 respectively. In 2002, the number of half orphan children was 43.6 thousand, 44.9 thousand in 2003, 46.3 thousand in 2004, and 47.1 thousand in 2005 increased by 8.1 percent or 3519 children from 2002, from 2004 by 1.8 percent or 833 children respectively. The number of households that has 4 or more children under 16 was 57.6 thousand in 2002 and was decreased by 53.5 thousand in 2003, 46.7 thousand in 2004 and increased by 42.4 thousand in 2005 respectively. Number of female-headed households was 65.7 thousand in 2004 but it increased by 7.1 percent or 4.6 thousand households to 70.3 thousand in 2005. By 2005, 15.1 percent of total female-headed households have been found in Western region while 25.4 percent- in Khangai region, 18.9 percent- in Central region, 9.3 percent- in Eastern region and 31.3 percent- in the Capital city of Ulaanbaatar, respectively. Number of single woman with children under 16 was 45.1 thousand in 2004 but it increased by 7.3 percent or 3.3 thousand to 48.4 thousand in 2005.

Labor force Resulting from transition period from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, Mongolia faced with many challenges. For instance, the number of unemployment has increased because of structural change of economy, depression of production and cease of industries as well as enterprises. Following them Employment regulation office has been set up to provide employment services such as intermediating with job places and retraining. From 1992 people who are registered with Labor and Social welfare departments (former employment office) are considered as unemployed in accordance with the international concepts and methodology. Accordingly, labor force or economically active population, labor force participation rate and unemployment rate have been estimated by national average, capital city, aimags, age groups and sex. The main indicator that shows labor market development and economic activity of population is labor force participation rate. This indicator has increased a bit for the last few years. In 2005, labor force participation rate reached to 63.5 percent which decreased by 0.9 percent from 2004. However number of employed population increased by 1.9 percentages, the number of registered people considered as unemployed decreased by 7.6 percent. This has resulted from the decrease of participation rate. At the national level, share of employed population in economically active population was 96.6 percent in 2002, 96.7 percent in 2005 and increased by 0.1 percent. For the economic activity sectors, number of employed population has increased in all economic sectors except agriculture, hunting and forestry, manufacturing, real estate, renting & business activities and community, social & personal services for the last few years. The registered unemployment rate, that has been decreasing lately, is associated with the increased number of people who found jobs by the support of aimag and capital citys Labor and Social welfare departments (former employment office). Shares of man and woman in economically active population and employed population are nearly the same while women account greater share than men registered as unemployed. Proportion of the unemployed people with higher education or untrained people has increased among registered as unemployed in the aimag and city Labor and Social welfare38

Overview

departments while share of people with special secondary education and completion of vocational training center have declined. Also this section presents data related to Government employees of Mongolia. These data, compiled from official source of data, comes from Government Service Council of Mongolia. Moreover, the data, concerned with Mongolian government employees was included in this section. This data was compiled by the official data resource of the Government Service Council. By January 1, 2005, 121.8 thousand government employees was calculated in its total number, of which 2.1 percent or 2.5 thousand was along with political positions, 7.6 percent or 9.3 thousand of them were calculated as public administration positions, 18.9 percent or 23.0 thousand were special service positions and 71.4 percent or 86.9 thousand were along with support service positions. According to the data, estimated by education level, 43.4 percent of the total government employees are with higher level of education degree and 37 percent of them have bachelor and diploma degrees, 5.3 percent of them have master degree, 1.0 percent of them have doctors degree (Ph.D) and 0.2 percent of them have Scientific Doctors degree. 23.7 percent of the total government employees are with special secondary, 19.8 percent of them have complete secondary level of education, 13.0 percent of them have non-complete secondary and primary levels of education and 0.1 percent of them have no formal education.

Average wages and salaries Sample survey on average wages and salaries has been carried out quarterly since 4th quarter of 2000 and the results are estimated by gender, economic activity sector, occupation, types of organization, ownership and responsibility by aimag and the capital. Over 1000 organizations with various economic activity and ownership are covered by the sample survey every quarter. As of 2005, annual average wages and salary is 101.2 thousand tugrugs which is 42.1 percent higher than 2002, and 24.1 percent higher than 2003, and 8.7 percent higher than 2004. In economic activity sectors, average salaries for electricity, gas and water supply, construction, hotels, restaurants, transport and storage communication, financial intermediation, public administration, defense, compulsory social security and are higher than other sectors and national average. In addition, average salaries for companies limited and state enterprises are higher than national average and other economic entities.

Gross domestic product During the transition period to a market economy, Mongolia faced a challenge to conform national statistical information system with the international standards. The bottom-line of this challenge is to develop and implement the National Accounts in the framework of 1993 SNA. In 1991, Government of Mongolia passed its resolution to ensure the preparation for introduction and implementation of SNA and in March 1994, Law on Statistics was adopted by the Parliament and put into force. Within the enforcement of the law, actions were taken to implement SNA into national statistical practice.39

In 2005, preliminary GDP was 2266.5 billion tugrugs at current prices and 1329.5 billion tugrugs at constant prices of 2000. It shows an increase by 6.2 percent or by 78.0 billion tugrugs compared with the previous year. This increase was achieved mainly by growth of the service sector. The growth of 6.2 percent was provided by service sector contributing 5.2 points and agriculture hunting and forestry sector 1.6 points respectively, and industrial sector decreased by 0.6 points. Per capita GDP at current prices has reached to 899.3 thousand tugrugs, compared with 2004 it has increased by 141.1 thousand tugrugs. Private sector share was only 3.3 % in GDP in 1989 but in 2005 it was reached to 77.4% accordingly. The share of private sector in GDP is accordingly higher in the following sectors: in hotels and restaurants sector 100 %, in trade sector 99.9 %, in agriculture, hunting and forestry sector 99.8 %, in construction sector 94.1%.

Consumer price index (CPI) In 2005, consumer price overall index increased by 9.5% of which foodstuff by 15.6%, medical goods and care by 7.2%, transport and communication by 5.9%, cultural goods and recreation by 5.5%, household goods by 5.2% , housing, heating and electricity by 4.3 %, and other goods and services by 2.7%, prices of clothing and footwear group decreased by 0.4%.

Money, credit As a result of supporting financial market loan competition, decreasing commercial loan interest rate and providing favorable economical conditions, the money supply has increased each year during 2000-2005 reaching 1170.1 bln. tugrugs in 2005. This increase of individuals and corporate deposits in banks has resulted as a real economic growth. The share of currency outside of the banks in money supply or M2 is one of the criterion indicators of monetary statistics. This indicator has been declined since 2000 through 2005. It reached 13.0 percent in 2005, showing a decrease of 3.9 points compared with 2004. Expansion of bank deposits lead the strengthening of financial intermediation sector, which in turn fuels the increase of individuals and corporate loans. In 2005, loans provided by commercial banks amounted to 859.9 bln. tugrugs, which was higher by 41.7 percent compared with 2004. The percentage of non-performing loans in total loans was comparatively stable in the last 3 years. In 2003 percentage was 4.8, in 2004 was 6.4 percent and in 2005 was 5.7 percent. Even though interest rate is relatively high, the tendency of its gradual decrease can be seen from the last years. Average interest rate of commercial banks tugrug loans declined by 3.2 points in 2005 compared with previous year ending at 28.3. Whereas foreign currency loan interest fell by 4.5 points compared with 2004 reaching 14.8 percent. The tugrug value to US dollar value raised slightly in 2005. Bank of Mongolias official exchange average rate of one US dollar to tugrug was 1205.27 tugrugs in 2005, which depreciated by 20.1 tugrugs compared with 2004. Stock exchange market. In January 1st of 2003, Stock Exchange organizational structure changed divided into two independent legal units Stock Exchange Co. and Securities clearing40

Overview

house and central depository Co. Ltd. In light of this change, works such as settlement and registration of securities certified ownership title were done. At the Stock exchange, totally 392 companies were registered by the end of 2005, of which 66 were state owned companies and 326 fully privatized companies. In 2005, stocks were traded during 253 days. The total trade volume of securities reached 26.3 million, of which 0.4 million were bonds. Since 2000, trading of Government and private companies bonds have increased significantly, reaching 78.7 percent in total trade, whereas bonds were 22.2 percent and stocks 21.3 percent in securities trade in 2005.

General government budget Since 2000, budget and fiscal policies as well as certain steps have been taken for the macroeconomic stabilization. To be filled with fiscal management, new law environment, enhancing the public sector potential, and some public duties was moved to supply and financing production in order by Public Sector Finance and Management Law, which adhere to from 1 January, 2003. In November, 2002, Law on Mongolian General Government Budget was approved and reflected major changes of classification in budget revenue and expenditure. Total budget revenue and grants have been increasing since 2000, compared with 2004, result of revenue and grants of 2005 increased by 17.5 percent, expenditure financing increased by 1.6 percent. Current revenue was 99.4 percent of the total revenue and grants. As a result of the Government policy to improve the budget balance and to ensure the fiscal stabilization, last years budget overall deficit have been decreased. Overall deficit of GDP were 4.2 percent in 2003 and 2.1 percent in 2004. But in 2005, the surplus of budget reached 73.3 bln.tugrugs, which accounted for 3.2 percent of preliminary estimation of GDP. Current budget surplus also has been increasing since 1999. Current budget surplus as of GDP was 8.8 percent in 2004, and in 2005 preliminary result of GDP increased by 1.4 points, reaching 10.2 percent. Total budget expenditure and net lending was 489.7 bln.tugrugs in 2001, 752.5 bln.tugrugs in 2004, and in 2005 accounted for 764.6 bln.tugrugs. In 2005, current expenditure was 600.3 bln.tugrugs, which is 142.7 bln.tugrugs was wages and salary foundation of public sector officials. Interest payments were 20.7 bln.tugrugs or 0.9 percent of GDP.

Construction For 2005, 179.1 bln.tugrugs were spent on construction and installation work by preliminary results of which domestic construction entities reached of 82.1 percent or 147.1 bln.tugrugs and foreign construction units 17.9 percent or 32.0 bln.tugrugs. Construction and installation work increased by 2.8 percent or 4.9 bln.tugrugs compared with 2004. In 2005, construction entities have built buildings of 101.2 bln.tugrugs, such as residential buildings and service centers. This indicator increased by 14.2 percent or 12.6 bln.tugrugs compared with 2004. In 2005, there were 144 new constructions have been built of which 81 residential buildings of 227.0 thous. square meters of 2.7 thous. householdslt; as well 23 buildings for trade and service of 46.4 thous. square meters; hotel and cafe 6 buildings of 1.6 thous. square meters, and 3 buildings for manufacturing purpose of 3.0 thous. square meters were built accordingly.41

In 2005, 22.0 bln.tugrugs were spent on the State budget investment for auto-road industry. Of which 389.4 km long auto-road with hard cover was built and 746.9km gravel road with cost of 3.2 bln.tugrugs was constructed with foreign investment in 2005. Agriculture Livestock husbandry. The main foundation of Mongolias economy, pasturing livestock husbandry still plays an important role in the economy, employment and export revenues of Mongolia. To date, 20.5 percent of GDP is produced by the agricultural sector, of which 80.0 percent accounts for livestock husbandry. Also, 40.2 percent of total labor force of the country is engaged in the agricultural sector and form around one forth of export income. In 2000-2002, by the result of natural disasters, drought and dzud, losses of animals reached 11.2 million followed by decline of livestock husbandry production. By the end of 2005, in total 30.4 million livestock heads were counted, which was higher by 8.5 percent or 2.4 million heads compared with 2004. Livestock census 2005 revealed that there are 254.2 thousand camels, 2029.1 thousand horses, 1963.6 thousand cattle, 12884.5 thousand sheep and 13267.4 thousand goats. The number of horses increased by 23.8 thousand, cattle by 122.0 thousand, sheep by 1.2 million and goats by 1.0 million respectively. But camel decreased by 2.4 thousand heads compared with 2004. In 2005, number of young animals was higher by 36.8 million heads and adult animals loss was higher by 385.5 thousand. In 2005 the overall increase of the number of livestock was provided by growth of sheep and goats. In Govisumber, Orkhon, Gobi-Altai, Bayankhongor, Bulgan, Tov, Darkhan-Uul, Arkhangai, Khentii, Zavkhan, Dornod, Khovd, Ulaanbaatar, Khovsgol, Selenge, Ovorkhangai, Omnogovi, Uvs, and Dundgovi aimags the number of livestock increased by 2.7-20.4 percent or 17.8-294.7 thousand heads compared with the previous year. And in Gobi-Altai, Bayankhongor and Khovd aimags, the number of all livestock was increased. But in Sukhbaatar, Dornogovi and Bayan-Olgii aimags the number of livestock decreased by 1.9-4.7 percent or 26.2-56.9 thousand heads compared with 2004. In 2005, 1.3 thousand veterinarians worked for the 664 veterinary service units, which covered veterinary service to 18.1 million livestock of total 119.7 thousand households. There were 13 kinds of disease registered, 734.8 thousand livestock were involved in laboratory precaution examination and 21.8 million of them were covered by precautions in 2005. Crop farming. Before 1990 the sectors output was 700.0-880.0 thousand tones of crop, 100.0-120.0 thousand tones of potato, and 500.0-700.0 tones of livestock fodder. Before 1990 land cultivation sectors policy was to fully meet domestic demand for crop, potato, vegetables, and livestock fodder as well as to export while in 1990-1996 consistent with the principle of the closer the property the better its operation, land cultivation entities were transformed into joint stock companies with state ownership. Land cultivation production dropped significantly due to reduced direct and indirect support from the Government and lack of management skills and capacity to run the business in the market economy. In 2005, there were 189.5 thous.hectares of sown area, which consists of 159.1 thous.hectares of cereals, 9.8 thous.hectares of potatoes, 5.9 thous.hectares of vegetables, 5.2 thous.hectares of fodder crops and total amount of 75.5 thous.tones cereals, 82.8 thous.tones potatoes, 64.1 thous.tones vegetables, 8.3 thous.tones fodder crops were harvested. As well 845.1 thous.tones hay harvest and 41.7 thous.tones hand made fodder were prepared. Compared with 2004, total sown area was decreased by 10.9 thous. hectares or 5.5 percent42

Overview

and volume of potatoes and vegetables were increased by 2.6 thous.tones or 3.2 percent and 14.9 thous.tones or 30.2 percent respectively. But other types of grains were decreased slightly, of which cereals was decreased by 63.3 thous.tones or 45.7 percent. In the main period of processing wheat growth, there was a high temperature and it influenced badly. It was caused the decrease of the overall total cereals. Yields of cereals, potatoes per hectare staple agricultural crops were harvested 4.7 centners and 84.8 centners respectively. Compared with 2004, yield of cereals and potatoes per hectare staple decreased by 3.3 and 3.5 centners respectively.

Industry In 2005, the total industrial output was 813.1 bln.tugrugs at the constant prices 2000 that was lower by 35.6 bln.tugrugs or 4.2 percent with the 2004. In 2005, compared with the previous year, industrial output (at constant price) has been increased by 1.3-76.0 percent for manufacture of tobacco products, manufacture of food products and beverages, manufacture of furniture, manufacturing, electricity, thermal energy, steam, manufacture of other transport equipment, mining of coal and lignite, mining of metal ores, manufacture of paper and paper products, manufacture of basic metals, manufacture of rubber and plastic products, production of other non-metallic mineral products divisions and declined by 1.6-66.1 percent for collection, purification and distribution of water, other mining and quarrying, manufacture of wood and wooden products, extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas, manufacture of medical precision and optical instruments, watches and clocks publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media, manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment, manufacture of electrical machinery and equipment, manufacture of chemicals and chemical products, manufacture of luggage, handbags, saddler harness, and footwear, manufacture of textiles, manufacture of wearing apparel, dressing and dyeing of fur, tanning, dressing of leather divisions etc. In 2005, compared with the 2004, production of main98 items of industrial products, such as electricity, thermal energy, coal, gold, molybdenum concentrate, copper, metal steel, metal foundries, cement, lime, metal sleeper, building door and windows, combed down, spun thread, fabrics, felt, small intestine, sausage, spirit, beer, soft drinks, wheat flour, bakery products, sweets, milk, dairy products, salt, injection and liquid medicine etc.118 products increased, distribution water, crude oil, copper concentrate, fluor spar concentrate, sawn wood, railway sleeper, scoured wool, camel woolen blanket, carpet, knitted goods, book, newspaper, meat, bread, biscuits, alcohol, wine, macaroni noodles, fodder, disposable injection, medical tablets etc. decreased. The following new products produced by the industrial sector by the end of 2004 such as water plastic pipe, parquet floor, plastic conduit of electric wire, and plastic frame of floor, ceiling and door, electrical conductor wire, printing and copy paper, as well as processed bean, tofu, a meat substitute, mayonnaise, mixed infant formula of fruits, plywood, and sheet of polystyrene, copper foundries were included in the 2005 survey. As for the mining industry, the new products i.e. iron and zinc ore were introduced in the market. In 2005, (at current prices) 1463.3 bln.tugrugs of industrial production was sold at domestic and foreign market. 773.1 bln.tugrugs or 52.8 percent of the total industrial sold production was in the foreign market.43

As for composition of sold production of industry, 66.4% is mining and quarrying industry, 19.5% manufacturing industry, and 14.1% electricity and water supply. Transportation For country with vast territory and relatively sparsely settled population the transportation sector is one of the important sectors of Mongolia. In the last years the transportation enterprises have been privatized and in that regard the role of private entities in the sector has increased. Almost all vehicles for passenger and freight transportation, post transportation vehicles, passenger automobiles and taxi have been privatized. Mongolian railway comprises 97 percent of national freight turnover, with 1,815 km of railways connecting Russia and China as well as big domestic industrial cities as Darkhan, Erdenet and Sukhbaatar. In 2005, volumes of freight and number of passenger traffic were 25.2 mln.tons and 192.7 mln.people respectively. Freight turnovers reached 10267.1 mln.tons km when passenger turnover was 2696.6 million. Total transportation income was 308.1 mln.tug composed auto road income, which was 14.4 percent, railway income 62.8 percent and air transportation income 22.8 percent respectively. By 2005, the share of transportation sector in preliminary result of GDP was 8.4 percent. Compared with 2004, volume of freight increased by 16.7% and number of passengers decreased by 0.8% in 2005. The result of State vehicle inspection reveals that there are in total 131.2 thous. vehicles registered in 2005, of which 87.8 thousand cars, 27.4 thousand trucks, 11.1 thousand buses, 3.6 thousand specialized vehicles and 1.3 thousand tank cars. Also, 101.6 thousand private cars were registered which was 77.4 percent of the total cars. In 2005, total improved auto road was 6.1 thous.km, which composes of road with hard cover was 2.3 thous.km. Compared with 2004, improved auto road increased by 443.4 km, road with hard cover by 377.9 km in 2005.

Information and communication technology During the last years the number of cellular and wireless telephone users has considerably increased. In 2002 the number of cellular and wireless telephone users was 256.8 and 14.0 thousand and in 2005 these figures reached 570.9 and 23.0 thousand and increased by 2.2 times and 63.9 percent respectively. There are three satellite mobile telephone service provider and 300 satellite subscriber. The number of telephone line was increased and grew from 55 per 1000 inhabitants in 2002 to 63 in 2005. In 1996, first cabel television sets had established. In 2005, 20 entities were provided with television service in 29 (duplicated) cities and settlements and connected about 77.3 thousand users to the sets. In 2005, e-Mongolia, Public computerization, and Low cost internet programms were launched in information and communication technologys sector. Also transmission network in western region replaced by fiber transmission network, introduced technology of wireless internet, installed and experimentalized mobile communication CDMA 450 system in the rural area. In this reason, there have enabled to decrease cost of internet service, able to use wireless internet in some places of Ulaanbaatar city and habitants of aimag centers and 17 soums of the west44

Overview

region use mobile telephone and high speed internet. Mobile telephone network introduced in 21 province center, 99 soum and settlement and number of fixed and cellular mobile telephone per 100 inhabitants reached to 30. Foreign trade Foreign trade plays important role in economy development of Mongolia. Since 1990 there have many measures taken to liberalization of foreign trade and reduction for tariff limitations and customs barrier were a base to developing the countrys foreign trade. In 1997, Mongolia joined World Trade Organization. Mongolia cooperates with United Nations, specialized organizations and other international economic organizations, excluding WTO. Thus, Mongolia pays more attention to increase the countrys export volume and to strengthen staff capacity. For the 2005 year, total external trade turnover equaled 2249.2 mln. US dollars, of which exports 1064.9 mln. US dollars and imports 1184.3 mln. US dollars. As compared with the previous year, total external trade turnover increased by 19.0 percent, of which exports increased by 22.4 percent and imports by 16.0 percent respectively. The 2005 year was so pleasant year, because our exports main commodities prices such as copper, gold, and cashmere were increased in the world market. In the results of this, the exports income were increased and exports growth were exceed from the imports growth by 6.4 points. Because of, the foreign trade deficit was decreased by 32.0 mln. US dollars compared with the 2004 year. In current year the average price of copper concentrate per ton reached to 555.6 US dollars. It was the highest price for the last 5 years and it is increased by 94.9 percent and 10.0 percent, compared with the 2000 and 2004 year. As compared with the 2004 year, mineral products exports increased by 101.0 mln. US dollars, Row & processed hides, skins, fur & articles thereof 7.4 mln. US dollars and natural precious and semi-precious stone and metal jewellery by 88.3 mln. US dollars, which comprised high percentage in the exports. Import, as for our country includes all consuming and industrial commodities and the total external trade balance has turned a deficit caused by weight growth of petroleum products, which is comprised high percentage in the import. It also caused by the economic growth, particularly the manufacturing industry, mining and quarrying, trade and service sectors growth; the machinery, equipment, electric appliances, recorders, TV sets & spare parts imports increased by 54.5 mln. US dollars, mineral products imports by 89.9 mln. US dollars, auto, air and water transport vehicles and their spare parts imports by 12.2 mln. US dollars, which are comprised high percentage in the total imports, compared with the previous year.

Balance of payments The balance of payments current account surplus reached 170.4 mln. US dollars, which was increased by 2.7 times or 107.0 mln. US dollars compared with 2004. The goods and service account surplus fueled the increase of current accounts surplus expansion. In 2005, the goods account surplus was grown by 19.7 mln. US dollars, and service account by 136.5 mln. US dollars respectively compared with 2004. As for the net remittances of Mongolian citizens, the figure decreased by 8.5 percent or 12.5 mln. US dollars since 2004. This decline was mainly due channeling considerable reduction of current transfers through banks and other official channels.45

Capital and financial accounts deficit reached to 29.9 mln. US dollars, which was increased by 6.8 million US dollars compared with 2004. Meanwhile, the foreign direct investment reached to 97.3 mln. US dollars in 2005, the foreign direct investment increased by 4.7 percent compared with previous year. Portfolio investment balance equaled to zero, meanwhile the other investment turned a deficit of 127.2 mln. US dollars. As a result of these developments, the overall balance of payment surplus reached 134.5 mln. US dollars showing an increase by 3.9 times or 99.9 mln. US dollars compared with 2004.

Housing, community service At the national level the housing stock reached 7371.2 thous.sq.m, in 2005 and increased by 10.6 percent compared with 2002, by 6.8 percent compared with 2003, and by 3.4 percent compared with 2004. In 2005, 277.5 thous.sq.m housings were put into exploitation. 96.7 percent of total housing area was for private houses and apartments and has increased by 6.5 points from 2004. Number of plumbs reached 1039 In 2005 and increased by 3.7 percent compared with 2004. The number of households, using distributed water in 2005 reached 273.4 thousand, which increased by 11.7 thousand households or by 4.8 percent compared with 2004. In 2004 at the national level was 349 public baths, in 2005 number of baths reached 369, and increased by 5.7 percent. At the national level 740 hotels have worked in 2005, which increased by 19.4 percent compared with 2004.

Tourism In 2005, by duplicated numbers about 2.1 mln inbound and outbound passengers entered and traveled through immigration posts and the number increased by 14.2 percent compared with 2004. In 2005, foreigners passed through immigration posts, of which 49.7 percent of them were Chinese and 18.0 percent of Russian, 9.0 percent of Korean, 3.8 percent of Japanese, 3.0 percent of American passengers were registered and 16.5 percent was calculated as of other countries of inbound passengers. In 2005, 344.7 thousand foreigners entered in the country. Since then it was increased by 13.0 percent compared with 2004. Foreign passengers visited our country of 81.9 percent of them were to stay for 30 days, 14.1 percent for 90 days and 4.0 percent for 90 and more days. Foreigners entered through immigration posts, of which 3.8 percent was from American continent , 65.2 percent was from East Asia and Pacific Ocean regions, 30.6 percent was from Europe, 0.2 percent was from South Asia and 0.2 percent was Middle East regions and African continent, in 2005. In 2005 as of the total number of inbound passengers, 51.7 percent were entered through Zamiin-Uud immigration post, 15.0 percent through Buyant-Ukhaa, 8.2 percent through Altanbulag, 5.9 percent through Shivee-khuren and 19.2 percent through. Other posts.46

Overview

As for outbound Mongolian, 740.1 thousand passengers traveled through immigration posts, of which 88.3 percent for private purposes, while the majority of outbound passengers traveled to China, Russia and Korea. The majority of outbound Mongolian passengers and inbound foreign passengers traveled for 30 days.

Household income, expenditure and living standards As results of the Household income and expenditure sample survey of the latest year, household total income has decreased in terms of current prices of the year In 2005 income from wages and salaries increased by 22 percent salaries at the national level compared with 2004, by 45 percent compared with 2003, and as for pension income , it increased by 15 percent compared with 2004 and by 51 percent compared with 2003 respectively. However, real increases adjusted by inflation for income from wages and salaries were 24 percent in 2005 compared with 2004 and 33 percent compared with 2003. For income from pensions and allowances increased by 17 percent in 2005 from 2004 and by 38 percent from 2003. The total household income (expenditure) is defined by adding up the amounts of household monetary income (expenditure), own consumption and gifts received free of charge. In 2005, prepared food income from household own business decreased by 55 percent on average in country from 2004 and by 42 percent from 2003 at the national level. In rural areas food prepared from own business consisted 52.3 percent, however, the decrease of total income has influenced to the changes of structure. As for the household monetary income composition, expenditures on meat and meat products, housing, education and health services have increased dramatically. According to results of sample surveys carried out with the purpose of defining household living standards and poverty level in 1995, 1998 and 2002-2004, rural areas experience more poverty than urban areas. However unequal distribution of income among population is higher in urban areas.

Education Literacy rate of population aged at least fifteen was 97.6 percent according to the population and housing census 2000. During the 2005-2006 academic year total 556.9 thousand pupils had accessed in 724 schools which are higher in 29.0 thousands in comparison with 2002-2003 academic year but it decreased by 0.4 thousand compared with 2004-2005 academic year. Total number of students who study in external and evening courses reached 10.7 thousand in 2005-2006 academic year and decreased by 1.4 thousand or by 11.7 percent compared with 2004-2005 academic year. Number of students studying in universities, institutes, colleges, technical and vocational schools is increasing dramatically year by year and this number reached 162.0 thousand, totally in 2005-2006 academic year. And of those, 70.4 percent of students study in public schools, 29.6 percent is regarded in private schools. Number of graduate students from all level of schools has a tendency to increase. For example, in 2004-2005 academic year the number of graduates reached 128.1 thousand as47

increased by 9.9 thousand compared with 2003-2004 academic year and by 25.2 thousand in comparison with 2002-2003 academic year. In 2005-2006 academic year number of pupils dropping out of school, aged between 7-15 reached 9.0 thousand. The drop-out rate of 2004-2005 academic year was 2.0 andin 20052006 academic year it reached 1.6 with a decrease of 0.4 points. The number of new entrants of the first grade increased constantly until 2004-2005 academic year but in 2005-2006 academic year 55.7 thousand pupils in total were involved in the first grade indicates a decrease of 27.5 percent compared with 2004-2005 academic year It was caused by the new 11-year educational system of school enrolment for the age of 7 During the previous academic years, children aged at least up to 7, 7 and 8 used to be enrolled. . The number of children per teacher in secondary schools had a tendency to increase till 2004-2005. For instance, this indicator was determined as 25.4 in 2002-2003 academic year, 25.8 in 2003-2004 academic year and this number reached 26.0 points in 2004-2005 academic year. However, this indicator has decreased in 2005-2006 academic year and reached 24.6, shows a decrease of 1.4 points. The number of secondary school teachers has been increasing and in 2005-2006 academic year this number reached 22.6 thousand as increased by 1.9 thousand teachers, or by 9.0 percent compared with 2002-2003 academic year and by 1.2 thousand teachers, or by 5.4 percent compared with 2004-2005 academic years. The number of graduate students from internal universities and institutes has been increasing and in 2004-2005 academic year, totally 22.4 thousand students graduated of which 27.1 percentage of graduates were majored in commercial and business management, 12.4 percent of them were majored in educational studies and teaching, and 10.0 percentages was calculated as specialized in engineering. While 10.9 percent of total graduates were majored in law studies in 2003-2004 academic year , in 2004-2005 this indicator decreased and reached 7.5 percent, totally. Total 95.0 thousand children have been involved in kindergartens in 2005-2006 academic year, increased by 1.1 percent compared with 2003-2004 academic year and by 8.4 percent compared with 2004-2005 academic year. The number of employees of scientific institutions was 3.2 thousand in 2005 in totally, of which 70.4 percent was accounted for full-time employees. While the number of employees for per scientific institution was calculated as 71 in 2002 on average, it decreased to 62 in 2003 and 56 in 2004 and increased to 58 in 2005. The expenditure of institutional sector was calculated that 29.8 percent of which was technical, 23.9 percent was natural, 11.6 percent was agricultural, 10.5 percent was medical, 11.0 percent was for social science and humanitarian sectors, and 13.3 percent was spent on universities in 2005. The total number of public libraries and readers tends to decrease within the whole country. For instance, in 2002 there were total 307 public libraries of 296.8 thousand permanent readers were counted within the country, but this number has been decreasing and reached 283 public libraries that served only 205.8 thousand readers in 2005.

Monasteries and temples In Mongolia thanks to democratic revolution in the countrys society in 1990 and approval of freedom of citizens worshipping and praying /by new Constitution in 1992/, new monasteries48

Overview

and temples were started to be built again. First of all, Buddhist monasteries and temples were being built in large numbers and it was followed by increased number of establishment of Muslims, Christ and other religious sects have been built in urban areas. Number of temples and monasteries was totaled 240 in 2005, increasing by 6.7 percent from previous year. By 2005, 65.4 percent of the total monasteries were accounted for Buddhist while 29.2 percent-Christs, 2.9-Musilms and 2.5-other religious sect temples, respectively. By 2005 14.1 percent of total temples has been located in Western region while 24.6 percent-Khangai region, 21.7 percent Central region, 7.9 percent Eastern region and 31.7 percent-Capital city of Ulaanbaatar, respectively. By 2005, 4.4 thousand of employees have been calculated as working in religious monasteries and churches by 2005 and 2.6 thousand of them were monks who hold religious service. As for the number of monks who hold religious service, it was estimated by regions that 206 or 7.8 percent of them were in Western, 432 or 16.4 percent were in Khangai, 299 or 11.4 percent were in Central, 157 or 6.0 percent were in Eastern regions and 1533 or 58.4 percent of them in Capital city of Ulaanbaatar. Number of students studying in religious schools and datsans increased by 12.7percent to 5.6 thousand from previous 2004 and number of nonadult apprentices who studies religious conceptions at home increased by 2.1 times and reached 2.4 thousand respectively.

Public health of population The structure of Public Health Institutions changed and the system of Family hospitals newly formed Since Mongolia has transited into the Market Economy of 1990. Moreover three kind of medical services have been formed: 1. Health Insurance system 2. Chargeable system 3. Free of charge system. By 2005 there were 33.6 thousand employees in health sector organizations, of which 6.8 thousand senior physicians, 8.0 thousand nurses, 0.8 thousand pharmacists, 14.5 thousand mid level specialists of hospital, 3.6 thousand physicians and other employees, calculated as 1.2 nurses were accounted for per senior physician. Number of senior physicians was 6823 in 2002 but it decreased by to 6637 by 2.7 percent in 2003 and decreased to 6590 by 0.7 percent in 2004 compared with 2003 but it increased to 6788 by 0.3 percent in 2005 respectively, compared with 2004. There were accounted 375 people for per senior physician by 2005. In recent years, number of physicians dealing with pediatrics, physical-therapy decreased psychiatrists, dermatologists, communicative and venereal diseases has while the number of physician for forensic specialists, tuberculosis, and X-ray physicians tends to increased. In 2005 number of hospital beds was calculated as 18.3 thousand and it decreased by 0.5 percent compared with 2004. In 2005, 72 hospital beds, 27 senior physicians and 57 mid level specialists were calculated for per 10000 people. Number of patients being sick by communicative diseases were 37.7 thousand in 2002 and was decreasing to 26.9 thousand in 2003 and increased to 31.3 thousand in 2004 and 32.3 thousand in 2005. It was caused by an increase of incidents of communicative diseases, including viral hepatitis, syphilis, gonorrhea, tuberculosis.49

Total expense of health insurance was accounted for 8.0 billion tugrugs in 2005 with increase of 9.4 percent than 2004. Share of health sector expense in central government budget increased by 0.8 points to 10.5 percent in 2005 from the previous year. Social insurance, welfare Total income of social welfare reached 43.3 bln.tugrugs in 2005 and increased by 1.8 times compared with 2004. The government budget income occupied 99.9 percent of total income in 2005. Total social expenditure reached 42.0 bln.tugrugs in 2005 and increased by 17.7 bln.tugrugs or by 1.7 times from 2004. Compared with previous year the share of pension in total social insurance expenditure has decreased, whereas the share of allowance in total expenditure has increased. Number of people received social welfare services reached 754.8 thousand in 2005 and increased by 5.8 times from 2002, by 5.0 times from 2003, and by 4.9 times from 2004. Number of people received child care allowance reached 53.9 thousand in 2005. It was decreased by 8.8 percent compared with 2004. In 2005, 647.5 thousand children from 292.4 thousand families were involved in Government Child money program and 18.1 bln.tugrugs were spent for this allowance in totally . Number of pensioners increased by 6.4 thousand compared with 2004 and reached 276.8 thousand in 2005. In 2005 65.0 percent of total allocated pension were pension for the elders, 17.8