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▪ High energy physics (HEP)
▪ PET scanning
▪ Scanning microarrays
▪ DNA sequencing
▪ Proteomics
▪ Confocal microscopy
▪ Nuclear Medicine
▪ Fluorescence l ifetime mea-surements
▪ Dynamic spectrometry
Applications
Features Yakima™ Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPMs)Thermoelectrically cooled SiPM in a TO-8 package
▪ TO-8 package with broad-band, double-sided, AR flat window, or a lensed cap to enhance coupling efficiency
▪ Small, compact and robust
▪ Temperature and voltage sta-bil ity
▪ High SNR when cooled to lower temperatures
The 1mm × 1mm SiPM provides high photon count ing rates and low dark count rates over the 350–1100nm spectral range. Perfor-mance is increased by reducing dark counts,using a 3-stage thermoelec-tr ic cooler (TEC) that provides a 110°C reduct ion from ambient tem-perature.
The SQBF-series SiPM is a photon-counting solid-state replacement for photomultiplier tubes (PMTs). SiPM devices are superior to PMTs in cost, size, mechanical durabil-ity, insensitivity to magnetic fields and low supply voltage require-ments. Low dark count rates with thermoelectric cooling, combined with extremely fast rise time and short recovery time, facilitate high performance operations of Voxtel’s SiPMs. In analog / linear mode, multi-photon detectors have an output signal that is proportional to the number of input photons, and in digital mode, have high-speed photon counters with a wide dy-namic range.
These properties make Voxtel's SiPM useful for detecting extremely weak light at the photon-counting level. SiPMs offer high performance for photon counting with the ad-vantages of high gain at low bias voltage, high photon detection ef-ficiency, highspeed response, wide dynamic range, superior time res-olution, wide spectral response range. Voxtel's SiPM is non-sen-sitive to magnetic fields, which makes it an excellent PMT replace-ment for a wide range of applica-tions in numerous fields.
A SiPM is an array of small area avalanche photodiodes (APDs) con-nected in parallel through a network of passive quenching resistors. Each pixel of the SiPM operates
independently in the Geiger mode, equivalent to passively quenched single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD), and is thereby capable of generating an easily detectable pulse even from a single photon. The parallel connection sums the current when multiple pixels fire. Connecting the SiPM to a linear am-plifier and a multi-channel analyzer permits measurement of the num-ber of photons in a multi-photon pulse.
Since a SiPM is an array of small-area pixels combined to make a large active area, it ia both a both a small-area SPAD and a large area SPAD — high-speed photon count-ing with a large-area device, but no complex active quenching circuit. The SiPM can be used as a low-cost alternative to large-area SPADs in certain applications, e.g. in laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) mea-surements.
The SQBF-EKAA is sold as a self-contained detector package. SiPM chips are integrated with a 3-stage TEC in a TO-8 package. The photo-sensitive area of the SiPM chip con-tains 1024 SPAD pixels, in a 32 × 32 array measuring 1mm by 1mm. Also available in the Yakima series are bare die, as well as uncooled SiPMs in TO-18 packages.
Voxtel, Inc., 15985 NW Schendel Avenue, #200, Beaverton, OR 97006, www.voxtel- inc.com, T 971.223.5646, F 503.296.2862
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O p e r a t i n g I n f o r m a t i o n
Figs. 1 and 2 show typical bias circuits and setups for high-speed single-photon counting and multi-photon counting (photon number resolving) applica-tions. To detect single photons, the noise-floor level of the measurement setup must be smaller than the output amplitude of pulses arising from single pho-tons (1 p.e. pulses).
Some of the commercially available low-noise, high-gain amplifiers are the EG&G Ortec VT120C and the Mini-Circuits ZFL-500LN and MAR-8ASM. An ex-ample of a commercially available low-noise charge-sensitive preamplifier is Amptek’s model A250.
Fig. 3 shows a typical output pulse obtained from the Fig. 2 setup. Typical rise/fall times are shown in Fig. 4. High-speed photon counting mode (Fig. 1) is suitable in applications with single photons, or where the probability of receiving two or more si-multaneous photons is negligible, such as the detec-tion of laser induced fluorescence (LIF) signals. With a maximum pulse width of 5ns, theoretically, the SiPM can count pulses up to a maximum frequency of 200MHz (photon-counting dynamic range). De-pending on the biasing components and processing electronics, these SiPMs attain a maximum non-sat-urated dynamic range of >40MHz. It should be
noted that the useful dynamic range achievable with the TE cooled SiPM (packaged in a TO-8), operated at low temperatures, is much higher than that of the un-cooled version (packaged in a TO-18). This is be-cause the TE cooled version can be operated at much higher over-voltages without significantly increasing the dark count rate. These SiPMs can replace large-area single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) where relatively high dark count rate is not the limiting factor, such as in DNA sequencing, where the back-ground count rate from the sequencing system is comparable to or higher than the SiPM’s dark count rate.
The main advantage of Voxtel’s SiPM over large-area SPAD is that it can achieve the same or better dynamic range with a large-area device without us-ing rather complex active quenching circuits. Maxi-mum count rates with passively quenched large-area SPADs are in the range of few hundred kHz.
To measure very slow optical signals over longer periods of time, a trans-impedance amplifier (TIA) must be used.
M O D E L S Q B F - E K A A Ya k i m a™ S e r i e s P h o t o m u l t i p l i e r S i P M s